Download "Эволюция разума у животных. Откуда у них политика, взятки, дружба, свидания? Александр Марков"
Please wait. We're preparing links for easy ad-free video watching and downloading.
Table of contents
Similar videos from our catalog
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FBv6clbmSfP8%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FTgURf0RPt3c%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FUt63rKh-lJ8%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FcT0nuruUCJk%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FeZe_-IbllM0%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252Fpks-WLkqGDU%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FtwEHFtlgWpc%252Fsddefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252F6N8YYvMFGDk%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FKea-nQgp2d8%252Fsd2.jpg%253Fsqp%253D-oaymwEoCIAFEOAD8quKqQMcGADwAQH4Ac4FgAKACooCDAgAEAEYciA3KDowDw%253D%253D%2526rs%253DAOn4CLDv5s9p4XK3oKpHTjcWGOyY8sJ1UQ&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252Fh3bt79JUYak%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:00
[music]00:00:04
Alexander Markov paleontologist Doctor of00:00:07
Biological Sciences professor leading00:00:10
researcher at the Paleontological00:00:12
Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences00:00:14
head of the department of biological00:00:15
evolution of the Faculty of Biology00:00:19
[music]00:00:23
Moscow State University culture in00:00:25
animals they have their own theater00:00:28
music some kind of books I don’t know00:00:33
what you mean when you say00:00:35
culture in animals Well, they00:00:38
don’t have a theater of music, books, of course, but it must be said00:00:40
that there are no books or a theater. And very many00:00:45
human nations did not have one there until00:00:48
recently, but by00:00:50
culture, well, at least biologists00:00:52
simply understand a00:00:55
set of behavioral characteristics00:00:57
that are transmitted by learning from00:00:59
one Oso to another, that is, it’s not that00:01:01
everyone invents some kind of behavior,00:01:03
we learn it, but someone else learns00:01:06
something, let’s say, crack00:01:08
nuts, some chimpanzee knows how to crack00:01:10
nuts, others look at him and learn00:01:12
roughly speaking And their children then learn from00:01:15
them, and so on and so forth And long ago, in00:01:17
general, animals began to be observed00:01:19
precisely in this aspect Or is this00:01:21
still a young field of science? This is a rather young00:01:24
field in general, until the middle of the 20th00:01:27
century, it was generally accepted that there is no00:01:30
culture in animals No, but that culture00:01:32
is a unique property of a person, but00:01:33
then several00:01:35
such bright discoveries followed that showed everyone that00:01:37
no, look, animals have it too. It’s00:01:39
quite something that can be called00:01:42
culture. Tod had three such high-profile00:01:46
discoveries, the first story was with English00:01:48
tits who learned to open00:01:50
milk bottles this is somewhere in the00:01:54
twenties for the first time00:01:58
to observe00:02:00
bottles of milk and a tit on the porch of your buyer.00:02:03
Maybe some one at first00:02:05
learned to open the lids from cardboard00:02:08
or from foil, these are the lids to drink00:02:10
there, the cream on top is not even milk. Here are00:02:13
other tits, obviously this they saw and00:02:15
began to copy began to learn from each00:02:18
other and this skill spread before the00:02:20
eyes of00:02:22
observers all over England and00:02:24
spread to Ireland and even seemed to be a00:02:26
little on the mainland and the second discovery is00:02:29
also a well-known story about Japanese00:02:32
poppies feeding them and giving them sweet potatoes00:02:35
here the sweet potatoes are dirty Well, the00:02:38
monkeys ate as is, so with the dirt00:02:40
there the sand crunches on the teeth Well, what can00:02:42
you do, one young female In general, an00:02:46
almost one and a half year old cub discovered that you00:02:49
can wash this dirty sweet potato in the water00:02:52
And after that it’s more pleasant to eat and she00:02:55
began to repeat it Began00:02:58
wash an adult At first they ignored this00:03:02
this children's foolishness some children00:03:05
also began to copy but very00:03:08
inactively But gradually over the00:03:10
years the skill spread those00:03:13
some adults took over from the children those00:03:16
who refused to persistently wash the yam in00:03:19
the end they grew old lost00:03:21
their authority there died And the children who00:03:24
washed they grew up And after that this00:03:28
skill became generally accepted and the third thing is00:03:32
the dialects of songbirds, but it was noticed00:03:34
that songbirds of the same species00:03:38
in different areas sing slightly differently00:03:39
and it turned out that this is not written in the genes That00:03:42
is, if you take a chick Well00:03:45
throw an egg from one area to00:03:48
parents from another area, then00:03:50
when this chick grows up, it will sing00:03:52
like its adoptive father sang and not like they00:03:54
sing in his homeland. Well, after00:03:57
these three discoveries, they began to specifically00:03:59
study00:04:00
this phenomenon, watching whales looking for00:04:03
monkeys and chimpanzees all over Africa,00:04:15
filming all their behavior, looking for new00:04:18
cultural traditions. Why is this so00:04:20
important, that is, what is it, what does it00:04:22
tell you as a biologist,00:04:28
what do you want? This is our special feature00:04:32
that we are very interested in knowing. That’s why00:04:34
we are so unique and special.00:04:37
What is our uniqueness? Well, indeed,00:04:40
our species has achieved unprecedented success;00:04:43
it has spread throughout the planet;00:04:45
the amount of biomass has reached an unprecedented level00:04:48
for mammals of our00:04:51
size. Well, I would like to know what00:04:55
ensured this success of ours. Many00:04:57
Toms experts still believe00:05:00
that the unique feature of our species00:05:03
is high intelligence What does it mean,00:05:07
the ability to find the right solution00:05:09
to a new00:05:10
situation for which there is no ready-made00:05:12
solution previously learned? An animal has a00:05:15
completely new situation and needs to understand00:05:17
how to get out of it, how to solve this00:05:20
problem, and this must be done not at00:05:23
random, not by trial and error, because00:05:25
by trial Animals also make mistakes.00:05:27
We are even00:05:30
invertebrates, even almost00:05:32
single-celled. This does not count as00:05:34
intelligence. But just look at the00:05:36
problem to think and understand and solve. But in00:05:41
fact, if intelligence is defined this way,00:05:43
then in general, upon closer examination,00:05:46
it may turn out that we are not so much00:05:48
superior to animals in terms of such00:05:50
intelligence, our strength seems to be not in this, but00:05:53
in00:05:54
what is in this very00:05:58
very unique ability00:06:01
to accumulate cultural wealth, the experience of00:06:03
generations, everything that we know, everything that makes us00:06:06
