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Король Артур: история или легенда?

Король Артур: история или легенда?

Channel: Tamara Eidelman

Муссолини. Крах

Муссолини. Крах

Channel: Tamara Eidelman

Кельтские мифы

Кельтские мифы

Channel: Tamara Eidelman

Маргарет Тэтчер

Маргарет Тэтчер

Channel: Tamara Eidelman

уроки тамары натановны эйдельман

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Good afternoon, dear friends, these are

00:00:02

history lessons with Tamara Delman Today we are

00:00:04

starting a new series of lessons and we will

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talk about Soviet history, we will start from the

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seventeenth year And gradually we will go

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further and further through the history of our country

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through its Well, unfortunately, mostly

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tragic

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pages, but you don’t know these events are

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probably

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impossible for some reason because they

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affected millions of our grandparents

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and parents and us too and determine

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our lives Until today, of

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course, we would not have been able to film anything if

00:00:43

not for the help of our patrons on the

00:00:46

patreon platform of our sponsors on YouTube Thank

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you very much What if If anyone wants to

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join, follow the links and

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sign up for a donation, we will be

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very, very grateful to you. On

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February 18, 197, in Petrograd there

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was a strike at the plant. At first, not even all the

00:01:14

workers, only a part, then more and more,

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then the strike began to spread to

00:01:20

other

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plants, but in

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principle it did not cause some special

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anxiety, of course, in the First World War,

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which began in what year at the beginning of

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the war, the strikes sharply declined. Well,

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by 17 they were starting again,

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although of course not on such a grandiose

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scale as before the war, in any case,

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after a few days On February 22, when

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Nicholas II decided to go to join the

00:01:55

troops, the headquarters was in the graves at the

00:01:59

moment he was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.

00:02:03

He asked the people responsible for the

00:02:06

security of the Minister of Internal Affairs, he

00:02:08

was told that the situation was under control, that

00:02:11

everything was fine and he could leave, there was

00:02:14

this desire to somehow reassure the Tsar and

00:02:17

show that they say we hold everything in our

00:02:20

hands Or did these people really

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think so? Well, it’s difficult to judge today, but I’m

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inclined to think that they really

00:02:26

probably thought that they would quickly restore

00:02:29

order, in any case, no one expected

00:02:32

what happened after the strikes

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More and more on February 23, old style

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-new in Europe This is March 8, at this

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moment it is already celebrated as Women’s Day,

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but not with gifts of mimosas and cakes. And

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this is considered the international day of

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Working Women, women’s struggle for their

00:02:54

rights, respectively, demonstrations begin in working-class neighborhoods

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and these

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demonstrations are combined with the fact that in

00:03:04

stores in in poor areas there is no bread,

00:03:07

the issue of bread supplies in February

00:03:10

17th to Petrograd worries everyone very much

00:03:13

and evokes a

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variety of opinions from scientists and journalists and

00:03:19

anyone else, and of course there is no clarity.

00:03:22

Women really stood in

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line for hours for bread on the other side. When

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different bosses began to say

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Bread. there is in the city You that they

00:03:33

really didn’t lie there was bread, well

00:03:37

another thing is that let’s say there was expensive bread

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that Poor people couldn’t

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afford this one thing then they began to say

00:03:46

that in fact they brought enough bread

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But they sold it out Because people are

00:03:53

stockpiling But this is a consolation doubtful

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there is enough bread in the city, but

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I still have No, well, here, too,

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versions were formed that

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someone was deliberately delaying

00:04:07

the transportation of bread to the city, which seems

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very

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doubtful to me, but in any case,

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demonstrations begin on February 23 under the

00:04:16

slogans of bread Bread But These slogans are

00:04:21

very quickly joined by down with the war

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or

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autocracy, which in fact is true

00:04:28

Irony, in fact, there

00:04:32

was no longer a real autocracy in Russia, although the

00:04:35

whole of the seventeenth year, the beginning of the

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seventeenth year will pass under this

00:04:39

slogan, in fact, since 906,

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there was in Russia the legislative Duma is a parliament

00:04:46

that had quite large

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rights, even if not the same as, say, the

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British Parliament, but

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there were large political freedoms, and so,

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to be honest, this system, of course,

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can no longer be called autocratic. Well,

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obviously this is what political scientists call a

00:05:03

dualistic monarchy when the power

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of the monarch is very great, but after all,

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there is already a representative body But all these

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subtleties, of course, Do not delve

00:05:13

into these subtleties, and this means that

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slogans down with autocracy appear very quickly, the

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next few days,

00:05:22

more and more strikers take to the streets,

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more and more people, the situation

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is becoming more and more alarming

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February 25 is already the city is engulfed in a strike and

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demonstrations, it is interesting that only at

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this moment different political parties

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decide to somehow

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support those who spoke before, apparently

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they also looked at what was happening with some surprise

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Nicholas II, who turned out to be by the

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will of fate Far from

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the capital and also understood what was happening on the

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evening of February 25 This means that he already realized

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that things were bad and then Well, here, too,

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a lot was said and written about what

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could happen. That’s just the fact that he

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left so far in the fifteenth year

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when he sent, removed Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich from his post as

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commander-in-chief

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and made

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himself commander-in-chief then many people

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objected to this,

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they said that now, as a result,

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all the defeats of the Russian army would be his

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personal responsibility and that he

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would not be able to be torn between military and

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civilian affairs of government, but

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Nikolai said that he wanted to

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be with his army in a difficult moment. What is

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clear And it even evokes some

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respect, but it really was a very

00:06:53

impractical decision, and as a result, the

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capital is gripped by unrest and the tsar

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is many kilometers away from it and

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does not really understand the situation, and he

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reacted only on the evening of February 2nd

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by sending a telegram to the commander of the Petrograd

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military district, General Khabalov,

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commanding immediately

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to stop the disorder in the capital, which is

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unacceptable in the difficult time of the struggle with

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Germany and Austria-Hungary. Well, what does it

00:07:22

mean to immediately stop the riots,

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crush them, disperse the speakers,

00:07:30

that is, use force, here, too,

00:07:34

a lot of different

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and contradictory things were

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said and written about this by Baron

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Budberg, who found himself in exile then with

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such regret the decisive

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commander of a battalion of loyal soldiers wrote that

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the speed of action and the fate of Russia and the

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whole world would have been different, that is, to

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disperse

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Shoot the sach of the composition of the SN

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e and in his Red Wheel and then in

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his various speeches he wrote Well, for

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him the king in this the moment seems to be

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some kind of unfortunate martyr

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who in no case wants to

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shed blood, but after January 9,

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memories of January 9, 905

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Bloody Sunday torment his conscience

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and that’s why he shows such weakness

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writes Solzhenitsyn Although this is how it

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seems to me this telegram shows

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that others he had ideas Nikolai

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completely amazed me Alexander Savich

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who, in his reflections on the

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February revolution with such

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obvious obvious grief, exclaims that they didn’t

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throw him away, he means that he is saying that the tsar did

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not try to disperse the speakers by force

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and no one rushed to the aid of the tsar. That

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is, he did not appeal to the troops there to

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the gendarmerie, but there were no people who wanted to

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disperse the demonstrations and he exclaims with such

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anguish, there were no those who Well,

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now I’m roughly quoting, there was no

00:09:14

blessed Al Kazar in our country. What

00:09:18

is an

00:09:19

Alcazar? This is a castle that is located in the

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Spanish city of Toledo in When

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did it start There was a civil war there, there was

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such a military headquarters, there were

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a lot of weapons, and uh,

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the Francoists, which means the rebels fortified themselves in

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this castle. And the Republicans besieged them and

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tried to expel them from there, but the Republicans

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behaved, they behaved quite frivolously,

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they besieged them somehow frivolously, and it was

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very difficult to take the Alcazar, they were powerful. walls and

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they did not succeed, and then when the main

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rebel troops approached, the Republicans,

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supporters of the popular front were expelled

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from Toledo, of course, the wounded Republicans

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in the hospitals were naturally shot

