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Lecture (Type Of Public Presentation)

Physics (Field Of Study)

Autonomic Nervous System (Anatomical Structure)

Nervous System (Anatomical Structure)

анатомия

Health (Industry)

00:00:04

how is the autonomic nervous system

00:00:09

stable priv acura

00:00:11

abbreviation which is such a common

00:00:13

broom dns the autonomic nervous system

00:00:19

what is fundamentally important for us when we

00:00:24

talk about the autonomic nervous system

00:00:28

this explains the name of the

00:00:32

autonomic nervous system and irritates the

00:00:34

organs of plant life you understand

00:00:39

that meditation is the root apples nske

00:00:42

denoting growth and in this regard, we can

00:00:48

say that the autonomic nervous system

00:00:52

regulates the

00:00:53

plant functions of the body, which

00:00:56

exactly are they, strictly speaking 5, this is a function

00:01:00

that not only humans but

00:01:01

all plants have,

00:01:04

first of all, nutrition, breathing, excretion,

00:01:10

fluid circulation and reproduction, everyone

00:01:15

understands that these five functions are characteristic

00:01:18

of plants to the same extent as for

00:01:20

humans as for animals, nutrition,

00:01:25

respiration and excretion, fluid circulation

00:01:27

and reproduction, it is clear that for the regulation of the

00:01:32

corresponding organ systems and

00:01:37

there is an autonomic nervous system, you

00:01:42

can write such an equation and the

00:01:46

negative nervous system equals the

00:01:48

autonomic nervous system, that is, and

00:01:53

you wrote this synonyms can be said that

00:01:57

the term autonomic nervous system

00:02:00

has become stronger in the novels of the speaking countries of

00:02:05

France

00:02:07

Italy Spain about English-speaking countries they

00:02:11

more often use the term autonomic

00:02:13

nervous system this is an absolutely

00:02:15

equivalent term no

00:02:17

fundamental differences when they talk about

00:02:21

autonomic or autonomic no we must

00:02:24

understand that these are absolute synonyms in

00:02:28

meaning although semantic As you can see, the emphasis

00:02:30

is placed

00:02:32

a little differently when

00:02:35

we talk about the

00:02:36

autonomic nervous system. It’s a completely

00:02:38

natural question, since this is autonomy

00:02:42

from consciousness and it’s clear that all the

00:02:46

autonomic functions that we have

00:02:49

listed are regulated, so we do

00:02:54

n’t think about it, we don’t

00:02:56

think about it now what intensity

00:02:59

is your breathing and you don’t think

00:03:02

about how fast or vice versa

00:03:07

slow your heart beats, that is, it

00:03:10

is clear that in such a functional

00:03:13

sense this human body was distracted

00:03:16

from some more pressing interesting

00:03:18

important tasks that we set for ourselves

00:03:21

and therefore it is specifically possible to do this in

00:03:24

quotes, all

00:03:26

vegetative functions are

00:03:30

autonomous from consciousness, but I want to

00:03:35

emphasize that with long-term

00:03:37

training you can learn to

00:03:40

use it, control it,

00:03:42

what numerous practitioners of such

00:03:49

methods of consciousness control do, such as

00:03:52

Jung and

00:03:54

in traditional medicine there is such

00:03:57

a direction as

00:03:58

autogenic training if someone

00:04:02

have been interested in this or tried it,

00:04:04

they know that it requires long-term

00:04:07

immersion, long-term training,

00:04:10

usually several months, and then

00:04:14

a person becomes able to influence

00:04:17

these functions consciously of what

00:04:24

structure of the autonomic nervous system

00:04:27

it has a central department that is

00:04:32

represented

00:04:33

in addition to the brain and spinal cord, it is

00:04:38

clear that when we talk about the

00:04:40

nutritional nervous system is some kind of,

00:04:42

so to speak, artificial way of

00:04:44

isolating from the unified nervous system of

00:04:47

the body a

00:04:49

number of structures that are characteristic specifically

00:04:56

for this autonomic function,

00:04:59

but it is quite clear that it is not somehow

00:05:01

integrated into the dynamics of the nervous

00:05:03

system, we just talked about this and that

00:05:07

there is a central department that

00:05:09

is located where in the value of the central

00:05:11

nervous system and is specifically represented by the

00:05:14

mountains of the brain and spinal cord,

00:05:17

not only in this case, please note

00:05:19

there is a peripheral section

00:05:22

of which is represented by all structures

00:05:26

outside the brain and spinal cord, which

00:05:28

means what exactly, first of all, these are the

00:05:31

so-called

00:05:32

autonomic ganglia, such an interesting

00:05:35

feature about which today

00:05:37

we will talk a lot about the

00:05:39

autonomic ganglia contain the bodies of

00:05:42

nerve cells of the so-called

00:05:44

effector lebans or, as a rule, they are

00:05:47

counted in the reflex ones of those 3

00:05:51

in relation to these ganglia an edit

00:05:54

active there are the so-called pre

00:05:57

and post ganglia she rn and and fibers

00:05:59