strong, we didn’t come up with it ourselves, we00:06:08
have accumulated it, we learned it, this is very clearly00:06:11
visible on various hunter-gatherers00:06:14
who often have very complex00:06:16
sophisticated00:06:18
technologies where everything seems to be very00:06:21
well thought out and designed, let’s00:06:22
say an Eskimo house, a snow needle there,00:06:25
these are snow blocks that are cut with a00:06:28
special knife, this knife must be00:06:29
made there from special bones, cut00:06:32
correctly, these blocks fold them correctly00:06:34
make the correct entrance in the form of a00:06:36
tunnel so that the heat does not escape, everything seems to be00:06:39
perfectly thought out and00:06:41
designed if you ask an00:06:44
Eskimo. Please tell me why00:06:47
you are making this trident for hunting a00:06:49
polar bear. Why is your middle00:06:51
tooth necessarily made from such and such a bone? and00:06:53
two side teeth and on the other a softer00:06:55
bone. This is why00:06:58
hunter-gatherers usually00:07:01
answer all such questions in approximately the same way. They say this is how it is with00:07:03
us, this is00:07:04
our custom. My00:07:07
fathers and grandfathers taught me this, he cannot answer00:07:11
why it’s just a custom, but it’s very00:07:14
wise custom it was created by blind00:07:16
cultural00:07:17
evolution a process that, in principle,00:07:19
can go on even if no one understands anything at all00:07:21
then00:07:24
[music]00:07:28
there is someone like this harpoon and people copy00:07:32
each other’s behavior and copy from00:07:34
successful ones. Old people who were able to00:07:37
live to an advanced age means they00:07:40
somehow lived correctly, and00:07:43
Joseph Henrik gives an example there. In his book, the00:07:48
wonderful secret of our00:07:51
success is that he lived among the Mapuche or00:07:54
Araucan Indians in central Chile. There is such a00:07:57
people. They eat mainly corn,00:08:00
and this, in principle, is not very good for00:08:02
health, eating only corn. because00:08:04
it lacks some vitamins and he00:08:06
noticed that these Indians00:08:10
add ash from the stove to this corn porridge,00:08:14
and Henrik, the anthropologist, naturally00:08:17
asked, tell me why you poured00:08:19
ash from the stove into the corn, he00:08:22
naturally answered him, that’s how it is with us.00:08:23
we cook like this and then scientists00:08:27
found out that it turns out that there is a lack of a00:08:30
certain vitamin in corn,00:08:33
without which a00:08:35
person develops a disease called pelagra, a00:08:38
terrible disease described in vivid colors00:08:41
in the books of Solzhenitsyn Shalamov, this is00:08:43
what prisoners in00:08:45
Stalin’s camps suffered from, in particular, and also00:08:47
suffered from it many peoples who,00:08:50
due to some circumstances, were00:08:52
forced to eat only corn. And00:08:54
if you add alkali, for example, ash from the00:08:58
stove to the corn during the00:09:00
cooking process, then this missing00:09:02
vitamin is produced there; it appears there00:09:04
and then everything will be fine; pelagra,00:09:08
of course, the Indians have no idea about00:09:10
They don’t know this. It’s just that blind00:09:12
cultural evolution gave it to them, that is,00:09:15
someone One day noticed that00:09:18
a piece of coal fell on me or that I ate it and suddenly00:09:20
my pain disappeared Or how is it that most00:09:22
likely it00:09:24
was just an accidental change in00:09:26
behavior Here they are ate this corn,00:09:29
some family added00:09:31
dried spiders to it, some00:09:35
coca leaves, some hallu from the stove, and those who00:09:39
had it were healthier. Yes, and the family00:09:41
that added zala from the oven, they were00:09:43
healthier, they achieved great success,00:09:46
lived more years and the people copied00:09:51
everything from this family, copied not00:09:53
only how they cook porridge, but copied00:09:55
how they00:09:58
blow their nose. Nobody knows in the World Cup, in00:10:01
fact, there is00:10:03
[music]00:10:05
a trick to solve the problem. We have three00:10:08
options, and the animals can also sit and00:10:12
solve this is00:10:14
the intelligence of mistakes. It happened by chance00:10:17
and I found out that this happens. And thirdly - This is00:10:19
an observation and like a person has00:10:22
surpassed everyone in this. Yes, this is exactly where people are00:10:24
similar and all people copy00:10:31
better than all other animals,00:10:34
perhaps. This is where it00:10:36
goes somewhere. edge Well, and most importantly,00:10:38
of course, we have a super powerful tool00:10:41
for social learning that00:10:43
allows us to transmit the experience of generations00:10:45
with almost absolute accuracy, something that00:10:47
other animals certainly do not have. This is our00:10:49
human language, this is the gift of speech,00:10:52
this is of course a powerful force that00:10:54
allows cultural evolution to reach a00:10:56
fundamentally new level Tae level, the quality of00:10:59
transmission of information about behavior00:11:02
is not available to any animals. Well, wait,00:11:05
they also make sounds. But these sounds00:11:08
carry much less accurate information.00:11:10
There are these famous vervet00:11:13
monkeys who have a Scream, which00:11:15
means Eagle. So you have to hide00:11:18
somewhere down there. There is a Scream that means00:11:20
snake. we need to climb a tree, not language,00:11:24
these are four fixed words, but00:11:26
human language allows us to00:11:29
generate absolutely00:11:31
any statements, that is, to convey Well, if not00:11:34
absolutely any, then almost any Meaning that00:11:36
we want to convey, and this ensures a00:11:39
much higher accuracy of00:11:41
copying these valuable elements of00:11:44
behavior in fact, there were even such00:11:47
experiments carried out by scientists, chains00:11:50
of teachers of students, the chain began00:11:53
with an archaeologist who was good at00:11:57
making stone tools, primitive00:12:00
stone tools, which our ancestors did00:12:02
there 2 million years ago, and a student looked at him00:12:06
and studied, then this student00:12:09
acted as a teacher for the next00:12:11
student and so on, well, there are00:12:13
such games and they are spoiled00:12:16
Yeah,00:12:17
and there were different ways of social00:12:21
learning, the very first, the most00:12:23
primitive student just looked at the00:12:25
results of the teacher’s work, that’s a00:12:29
bummer from production. Look and do the00:12:33
second student. The student just looks, the00:12:36
teacher doesn’t pay attention to him.00:12:38
third option00:12:40
the teacher pays attention to the student00:12:42
looks at him shows something like this with00:12:45
glances and gestures Can show him00:12:48
that this is an important moment, here you need to00:12:49
hit like this and finally the fourth00:12:52
option the teacher is allowed to use00:12:54
words say look here here the00:12:57
striking platform must be here so at a00:13:00
slight angle so hit very hard That’s00:13:02
where we looked at how00:13:04
quickly the skill degrades in this00:13:06
chain of students and teachers. Well, it00:13:09