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and those who were sitting were Frank's supporters

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sitting in the Alcazares Vaubon And after

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that it became such an iconic moment

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in the Franks the history of the Civil War,

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something I’m thinking about all this, I understand

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what the false Nitsan wants to say is that they would have dispersed

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the demonstration at that moment

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and

00:10:29

all the subsequent horrors wouldn’t have happened, just like

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Budberg writes. So the fate of Russia

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around the world would have gone differently if there had not been

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Lenin’s Bolshevik executions,

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Stalin’s Civil War, and so on, and

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yet a man who fought against

00:10:48

fascism uses Frankiv as an example,

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somehow this scratches me right in the heart. I

00:10:56

can’t

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calm down. Maybe that’s why I generally love

00:11:00

the writer Solzhenitsyn and it

00:11:02

shocks me. Well okay, let's move on

00:11:06

in the evening of February 25, the tsar ordered

00:11:09

the demonstrations to be dispersed, which means that the soldiers are

00:11:12

being taken out into the streets and they are trying to disperse it,

00:11:16

this is happening very badly, the soldiers

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don’t really want this,

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a lot of different things were also said about this, for example, that

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among the soldiers there were those who had recently

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been called up and were supposed to be sent to the front I did

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n’t want to say a

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continuation of the war at all and therefore they

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sympathized with those who spoke on the streets.

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Soldiers come out somewhere,

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clashes with people occur, somewhere

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shots are heard, dead and wounded appear, and at the

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same time, on February 26, there are already the first

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cases when Soldiers refuse to

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shoot into the crowd, they are arrested they are

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taken somewhere and then more and

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more soldiers refuse to shoot, this, in

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fact, is always the main

00:12:05

guarantee of the Victory of any Revolution when the

00:12:09

Soldiers stop supporting the regime and

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go over to the side of the

00:12:13

people on the same day, February 26,

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Chairman of the State Duma,

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Octobrists,

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members of the Union, October 17, monarchical

00:12:26

party always declaring its

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support for the authorities,

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and the monarchist Rodzianko sends as

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chairman of the State Duma

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sends a telegram to the emperor,

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most submissively, I inform your majesty

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that the popular unrest that began in

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Petrograd is taking on a spontaneous and

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threatening character, based on their lack of

00:12:51

baked bread and the weak supply of flour,

00:12:54

inspiring panic, but mainly

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complete distrust of authorities unable to

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bring the country out of the difficult situation on

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this basis will undoubtedly

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develop temporarily at the cost of shedding the blood of

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civilians, but who, if repeated,

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will be impossible to restrain, the movement may be

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transferred to the railways and the life of

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the country will freeze at the most difficult moment. But

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then he also describes what

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terrible consequences the government will have