pre and post card

00:06:02

she rn and it is smooth and finally these fibers are

00:06:10

intertwined with each other in the autonomic nervous system many times, this

00:06:14

interweaving

00:06:15

is so very thick and later

00:06:21

in the pictures we will look at what fundamentally

00:06:23

distinguishes her hands before this in terms of

00:06:28

loyalty to him, for example, from the somatic from

00:06:31

the minimal and I would also like to comment in this

00:06:37

regard

00:06:39

that a significant part of

00:06:42

these vegetative plexuses

00:06:44

are located on vessels, in particular in

00:06:46

trees, you know, one of the ways to

00:06:51

deprive vegetative innervation is when the

00:06:55

outer shell of

00:06:57

the adventitia is removed from the vessels, along with it, the

00:07:05

vegetative plexuses are removed, which means

00:07:10

their reaction to the corresponding organ will be removed and

00:07:14

destroyed back in the thirties forty

00:07:18

fifties years, this was one of the methods,

00:07:20

for example, for the treatment of stomach ulcers, when

00:07:23

suitable vessels live freed the

00:07:27

adventitia in order to do the so-

00:07:30

called and symbolization live when

00:07:36

what I just said is that the autonomic

00:07:39

plexuses, including the perivascular ones,

00:07:41

are located on the walls of blood

00:07:45

vessels like arteries like 10 in an artery

00:07:49

always more

00:07:53

when we talk about the autonomic

00:07:56

nervous system we are talking about two

00:08:05

complementary parts 1 part is the

00:08:09

sympathetic part of the parasympathetic nervous system

00:08:14

and in other words

00:08:16

we can say that the autonomic nervous

00:08:19

system consists of two

00:08:22

complementary

00:08:24

although they are often

00:08:26

antagonistic parts this is the

00:08:28

sympathetic and parasympathetic

00:08:29

nervous network fundamental a question

00:08:41

that is important to ask yourself is what is

00:08:45

the substrate of autonomic innervation, what

00:08:48

exactly is the autonomic nervous system,

00:08:51

when she posed the question this way, it is clear in

00:08:56

schools, in fact, there should be

00:08:59

some kind of factor structure; a graph is a

00:09:02

controversial function, that is, the structure of the

00:09:06

influence is not the armament of the impulse on which

00:09:09

causes some specific result

00:09:10

the effect as such a structure

00:09:14

was understood on the nervous system which we

00:09:16

contrast vegetatively, they are small

00:09:20

from the root animal to the

00:09:24

animal, so I will say the nervous system

00:09:26

is muscle contraction, that is, it

00:09:29

will be skeletal or striated

00:09:31

muscles as the substrate they are small and the

00:09:34

nervous system

00:09:35

and what is the substrate

00:09:36

of the vegetative

00:09:41

first These are just smooth muscle cells,

00:09:44

wherever they are located, where they

00:09:52

can be located, beyond the walls of the

00:09:54

internal organs, the walls of the blood

00:09:58

vessels of the skin,

00:10:03

and where is the grain in the skin, hair

00:10:05

follicles, so you can remember

00:10:09

that with any strong emotional

00:10:12

reactions, what is called goosebumps is observed

00:10:17

fda or when the

00:10:20

hair stands on end,

00:10:21

this is the same mechanism with which it is

00:10:23

associated with the contraction of the smooth muscles

00:10:27

of the hair follicles and all these reactions

00:10:34

occur, we

00:10:37

remind you one more time, regardless of

00:10:40

our consciousness,

00:10:42

very clearly we can remember how

00:10:47

somewhere during an exam we burn out a

00:10:49

part of what - we don’t know and the ears become

00:10:52

red or someone turns pale or someone is

00:10:55

redder, so what does this happen from a

00:10:59

change in the contraction of myocytes in the

00:11:03

walls of blood vessels and it is clear that without

00:11:11

long-term autogenic training it is

00:11:15

impossible to cope with this, but it is much

00:11:16

easier to learn an A and so they do

00:11:20

it is important what color the shelling is,

00:11:21

so you still have a whole six months

00:11:24

ahead of you to take care of the contraction of the

00:11:28

blood vessels of the

00:11:31

skin of the face and already alina; the

00:11:36

innervation substrate is glands, that is, the

00:11:39

cells of the glandular epithelium are also the case and

00:11:41

they were not located

00:11:43

in any place; the glandular cells are

00:11:47

normalized by the effector neurons of the

00:11:52

autonomic nervous system

00:11:58

These two points are fundamentally important to

00:12:02

fill out, and now let’s try

00:12:06

to make a general overview of all the effects

00:12:10

that the autonomic nervous system

00:12:14

provides the functions of the frigate of reliability, this is how

00:12:19

the section will be designated, you see, we

00:12:24

immediately present it in the form of a tablet

00:12:26

where we divide it into sympathetic and parasympathetic functions.

00:12:38

As for the sympathetic functions, then

00:12:45

Before listing each of them,

00:12:47

it is important to outline the general role of the

00:12:57

sympathetic nervous system;