turned out that in00:13:11
general, the more perfect the teaching method,00:13:15
the slower it degrades. But in00:13:17
fact, it degraded very quickly almost00:13:19
immediately to zero there after one or two00:13:23
students there was nothing left of the skill00:13:25
at all in all cases except00:13:27
the last one,00:13:29
when you can use words here after00:13:31
all this skill lasted for some time00:13:33
Well, this somehow00:13:35
explains why primitive man00:13:37
somehow developed this language00:13:39
has learned to communicate in addition to gestures and00:13:42
screams. And in animals, this doesn’t happen to anyone,00:13:46
even those who sing songs00:13:49
or somehow00:13:52
growl. Well, this is a very serious scientific00:13:56
question00:13:57
of our own, apparently, science now about the00:14:00
origin of man and how since I00:14:04
tried to understand with the help of any computer00:14:06
modeling What was the reason00:14:08
What exactly did the ancestors of our00:14:11
species, one of the species of monkeys, have00:14:14
such conditions that this process00:14:15
started, that’s what gives the key: a characteristic00:14:18
feature of human evolution is an00:14:21
incredibly rapid increase in00:14:23
brain volume in a short time Here in our00:14:26
ancestors, over 2 million years, the volume of the brain00:14:30
increased threefold in Troy. In terms of00:14:32
mass by volume, from about 400 g to00:14:35
about 1.00, no other00:14:37
mammals’ brains ever grew so quickly;00:14:39
in principle, the brain grows little by little in00:14:44
mammals in general and especially00:14:46
among primates there is this tendency, but it is00:14:48
much much slower. But it was precisely among the00:14:51
ancestors of our species in the genus Homa that00:14:54
something began 2 million years ago that the00:14:57
brain began to grow tremblingly much00:15:02
faster,00:15:05
and the brain is a very large brain - this is an expensive00:15:09
thing, very very inconvenient, very00:15:11
expensive, it has a lot of negative00:15:13
side effects. Well, firstly, it’s00:15:28
just to be in working00:15:30
condition, even if they don’t work00:15:32
now, they don’t shoot out their00:15:34
potentials and actions, he still eats00:15:36
a lot of calories constantly, but in00:15:38
evolutionary In terms of this, this is a big big00:15:40
drawback if you need to eat this00:15:42
much, and your competitor only needs this00:15:45
much, then this is a very big disadvantage for you,00:15:48
you will lose, all other things being00:15:50
equal, evolutionary00:15:52
competition, which means more food later, and it’s00:15:56
just an inconveniently heavy head to00:15:58
carry around, you’ll fly Yes, the00:16:00
load is a load on the spine But00:16:03
the most00:16:04
important thing is that it is difficult to give birth to more heads00:16:09
of babies, especially Bipedal primates00:16:12
who need a narrow pelvis to00:16:15
walk normally, that is, women could not have a00:16:19
wider pelvis because then they00:16:21
would move very poorly and this means they00:16:24
had to give birth at earlier00:16:26
stages of development of the child, that is with an00:16:29
underdeveloped brain, which means that the00:16:31
baby is born absolutely nothing,00:16:33
absolutely helpless, and this00:16:37
sharply increases the burden on the parents00:16:39
in the first years of the child’s life, and this00:16:41
child must not only be fed and do everything for him,00:16:44
but still the baby chimpanzee00:16:46
is born much more developed he's already00:16:49
there holding on to the fur, he's already00:16:51
figuring out something, he's about like a one-year-old00:16:53
baby, calf-calf, right away on his feet,00:16:55
and yet a human being, Yes, he was born right00:16:59
next to the ungulates and immediately got up and went,00:17:02
and a human needs to be fed for another year,00:17:06
changed diapers, pumped Yes until he finally goes,00:17:10
this is just a terrible blow to Darwinian00:17:13
fitness. This is terribly unprofitable,00:17:15
which means everything. This should have been offset by00:17:17
some colossal advantage00:17:19
that the enlargement of the brain provided. What kind of00:17:22
advantage could this be?00:17:24
Gradually, more and more scientists are inclined00:17:26
to think that it was most likely there00:17:30
it was in the culture that00:17:35
our ancestors at some point had some00:17:36
kind of cultural behavioral traditions that were00:17:39
very, very important for survival but00:17:41
very, very complex, which our ancestors00:17:44
Well, early Australopithecus Khoma learned from00:17:47
each other, but in order to00:17:50
learn it normally they needed very good00:17:52
brains, they needed to have good00:17:56
abilities to learn,00:17:59
maybe even to understand what and00:18:02
how to do some very complex00:18:04
skills. Well, chimpanzees have a very difficult00:18:07
skill for them to crack nuts,00:18:09
especially when the tradition is such that a00:18:11
stone is needed an anvil there or or Well, there the00:18:14
root can be as an anvil the00:18:16
nut itself and the right stone as a00:18:18
hammer and you need to hold the00:18:21
anvil with your foot so that the nut does not wobble with00:18:23
your hand with the other hand to beat the stone to00:18:27
prick a00:18:29
monkey’s brains this is generally an extremely00:18:32
difficult task, the cubs learn from00:18:34
adults for several years it takes training,00:18:37
and not everyone copes, some still ca00:18:42
n’t, so they live without nuts all their00:18:45
lives, this is the type of skill that00:18:48
could00:18:49
trigger the process of accelerated00:18:52
brain growth, but chimpanzees don’t do it Because they,00:18:54
in general, are fine without nuts,00:18:56
but ours Povi's ancestors, such a00:18:58
situation arose that they began to develop00:19:00
some incredibly important,00:19:03
necessary and very, very complex skills, and00:19:06
here selection for improved00:19:09
abilities for social learning could begin, maybe00:19:10
from the primary some primitive00:19:13
communication systems began to develop Well,00:19:16
some00:19:17
more advanced methods of communication,00:19:20
some rudiments of a proto-language. Do you00:19:23
think it was originally an eternal00:19:25
sport? That is, we first had a big00:19:29
brain and that’s why we began to get smarter, or we have a00:19:33
big brain because we were00:19:35
so intellectually smart, unlike00:19:38
others animals, well, it’s not clear why,00:19:42
it’s not even like a chicken from an egg, it’s the brain00:19:45
and culture of each other little by little00:19:47
moving forward, that is, at first there was00:19:50
this Basis, the monkey is already quite good,00:19:52
some kind of primitive culture, some00:19:54
already quite good abilities for social00:19:57
learning, but lead our ancestors found themselves in a00:19:59
New environment in a New niche in the savannah where they had to00:20:01
behave differently from the forest00:20:03
and such cultural traditions appeared there.00:20:05
Well, for example, the production of00:20:07
primitive stone tools that were00:20:10
absolutely necessary there for survival in the00:20:12
savannah, but learning how to make them and00:20:15