00:13:27

the power is in the lich and is completely

00:13:30

powerless to restore the disturbed

00:13:32

order, after which there is literally such a cry

00:13:36

of despair, sovereign: Save Russia, it

00:13:39

faces humiliation and shame, the war under such

00:13:42

conditions cannot be

00:13:44

ended victoriously, since the ferment

00:13:46

has already spread to the army and threatens to

00:13:49

develop if there is no beginning and disorder in

00:13:52

power a decisive end will not be put,

00:13:54

sovereign, immediately call on a

00:13:58

person whom the whole country can trust and

00:14:01

instruct him to form a government in

00:14:04

which the entire population will trust

00:14:07

such a government, the whole of Russia will follow such a government, the

00:14:17

living hour has no other way out and it

00:14:20

is impossible to hesitate, Chairman of the

00:14:23

State Duma Mikhail Rodzianko, the

00:14:26

World Cup is being discussed here Besides that Ranko

00:14:29

describes the situation in the country, he

00:14:32

turns to the tsar with a very specific

00:14:34

request to create a new government

00:14:36

in which the whole country will trust and he

00:14:40

and the tsar are very clear. What we are talking about has

00:14:44

already been since the autumn of the fifteenth year after the

00:14:48

terrible summer

00:14:50

crisis that broke out in Russia in the summer of the

00:14:54

fifteenth year Russia has suffered

00:14:56

incredible

00:14:59

at the front, huge territories were lost,

00:15:02

terrible casualties and at the same time

00:15:05

there was a terrible

00:15:08

supply crisis; the railways could not cope; the

00:15:11

army could not provide enough

00:15:15

weapons with shells, let alone the

00:15:19

rear, there was such a wonderful historian

00:15:23

Pyotr Andreevich Zayachkovsky, the teacher of my

00:15:25

parents and

00:15:27

he Well, once before the revolution He he studied in the

00:15:32

cadet corps, then he lived a long

00:15:35

life and ended it as a professor at

00:15:37

Moscow University, and once we

00:15:41

played him a song by the ku java of the Lord

00:15:43

Junker, where there is such a line in the

00:15:47

German war, only guns are in price and the

00:15:49

other will calm the bride down and he was already old,

00:15:53

he cried and said a completely

00:15:57

unexpected thing, I can

00:16:00

tell you what time we are talking about here,

00:16:04

this is the fifteenth year, I’m not sure that

00:16:06

Okudzhava was thinking about this when he wrote, he

00:16:08

says this is the fifteenth year, because

00:16:10

in the German war only guns are in

00:16:12

price, this is exactly the fifteenth to

00:16:14

sixteenth year already was better Well,

00:16:17

this is the historian’s view, but in any

00:16:19

case, the fifteenth year is a terrible

00:16:21

military political economic

00:16:23

crisis, at this moment the tsar will become

00:16:25

commander-in-chief, at this moment

00:16:27

many will be accepted,

00:16:29

but in this year the opposition in the Duma of the Armed Forces

00:16:35

is demanding the creation of a responsible

00:16:37

Ministry or Ministry of the People

00:16:40

trust What does this mean, I said that

00:16:44

autocratic Russia can already be called so in

00:16:46

question because there was

00:16:48

a Duma because the Duma approved the budget And

00:16:52

this is a very big power, a lot of influence

00:16:55

Leader of the Cadets Pani Lyukov speak as long as we

00:16:59

can approve the budget, we will not be

00:17:01

the opposition to His Majesty, but the opposition to

00:17:03

him Majesty But just after the

00:17:07

fifteenth year and Milyukov specifically,

00:17:10

many

00:17:11

others change their attitude towards power and

00:17:14

begin to demand this very

00:17:15

responsible Ministry

00:17:16

responsible to whom before the

00:17:19

Duma by this moment and just like in the

00:17:22

seventeenth year, ministers are appointed by the

00:17:24

tsar, removed by the tsar, the Duma can express

00:17:28

your objections, but the Tsar decides the Supreme Court,

00:17:31

by the way, many ministers were appointed

00:17:34

and

00:17:35

removed on the advice of the Tsarina or on the advice of

00:17:40

Rasputin. Which, of course, caused even

00:17:42

greater indignation. Well, in the 1st year, Rasputin was

00:17:46

already dead, already killed, but the general situation

00:17:50

remained the same, and now Rodzianko

00:17:53

begs the Tsar to go for such a huge

00:17:57

concession, of course, create a Ministry of

00:18:00

Trust, a responsible Ministry, that

00:18:03

is, increase the influence of the Duma, reduce

00:18:06

your influence, and in general, from

00:18:11

today it seems, but this is such a natural

00:18:13

step if the Duma already exists, if

00:18:16

political parties already exist, we need to

00:18:19

go further Well, along the path of turning into

00:18:24

such a normal, civilized

00:18:26

constitutional monarchy for Nicholas II

00:18:28

is absolutely unacceptable; it was not for nothing that he

00:18:32

was raised by Konstantin

00:18:34

Pobedonostsev, who gave him lectures that

00:18:36

really didn’t

00:18:38

make much of an impression on Nicholas. But this is the idea of the

00:18:42

beloved Pobedonostsev and many

00:18:44

others that autocracy is a

00:18:47

natural system for Russia; it is for

00:18:50

Nicholas she is his

00:18:52

she is the most important thought for him he

00:18:55

cannot refuse it I cannot

00:18:57

waste the inheritance of

00:19:00

koto I received it from my ancestors and must

00:19:02

pass it on to my son he said and having

00:19:05

received this this cry of despair from the

00:19:09

wound, in general this is how it seems to me Well,

00:19:13

or I understand what is easy to say from

00:19:14

today Having read that your

00:19:16

capital is

00:19:18

gripped by unrest, that

00:19:22

a catastrophe is about to happen, Nikolai does not meet halfway, he does not

00:19:26

like Rodyanko, Rodyanko spoke out, he had

00:19:29

the imprudence, like many others,

00:19:31

to speak out against Rasputin, and from that

00:19:33

moment their relationship with the

00:19:35

tsar deteriorated very much, but he looked at the

00:19:38

telegram and said to Baron

00:19:42

Frederick again this Fat Rodzianko

00:19:44

wrote me all sorts of nonsense to which I

00:19:47

won’t even

00:19:48

answer him it was the evening of February 26

00:19:53

February 27 turned out to be a turning point

00:19:56

because, well, almost the entire

00:20:01

Petrograd garrison, most of it

00:20:03

went over to the side of the rebels with more and

00:20:06

more strength there was no left General Khabalov

00:20:08

tried to do something there until the last,

00:20:11

but when he realized that he had

00:20:13

some handful of soldiers left and that

00:20:16

even the Peter and Paul Fortress was already occupied

00:20:18

by those who had risen, he simply dismissed the soldiers

00:20:21

and he realized the meaninglessness of what was happening

00:20:24

And at that moment in this day,

00:20:27

different events are happening in different parts of Petrograd,

00:20:29

on the one hand, I’ll start with

00:20:32

this, which may be less known. Although it

00:20:34

seems to me very significant, the

00:20:39

government, ministers appointed by the Tsar, gathers in the Mariinsky Palace,

00:20:42

they also see everything that is happening and

00:20:44

they send a telegram to the Tsar, begging

00:20:48

him to create a responsible The Ministry,

00:20:51

that is, they themselves seem to be saying, dissolve

00:20:53

us; Create another government; the tsar

00:20:56

will not react to this either; and

00:20:59

with this, several events

00:21:03

are happening at once in the Tauride Palace where the

00:21:06

State Duma was seized; Nicholas

00:21:08

ordered the dissolution of the State Duma; he found the

00:21:11

culprits. But by the way, not only he;

00:21:13

many then we also let's talk about this,

00:21:15

many

00:21:17

blamed the deputies for what

00:21:19

happened, he ordered the dissolution of the Duma

00:21:24

of the imara subs,

00:21:28

immediately from

00:21:31

their composition they elected a temporary

00:21:34

Committee of the State Duma on the

00:21:36

basis of which the

00:21:39

Provisional Government would then be created, a temporary

00:21:41

committee which included the parties that made up the

00:21:43

majority in the Duma, which by that

00:21:47

time were already united in the so-called

00:21:49

progressive bloc, these were primarily

00:21:53

the Cadets and the Octobrists, the two main

00:21:54

liberal parties. Well, several other

00:21:57

deputies and the temporary committee declare

00:22:01

that he is taking responsibility for,

00:22:04

let’s say, power into his own hands; at the same

00:22:07

time, other interesting things are happening in other rooms of the Tauride

00:22:10

Palace things

00:22:13

because on the same day the left parties

00:22:17

Mensheviks sir announced the start of

00:22:20

elections to the Petrograd

00:22:23

Soviet Petrograd Soviet - This is an

00:22:26

elected body naturally that was

00:22:29

never officially recognized by the state,

00:22:31

these bodies already existed

00:22:34

in 905 when

00:22:37

elections also began spontaneously and that means left

00:22:40

elections to the Petrograd Soviet begin,

00:22:43

which are very stormy and quite

00:22:45

chaotic at the same time, the

00:22:48

left parties naturally create an

00:22:53

executive committee of the council where the

00:22:55

Mensheviks, sirs, also have a majority. There are

00:22:58

other left parties there. There are

00:23:02

Bolsheviks, of which there are clearly fewer. I’m

00:23:05

preparing for today’s lectures with

00:23:08

interest I remembered how when I was

00:23:11

at school, our very nice, good

00:23:13

history teacher explained to us, Well,

00:23:17

why there were few Bolsheviks because

00:23:19

at that time the Bolsheviks were

00:23:22

fighting the people on the barricades, and the Mensheviks and the

00:23:25

Sirs, they supposedly were engaged in some kind of

00:23:27

political games

00:23:29

and elected the executive committee of the council Well, only

00:23:32

after many years I realized that although this

00:23:35

happened already in the seventies,

00:23:37

it

00:23:38

reproduced the story that was

00:23:41

recorded in Stalin’s time in a

00:23:44

short course on the history of the All-Union Communist Party of Belarus, the Bolsheviks

00:23:46

simply did not yet have

00:23:48

any popularity at that time, they would

00:23:52

gain it in the following months.

00:23:55

So

00:23:57

it’s going to mean in the Tauride Palace, the

00:24:00

temporary committee of the State Duma

00:24:02

meets with the executive committee of the council, the American

00:24:05

historian Richard Pipes, who in our

00:24:08

country causes admiration among some and

00:24:10

indignation among others, but in any case

00:24:13

it is difficult to deny him the ability to formulate very clearly.

00:24:15

But here he writes about this

00:24:19

plenary meeting of the council, the first of

00:24:21

which took place February 28 resembled a

00:24:24

gigantic village gathering, as if the

00:24:27

factories and barracks of their Bolshaks were here, there

00:24:30

was neither a daily routine nor a

00:24:32

decision-making procedure in an open discussion in

00:24:35

which anyone who wished could take part, a

00:24:37

unanimous

00:24:40

decision was developed, just like the village gathering, the council at

00:24:43

this stage resembled a school of fish

00:24:45

capable of instantly change direction

00:24:48

obeying an invisible command. This was a

00:24:52

council in which there were several hundred

00:24:54

people and the executive committee of the council consisted of

00:24:58

politicians. This was and, as it were,

00:25:02

representing this council, in fact,

00:25:04

was somewhat divorced from it. Well,

00:25:06

Pipes writes, apart from its

00:25:08

intelligent speakers, the council

00:25:10

was quite a rural

00:25:12

institution to be squeezed into the most

00:25:14

cosmopolitan city of the empire Well,

00:25:17

indeed, this is wartime workers,

00:25:22

many workers are yesterday’s

00:25:24

peasants and maybe even today’s

00:25:26

Many of them there in the summer were sent to the

00:25:29

village to collect the harvest The soldiers are the

00:25:32

same peasants and next to them are these Here the

00:25:35

left

00:25:37

intellectuals are sitting at the council, this is such an

00:25:41

interesting and strange

00:25:44

combination, at the same time this

00:25:46

Tauride Palace is

00:25:52

choking, the situation is becoming so

00:25:55

chaotic, the anarchy of the

00:25:58

soldiers of the workers, it’s generally unclear who

00:26:02

appears here, so these meetings

00:26:04

are taking place under enormous pressure from

00:26:07

this popular element, which

00:26:09

itself may not really understand what does someone want, someone

00:26:11

wants bread, someone down with the war, someone

00:26:14

gave and the autocracy in this situation and the

00:26:17

members of the temporary Committee and the executive committee of the

00:26:20

council must make some decisions.