00:13:00

it is to activate the

00:13:03

entire body in situations of some

00:13:06

extreme situations, dangers,

00:13:08

situations of negative influences from the

00:13:12

surrounding world, self-respecting traces

00:13:15

here, here is a figurative example I

00:13:17

wrote for you, so this is a cat in front of the dog,

00:13:19

so let's remember what she looks like at

00:13:23

this time, the cat herself, when she is stepped on,

00:13:27

first of all, her hair stands on end,

00:13:32

yes, we also have

00:13:34

fear and from excitement, we have already said,

00:13:37

it is believed that one of the explanations for this

00:13:41

is to give a larger size to the

00:13:46

dimensions of your dunk if wash the cat and

00:13:50

there all the hair will

00:13:52

lie smoothly in the field, it almost

00:13:55

half decreases in size and

00:13:57

turnover,

00:13:58

respectively, if its hair stands

00:14:00

on end, it already seems like a more

00:14:02

serious beast for us, all these

00:14:05

comparisons are important because we can imagine

00:14:09

human reactions in organisms of activation of the

00:14:12

sympathetic nervous system This means that

00:14:15

every time we list any function now,

00:14:17

we will remember

00:14:20

that the sympathetic nervous system

00:14:23

activates the body for some

00:14:25

important task and a set of pairs, the sympathetic

00:14:29

nervous system provides general

00:14:34

inhibition of all plant functions of the

00:14:36

body, and as such a figurative

00:14:39

example we can cite the mechanism

00:14:43

of falling asleep or something the same thing happens to

00:14:46

animals when they are sedentary,

00:14:48

let's list these specific effects

00:14:56

on each organ separately, let's

00:14:59

consider so first this dilation of the

00:15:02

pupils, the

00:15:04

sympathetic nervous system leads to the fact

00:15:07

that as a result of its activation, the

00:15:09

pupils dilate, why because with

00:15:12

dilated pupils, the field of view

00:15:14

becomes larger

00:15:24

who drives on a car, he is aware of

00:15:26

how dangerous it is to turn away

00:15:30

from the road for a long time to the side while looking at something

00:15:36

on the side of the road, for example, yes, because in the

00:15:38

opposite direction at this

00:15:41

time we see nothing; dilation of the pupils

00:15:44

leads to the fact that the field of vision

00:15:46

becomes wider and then

00:15:52

we do not turn we can see the head in a

00:15:55

much larger volume of space along the

00:16:00

periphery, this is the point when

00:16:02

activating the dilation of the pupils

00:16:06

in order to expand the field of vision and

00:16:08

not expose the body to danger, so to

00:16:13

speak, from the back from the occipital part

00:16:15

where we will be

00:16:20

forced to substitute it if we turn our

00:16:22

head in the opposite direction

00:16:25

in contrast to this, the parasympathetic

00:16:28

system ensures the constriction of the pupils and

00:16:35

if a person falls asleep, this of course is not visible

00:16:38

if you do something where the function of a

00:16:40

person falling asleep is to raise the eyelids and

00:16:43

then we will see that the pupils will be enclosed.

00:16:46

It’s better, of course, not to do this, you can

00:16:48

do this; medicine is a humane

00:16:50

profession,

00:16:51

but anesthesiologists do this all the time

00:16:59

resuscitators do this all the time to

00:17:01

check the state of the

00:17:03

sympathetic and parasympathetic

00:17:04

nervous system now,

00:17:06

and the easiest way is by

00:17:08

lifting and looking at the hot water of the

00:17:11

crustaceans, this immediately gives information

00:17:14

which system is more activated by the

00:17:16

sympathetic and parasympathetic; the second

00:17:19

effect is contraction of muscles and hair follicles and

00:17:22

you see, it is characteristic only of the

00:17:24

sympathetic, it does not gain on it, the

00:17:25

sympathetic here is antagonism with them, that

00:17:29

is, no,

00:17:30

not just no contraction, everything gradually

00:17:32

passes,

00:17:34

relaxes, the hair stood on end then

00:17:38

slowly falls

00:17:42

further as for the effect on the heart and

00:17:46

blood vessels, the sympathetic nervous system

00:17:48

increases blood pressure,

00:17:52

synthetic steam has no opposite

00:17:55

effect means as soon as

00:17:58

this excitation, characteristic of the

00:17:59

sympathetic nervous wall of pressure, ends, it

00:18:01

should automatically return to its

00:18:05

original state.