use them was very -very, very00:20:17
difficult and only those groups of00:20:20
Australopithecus or early00:20:22
Homa survived whose members were smart enough to00:20:28
learn this art well from each other and preserve this00:20:31
skill in a series of generations and the brain became more00:20:34
powerful, this leads to the fact that the00:20:37
culture develops, the culture becomes00:20:39
richer more valuable culture00:20:42
more valuable even stronger selection for a00:20:44
good ability to quickly master this00:20:46
culture and for some time00:20:48
such00:20:50
autocatalysis can work When the brain develops00:20:52
culture culture develops the brain and they00:20:54
like each other like Ron Hausen00:20:59
tore himself to the shining heights by the hair cheat00:21:01
of civilization about training I wanted to00:21:04
ask again This is the same as different training00:21:07
When my mother or father taught me something they00:21:10
showed me specifically This is how it is done00:21:12
and when I looked and taught and repeated00:21:16
This is different Do animals have what00:21:19
their mothers or father really have do parents00:21:21
teach or is it only00:21:23
human00:21:24
[music]00:21:29
up to the very advanced? Here is00:21:30
purposeful teaching when one00:21:33
individual specifically does something to00:21:35
teach another something. This is considered00:21:37
one of the highest, most complex,00:21:40
rarest, most effective forms of00:21:42
social00:21:43
learning, very characteristic of people. We00:21:46
we love to teach everyone to teach to teach Yes,00:21:50
don’t feed us bread Let someone00:21:51
teach us to give00:21:53
advice00:21:55
Here in other animals this is also00:21:58
found in birds and00:22:01
mammals Some birds quite00:22:03
purposefully teach the old elder00:22:06
males Young males are taught to00:22:09
sing correctly Male zebra00:22:13
finches An00:22:15
experienced one sits next to a young male a00:22:18
young male chirps something,00:22:20
tries to imitate it, but apparently it00:22:22
turns out badly because the00:22:24
older male is so strict with his club00:22:29
that you sing00:22:30
to listen to. It00:22:32
hurts, for example, meerkats teach their cubs00:22:35
wonderful social00:22:38
African animals, for example, they teach00:22:41
cubs hunt scorpions, adult00:22:44
meerkats catches a scorpion, bites off its00:22:46
sting and this one is already neutralized by the00:22:48
scorpion, gives the cub00:22:51
to train. This is, of course,00:22:53
teaching and they make some kind of toys00:22:58
in one population, it was noticed that00:23:00
only in one Children play with sticks as00:23:04
if this is well, they babysit them like dolls00:23:08
as if this there are their babies or00:23:10
something, female young chimpanzee girls00:23:14
play with sticks in this way much more00:23:16
often than boys, but it’s true that boys00:23:18
sometimes play too and they always00:23:20
stop doing this when they have00:23:22
real children, and so they carry them around,00:23:25
babysit them, even put them to00:23:27
bed, even they can make a nest they00:23:29
sleep in disposable nests in trees they00:23:32
can make a nest for this stick and00:23:34
put it there to sleep Do I00:23:36
understand correctly that just like in business, competition is the00:23:38
engine of progress, and in evolution,00:23:41
competition is, in principle, the main00:23:44
engine too Yes, evolution is, in principle,00:23:46
based on competition00:23:50
between different genetic variants00:23:53
for dominance in one loko Well, in short,00:23:56
there is always competition at the core. I00:23:59
watched the lectures of Robert Sapolsky, an00:24:02
American scientist, and he says00:24:05
something like that:00:24:08
American biologists usually00:24:10
consider the evolution of humans00:24:13
or animals from the point of view of competition,00:24:16
struggle, exactly. whoever is cooler will00:24:19
survive, and Soviet biologists, and he says,00:24:23
always consider evolution from the point of00:24:24
view of climate, to survive on the ground, but here’s00:24:29
how you think If we talk about culture,00:24:32
we still Really So, we’ve00:24:33
been fighting the climate all the time, and here00:24:36
we are you need to eat this somehow to survive in00:24:39
the cold Oh, this is an interesting complex00:24:41
evolutionary question00:24:44
Well, in principle, there is only one evolutionary mechanism;00:24:49
it is00:24:52
always00:24:54
competition00:24:56
between in the population Who will leave more00:25:00
offspring00:25:01
But if the conditions are very difficult, harsh, then00:25:06
your success depends primarily on00:25:08
how you can cope with these conditions. That00:25:10
is, if you live in a very cold00:25:12
climate, then the main thing for you is to be able to00:25:14
endure the cold and somehow survive in this cold,00:25:16
so that your hair is long,00:25:18
so that your houses are warm, and so on.00:25:21
If you live in a flat, fertile00:25:24
land, then the population size there will00:25:27
immediately be greater than the00:25:28
population density, and there what00:25:31
will come to the fore is not how you are adapted to00:25:33
natural conditions, but how you00:25:35
directly compete head-on with your neighbors, and00:25:38
in that other case, for biological00:25:40
evolution, it is important who leaves more00:25:43
offspring for Who is better to spread00:25:46
their Genes00:25:48
Why do animals help each other? This00:25:51
also contradicts natural selection in00:25:54
many situations in the00:25:56
world itself because00:26:04
only genes compete mercilessly with each other00:26:06
at the level of individuals and at the level of00:26:10
some groups of these individuals. And this is00:26:13
already there does not have to be00:26:14
competition, that is, at the level of the individual, it00:26:17
very often turns out that genes in their00:26:20
competition benefit from individuals00:26:22
not competing with each other, but let’s00:26:28
take the following metaphor: the Gene00:26:30
is interested in passing on as00:26:32
many copies of itself as possible to the next00:26:34
generations, in fact the Gene not interested in anything,00:26:36
but it’s just that those Genes that00:26:38
do this remain, and those that00:26:40
transmit fewer copies of their copies, they disappear00:26:43
and Therefore, such an illusion arises as00:26:45
if the Gene has a goal to reproduce, and00:26:49
at the level of genes, evolution is always00:26:50
directed only00:26:53
towards the spread of these00:26:55
genetic options, it’s as if00:26:58
selfishly The gene behaves Like an egoist And00:27:00
at the level of the individual, everything may not be00:27:04
so selfish. It may be beneficial for the Gene00:27:07
to have the organism in which it sits00:27:09
behave like an altruist Every time Well, the00:27:12
parents protect the mother protects the baby,00:27:17
it depends again how the balance of pros and00:27:20
cons will develop for this particular00:27:22
species, some birds don’t even think about00:27:25
protecting the nest with chicks approaching,00:27:28
the parent has since flown to the White00:27:32
Sea loon’s nest, the parents00:27:36
