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инфоурок

школа

видеоуроки

история

всемирная история

10 класс

00:00:00

[music]

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countries of the near and middle east and the

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Balkans

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in the tenth - 15th centuries, despite the collapse of

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the Arab caliphate, the

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spread of Islam throughout

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Eurasia continued by the beginning of the 11th century,

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many countries in Asia, Iraq and Syria,

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Palestine Iran and others, as

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well as Africa, for example Egypt and Europe

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Spain, became Muslim they developed similar

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socio-economic and political

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relations based on the principles of Islam

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in the Middle East,

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Arabic became the spoken and official language,

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gradually replacing all other languages,

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Islam, sometimes peacefully, sometimes through new

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conquests,

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spread further and further at the beginning of the 13th

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century, the Muslim Turks repaired northern

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India

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by creating here Delhi Sultanate in the

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east Islam reached the borders of China and the

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islands of southeast Asia the

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northernmost Muslim state

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was the Volga Bulgaria, the Turkic

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population of which adopted Islam in the

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tenth century in the 11th century in the Middle

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East there was a clash between the

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Islamic world and Western Christianity, a

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powerful crusading movement began,

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the reason for which was the outrage

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Seljuks who captured Palestine, where

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holy places for Christians are located, the

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organizer of the crusades

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was the Catholic Church, which

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was interested in curbing the knights who

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actively participated in the strife

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and united in a band of robbers from

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which church property also suffered in

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1095 at an open

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prayer service in the city of Clear Monia in front of a

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large Roman crowd Pope Urban

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2 announced the beginning of the Crusades,

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calling on Christians to liberate the holy land

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and protect pilgrims during the first

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crusade 1096 1099 knights

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managed to take

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Jerusalem liberate the holy land and

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create several states in the Middle East counties of

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Odessa

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Tripoli principalities of Antioch and the

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kingdom of Jerusalem knights built

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many impregnable fortresses

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terrified neighboring countries Grabbe

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cities and bandits on trade routes

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in the Holy Land spiritual

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knightly orders of the Knights

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Templar and Teutonic Knights arose Hospitallers

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or Johannites founded in 1080 in

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Jerusalem a Christian organization

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whose purpose was to care for the poor,

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sick or wounded pilgrims to the Holy

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Land

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after the Christians captured Jerusalem in

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1099, during the first crusade, the

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organization turned into a religious

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military order with its own charter, the order

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was entrusted with the mission of caring for and protecting the

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holy land, the Templars or the poor knights of

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Christ and the temple of Solomon, a spiritually

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knightly order

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founded in the holy land in 1119 by a

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small group of knights in led by

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Hugo de Payns after the first crusade

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Teutonic order German spiritual

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knightly order

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founded at the end of the 12th century over time the

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position of the crusaders became more complicated in

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the fight against the Muslims, led by the

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Sultan Saladin at the end of the 12th century

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the crusaders lost Jerusalem

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organized in 1189 the third

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crusade led the most

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powerful European monarchs

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Emperor Frederick 1 Barbarossa

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English and French kings Richard

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the first two on and hearts and Philip the second

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August despite this, Jerusalem

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failed to reconquer around 1291 the

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crusaders lost all Middle Eastern

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possessions except the island of Cyprus at the beginning of the 14th

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century to one of the small states

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that arose after the collapse of the power of the Seljuk

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Turks in Asia Minor

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became a new center for the unification of the

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Islamic world, its founder was

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Osman Bey, after whom the power

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was named

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Ottoman in the

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mid-14th century, the army of the Ottoman

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sultans began the conquest of the Balkan

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peninsula,

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the Turks were opposed by

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Serbia and Bulgaria, weakened between the strife of Byzantium

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in the late 14th and early For 15 centuries,

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Serbia and Bulgaria found themselves in the complete

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power of the Ottoman Turks. The

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decisive event in the fate of Serbia was

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the defeat and army in the battle on the Kosovo

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field in 1389. The victory of the Ottomans

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was interrupted for some time by the emergence of a

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new powerful force, the power of

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Timur Tamerlane, under whose rule the

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lands of Central Asia fell and early in

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India in 1402, in the battle of Ankariya, the

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Turks were defeated by the troops of

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Timur;

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Sultan Bayezid 1 died in captivity;

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however, after the death of Timur, his power

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collapsed;

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the rise of the Ottoman Turks coincided with the

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weakening of the Byzantine Empire as a

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result of endless wars for power and

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difficult socio-economic

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position, the Ottomans besieged Constantinople several times

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and in 1453, after a

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decisive attack by Turkish troops

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led by Sultan them honey, the second

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capital of Byzantium, the last

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Byzantine emperor, Constantine

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11, died in battle on the streets of the city, thus

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ending the thousand-year history of

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Byzantium in the 15th century on the lands of the former

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Byzantine empires and other countries in

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Asia and Europe, the

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huge Ottoman Empire arose

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the largest and most powerful

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Islamic state it was a

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multinational power

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whose population professed different

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religions Islam was the dominant

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religion of legislation was built on the

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basis of Sharia

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non-Muslim subjects of the Sultan

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Orthodox Armenians

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Jews were united into special

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communities and were led by their own

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spiritual hierarchs of the

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Greeks, the lanterns from the Anar quarters in

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Constantinople occupied a special

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position, having taken

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control of the secular and

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financial affairs of the Orthodox Church, as

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well as the foreign and internal trade of the

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country, some Christians, unable to withstand the

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cruelty of the Turks, converted to Islam;

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the years of Turkish rule brought

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hundreds of new martyrs for the Turkish faith to the church

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the authorities used

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and economic pressure created such

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conditions under which the population

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was forced to convert to Islam, Christians paid

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more taxes than the Muslim

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subjects of the Sultan, there was also a

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legalized system of forced

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conversion to Islam, a

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blood tax, the Turks took

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boys from Christian families, raised them

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in the spirit of devotion to Islam and then

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created detachments from them and the Janissaries of the

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Sultan's Guard, the

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Ottoman sultans created an effective

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apparatus for managing a huge state,

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while they borrowed a lot from the

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conquered Byzantine Empire,

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strengthening the internal position of the power,

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creating a powerful army and navy, the Ottoman Turks

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launched an attack on Christian

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Europe in the tenth century, Islam became the

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dominant force in the Near and Middle

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East

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attempts European Christian

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states to regain their positions

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during the Crusades failed

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in the mid-15th century, most of the region

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came under the rule of the powerful

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Ottoman Empire

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