00:26:22

This, of course, is very, very difficult; at the

00:26:25

same time in Mogilev,

00:26:28

Nikolai invites General

00:26:30

Nikolai Ivanov of whose loyalty

00:26:33

he is confident and instructs him to take the already

00:26:37

loyal troops and go to

00:26:41

Petrograd, that is, Again, I don’t

00:26:43

see the torment of conscience here. But I see the desire to

00:26:46

restore order. Ivanov is gathering troops,

00:26:50

but he first of all created such a detachment of

00:26:54

800 St. George cavaliers based from the

00:26:57

fact that these people had already proven themselves in

00:26:59

the war, but plus he had

00:27:01

several well-armed battalions

00:27:03

and he sets off towards

00:27:07

Petrograd on the night of February 27-28, the

00:27:12

temporary Committee of the State Duma

00:27:15

declares that it is taking power into its own hands,

00:27:18

so

00:27:19

the first composition of the temporary begins to form

00:27:22

government And by the way, one of the first

00:27:25

decisions of the provisional government will be the

00:27:28

appointment of the charismatic and very

00:27:31

popular General Lavr Kornilov,

00:27:34

who will still play his role in the

00:27:36

seventeenth year, his appointment as

00:27:39

commander of the Petrograd Military

00:27:41

District instead of Khabalov, the next day

00:27:44

Nikolai Tsar, who already understood what was

00:27:48

happening, decides to go to Tsarskoye Selo

00:27:51

too There are a lot of arguments about this, it

00:27:55

was a mistake, maybe it

00:27:58

was necessary to stay with the army and

00:28:00

rely on some loyal

00:28:03

troops, maybe there was no need to go, but

00:28:06

the Tsar is eager even here, it’s not even entirely

00:28:09

clear whether he wants, first of all, to be closer to

00:28:11

Petrograd because there is such a thing

00:28:13

is happening, or is he terribly worried? Well, that

00:28:16

is, he is certainly terribly

00:28:17

worried about his family; his children are sick with measles;

00:28:20

his wife has been torn away from him;

00:28:22

it was incredibly important for him; by the way, they

00:28:25

offered him; but these days, on the contrary,

00:28:28

to bring the family to him;

00:28:31

fate

00:28:33

could have turned out differently and they would not have died

00:28:36

in a year and a half, or maybe everything

00:28:39

would have gone differently, but he doesn’t want

00:28:42

sick children to be transported. Although in

00:28:45

general, theoretically, this could have all been

00:28:46

arranged, and He gets on the train and

00:28:49

goes to what is happening

00:28:53

next is the formation of the Provisional

00:28:55

Government in which, as is

00:28:58

natural in the temporary committee of

00:29:00

the State Duma, the majority of the

00:29:03

liberal parties, the Cadets and

00:29:05

Octobrists, there is one socialist and

00:29:08

this is the famous popular left-wing

00:29:12

lawyer, famous for his participation in

00:29:15

various political processes. This is

00:29:17

Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky, who

00:29:19

also there is a great future ahead in the

00:29:22

seventeenth year and then the collapse then

00:29:26

in his subsequent

00:29:28

long lonely life, meanwhile

00:29:31

Nikolai is traveling on the railways, also

00:29:34

Chaos, at some point he is informed that the

00:29:37

road to Petrograd is blocked, although

00:29:39

later it turned out that this was an erroneous

00:29:42

statement, he orders to go on

00:29:44

a detour he reaches Pskov further, as

00:29:47

we know. At the Dno station his train

00:29:50

stops, meanwhile General Ivanov

00:29:53

with his troops gets to the

00:29:55

Tsar’s village and stops here and

00:29:58

begins to find out what is happening in the

00:30:00

city and the city is seething naturally and there are

00:30:03

crowds there and somewhere there are already some... then clashes

00:30:06

somewhere even attack officers. And

00:30:08

somewhere, on the contrary, everyone is joyfully walking under

00:30:11

red flags; it was by the way, to the

00:30:14

incredible

00:30:15

indignation of many later generals and not

00:30:19

only generals that there were regiments that

00:30:22

clearly neatly

00:30:25

appeared at the Tauride Palace with

00:30:28

unfurled banners and declared that they

00:30:30

recognize the power of the new government, so the

00:30:33

officers brought them in and they maintained

00:30:35

order. But of course,

00:30:38

not everyone does this. General Denikin, one of the leaders of the

00:30:42

white movement, already wrote in exile in

00:30:44

his memoirs. The troops went out

00:30:47

into the street without officers, merged with the crowd and

00:30:50

accepted its psychology, and at the same time

00:30:53

he with horror That’s what he writes: Along with the

00:30:56

units, mixed with the armed forces and the pennies of the Armed Forces,

00:31:00

which too sharply resembled the old

00:31:02

government. Along with the units that remained

00:31:05

faithful to it and

00:31:13

turned out to be the rules of the old ritual, they

00:31:16

welcomed the New government in the person of the

00:31:19

Chairman of the State Duma

00:31:21

Rodzianko, but later, when the Royan ends up in

00:31:24

exile, then he will be completely ISOLATED there, the

00:31:27

majority will not only not

00:31:30

want to communicate with him, he will be accused of having

00:31:32

destroyed Russia, he

00:31:35

destroyed the sovereign and in the end he will die.