00:18:06

You know, one of these common diagnoses

00:18:10

today over the past 30-40

00:18:13

years is vegetative-vascular dystonia, many

00:18:18

reasons why this is connected, but one way or another The point is

00:18:23

that it is precisely this regulation that is

00:18:26

natural,

00:18:29

let’s say random activation of the

00:18:33

sympathetic nervous system,

00:18:34

it’s disrupted and then bazaar pressure

00:18:38

let’s say it’s normal,

00:18:43

it’s also broken, or it remains too

00:18:46

high or too high, without mentioning that the

00:18:51

nervous system is so labile among active people, it’s

00:18:57

characteristic of the elite vascular

00:18:59

dystonia, when the tone of the sympathetic and

00:19:02

parasympathetic parts of the nervous

00:19:06

system will be in a certain way, as

00:19:10

for the influence on the rhythm, you see, the

00:19:13

sympathetic nervous system leads to an

00:19:16

increase in heart rate, and the

00:19:19

parasympathetic nervous system, the solution is all clear

00:19:22

when a person falls asleep

00:19:23

when an animal hibernates if

00:19:26

the heart beats like during 100

00:19:28

meters you won’t be able to

00:19:32

see any dreams relaxation of the smooth

00:19:36

muscles of the drum hill at first glance

00:19:40

may cause surprise if the

00:19:47

nervous system is activated, then why is it that

00:19:51

when acting on the bronchioles

00:19:58

there is an effect at first glance

00:20:01

opposite to muscle relaxation

00:20:03

because the general function is to

00:20:05

provide the body with

00:20:07

some then active physical

00:20:12

activity, fast running,

00:20:14

resistance, and so on, for this it is necessary

00:20:17

that there is maximum ventilation of the lungs

00:20:20

if the bronchioles contract, then

00:20:24

accordingly this will lead to an

00:20:26

obstruction of oxygenation

00:20:28

in the alveoli and vice versa if they are

00:20:31

expanded there, the nation will be

00:20:33

maximum and accordingly you see the

00:20:38

parasympathetic system, on the contrary,

00:20:40

leads to the contraction of the smooth

00:20:41

muscles of the bronchioles, again we are able to do

00:20:44

all this is necessary not only for the knowledge of the

00:20:48

laws of life but also for the future of our

00:20:52

medical specialty. It is not difficult

00:20:55

to guess that many pathological

00:20:57

conditions associated with the spasm of the bronchi are

00:21:00

variants of

00:21:01

marriage; she dreams more often have attacks at

00:21:04

what time of the night they say that at night the

00:21:07

kingdom begins in August August is

00:21:10

the main parasympathetic nerve,

00:21:11

respectively, this is the contraction of

00:21:14

smooth muscles from the hillu

00:21:15

in some diseases,

00:21:18

such as circles of fire, you can more often have

00:21:23

attacks at night when the

00:21:26

parasympathetic system is activated

00:21:28

and when we talked about this, you can

00:21:37

now imagine it on the diagram that is

00:21:43

in front blame you,

00:21:46

sympathetic innervation and

00:21:49

parasympathetic concern the

00:21:51

same organs, in the vast majority of

00:21:54

cases they have certain

00:21:56

antagonism, but nevertheless, not all of us

00:22:00

listed the sympathetic functions

00:22:02

have an antagonistic

00:22:04

parasympathetic component to the

00:22:06

sympathetic system, much more than all others, the

00:22:09

parasympathetic system is

00:22:13

so comprehensive for me, which means it concerns

00:22:15

natural glands touches the esophagus

00:22:19

touches the liver and stomach we can

00:22:23

see how all the listed organs

00:22:30

have information on both sides and

00:22:34

sympathetic sporting to this picture

00:22:39

we look like peaceful among now we are talking about the

00:22:43

next section about the centers of the

00:22:48

autonomic nervous system we begin with the

00:22:50

center of the

00:22:51

sympathetic nervous system we understand

00:22:53

that the autonomic nervous the system consists

00:22:55

of two parts, sympathetic and

00:22:57

parasympathetic, let's

00:22:58

reread the center starting from the very bathroom,

00:23:00

sympathetic dimension,

00:23:03

don't be confused by the fact that this picture is

00:23:06

supposed to be of high quality, I

00:23:10

photographed it, what a poor device

00:23:13

7 years ago,

00:23:14

but because this picture is very simple for you,

00:23:19

we just have it too there is a form

00:23:20

of tables that we used in classes for another two or three

00:23:24

years until we had

00:23:26

such a meaning as now we

00:23:29

will then look at this for others too, and here it is

00:23:33

very convenient to imagine the

00:23:35

location of these centers,

00:23:37

look at the centers of the sympathetic nervous

00:23:40

system where they are depicted

00:23:45

will tell me in the brain and spinal cord it is

00:23:47

absolutely obvious that this is

00:23:49

good to remember that in the brain there

00:23:51

are no centers of the sympathetic nerve walls the

00:23:54

sympathetic nerve wall my centers are

00:23:57

located only in the back and what

00:24:00

this is is clearly not familiar to you it is inside us

00:24:02

intermediate leaned

00:24:04

and then it is very important what

00:24:09

localization localization c8 or I’ll

00:24:12

just remind you that the segments of the spinal cord

00:24:21

by numbering have certain differences in the

00:24:25

number of vertebrae and cervical vertebrae

00:24:29

7 cervical segments in the spinal cord in the ear

00:24:33

means 8 cervical segments 2

00:24:36

lumbar you can count how much it

00:24:38

turned out I rubbed a difficult question 12 in the

00:24:44

thoracic region

00:24:45

+ 1 cervical and plus lumbar how many

00:24:51

14 is correct 15

00:24:53

12 plus 1 plus 2 will be 15 this is very

00:24:58

important come out in google brackets she will

00:25:00

specifically sign 15 I will pull more precisely the

00:25:03

15th I am dirt because they are

00:25:06

symmetrical located on the right and left

00:25:08

but plus the Perm ideologist Rhodes

00:25:15

now we are talking about the steam centers of the

00:25:18

sympathetic nervous system before

00:25:21

I show it top rating two words about

00:25:26

the terminology sympathetic nervous

00:25:30

system the term appeared around 18 and and

00:25:33

and it was meant that the sympathetic

00:25:40

nerves pour out between the organs of sympathy

00:25:45

organs to each other

00:25:47

somehow like it, not rustic if

00:25:51

translated in some more modern

00:25:54

language, it turns out that this is actually the

00:25:56

interaction between

00:25:58