fly away, eat our chicks Do00:27:39
what you want, they save their00:27:41
lives and the nest of the Arctic Tern Try00:27:45
to come she is a small bird, but with a00:27:47
piercing scream she will rush00:27:49
at your forehead and it’s downright scary, she squeals,00:27:53
attacks from above at you, dives right into your00:27:56
eyes, this is00:27:58
for a small bird to rush at a00:27:59
big00:28:00
beast, this is how many of course00:28:03
parents behave, protecting their Genes in their00:28:07
[music]00:28:09
offspring A gene is a multiple object, an00:28:12
organism - it is understandably a single object,00:28:15
and in many situations it is beneficial for this Gene, as a00:28:18
multiple object, to00:28:20
sacrifice one of its copies that00:28:22
sits in this organism in order to help its00:28:25
other copies that sit in00:28:28
other organisms, and so related altruism arises00:28:33
like- then the famous outstanding geneticist of the00:28:36
first half of the 20th century, John00:28:39
Haldane, spoke on this subject in the00:28:41
following way: I would give my life for00:28:45
two brothers or for eight00:28:48
cousins; this is an accurate calculation of the degree of00:28:51
genetic relationship that reflects the00:28:54
likelihood that the Gene that00:28:56
I have is in another person if00:28:59
it your brother, then the probability is00:29:01
1/2 and accordingly If you have00:29:05
a certain Gene00:29:07
that encourages you to sacrifice yourself00:29:11
to save a certain number of00:29:13
brothers from00:29:15
death, then if this number is more than00:29:18
two, then this Gene will win, it will00:29:21
spread00:29:22
automatically, a00:29:26
classic example this is a00:29:29
social00:29:31
insect swimming ants bumblebees wasps00:29:35
social in which in a group in a00:29:38
colony only reproduces Well, initially00:29:42
only one00:29:43
female is the00:29:45
queen And all the other working individuals are00:29:49
also females but they do not00:29:56
reproduce the family For the sake of00:29:59
reproduction of the queen who is00:30:02
their mother they will00:30:06
protect their mother she will lay eggs,00:30:10
they will take care of the sisters, and00:30:13
among them there is altu vsch Well, those who do not00:30:16
work can be this. As00:30:21
the queen explains, she is simply the oldest wasp in the00:30:25
group in the clan, respectively, if she00:30:28
dies, then the queen’s place will be taken by the next00:30:31
most senior00:30:33
wasp, and so on then, accordingly, in each00:30:37
family, the situation turns out that the00:30:39
Wasp who is the second in seniority is00:30:41
still a Worker, but she has a very good00:30:44
chance of becoming a queen. She will be00:30:46
a netter, she will not work, she00:30:49
will take care of herself, because what is the00:30:52
point of me being in public work? If00:30:54
I I can soon become an old woman and then I’ll00:30:57
spread my genes well and00:31:00
she’s the last in line. Well, more precisely, from the00:31:03
point of view of genes, if they could00:31:05
think like this, we’re sitting in the youngest00:31:08
Wasp, there are practically no chances that she’ll live to see the throne,00:31:12
so00:31:14
the best we can to do for00:31:15
your own distribution is to00:31:18
work properly here for society, you00:31:22
just told about the human monarchy,00:31:24
so in human monarchies there are00:31:28
usually big problems with reproduction.00:31:31
There were and are, once the royal00:31:34
families, all these families, they have terrible breeding,00:31:38
they degenerate like the Spanish ones. And in00:31:40
animals By the way, this doesn’t happen. With00:31:42
these royal bees, for example, yes,00:31:44
God forbid, but no. For them, closely related00:31:48
marriage is not so scary. That’s why it’s like this for00:31:52
us. And in general, it’s00:31:55
usually not very scary, that is, for00:31:59
one particular family of these00:32:00
Spanish Habsburgs, it could be It’s00:32:02
scary, but for the population it’s No, well,00:32:05
just pluck out the bad mutations00:32:16
and discard and everything will be okay, but in00:32:19
mammals Well, in the sense that they are animals00:32:21
somehow, they00:32:24
don’t care at all, many have00:32:28
some kind of behavioral adaptations to minimize the00:32:31
chances of inbreeding00:32:34
because, in principle the offspring, as00:32:37
a rule, are00:32:38
healthier, that is, your Genes will be better00:32:41
settled00:32:43
if the mating is not closely related in00:32:46
chimpanzees, females move on to adolescent females,00:32:50
and when, before the onset of00:32:53
puberty, females from their native group00:32:55
where they were born leave and settle into00:32:57
other groups and males remain in their00:33:00
group and Patrick’s system It’s just like in00:33:04
Muslim families. Yes, many00:33:08
human societies also00:33:10
accept Patrick. Although there are a variety of00:33:13
other marriage traditions, it happens that,00:33:16
on the contrary, the00:33:17
groom goes into the house, but this is precisely00:33:20
genetic or It’s still a00:33:22
behavioral history in animals that00:33:24
when they understood, yeah So they have00:33:27
offspring if it’s relatives So00:33:29
we’ll go to others, that’s what00:33:31
chimpanzees have, soared fecal chimpanzees00:33:33
are written in genes or is it a cultural00:33:35
universal that can be traced00:33:38
in all chimpanzee populations. But we don’t00:33:41
know yet, we can’t distinguish a cultural00:33:45
universal00:33:46
from the behavior written into the Genes Yeah, I would To be00:33:50
honest, I would assume that this is00:33:52
still culture, that these girls00:33:56
watch how people behave, how other00:33:59
girls behave, and although God knows,00:34:04
maybe 80 percent of the00:34:07
behavior is innate, they get sick of00:34:11
seeing these annoying faces every day and they00:34:14
go looking for some new life00:34:17
about this skill of giving your life there00:34:19
for your relative. With us people more00:34:22
often you are much closer to your00:34:25
friends and relatives, sometimes we00:34:29
somehow lost this skill to00:34:30
pass on Genes, this is all,00:34:33
save your mouth what you said We are often00:34:37
closer with friends than with relatives -00:34:39
this is a characteristic outline of all00:34:41
human societies; traditional00:34:43
human societies; family00:34:45
ties play a huge role; in00:34:48
fact, the entire structure of society00:34:50
is built on these clan00:34:52
relationships;00:34:53
all this00:34:55
collapsed only in a very small00:35:00
group of people who were very different from everyone else. the rest of the00:35:02
societies that00:35:04
call this came up with00:35:07
an abbreviation for them, this is an English word00:35:09
that means strange, some kind of00:35:11
idiot, not like anyone else, and00:35:13
this word is made up of the first letters of00:35:16
the words, it means Western educated00:35:20
industrial rich00:35:22
democratic. In these societies00:35:24
that come from Western Europe, this is00:35:28
the Empire of Charles The Great00:35:30
Approximately00:35:31
there,00:35:34
due to a certain sequence of00:35:37
accidents, connected there with the early00:35:40