00:31:39

Well, in any case, a few

00:31:43

days after he was attacked by a

00:31:45

group of white officers and she brutally

00:31:48

beat him just like the man

00:31:51

who destroyed Russia, although we saw that

00:31:53

Rodyanko made efforts to

00:31:56

stop the crisis in order to direct

00:31:59

it Well, in some more civilized

00:32:01

direction, to preserve the monarchy Yes, a

00:32:04

reformed limited one but to

00:32:06

preserve it, but then he was perceived

00:32:10

completely differently to another,

00:32:12

General Ivanov observes what is happening

00:32:16

and generally understands that he does not want to

00:32:21

interfere. Although of course there were those who

00:32:24

pushed him to do this. Many years later

00:32:28

in his memories there is such a

00:32:31

very difficult person, the famous

00:32:35

nationalist, a very bright journalist and

00:32:38

writer Vasily Shulgin, who was

00:32:40

very famous before revolution, who

00:32:43

then found himself in exile, who then

00:32:45

returned from emigration and ended his

00:32:48

life in the Soviet Union. And so he, in his

00:32:51

memoirs, talking about his

00:32:53

feelings in the seventeenth year, in February of the

00:32:56

seventeenth year, wrote the following, from the very

00:32:59

first moment, disgust filled

00:33:02

my soul and since then I have not left me

00:33:05

throughout the entire duration of the Great Russian

00:33:07

Revolution, the endless stream of

00:33:09

human water supply threw

00:33:12

more and more new faces into the Duma, but no matter how many of them there

00:33:15

were, they all had one face, disgustingly

00:33:18

animally stupid or disgustingly devilishly

00:33:21

evil. God, how disgusting it was, so

00:33:23

disgusting that, gritting my teeth, I felt in

00:33:26

one thing

00:33:28

is powerless to myself and therefore even more vicious

00:33:30

fury of machine guns of machine guns This is what

00:33:34

I wanted For I felt that only the

00:33:37

language of machine guns was accessible to the street crowd And

00:33:40

that Only he could drive the lead

00:33:42

back into his den, breaking

00:33:45

free of a terrible beast, alas this beast

00:33:49

was His Majesty the Russian people here

00:33:53

very interesting, bright as always from Shun,

00:33:59

actually, these days Shulgin VL behaves

00:34:02

completely differently, he will be one of

00:34:06

those deputies who will go to

00:34:08

Nicholas II and demand his

00:34:11

abdication, he will receive this abdication, how does

00:34:14

this combine with the desire to shoot with machine guns

00:34:17

These wild Russian people are

00:34:20

not entirely clear to me, in any case, what is

00:34:23

happening. Then Nikolai was

00:34:24

stopped late near Pskov, the

00:34:28

face of whom many also later

00:34:31

accused and

00:34:33

branded was a Russian general and various people

00:34:36

say there are memories of how he

00:34:39

very correctly and politely talked with the

00:34:42

Tsar. And there is a Recollection that he

00:34:45

almost grabbed the tsar by the hands and demanded that the

00:34:48

tsar immediately sign a renunciation,

00:34:50

explaining that otherwise the Armed Forces

00:34:55

would perish. This is a

00:34:57

difficult question, but in any case it is clear

00:34:59

that the Russians are putting pressure on Nicholas at this moment,

00:35:01

and another thing is also very

00:35:06

important in the history of these days. that

00:35:09

Nikolai sends a request to all the

00:35:12

commanders of the fronts and asks them what to

00:35:15

do and from almost all

00:35:18

the commanders including Grand Duke

00:35:21

Nikolai Nikolaevich, the former

00:35:25

commander-in-chief, he receives the answer M

00:35:28

that they advise him to renounce

00:35:31

Well, then they were also branded as traitors

00:35:35

as those who did not

00:35:36

speak out in defense of their sovereign And although

00:35:41

In general, what can be said here, firstly, it’s

00:35:44

obvious They understood

00:35:45

uh Why the Tsar writes to their Tsar He

00:35:49

asks whether they will support him in the fight

00:35:52

against the

00:35:54

rebels so that they personally do not think and

00:35:58

many of them will then take part in the

00:36:00

White movement so that they personally they didn’t think,

00:36:03

they obviously understood that most of the

00:36:07

soldiers are not reliable, that you can’t count on

00:36:10

them,

00:36:11

just as

00:36:14

General Ivanov will understand this, he will withdraw his

00:36:16

soldiers and will not bring them into Petrograd

00:36:19

and will not try to suppress

00:36:21

the revolution with blood, and on the other hand, we

00:36:25

know the same

00:36:27

in our year, the Tsar’s relatives, the Grand

00:36:31

Dukes, also turned to him with a request to

00:36:34

introduce the same responsible

00:36:37

Ministry, that is, to maintain power

00:36:41

by making concessions, maybe this

00:36:45

influenced them, they naturally all these

00:36:47

commanders assume As well as the

00:36:49

State Duma and the

00:36:52

Russian General assume that the tsar speaks in favor of

00:36:55

his son Tsarevich Alexei

00:36:58

Well, in fact, first he

00:37:01

does this and then he

00:37:05

understands that he will not be allowed to stay with his

00:37:08

son if he renounces what kind of renunciation it will be

00:37:12

Yes, power will be formally

00:37:14

transferred to a thirteen-year-old boy his

00:37:17

parents will stay with him they will be on

00:37:19

they will influence him, they will make

00:37:22

all the decisions, he

00:37:26

understands, he won’t even be allowed to stay in

00:37:28

Crimea, he will have to go abroad,

00:37:31

he will have to go abroad,

00:37:32

leave here in this turbulent country falling into

00:37:36

chaos in the country

00:37:39

his son, whom he madly adores his

00:37:42

long-awaited son, it’s hard the sick son of a

00:37:46

boy with hemophilia, who, as

00:37:51

expected based on the level of

00:37:53

medicine at that time, had

00:37:55

only a few years left to live

00:37:58

and

00:37:59

he understands that he is not able to

00:38:02

do this, you can also talk as much as you like

00:38:05

about the fact that he

00:38:07

put his personal interests above the interests of

00:38:10

the fatherland, but he was the father of a sick

00:38:13

child and loved him very much,

00:38:15

I can’t even dare to

00:38:18

reproach him for this, but in any case,

00:38:21

when the

00:38:26

state deputy gin and the October Guchkovs arrive to him,

00:38:30

they are shocked to hear that the tsar is ready

00:38:34

to sign a

00:38:35

renunciation. But this will be a renunciation both for

00:38:38

himself and for his son in favor of his brother, the brother of the

00:38:43

Tsar, Grand Duke Mikhail. This is a

00:38:46

completely new turn for

00:38:48

which absolutely no one is ready. Then

00:38:51

they also argued for a long time that the Tsar did not have the right to

00:38:53

renounce for his

00:38:56

minor son, in fact, he

00:38:58

also did not have the right to renounce for himself, this

00:39:00

procedure was completely not spelled out

00:39:02

in any laws at that moment everything was

00:39:06

happening Well, outside such a clear

00:39:09

legal field, he renounces For himself

00:39:11

and for his son in favor of Mikhail Romanov

00:39:15

Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov, the

00:39:17

tsar’s entourage was very shocked that

00:39:22

Shulgin and Guchkov arrived unshaven and

00:39:25

disheveled in some dirtying the clothes,

00:39:28

then someone from the entourage came up to

00:39:30

Guchkov and said that

00:39:32

we will remember this jacket to you because

00:39:35

we saw in this a conscious disrespect for the Tsar. That’s

00:39:38

mo. In what form do you dare to appear to the

00:39:40

Tsar, I think that both Guchkov and

00:39:44

Shulgin came from this here

00:39:46

distraught Petrograd, where

00:39:49

they really forgot about how to shave,

00:39:51

change clothes, they had

00:39:54

no time for it, it didn’t even occur to them, this is

00:39:56

where it seems to me that there is such a different

00:39:58

view of what is happening from those who arrived

00:40:01

from a new life from Petrograd and those

00:40:04

who are still living here with these

00:40:05

ideas about palace etiquette, well,

00:40:08

now it is collapsing, disappearing before our

00:40:10

eyes, like all their previous life. On

00:40:13

March 2, Guchkov and Shulgin receive the

00:40:16

Tsar’s abdication, they arrive,

00:40:19

return to Petrograd, it immediately

00:40:22

becomes clear that something

00:40:24

wrong is happening, Guchkov reads this abdication

00:40:28

in front of the people and exclaims

00:40:31

Long live Tsar Mikhail

00:40:33

Alexandrovich and then he is almost

00:40:35

lynched, literally the crowd rushes at him,

00:40:38

shouting that he is a traitor and that he should be

00:40:40

arrested, he was saved by a wound who was

00:40:42

very tall and large in size and

00:40:45

he just literally tore him out, blocked him

00:40:47

and took him out, that is, it was clear that

00:40:49

no one will accept Mikhail Alexandrovich Well, it is usually

00:40:52

believed that if the Tsar

00:40:55

had decreed in favor of the alley, then the

00:40:58

people would have accepted it. The boy is also a

00:41:01

question. This is very difficult, but in any

00:41:04

case, representatives of the provisional

00:41:06

government come to Grand Duke

00:41:09

Mikhail Alexandrovich, who even in

00:41:11

general is like that hid a little these days

00:41:13

and they told

00:41:16

him something unexpected for him, that he

00:41:19

now could become a king. This

00:41:22

was for him. Well, firstly, everything that

00:41:24

happened was unexpected. In addition,

00:41:27

Mikhail Alexandrovich was married to a

00:41:29

divorced woman, which at that time

00:41:32

was a shock for the great Prince, when this

00:41:36

Marriage was concluded

00:41:38

abroad, Nikolai was furious and for a long time did not

00:41:41

allow him to return to

00:41:43

Russia, much less imagine

00:41:46

that Nikolai would reject Mikhail in his favor.

00:41:49

Of course, he was so

00:41:51

dumbfounded for several hours, he talked with

00:41:54

representatives

00:41:59

Well, how would they come to him

00:42:01

convey this But in general, almost everyone

00:42:04

except Miliukov and Guchkov

00:42:07

dissuaded him and then he did not understand what to

00:42:10

do, he went out with Rodzianko into another

00:42:13

room and, as Mikhail Alexandrovich Rodzianko later said,

00:42:16

Unfortunately he

00:42:18

could not tell much because in the summer of the year

00:42:22

he will be like his

00:42:27

family’s sconce was killed by the Bolsheviks and Rodzianko

00:42:30

said that he asked him if I

00:42:33

accept this offer. Can the Provisional

00:42:36

Government provide me with

00:42:39

safety? Rodianko said no. Mikhail

00:42:43

says that he will not accept this.