their combined work, which leads to

00:26:02

some kind of coordinated effect of

00:26:03

harmonious impact on the entire

00:26:05

body, already in the 18th century it was clear

00:26:08

that it was she who was responsible for this, don’t

00:26:12

rush the topics that were named sympathetic

00:26:14

and so that for the sympathetic I want to hear from you a

00:26:18

literal translation of what a

00:26:20

pair is about we already know the oracle it’s time to talk

00:26:24

about you in the parameter the mind has hurt rus it

00:26:27

means it’s about the sympathetic Rakhimov

00:26:31

was scared by the sympathetic

00:26:33

according to the localization of its central

00:26:36

areas and look at it in contrast to the

00:26:41

sympathetic consists of two sections, the

00:26:45

ingenious section, which is located

00:26:47

in the skull,

00:26:50

more precisely the brain, the brain stem,

00:26:54

here it is shown and a little later we

00:27:00

will list some games and the sacral

00:27:03

section, which is located here, the

00:27:07

lower red circle, so

00:27:16

two foci

00:27:18

or two large sections of the centers of the

00:27:21

parasympathetic nervous system

00:27:23

are located like God on the sides, I

00:27:25

say in quotation marks because they are on top of the

00:27:27

other below from the sympathetic centers and

00:27:30

this explains the name parasympathetic

00:27:35

next to the sympathetic

00:27:37

for us now in the next three

00:27:40

classes that we are studying

00:27:42

cranial nerves are

00:27:44

very important theater of the cardiac department

00:27:48

let's find out them here, list them and

00:27:51

name them first of all, these are cores 3 pairs

00:28:02

and MTS excise tax arius energy daddy motor

00:28:04

and someone will tell me what the name of the

00:28:06

Yakubovich core is called correctly according to the author

00:28:10

only in exams so don’t tell

00:28:13

the teacher to answer for you then

00:28:14

it will only just look and the

00:28:22

next game well plus inter specialist

00:28:26

don’t tear up the era of whether the motor remind me the

00:28:29

author’s name of my parallel

00:28:35

thus these two cores are the first on top

00:28:40

accessories tricks cialis refer to 3

00:28:44

wig not russov or motor us why about the

00:28:50

guy’s core I could using our cialis

00:28:53

is written in parentheses 0.5

00:28:56

half to because placing

00:28:59

the beads and money, it relates directly to the

00:29:04

right and left sides, so if we

00:29:06

now count how many cores

00:29:09

in the Quran al into compartments, then in total we

00:29:15

will get four and a half if we

00:29:17

count on one side and if on both

00:29:20

sides together then these positions

00:29:23

go down lower and so on this turns out to be the

00:29:25

third pair we are listed the third pair

00:29:29

the topic of today's week in practical

00:29:31

classes the

00:29:33

next nerve is the 7th pair and it contains

00:29:38

on but plus salima thorius super what

00:29:41

is salewa

00:29:42

saliva so the bay blues thorius

00:29:46

superior is clear that is responsible for

00:29:49

salivation from some countries of the glands of

00:29:51

which three skin you have the following bro

00:29:57

well plus salewa Tony mts inferior it

00:30:03

refers to 9 move there it is drawn

00:30:06

you and it also sounds clear to

00:30:10

innervate some of the natural glands

00:30:13

the toy and the last nucleus to the coachman the most

00:30:19

important nucleus gift hovering energy vogue

00:30:23

nucleus waited on the fish why is it the

00:30:26

most the important vagus nerve is clear from the name

00:30:29

that it walks and wanders somewhere there; it

00:30:31

will be difficult for us to teach it many times

00:30:33

because it is located in all parts of the

00:30:37

body of the head and neck and

00:30:43

why I say that it is one of the most

00:30:46

important because practically the

00:30:50

parasympathetic nervous system is carried out from it

00:30:53

system parasympathetic innervation of

00:30:56

all organs of the abdomen of the thoracic cavity and

00:31:01

something of ours in this way, the area

00:31:07

that he controls is the most massive

00:31:11

and so one more time if we count

00:31:15

the number of incoming edges the focus is

00:31:18

four and a half connected and not 5 as

00:31:21

listed due to the fact that 1 removed is

00:31:24

located strictly in the middle and all the

00:31:26

other pairs and as for the

00:31:29

sacral department, the

00:31:31

centers are located here,

00:31:37

well, plus the intermedia lateralis, just

00:31:40

like the sympathetic tenderness, but in

00:31:42

segments

00:31:43

with 2-4, tell me how much is the giver if with

00:31:48

24 in number 3 of course, and so the

00:31:54

ingenious focus is four and a half nuclei

00:31:58

and in the sacred trader 3 out of 4 and a

00:32:06

half it turns out to be how much

00:32:10

seven and a half 70 half it turns

00:32:13

out to be as much as 15

00:32:16

why I also asked you about metric

00:32:19

tasks so that it’s convenient to

00:32:21

remember look which one I rubbed more

00:32:23

sympathetic nervous steam or

00:32:25

parasympathetic it’s clear that they are exactly twice as cute

00:32:31

sympathetic nuclei 15 pairs and

00:32:35

parasympathetic nuclei two times

00:32:39

less than 400 seven and a half before

00:32:41

and from here the conclusion that is not difficult to draw is

00:32:47

that the sympathetic nervous system is

00:32:48

much more extensive, it is more important,

00:32:51

it is more represented in all parts of

00:32:54

our body, including it is

00:32:59

present in the amount of how it can

00:33:04

be present in the zone, but

00:33:06

there are blood vessels in every muscle in every

00:33:09

bone, these blood vessels

00:33:11

are regulated by the same

00:33:14

muscle smooth muscle cells

00:33:16

that contract thanks to the

00:33:20

sympathetic nervous system, so the

00:33:22

sympathetic nervous system is

00:33:23

everywhere in the body everywhere and

00:33:26

you won’t eat sympathetic fibers

00:33:29

because they respond in addition to

00:33:32

those listed, these various functions are for the

00:33:35

so-called janitor, that is,

00:33:38

they ensure adequate

00:33:41

metabolism between the

00:33:43

intercellular environment and the cell itself, and

00:33:47

when this function is disrupted,

00:33:52

very severe damage develops,

00:33:54

which are called, for example, trophic

00:33:57

ulcers,

00:33:58

they do not heal, they practically do not heal with any

00:34:01

external treatment they are

00:34:02

not susceptible to it at all

00:34:06

because it is associated with