actions of the Catholic Church, that they00:35:42
prohibited such marriages, they00:35:46
fought for their own church affairs,00:35:48
but at the same time they accidentally laid the foundation for the00:35:50
process of eliminating these clan00:35:53
institutions of Western European00:35:56
Catholic ones Christian societies and00:35:58
it turned out to be a completely atomistic society00:36:00
with completely destroyed institutions00:36:03
of kinship, families of clans of these clans. This00:36:06
gave a certain advantage there,00:36:08
along with a number of other properties. But this is a00:36:10
characteristic property of precisely these00:36:12
Western societies,00:36:15
but Russia is not quite W we do not have all00:36:19
the signs of these societies there is, for example, a00:36:23
typical feature for their culture is a very00:36:27
high level of trust in00:36:29
strangers. But they needed this00:36:31
to develop normal trade with00:36:34
people from another00:36:36
city. Trust00:36:38
reputation; by default they are inclined to00:36:41
trust00:36:43
a stranger; Russian00:36:45
people are inclined; well, you yourself know how to00:36:48
treat strangers that,00:36:51
of course, He wants to screw me, he00:36:53
wants to,00:36:55
here the culture retains the state00:36:58
that is characteristic of all other00:37:00
societies except this distrust of00:37:02
strangers, this of strangers, this is quite00:37:04
normal. Well, translating into our language,00:37:06
roughly speaking, an American immediately00:37:08
smiles at you And we are always like this here00:37:09
we look But then, when we00:37:12
find ourselves at a common table, we are friends with00:37:14
Dona Vozha And this is already ours, we have already00:37:17
included a person in our circle, so I00:37:21
want to say that, in short, returning to00:37:24
your question, in most00:37:25
normal human societies it is00:37:27
family ties that come first00:37:30
but when this system of social00:37:33
institutions based on kinship was00:37:35
destroyed in the countries of Urdu, then a00:37:39
situation arose that friends,00:37:41
business partners00:37:43
there, golf friends there, I don’t know,00:37:48
becomes more important than some00:37:50
great uncle or00:37:53
nephew, do they have animals? friendship, and00:37:58
of course there are such wonderful00:38:00
bats that suck00:38:02
blood from different mammals, different types of00:38:05
these vampires there. Well, in horses. This is what00:38:08
was studied, in my opinion, the species that Sol00:38:10
blood is predominantly in horses, and00:38:12
since the mouse is small, this needs to be00:38:14
done every night. Here you find every00:38:16
night a horse If you are a little00:38:20
bat, it’s difficult for Natya, that00:38:24
’s why00:38:25
very vampire bats return00:38:28
to their native Hollow during the day hungry and then it00:38:33
turns out that they really need friends without00:38:36
friends, they have their own relationships there,00:38:40
these are female colonies, males00:38:42
hang out there somewhere in other places, the females00:38:46
live together and they feed each other.00:38:48
That is, if this00:38:51
bat has eaten enough tonight and its friend00:38:54
remains hungry, then the hungry one will00:38:58
beg from the well-fed one, and then the mouse, having eaten,00:39:04
regurgitates a certain amount of blood and00:39:06
feeds it directly from its mouth a00:39:09
friend is hungry and00:39:11
this is based on reciprocity, next00:39:14
time this friend will remain hungry, she will00:39:18
definitely feed her. I just00:39:20
heard something that they cheated00:39:23
mice like this or something, and that they00:39:27
take one, they inflate this bag for her and she00:39:29
comes back as if she had a full00:39:30
bag of this blood and like she sits and doesn’t00:39:34
feed the children, there is nothing to feed and then00:39:36
next time they will stop Feeding her00:39:38
children, that is, I remember this, this is an00:39:40
excellent experiment00:39:42
Yes, it is proven that what They are watching Well,00:39:48
tit for tat Yes, you fed mine I00:39:50
tomorrow I’ll feed you your00:39:53
relatives. Why don’t their relatives behave like a00:39:56
pig? It’s immoral, that there are some00:39:59
moral standards. This is the origin of00:40:01
moral standards in society. If you00:40:04
’re drunk. You have to share with your00:40:07
comrades, otherwise you’re a bad bat.00:40:10
This is a bad Vampire00:40:13
and you shouldn’t Let's help next time00:40:16
examples of altruism in animals, there are a00:40:20
lot of them, let00:40:25
's talk about00:40:27
meat after a successful hunt, almost00:40:29
always here are other things. Maybe you won't be00:40:32
able to ask them for some kind of fruit. They are00:40:36
generally quite greedy. But if we are talking00:40:39
about hunting, if they killed some00:40:41
piglet or a small monkey There00:40:44
kolob they almost always share the meat with00:40:47
others Although it would seem that the strongest00:40:50
can take everything, it’s00:40:55
slaughtered00:40:56
Well, they share just like that, they come up and00:40:59
speak in Or they take it And they no no00:41:02
I beg for gestures that is, if you don’t ask, you won’t00:41:07
get But if you ask I’ll beg for the meat of a successful00:41:11
hunter. There’s some kind of gesture00:41:14
he’ll give you, it’s like he’s00:41:18
elevating him into a friend. Why does he do this? He00:41:21
apparently gains a reputation from this,00:41:25
and not only that on naked strength, everything00:41:28
rests on fear and what this authority gives him00:41:30
after that, well, it reduces the likelihood00:41:35
that he will be beaten, they will agree there if he is an00:41:38
Alpha male, that the other two males are00:41:41
talking about00:41:43
overthrowing him, well, in general, this is a value00:41:48
in close00:41:54
cohesion, this is a resource, this is capital if00:41:58
everyone treats you badly. This is your business00:42:01
very bad. If you are social animals,00:42:03
you will they will beat you, they will take away your00:42:05
bananas, you will be driven out, they will not be allowed00:42:10
to breed animals that are forced00:42:13
to live together in the same territory nearby,00:42:15
they must adapt to each other one way or another,00:42:17
if they00:42:18
chew each other’s boat all the time, it is00:42:21
not profitable for all of them to show00:42:24
aggression - it is always a stick about two00:42:25
ends It would seem that if in general, if everyone00:42:29
competes with everyone who is better to spread00:42:32
their Genes, then why isn’t everyone00:42:34
constantly at each other’s throats? Well, Kill00:42:36
your competitor is the most reliable way, simply00:42:39
because00:42:40
this business is very expensive and risky,00:42:44
you can get back if you fight00:42:47
for everyone rush this and that, and everyone00:42:49
will rush at you, maybe bite one or two00:42:51
competitors and then I’ll bite you to hell,00:42:53
so in fact, it’s00:42:57
beneficial, on the contrary, to be friends, to cooperate,00:43:00
to negotiate,00:43:02
and let’s say, biologists working, say, with00:43:06
mice, have been using this for a long time If you00:43:07