00:42:46

Well, Kerensky shouts in delight how

00:42:49

shocked he is by the nobility of Mikhail

00:42:52

Alexandrovich, by the way, this does not mean that

00:42:54

Russia has become a republic at this moment

00:42:58

Russia will be a republic declared

00:43:00

only on September 1 so far the political

00:43:03

system has not been determined there is a Provisional

00:43:06

Government it is assumed that a

00:43:09

constituent assembly will soon meet and

00:43:11

decide maybe to preserve the monarchy

00:43:14

maybe Well although this of course was absolutely

00:43:16

incredible it will return power to Nicholas Or

00:43:19

maybe to Mikhail Well for now that there is no time for that, in

00:43:23

any case, on March 3, he

00:43:27

also renounces. The Romanov dynasty

00:43:29

ceases to exist already on

00:43:32

March 8, the new

00:43:36

commander of the Petrograd military

00:43:38

district, General Kornilov, will appear in Tsarskoe Selo and will

00:43:41

arrest

00:43:42

the queen, and there are also stories

00:43:45

that he allegedly spoke incredibly rudely to her

00:43:47

and is completely another

00:43:49

version is that this arrest was made in

00:43:52

order to save her and other

00:43:56

relatives of the tsar,

00:43:58

because some group of sailor soldiers could easily come to Tsarskoe Selo

00:44:03

and simply kill the tsarina and the

00:44:06

children the next day, after all,

00:44:09

Nikolai comes here, they already

00:44:12

introduce him and announce that

00:44:14

Colonel Romanov arrived and you can remember

00:44:17

how Louis XV during the French

00:44:20

Revolution

00:44:27

with his family and they find themselves prisoners in

00:44:30

Tsarskoe Selo, soon after these events, the

00:44:34

old Beggar hungry philosopher Vasily

00:44:39

Rozanov in Sergiev Posad in his

00:44:43

last book Apocalypse of Our

00:44:46

Time will write such

00:44:50

words Russia took off in 2 days the largest in

00:44:53

three, even the New Time could not be closed

00:44:56

as soon as Russia closed.

00:44:58

It’s amazing that it all at once fell apart,

00:45:01

down to the details, down to the individual, and

00:45:04

in fact, such a shock had never

00:45:06

happened, not excluding the great

00:45:08

migration of peoples, there was an era of two

00:45:12

or three centuries here, 3 days, it seems even

00:45:15

two there is no kingdom left, there is no

00:45:18

church left, there are no troops left and there is no

00:45:21

working class left, what is left,

00:45:23

in a strange way, literally nothing

00:45:27

is left, a vile people of whom here is one

00:45:30

old man of about sixty and so serious from the

00:45:33

Novgorod province, expressed from the

00:45:36

former tsar, it would be necessary to pull the skin one belt at a

00:45:39

time then there is not immediately to tear off the

00:45:42

skin like an Indian scalp, but you need to

00:45:44

cut out from his skin in Russian, ribbon by

00:45:47

ribbon, and what the tsar did to this

00:45:50

serious peasant. Here is Dostoevsky. Here

00:45:54

you have Tolstoy and Anre and War and Peace. Well,

00:45:58

Rozanov has always been a

00:46:02

bilious, unkind, nervous man. at this

00:46:06

moment, of course, he really does have a

00:46:08

complete feeling of the end of the world. Later

00:46:11

Nabokov Many years later,

00:46:13

in the introduction to other shores, he will write

00:46:18

terrible words, and maybe it’s true that

00:46:21

Russia ended in the seventeenth year,

00:46:23

Athens and Rome ended once upon a time, they

00:46:27

always make me shiver

00:46:30

just words that I don’t want to

00:46:33

believe,

00:46:35

but Rozanov posed the question that

00:46:41

really

00:46:44

worried everyone, and then and now, in 2

00:46:50

weeks, the power that held it for many

00:46:54

centuries collapsed,

00:46:57

it seemed absolutely stable,

00:47:00

rooted in

00:47:02

certain ancient traditions, and

00:47:05

everything and it disappeared; this raised questions among

00:47:09

philosophers, writers and this still

00:47:13

causes huge disputes among historians. What is the

00:47:16

essence of these disputes? Well, on the one hand,

00:47:20

these February events were very often

00:47:23

perceived

00:47:24

as suddenly some kind of Awakening of the elements, here is the

00:47:30

bread, famine, and the Women's

00:47:32

revolt, they are joining in.

00:47:36

The soldiers and the workers are all shocked,

00:47:40

traumatized by the many years of war. Well, here we are.