00:34:09

damage to the

00:34:10

trophic function due to

00:34:13

disruption of the sympathetic tenderness. the

00:34:21

next section is the autonomic ganglia

00:34:24

when relax, we listed the

00:34:31

peripheral structures of the

00:34:35

autonomic nervous system, we started with the

00:34:37

autonomic ones,

00:34:39

let's try to imagine a

00:34:42

definition, what can we say that these are

00:34:45

elements of the peripheral part of the nervous system

00:34:46

systems are

00:34:49

macroscopically represented by thickenings of the

00:34:52

peripheral nerves, that is, if

00:34:57

we translate this into some kind of

00:34:58

everyday language ganglion literal translation,

00:35:03

who will not say that this knot on the laces

00:35:09

can also be judged, everyone understands how, for

00:35:13

example, it is difficult to untie, and the

00:35:16

knot on the lace

00:35:18

is the thickness of part

00:35:20

of this lace so people at the time when

00:35:24

they gave the name vegetative kanglim

00:35:28

just morphologically this is what it

00:35:31

looked like they were doing a macropreparation kai and

00:35:36

with the help of a scalpel and tweezers they saw that

00:35:39

next to some nerves there were

00:35:41

thickened elements, these should be

00:35:44

elements and were called autonomic

00:35:47

ganglia at that time It was not yet

00:35:55

clear what was located there, and then,

00:35:58

with the help of logical

00:36:00

research methods, it was clear that

00:36:03

the bodies of neurons lie there, and the bodies of

00:36:07

effector neurons, meaning the very

00:36:10

last ones, which already with their

00:36:13

impulses cause the effect of the

00:36:18

corresponding organs of influence either

00:36:22

on smooth muscle tissue or

00:36:23

on desire, and here there is a

00:36:28

certain difference from other ganglia

00:36:30

that we already know: the

00:36:32

spinal ganglia of the intervertebral

00:36:34

foramina are sensitive and

00:36:37

contain the bodies of healing, that is,

00:36:39

sensitive neurons, and so

00:36:41

the fundamental difference between the autonomic

00:36:43

ganglia and the spinal ganglia is that the effector

00:36:47

neurons in the spinal ganglia are

00:36:52

afferent sensitive and both are

00:36:57

morphologically similar,

00:37:00

but in function and during histological

00:37:03

examination they have significant differences,

00:37:05

and the last aspect

00:37:13

concerns the characteristics of the type of

00:37:15

vegetative ganglia in the fact that in them there is a

00:37:17

synaptic switching from the

00:37:22

preganglionic manner of varnish to the

00:37:24

post bombed it,

00:37:26

if there is a ganglion, that is,

00:37:28

according to the fiber before it and fiber

00:37:30

late before it before and after gun glinka on

00:37:34

these two types of fibers you will constantly

00:37:40

remember in other disciplines, in

00:37:43

particular in pharmacology, because a

00:37:45

huge number of

00:37:47

drugs selectively act either

00:37:50

on preganglionic

00:37:52

or postganglionic or on the body of an

00:37:55

architectural neuron and we need these terms

00:38:04

then a general characteristic of the autonomic

00:38:07

ganglia will be constantly needed,

00:38:12

now the classification of the autonomic ganglia

00:38:17

decorative dumbbells can be divided into

00:38:19

three orders of

00:38:21

ganglia, the first order they are called

00:38:25

paravertebral ganglion or fall asleep

00:38:27

sympathetic word is a synonym for para

00:38:30

vertebral on the sides of which the

00:38:32

spine is more accurately said to be the spinal

00:38:34

cord called paravertebral

00:38:38

means there is on the right there is on the left

00:38:41

that there is a sympathetic trunk there, such a

00:38:45

chain of ganglia that is located on the

00:38:48

sides of the pole of the spine, here is the

00:38:56

same picture, look

00:39:01

next to the spinal cord,

00:39:07

some kind of chain of ritual gartner is depicted, in

00:39:12

this case it is shown on one

00:39:15

side for convenience, but of course

00:39:17

porn is the

00:39:19

first ganglia order or

00:39:24

node of the sympathetic word,

00:39:26

please answer a tricky question,

00:39:28

if these are the nodes of the sympathetic trunk,

00:39:30

which nervous system belongs to the

00:39:32

sympathetic and parasympathetic,

00:39:36

it’s strange to even answer this question, but

00:39:38

sometimes students forget that the ganglia are of the 1st

00:39:40

order, and so in England, cute means

00:39:42

always only sympathetic by name,

00:39:49

here’s a picture no longer schematic, but

00:39:52

as if imitating a photograph with a

00:40:00

poultice, it actually only

00:40:01

imitates this, the artist drew the

00:40:04

image in such a way that we see the arch of the aorta,

00:40:08

it continues the downward flow a word

00:40:12

is the center and on the sides of it, these

00:40:15

are the nodes of the sympathetic trunk

00:40:20

in this case. the thoracic region

00:40:23

and it is long as long as the

00:40:25

spine is, it has only a cervical groupon and a

00:40:27

ballistic incisor,

00:40:29

but here are two pictures at once to show

00:40:34

these

00:40:36

ganglions of the sympathetic alloy,

00:40:38

one of them is a natural photograph from the

00:40:45

neurovascular tube, and look

00:40:47

how everything is prepared, you will recognize the larynx,

00:40:52

this is the thyroid cartilage and you will find out there

00:40:56

below, here is the esophagus, this is the cut off

00:41:01

arch of the aorta, there is a gaping

00:41:03

part of it that goes into the descending

00:41:06

vein, there is the

00:41:08

oasis that was mentioned in the posterior

00:41:10

mediastinum

00:41:11

and on the sides there are some

00:41:14

nerve fibers, these nerve fibers

00:41:18

are located on the sides of the spine

00:41:22

at the level of each intercostal space

00:41:24

and side by side in the schematic picture, these

00:41:27

relationships are more

00:41:31

clear, well, in life, you see, everything is much more

00:41:35

difficult to see on the preparations,

00:41:37

so we use numerous

00:41:39

diagrams so that the shavings are really the

00:41:41

trunk, this is a chain in

00:41:45

England in which all departments go, but here is

00:41:49

another picture, also more

00:41:53

schematic, you see on the sides from the

00:41:56

lumbar spine of these

00:41:59

ganglia, they clearly expected it to be reminiscent of the

00:42:02

truth from the nodules but not on laces

00:42:04

but on some nerves and this explains

00:42:09

the name

00:42:12

in Greek now the next group of us is

00:42:19