want to study some the relationship00:43:09
between mice is the same00:43:13
altruism, then the mice must00:43:16
first make friends with each other if you take00:43:18
two unfamiliar mice from two different00:43:21
summers they will be different from each other Alt, they will be00:43:25
familiar to each other but Take these two mice00:43:29
put them together so that they live in the00:43:31
same cage 5 weeks is enough00:43:34
after 5 weeks they are already very00:43:36
familiar to each other, they are not indifferent to each other and00:43:38
they will show altruism to each other,00:43:41
recently an00:43:42
excellent article was published that00:43:44
studied the so-called00:43:47
comfort they lived together for 5 weeks,00:43:50
which means these two mice Well, two males or00:43:52
two females are the same dealings with couples, these00:43:56
friends, they already treat each other00:43:58
with care, which means putting one away and00:44:02
either subjecting one to stress, for example, throwing a00:44:04
float into the water for 5 minutes, or not00:44:07
subjecting them to it. Just sit quietly for 500:44:09
minutes and then return them here to the friend’s00:44:12
home cage, and if the partner00:44:15
has experienced stress during time of separation, then this one00:44:20
who stayed at home begins to console him, lick him,00:44:26
sort through his fur,00:44:28
calm him down, and they proved that00:44:31
it really helps, that is, a stressed00:44:35
partner, his00:44:38
stress is smoothed out, and like that, just the00:44:41
two of them in a cage, they will always begin to be friends.00:44:42
Maybe this is not a rat of my00:44:45
energy at all you know, yes Well,00:44:48
of course there are all sorts of pathologies00:44:49
with exceptions, but normally if two mice00:44:52
or two anyone are placed in00:44:56
some limited common space,00:44:59
then00:45:00
they Well, as a rule, they will make friends Well, no, well,00:45:05
it’s clear that there are highly competitive00:45:07
situations there, like on00:45:09
Pitcairn Island Yes this is a famous story: a00:45:14
group of sailors, some bandits,00:45:18
some sea tramps, were landed on an uninhabited00:45:21
island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, the island of TN and there were00:45:27
dozens of women there, it was somehow connected with a00:45:29
mutiny on the ship, there was a riot there,00:45:32
something and everyone forgot about them, no one00:45:34
knew that this was happening to them there,00:45:37
quite a few decades passed and this00:45:40
island was settled by a European ship and the00:45:44
sailors were amazed to see such a thing there.00:45:49
So there was only one adult man left on the island, an00:45:52
old00:45:54
respected man,00:45:57
all the women were his00:46:00
wives, he had there are a lot of grandchildren there,00:46:02
great-grandchildren, because in the early stages of00:46:06
life on this island, the men there00:46:10
just started killing each other, that00:46:12
is, it wasn’t there, it wasn’t established00:46:15
as a law. Yes, what should we do, but it00:46:17
just happened that way, they quarreled, they00:46:20
proved who was in charge, they found out00:46:23
some everyday problems But one way or00:46:25
another it ended with the fact that until there was only00:46:27
one last one left, they didn’t calm down, they didn’t00:46:30
calm down Yes, I want to talk to you,00:46:32
it means about the cultural00:46:35
behavioral characteristics of animals,00:46:37
are they the same as people? So,00:46:40
first of all, do they have animals politics00:46:44
intrigues power here is the struggle for00:46:47
power Monkeys have Yes, there is a theory That it was for the00:46:52
sake of some kind of political00:46:54
intrigues that intelligence developed in the first place,00:46:56
there is such a theory of Macchio00:46:59
Wellian intelligence Well, indeed,00:47:04
monkeys have very complex relationships in00:47:08
groups and they00:47:15
were really intriguing more friends more00:47:17
support worsen the reputation of their00:47:20
rivals they cannot,00:47:23
unfortunately or fortunately, say in words to00:47:25
their relatives any nasty things00:47:27
about their competitor their competitor, but00:47:30
they can express emotions to their friends00:47:35
Yeah, well, here I am, for example, that00:47:38
female is very bad, disgusting I need00:47:40
to beat her This is what I can do with emotions, gestures,00:47:43
facial expressions, sounds chimpanzees00:47:46
can convey this to each other,00:47:49
some kind of coalitions are often formed We are00:47:52
friends against someone against someone, the00:47:56
same Robert00:47:59
Sapolsky wrote notes of a primate, it’s00:48:03
absolutely remarkable how he lived among00:48:05
baboons and traditional African00:48:07
peoples there are many cases described there How00:48:11
baboons intrigue, make friends with someone,00:48:14
how someone is striving for power,00:48:17
he himself cannot cope with the alpha00:48:19
male The alpha male is stronger, but he00:48:21
is trying to make friends, unite soro with00:48:26
some not the most important male,00:48:29
playing on some kind of his00:48:32
feelings and if this succeeds, it turns out to be a00:48:35
close-knit team of two or three00:48:38
[music]00:48:44
low-rammer for this, of course, you need00:48:47
good social intelligence you need to be able to00:48:49
build relationships you need to calculate the00:48:52
reactions of soro Kato svo dest researchers00:48:56
think or thought that it might be possible to00:48:59
solve such tasks Our00:49:01
ancestors' brains grew, but baboons' brains don't00:49:03
grow about this. What made00:49:07
this Malevsky intelligence especially useful00:49:09
for our00:49:12
ancestors? This is one question. By the way, we can00:49:14
say00:49:15
that a change in the family structure and a reduction in the00:49:19
role of aggression of brute physical force00:49:23
in the struggle for status Well, this is a famous00:49:26
American anthropologist who has00:49:28
a theory that our ancestors at some point00:49:30
switched to monogamy, one male, one00:49:32
female, and this reorganization of00:49:37
the family was the beginning from00:49:40
which the monkey began to become a00:49:42
human, this means an increase in sharp00:49:44
paternal care for offspring, a sharp00:49:47
decrease in competition between males in a00:49:49
group for females Well, they don’t have to00:49:51
compete if everyone has their00:49:53
own one wife, just like you don’t00:49:56
have to compete for males, each00:49:58
has a husband, these husbands bring food to the females00:50:02
so that they can calmly devote you to00:50:05
caring for the offspring, so all this00:50:09
needs to work to reduce the00:50:11
aggressiveness of males, in00:50:15
this, according to Lovejoy,00:50:18
sexual selection was involved. That is, it was unprofitable for the females themselves00:50:20
to get involved with00:50:23
aggressive drones, they needed faith.00:50:28
Well, of course, of course. Our love for bad00:50:30
boys, this is the sun, here again such an00:50:33
ambivalent attitude is beneficial, on the one00:50:37
hand, to be a faithful, reliable00:50:40
breadwinner,00:50:42
and it’s better to mix your genes, maybe00:50:45