00:47:43

as a result of this release of chaos. This is very

00:47:46

clearly visible in many memoirs about what was

00:47:49

happening. But here is how Denikin writes that the

00:47:52

army came out into the street and merged with the crowd, the

00:47:55

French ambassador Maris polylogue,

00:47:58

who left detailed Memoirs of

00:48:00

what happened, writes that

00:48:02

one high-ranking dignitary came to him these

00:48:05

days, reports that the Duma committee is trying

00:48:08

to form a Provisional Government, but the

00:48:10

Chairman of the Duma, Rodzianko Guchkov,

00:48:12

Shulgin Maklakov, is completely taken aback by the

00:48:14

anarchic actions of the army, this is not how

00:48:17

my informant adds,

00:48:20

they imagined a revolution. They hoped to

00:48:22

lead it, contain the army, now the

00:48:25

troops do not recognize any commanders and

00:48:27

are spreading terror throughout the city,

00:48:30

many have written about this horror

00:48:34

many people, this disgust fills the

00:48:36

soul of Shulgin if you believe him, and so

00:48:39

on and so forth, and there are a lot of arguments in favor of

00:48:42

this version, today they

00:48:44

often talk about what kind of

00:48:47

hunger is this? Yes, if you could buy bread Yes,

00:48:51

for a lot of money, but you can you could

00:48:53

stand in line and get bread, and

00:48:57

ration

00:48:58

cards, let’s say in Germany, were introduced earlier

00:49:02

and for a larger number of products than in

00:49:04

Russia, starting from the sixteenth year,

00:49:07

the economy was gradually established,

00:49:09

factories were, say, in Petrograd, where

00:49:12

they set up their own baking of bread, that

00:49:14

is, they weren’t so hungry

00:49:16

uh, on the other hand, maybe it

00:49:19

wasn’t, of course, or rather, it can’t be, of course,

00:49:21

it wasn’t a famine comparable to the famine

00:49:23

in the era of collectivization Yes, when

00:49:26

millions died of hunger But people in the

00:49:29

seventeenth year did not know what would happen

00:49:31

next, they measured by their own standards and

00:49:34

died by comparing with pre-war life They

00:49:37

saw how

00:49:39

bad they were, that bread could be obtained by standing

00:49:43

in Petrograd in the cold for many hours in

00:49:46

line, and that’s not always the case, and of course it’s not

00:49:49

just about bread. But in a war that has already

00:49:51

claimed millions of

00:49:53

lives, which caused

00:49:57

almost songs to the music and were

00:50:00

sure that soon I would put everyone on crutches, they

00:50:03

would win and return home, but

00:50:06

several years have already passed and some will never

00:50:08

return, some will return crippled,

00:50:12

shell-shocked, everyone has already forgotten what this

00:50:15

war was for, and of course the tsar is terribly

00:50:19

unpopular, the tsarina is unpopular more

00:50:23

Putin about whom there were

00:50:27

often very exaggerated rumors

00:50:30

and false rumors of course about his affair with the

00:50:33

Tsarina Rasputin did a lot of bad things, but

00:50:36

what was said about him exceeded this

00:50:38

bad many times over, and even the murder of

00:50:41

Rasputin,

00:50:43

which caused the delight of many and the

00:50:48

murderers were congratulated on the fact that they did

00:50:50

and thanked them and the Tsar did not even dare to

00:50:54

punish them

00:50:57

when he decided not to arrest Grand Duke Dmitry

00:51:00

Pavlovich but to send him to

00:51:04

Persia, then a whole delegation of relatives came to him and

00:51:08

said that the situation there is bad, the

00:51:11

climate is bad, it’s very

00:51:12

cruel, you can’t send him there, he is

00:51:15

so wonderful a historical

00:51:16

source of

00:51:18

denunciations which is clear that it is very

00:51:21

subjective and must be handled with

00:51:23

caution We understand that denunciations

00:51:25

can often be fascists,

00:51:27

but at the same time to some extent They

00:51:29

show the situation in the country, so scientists have

00:51:32

studied

00:51:34

denunciations in particular of the last years of the

00:51:37

existence of the monarchy and even

00:51:41

pre-war and during the war, they found out

00:51:44

that a huge number of denunciations are

00:51:46

primarily against those who insult the Tsar

00:51:48

and Tsarina; the main complaint,

00:51:52

surprisingly, somewhere in the Siberian

00:51:54

villages there is a sign and he shouts that our Tsar is a

00:51:59

fool, Nicholas II, was not really a

00:52:02

giant of thought. But here’s how it happened

00:52:04

reaches the peasants somewhere in the outback,

00:52:07

this is an amazing thing. During the war,

00:52:10

speculation appears that the

00:52:12

queen has a telephone in the palace and on

00:52:15

this phone she directly contacts the

00:52:18

Germans and reveals to them. Military secrets the queen

00:52:22

really was Alexandra Feodorovna

00:52:23

was of German origin, a German

00:52:26

princess. Although She spent her childhood in

00:52:28

England with her grandmother Queen Victoria and

00:52:33

Nicholas, they corresponded mainly

00:52:35

in English; their correspondence has been preserved. At the same

00:52:38

time, she converted to

00:52:40

Orthodoxy; she considered herself, of course,

00:52:43

by that moment a Russian person; for

00:52:45

her, the fate of Russia was very important. Well, it

00:52:48

was clear to explain it it was impossible to explain to people who

00:52:50

believe that it is possible to make

00:52:54

phone calls to Germany from the Palace, but

00:52:57

this all speaks of the extreme unpopularity of the

00:53:00

royal

00:53:01

family, what a huge number of

00:53:05

different people demanded a responsible

00:53:07

Ministry, deputies, grand dukes,

00:53:10

military revolutionaries, anyone, this

00:53:13

also shows how

00:53:15

unpopular the government was and all

00:53:18

this makes it possible to assume that

00:53:20

dissatisfaction really grew and

00:53:23

grew, and then there were enough sparks

00:53:25

that fell into the Hoy cellar, there were shortages of

00:53:28

bread, here were demonstrations and everything began, that

00:53:33

is, it was not just in 2-3 days, as

00:53:36

Rozanov writes, but this is an explosion that seemed to have

00:53:38

arisen not from scratch, against the backdrop of

00:53:42

deep discontent, the

00:53:45

political system was constantly growing, dissatisfaction with the

00:53:48

economic situation,

00:53:50

dissatisfaction with what was happening in the highest

00:53:54

circles, and so on, on the other hand, a

00:53:57

lot can be

00:53:58

objected to this. To begin with, we can say

00:54:01

that after 905 a lot had already been achieved,

00:54:06

the Duma appeared

00:54:09

political parties appeared

00:54:11

political Freedoms Yes, we can say

00:54:13

that the first and second Dumas were dissolved, but the

00:54:26

workers themselves were improving.

00:54:28

Yes, the war greatly

00:54:33

worsened it; the very rapid development of the

00:54:35

peasantry. We always like to talk about the

00:54:38

terrible backwardness of the Russian

00:54:40

peasantry and how the elements of hatred later splashed out

00:54:43

in the first months of

00:54:46

the Revolution. the peasants will begin somewhere there

00:54:48

to burn down the landowners' houses, rob and so on.

00:54:52

At the same time, we know enough that a

00:54:56

number of peasants took advantage of the

00:54:58

opportunity that

00:55:00

Stolypin provided them, left the community and

00:55:04

began to work on the market, the

00:55:07

wonderful historian Mikha

00:55:09

Abramovich Davydov, who

00:55:11

deals with economics, became the real owners. history

00:55:14

of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. So he drew my

00:55:17

attention to the fact that what a

00:55:20

huge number of savings

00:55:23

books the peasants had at the beginning. That is, a

00:55:27

peasant is no longer some kind of

00:55:30

illiterate, backward person who doesn’t understand anything,

00:55:32

wandering behind a plow,

00:55:36

peasants, entrepreneurs, peasants who

00:55:38

there are savings that they

00:55:40

put on books, that is, everything was not so

00:55:43

terrible that they suddenly got up. Well, one

00:55:47

can object to this that someone had

00:55:48

savings and someone remained in the community and

00:55:52

suffered from a

00:55:53

lack of land. They looked with hatred at the

00:55:56

landowners and their lands. And that was also on the

00:56:00

other hand, there are many different and

00:56:03

scientific studies, but at the same time,

00:56:05

unfortunately, completely unscientific stupid

00:56:07

reasoning that the revolution

00:56:09

did not happen just because it was

00:56:11

prepared, that there was someone’s

00:56:14

conspiracy. Well, I immediately dismiss the conversations

00:56:18

there about the Masonic conspiracy.

00:56:22

of the members of the provisional government

00:56:24

were Freemasons would have taken up a Masonic lodge Well,

00:56:28

this has nothing to do with

00:56:30

real history, I’m not even talking about the fact

00:56:33

that the Freemasons are an extremely peaceful

00:56:35

organization aimed at

00:56:37

improving the human race Well,

00:56:39

this is just

00:56:41

funny, well, just as naturally,

00:56:44

intelligence German British deputies

00:56:47

The State Duma actually

00:56:49

met with the British ambassador,

00:56:53

German intelligence Of course, they were

00:56:55

interested in

00:56:56

stabilizing the situation in Russia, the question was

00:56:59

whether they were able to do something

00:57:02

by the way Why would the British government

00:57:04

overthrow its ally This is also not

00:57:07

very clear, of course there are, well, such as the

00:57:12

main accusations or not accusations

00:57:15

on the contrary

00:57:17

are presented

00:57:19

to revolutionaries who were certainly

00:57:21

interested in a

00:57:23

revolution happening on the other side, so we saw

00:57:25

that on the 2nd the parties somehow came to their senses and

00:57:29

began to participate in what was happening,

00:57:31

by this moment the unrest had been going on for the third

00:57:34

day, there are a lot of studies

00:57:37

that believe that there was a conspiracy among

00:57:39

the military But recently there were

00:57:43

publications of such an interesting historian

00:57:46

Sergei Kulikov who believes that

00:57:49

there was such a well-thought-out,

00:57:53

branched conspiracy headed by the

00:57:56

very same Guchkov. The leader of the Octobrists

00:57:59

who accepted the abdication of Nicholas II,

00:58:02

Guchkov was an amazing person. And

00:58:06

someday, probably, maybe when

00:58:09

political passions are a little Ulya,

00:58:11

there will be some new Dumas who

00:58:14

will write his biography; he was from a rich

00:58:17

merchant family. Well, the origin

00:58:20

is interesting because his

00:58:22

father beat off his French mother, her husband. He took

00:58:26

her to Russia; his father himself was one of

00:58:28

the Old Believers;

00:58:30

however, he was one of those who were ready to

00:58:34

recognize the

00:58:35

Orthodox Church from fellow believers But

00:58:38

this means that this Old Believer takes a

00:58:41

French woman away from her husband and brings her back, which means that

00:58:43

Guchkov’s children are born to them and he receives an

00:58:46

excellent

00:58:48

education. He studies at the

00:58:50

Faculty of History and Philology of the university,

00:58:53

then he studies abroad in many

00:58:55

universities, then he has some kind of

00:58:57

simply incredible fate, he will

00:59:00

not finish his studies abroad because in

00:59:02

Russia in the ninety-second year,

00:59:03

famine begins and he rushes to Russia

00:59:06

to help the starving. Further, he

00:59:10

actively participates in zemstvo life. Further, he

00:59:14

does a lot of

00:59:15

charity work, let’s say in the

00:59:16

Moscow Duma, he is involved in

00:59:18

sewerage, water supply and sanitary

00:59:21

measures. In addition, they simply carry him

00:59:24

around all over the world he finds himself in

00:59:27

incredible places. In Tibet, inhabited Turkish

00:59:31

lands.