worse

00:42:20

than the ganglia and the second order if the ganglion

00:42:24

hero was called a pair of integral

00:42:27

frightened threshold the little one is called at

00:42:29

vertebral they lie in relation to the

00:42:32

spine with

00:42:33

or day but good small ones would have to be

00:42:38

called not with vertebral

00:42:42

but attached to the aortic, that is, they do not

00:42:47

lie directly on the spine they lie on the aorta on the descending

00:42:52

head tag and they also have a

00:42:56

synonymous name as

00:42:58

paravertebral we They called the nodes of the

00:43:00

sympathetic trunk, then these are called

00:43:02

plexus nodes, which suggests the conclusion that

00:43:08

they are located in the midst of some

00:43:12

negative plexuses, and here you

00:43:18

just need to remember by the name it is not

00:43:19

clear that the world also belongs to the

00:43:21

sympathetic, which means that of the three orders

00:43:24

of ganglia, the first and second orders belong

00:43:27

to sympathetic fidelity

00:43:28

and only 3 parasympathetic there is nothing

00:43:31

unfair here because the

00:43:33

sympathetic was said to be more voluminous,

00:43:36

it is omnipresent and the parasympathetic is less

00:43:39

represented in the body and here is a picture of the

00:43:43

same thing schematically, we must be

00:43:45

able to recognize this on the diagrams and on such

00:43:48

naturalistic preparations, here they are

00:43:51

shown, that

00:43:52

is, by in relation to the sympathetic

00:43:55

trunk, the

00:43:56

political trunk they lie closer to the

00:43:59

organs in this particular picture it is not

00:44:01

clear that it is in the lesson,

00:44:03

but the diagrams depict it exactly like that and

00:44:07

now the same thing looks more like a

00:44:11

drug, look right in the lesson

00:44:17

this round piece outlines some thickenings for an hour

00:44:20

and there is a ganglion of the second

00:44:23

order

00:44:26

since they are now connected to the

00:44:30

polar ones with weaves,

00:44:32

their name is very convenient for memorization,

00:44:36

determined by the name of the vessels and here there

00:44:41

are members and a ganglion combined for purpose, but

00:44:45

because from the celiac trunk

00:44:47

there is a gangam by Besant Eric superior

00:44:49

garden for overload inferior because

00:44:52

corresponding to the burning ones, and next to them the

00:44:55

nodes of the sympathetic trunk are immediately shown. The

00:44:58

first flight means both

00:45:00

are only the

00:45:03

sympathetic nerves of the wall and the first blow,

00:45:05

the blows, and finally we are interested in the ganglia of the

00:45:11

third order, fed by the third

00:45:14

order, which already belongs to the parasympathetic

00:45:19

system and they are called otherwise, gangrene terminal,

00:45:25

why are they terminal because they are

00:45:29

closest to the

00:45:35

terminal border organ, which means they

00:45:37

are on the border with this organ

00:45:39

which year to irritate and in general inside

00:45:42

this organs take on

00:45:43

to enter intro murals inside the wall

00:45:46

if only schools then this is a

00:45:49

moral intro and so the

00:45:57

third order parasympathetic gangs are

00:46:00

further subdivided into near the

00:46:04

organ next to the organ are located if

00:46:06

it is a parenchymal organ liver kidneys

00:46:09

or

00:46:11

inter morally if the top gun floors and in

00:46:20

this case as examples on the

00:46:24

so-called so-called author's from

00:46:28

Kirovsk and the plexus and Auerbach Ovskaya

00:46:30

which is located inside the

00:46:32

intestinal walls and regulates the

00:46:38

contraction of the

00:46:41

intestinal muscles and so the third-order ganglion one more

00:46:46

time and Taganka pair sympathetically in

00:46:50

our picture they are depicted here as

00:46:55

small dots of the walls and organ or the corner

00:47:06

of a cigarette butt,

00:47:07

please guess if the

00:47:11

third-order ganglion is located next to the

00:47:15

organ the post ganglion anar on his forehead

00:47:19

but it will be long or short

00:47:27

post in honor on will be the shortest

00:47:29

here on the jury

00:47:31

if they were good, that is, there is a

00:47:37

certain pattern of

00:47:39

stones of the first order, postganglionic

00:47:42

fibers relative to the length of Uganda 2

00:47:47

are shorter, and in the ganglia of the third order, pascal be

00:47:50

an army fibers are very short

00:47:54

since the ganglion is located in the wall of the

00:47:57

organs or nearby created speaking about

00:48:11

classification of dargas in the third order, it is

00:48:14

very important for us that some of them

00:48:17

are located on the head,

00:48:23

we roll the data into specifically speaking, it

00:48:26

relates to 4 fragments of glasses again now,

00:48:29

a little later,

00:48:30

we will discuss why the brackets are

00:48:35

fundamentally important, I will then correct

00:48:40

that they are connected with the branches of the trigeminal

00:48:43

nerve, I will send it, I will make it bold color

00:48:46

and you immediately emphasize that the

00:48:51

parasympathetic ganglia of the third order on the

00:48:53

head are connected with the branches of the trigeminal

00:48:56

nerve, what does this mean if we give this

00:49:00

figurative comparison of a knot on a cord,

00:49:03

then the parasympathetic ganglia on the head

00:49:12

form precisely these nodules on the branches of the

00:49:15

trigeminal nerve 1 2 3 in the wind they are on they

00:49:19

hang on them, they are tied on them,

00:49:23

as the gypsies are called, the

00:49:26

gangans shone and which in today's

00:49:29

lesson should become the ganglion tree

00:49:34

al-ardi, well, remember the wings of the dark pit

00:49:40

and guess that it is exactly there that it

00:49:41

is located about Vanya on the pit on through

00:49:46

and the ganglion of optics the ear node of the original

00:49:57

no one of course students I didn’t want to scare

00:49:59

him, it’s not where it’s located, it’s located

00:50:03

at the base of the skull on the outer

00:50:07

surface, it’s called a ganglion finger, it’s

00:50:12

connected to the Twente branch of the trigeminal

00:50:16

ganglion, the fate of Montepulciano, under the

00:50:20

mandibular vessel, regular and in

00:50:23

brackets, the ganglion, the fate and killed a pack of

00:50:27

brackets, why Galen 4a in brackets 5,

00:50:31

really,

00:50:32

5 of them, and how it’s written now, but if you

00:50:35

dissect it with a scalpel and

00:50:38

tweezers, then it’s technically quite difficult to separate the gansa manipulator