00:59:34

He participates in the campaign of the Russian

00:59:37

army in 1900, when

00:59:40

troops were sent to save Russian

00:59:42

diplomats from the Chinese rebels. He

00:59:45

participates in the Boer War on the

00:59:47

side of the Boers, of course, and suffers a

00:59:49

severe wound. in general, an invalid

00:59:52

after this, that is, where

00:59:54

fate simply did not take him, there is a version that he

00:59:56

greatly exaggerated his Adventures

00:59:59

then for advertising purposes, maybe

01:00:01

so, but in any case it looks. It’s

01:00:04

absolutely incredible his whole biography,

01:00:07

then the revolution of 905 begins, he

01:00:10

of course advances and he doesn’t get into the first Duma, he

01:00:13

doesn’t get into the second Duma,

01:00:16

he doesn’t get into the third Duma, he’ll already be the head of

01:00:19

the Union on October 17, he’s a monarchist. October 17 is the

01:00:26

fuss of such right-wing

01:00:28

liberals that actually arose,

01:00:30

whose goal is

01:00:32

to support

01:00:33

the monarchy further, as Guchkov himself said

01:00:36

that a turning point occurred for him as once in

01:00:38

that very fifteenth year when he,

01:00:41

like many, was traumatized by

01:00:43

the retreat of the Russian army and the behavior of the

01:00:46

authorities and Rasputin, and from that

01:00:49

moment he had such a rejection of

01:00:50

the monarchy, but no, not from the monarchy from the Tsar,

01:00:54

but at the very latest on

01:00:57

March 3, as I already did said Guchkov and Lyukov

01:01:00

there will be two people who will

01:01:02

persuade Mikhail Alexandrovich not to

01:01:04

renounce preserving the monarchy, but at the

01:01:07

same time there is a version that even

01:01:11

before the revolution, even in the 1990s, he began

01:01:15

to prepare

01:01:16

a conspiracy Well, that’s what Kulikov writes Kulikov

01:01:19

believes that Guchkov, who repeatedly

01:01:24

basement Lucius, is people's spontaneous

01:01:28

uprising Guchkov said it was not people who

01:01:31

made this coup and therefore

01:01:33

it could not be destroyed by people, it seems

01:01:36

like the version is that in

01:01:40

this way he hid his

01:01:42

true

01:01:44

intentions, I quote in September of the

01:01:46

sixteenth year, with the approval of the leaders of

01:01:48

the Duma opposition, Guchkov began the

01:01:51

technical preparation of the state

01:01:53

coup, which had the official goal of

01:01:56

replacing Nicholas II with the heir of

01:01:58

Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich and

01:02:00

making his uncle Grand Duke

01:02:03

Mikhail Aleksanich Guchkov the regent, he formed and

01:02:05

headed the five, which, in addition to him,

01:02:08

included his closest employees on the

01:02:10

Central Military-Industrial

01:02:12

Committee; such a body was Comrade

01:02:15

Deputy Chairman of the Duma Nikolai

01:02:17

Nekrasov Tereshchenko as well as lesser-

01:02:19

known figures, Prince Dmitry

01:02:21

Vyazemsky, Dmitry Kosyakovsky, who

01:02:23

maintained contacts with military circles.

01:02:26

Well, according to this version, the Working Group of

01:02:29

this central military-industrial

01:02:31

committee played a crucial role in

01:02:32

the preparation of

01:02:33

the Revolution; it maintained contacts with

01:02:36

generals and the military, which is precisely under their

01:02:39

influence The generals put pressure on

01:02:42

Nikolai and said that they wanted his

01:02:44

abdication. Well, Guchkov saw himself in the

01:02:47

form of such a Napoleon, let’s say, but it didn’t

01:02:50

work out, that is, that’s what he writes

01:02:54

that Guchkov and others are anarchists in the

01:02:57

army. They thought that they would

01:02:59

lead the revolution. And they it didn’t

01:03:01

succeed Well, the opinion is absolutely

01:03:04

different, which means someone believes that it was an

01:03:06

absolute force of nature, someone believes that a well

01:03:09

-thought-out conspiracy of Guchkov or

01:03:15

revolutionaries or foreign intelligence services is

01:03:18

naturally very difficult for me to judge,

01:03:20

for example, the position of such a historian

01:03:23

Boris Koloni is close, who believes

01:03:26

that such a combination happened here that

01:03:28

really there were people who wanted to

01:03:31

influence who wanted to, well, at

01:03:34

least achieve the abdication of the king, and at the

01:03:37

same time this

01:03:39

spontaneous explosion occurred. Well, that is, roughly

01:03:41

speaking, they unleashed those forces

01:03:43

that they could not control and then

01:03:45

everything went completely differently,

01:03:47

but the question remains open and I think that

01:03:51

this question is very substantive because

01:03:54

this is not just a historical

01:03:56

dispute, these are the reasons, there were Chinese

01:04:00

reasons in fact, this is a dispute

01:04:04

about the fate of our country about the character of our

01:04:09

country, this is what happened, this was the

01:04:12

malicious intent of

01:04:13

a certain group of people, further there you can

01:04:16

Various groups to call it was a

01:04:19

spontaneous action of some evil

01:04:22

forces that had escaped, dormant,

01:04:26

or was it something that was

01:04:28

prepared by the long course of development of

01:04:31

the country and the people rose up and defended their

01:04:35

rights, depending on which

01:04:38

of these views we

01:04:41

adhere to on the whole development country and

01:04:45

how you can live in our country to be

01:04:47

afraid and terrified of the people who, as

01:04:51

Rozanov writes, are vile Russian people

01:04:53

who show their faces, or

01:04:56

consider them a people standing up for their

01:05:00

rights, or think that it’s all about a

01:05:04

group of conspirators, I think that’s the question

01:05:08

not only Academic but also Philosophical

01:05:11

and very important for all of us Thanks to all

01:05:15

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01:05:23

this lesson, those who want to continue to follow

01:05:27

our lessons and this the cycle

01:05:29

that we started today Don’t forget

01:05:31

to subscribe to our channel so that you

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receive notifications every Saturday a

01:05:36

new lecture appears, of course Well, as I

01:05:41

said, there is no one answer to the question of

01:05:44

why the February Revolution happened

01:05:46

What

01:05:47

forces influenced the course of events But

01:05:51

of course it will be interesting to hear your

01:05:53

opinion What do you think It was a natural

01:05:56

explosion It was the result of a conspiracy it

01:05:58

was a combination of elements and conspiracy

01:06:02

maybe you have some other versions

01:06:04

Thank you

Description:

* Поддержите выходы новых уроков истории на платформе Patreon — https://patreon.com/eidelman * Поддержите выходы новых уроков истории став спонсором на YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYejKoEJ84iGgXPwTBkCCg/join Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях, там мы регулярно публикуем дополнительные истории: * Подписывайтесь на Тамару Натановну в Instagram — https://www.instagram.com/tamaraeidelman/ * Подписывайтесь на наш телеграм канал— https://t.me/eidelman * Подписывайтесь на нашу страницу в Facebook — https://www.facebook.com/EidelmanTN/ * Подписывайтесь на нашу страницу ВКонтакте — https://vk.com/eidelmantn - Новый выпуск «Уроков истории с Тамарой Эйдельман» — это начало нового цикла лекций «История России ХХ века». Он посвящен февральской революции, когда всего после нескольких дней народных выступлений рухнула царская власть и началась совершенно новая жизнь — казавшаяся в тот момент дорогой к счастью и процветанию, а в результате приведшая к крови и бедствиям. Что же произошло? Как историки объясняют такую быструю победу революции? Об этом — в новом выпуске «Уроков истории». - Книги выпуска (Трудно выбрать книги из огромного количества написанного о революции. Я постаралась предложить те, которые оценивают произошедшее с разных сторон, предлагают совершенно разные точки зрения) 1. Борис Колоницкий. Революция 1917 года. 2. Антон Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. 3. Генрих Иоффе. Революция и семья Романовых. 4. А. Солженицын. Март Семнадцатого. 5. А. Солженицын. Апрель Семнадцатого. 6. Р. Пайпс. Русская революция

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