00:50:43

can dance damn poly,

00:50:45

that is, if it’s

00:50:49

logical, then you can understand that these are different

00:50:50

clusters, and we

00:50:54

practically can’t see it macroscopically, this is one of the

00:50:57

reasons why we took the brackets if

00:51:01

on drugs you will look for something

00:51:05

sublingual Egor cannot be loved

00:51:10

and this is a picture

00:51:15

it is from Sapin’s textbook it

00:51:19

will absolutely be in all kinds of

00:51:24

tests if our strength is not enough to use

00:51:30

this test everywhere you

00:51:32

have seen this here since last year there are two

00:51:34

thick folders with pictures

00:51:36

this picture is there, that is, all

00:51:39

the captions are here,

00:51:40

you understand, everyone should know about memory,

00:51:42

and now we will focus on one gun

00:51:46

geler, which is depicted,

00:51:47

and so the first tanks are the ganglion,

00:51:53

we have already talked to you about at least

00:51:58

from the first group of which classes there were what

00:52:01

this has nothing to do with the eyelash on

00:52:04

the rivers, it has nothing to do with this scale and

00:52:12

which is associated with various muscles

00:52:18

awakened inside the eye and here in the

00:52:30

picture it is clearly visible that they are morphologically

00:52:35

located next to the first branch of the

00:52:38

trigeminal nerve when we talk about

00:52:41

each of these ganglia, it is very important for us

00:52:43

to remember which of it is specifically

00:52:45

innervated, this is now written, the

00:52:48

muscular cilia rice, which provides

00:52:50

accommodation for the adaptation to the handling of

00:52:53

closely located objects and the

00:52:55

muscular sphincter, bought the muscular cilia

00:52:59

rice and the muscular winter, bought 2 dumbbells, the

00:53:06

ganglion, it is the banks of the flight, well, they

00:53:12

are located morphologically in the wing of it,

00:53:14

on the fossa,

00:53:15

connected with the second branch of the trigeminal

00:53:17

nerve, you see here at the trigeminal nerve

00:53:23

this branching into three main branches

00:53:25

is here than the demonstrative egan coast

00:53:29

palliative is connected with the second loop that

00:53:36

it innervates the lacrimal gland once the glands of the

00:53:41

mucous membrane of the nasal cavity 2 and the

00:53:43

glands of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity

00:53:49

it is not difficult to guess that if

00:53:51

damage occurs for some reason then

00:53:55

there will be disorders associated with dry

00:53:58

eyes cashier ophthalmia

00:54:01

there will be disorders associated with dryness of the

00:54:04

oral cavity nasal role finally the third

00:54:11

ganglion you see that it is connected with the third

00:54:14

branch of the trigeminal nerve this ganglion

00:54:17

is called the ganglion o tikun and it

00:54:20

innervates only the parotid removable

00:54:23

gland gangrene batik innervates the

00:54:26

parotid gland

00:54:32

4 ganglions gan glenn destiny nandi buller and is

00:54:37

also connected with the 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve of the

00:54:40

legs is located the lowest and the

00:54:43

submandibular gland is located in the green gland and

00:54:50

separately what we did in parentheses on the

00:54:52

previous slide is the

00:54:53

ganglion it is sublingual and

00:54:56

theoretically existing which will

00:54:59

allure believe the sublingual

00:55:01

gland is

00:55:04

also located

00:55:06

in the oral cavity and so there are four or

00:55:12

five ganglia on the head of the

00:55:15

cylya rik shore flight to us about tikun

00:55:18

surman deep at the lera

00:55:19

and sublingually a very important picture

00:55:27

once again I draw attention to the textbook to

00:55:30

understand it in detail in

00:55:31

general the peculiarity of the complexity of the

00:55:33

autonomic nervous system is

00:55:35

that even on good in preparations you can

00:55:37

see only single nerve fibers, why is it

00:55:39

extremely difficult to dissect

00:55:42

very thin ones and therefore diagrams are inevitably

00:55:45

needed to understand and remember

00:55:46

the location of home we will return to them

00:55:49

many times another

00:55:52

picture, also from Sapin’s textbook, and I

00:55:55

draw your attention to this picture due to the fact that

00:56:01

mark there somewhere similar

00:56:04

pictures us open a 2

00:56:06

they are very similar to each other and in this

00:56:08

latest edition

00:56:11

which is horrifying in terms of the number of typos, the

00:56:14

caption for this picture is confused with the

00:56:17

signature of another, that is, everything that is written in the

00:56:19

caption of this picture actually

00:56:21

refers to another similar one they are in

00:56:23

different places, then I’ll show you on which

00:56:26

pages, just so that water is meant,

00:56:28

and so these are the ganglia of the first order,

00:56:33

as they are called

00:56:35

for the sympathetic trunk, here is the

00:56:39

sympathetic chain shown here,

00:56:42

the number 1 indicates the order, first

00:56:45

order,

00:56:46

ganglia of the second order, plexus nodes,

00:56:50

specifically here three of these are depicted

00:56:53

large ganglion evil accum besant eric

00:56:57

super amizon derek inferior and ganglia of the

00:56:59

third order parasympathetic

00:57:02

which are depicted right now in a circle of

00:57:06

red color I chose the color only

00:57:08

to catch the eye not related

00:57:11

to the colors in the central nervous system

00:57:15

when I tried to put yellow here

00:57:17

it’s practically invisible

00:57:18

in general, the mourning of the very same slides

00:57:21

that I always choose black and white for everyone is

00:57:23

only for the sake of being visible

00:57:24

from afar and they, as you can see, are of a different color

00:57:30

in order to emphasize that the

00:57:32

third-order gangs are other than 1 2

00:57:35

parasympathetic, always given 3

00:57:40

in a row to are divided into those that are

00:57:44

the torso and upper parts are small, that

00:57:47

red oval on the head on the head on them

00:57:50

should be known by name right now,

00:57:52

very precisely, very detailed, another

00:57:56

diagram is very convenient from Libert’s textbook,

00:58:00

everything is written in Latin, please

00:58:03

don’t figure it out, you will have this file at your

00:58:09

disposal, so please All the

00:58:12

pictures will be examined in detail and we

00:58:16

will, in one way or another,

00:58:18

definitely control them in terms of understanding

00:58:20

and cognition, and here in the additional

00:58:23

material there are several pictures that you

00:58:29

can use later on the

00:58:30

autonomic nervous system, also in

00:58:32

order to consider the

00:58:36

structural features of some elements. for example, the

00:58:40

ganglia

00:58:41

in the lumbar section of the sympathetic

00:58:43

trunk to the England in the thoracic section, you

00:58:46

can see everything beautifully, but unlike

00:58:49

photographs of

00:58:51

slings where it is difficult to see all this, even

00:58:53

such reputable atlases as yoga, why are there

00:58:59

photographs and practically it is impossible to see as

00:59:03

beautifully as in the drawings

00:59:06

because this is an objective reality where then you

00:59:07

can better see somewhere in the wilderness

00:59:10

these are the sympathetic ganglia on the neck, the

00:59:14

sympathetic

00:59:17

trunk of the cervical region, and once again one

00:59:21

picture that punishes the

00:59:24

ganglia of the lumbar region, this is also

00:59:28

below the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk in the

00:59:32

lumbar region,

00:59:33

but how can you see that they

00:59:35

converge at the level of the sacrum and

00:59:38

unite

00:59:39

together the right and left sympathetic

00:59:41

trunk are connected on the coccyx,

00:59:43

not a paired coccyx, with a node before

Description:

г.Калининград БФУ им.И.Канта Медицинский Институт Читает Зав.Кафедрой Фундаментальной Анатомии Профессор Изранов В.А Опубликовано cообществом medfac.ru

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