with this same thing, with a00:50:50
bully at the time, you00:50:54
have to have intelligence so that your husband doesn’t leave00:50:58
and so that this macho guy pays attention to you00:51:03
and so that no one00:51:05
suspects anything. Why is it evolutionary in00:51:08
people? Well, in any case, this00:51:11
gender inequality is distributed like this: a00:51:15
woman does not fight and sits at home and gives birth,00:51:19
but a man00:51:21
does this in our modern culture, a00:51:24
culture that again comes from00:51:26
these countries,00:51:27
and it is customary to say that about complete00:51:30
equality of the sexes. What about men and women?00:51:33
In general, they are no different from each other,00:51:35
and if they differ a little, then this is00:51:37
simply the cultural00:51:39
heritage of the evil patriarchal00:51:43
world where oppressing women, on the one00:51:47
hand, this is a certain ideal to which one can00:51:51
strive, culture, education, training00:51:54
- this is a terrible force,00:51:55
in principle, one can really build00:51:57
such a culture where men and women00:51:59
will be no different, especially if00:52:02
women are freed from reproductive00:52:04
functions so that children are raised in00:52:06
some kind of artificial womb there00:52:08
will be a cool society, but historically00:52:10
our ancestors in mammals did not have such a society00:52:13
in general, so we00:52:15
belong to this class of animals where00:52:17
this gender inequality is inherent00:52:19
initially in a very large00:52:21
fatty volume, simply because,00:52:24
firstly, pregnancy and then e and00:52:27
nutrition, in general, this is such a00:52:29
gender00:52:31
inequality, it is hardwired into our biology,00:52:34
you can’t escape it; birds have00:52:36
much more gender equality00:52:38
because the female laid an egg and can00:52:39
continue to hatch this egg freely with00:52:42
equal success, both she and the Male can very00:52:46
often be the00:52:48
male00:52:54
mind agriculture In general, this oppression of00:52:58
women is of course a cultural thing, it’s00:53:00
not hardwired into the genes, it’s just the way it is in00:53:02
culture, hunter-00:53:04
gatherers are much less oppressed00:53:05
women than some farmers,00:53:08
peasants, cattle breeders there, it began with the00:53:10
fact that at some point they began to plow the00:53:14
land with a plow and the women00:53:18
fundamentally did not have enough strength for this, only00:53:20
a man could Plow and then it went, it means00:53:23
that this is a man in the owner’s house When00:53:25
digging the earth with a digging tool, women were00:53:28
on par, and the fact that in humans, women have00:53:31
hidden ovulation, this00:53:34
made a big revolution, a revolution in evolution.00:53:38
Well, because in all other00:53:39
animals these are signs there Ma, how00:53:42
everything turns red Well, that is, it’s visible Yes, the00:53:45
same oh00:53:48
mentioned also writes about this feature,00:53:50
which also developed in our ancestors in00:53:52
combination with reduced00:53:56
breasts, what else do00:53:59
women always have with enlarged breasts? In short, hidden00:54:03
ovulation,00:54:04
but it seems to be so that the female, ready00:54:08
for mating, does not increase her height and does not create00:54:12
a stir among the males.00:54:14
And so that everything is for her to compete, our00:54:18
ancestors developed a00:54:20
type of society that is absolutely unique for primates, in one group there are00:54:23
several monogamous families. There are primates that are00:54:26
monogamous, but they live separately,00:54:29
each couple lives separately and is00:54:31
not friends with other couples, but00:54:32
our ancestors have such a00:54:34
unique social organization,00:54:37
several monogamous families have developed in00:54:40
one group00:54:41
and it is unprofitable for a female to demonstrate to the entire00:54:46
area her readiness to mate,00:54:49
to attract other people’s husbands, that’s00:54:52
all00:54:54
and,00:54:56
accordingly, females who did this00:54:59
were less attractive00:55:01
to those males who wanted to find a00:55:04
faithful wife. A male needs a faithful wife00:55:07
because otherwise he00:55:10
risks wasting all his resources and all his00:55:13
life to feed other people's children This is00:55:16
for his genes, other people's genes Yes, death, I00:55:18
thought that this is so evolutionary, a woman,00:55:21
protect yourself and said, Now I will00:55:24
choose00:55:25
who to give birth to, and you tell me that it is00:55:29
the other way around,00:55:30
so as not to provoke males00:55:33
idea, in order to choose better, she needs to00:55:37
attract more of this, too, there are such00:55:40
studies00:55:42
that a normal human woman,00:55:45
how does she increase the possibility of choice? She00:55:48
tries to increase her sexual00:55:50
attractiveness, then she has no more00:55:51
offers from which she chooses00:55:53
rather even00:55:55
be such a moderate advertise00:55:57
ovulation - this is the initial state A00:56:00
this is the desperate, hypertrophied00:56:03
advertising of ovulation in chimpanzees, it00:56:05
looks like the female is ready to conceive,00:56:08
she turns into such a traffic light, she00:56:10
just glows for kilometers, this is already00:56:13
specific, it may be an adaptation of00:56:15
certain species of monkeys that have00:56:18
such a social structure where it is00:56:19
profitable, there are many males, many females high00:56:22
groups where males compete,00:56:26
compete for males, and the female is00:56:28
interested in not having00:56:31
more suitors; females00:56:33
compete terribly with chimpanzees for mating with00:56:36
males. Especially with those with00:56:39
high-ranking, wealthy00:56:41
males. Therefore, they00:56:44
advertise themselves. With all their00:56:49
might, animals have a00:56:53
jealously00:56:58
adaptive if the male, for example,00:57:01
is not jealous and does not make sure that the00:57:05
female mates with him. And if00:57:08
he doesn’t care, then he will not pass on his00:57:10
Genes. In some insects, this00:57:12
takes on a very Generally, such a00:57:14
grotesque funny character, the00:57:17
male after mating,00:57:23
sits on his back for days at a time. She00:57:28
has to walk carry him everywhere with this male00:57:30
and he doesn’t get off Yes,00:57:34
because of this they move slower00:57:37
and they have an increased chance that their bird00:57:53
Sklyukhinskoe is having fun, and let’s say00:57:56
diving beetles were a great idea,00:57:59
after mating the male simply00:58:01
seals the female with such a special00:58:03
white sealing wax he does this once on a slap, it00:58:09
clogs her genital opening, it00:58:11
all freezes like Surgut and everything is00:58:14
sealed, the female is sealed. What a nightmare they have in general, they have a00:58:20
wonderful, complex relationship. They00:58:22
mate in the water, they breathe air00:58:24
during mating. The female cannot00:58:27
breathe and therefore the females try to00:58:30
escape and the male must hold her A And00:58:34
they have a kind of even00:58:35
antagonistic coevolution, an00:58:37
evolutionary arms race between males and00:58:39
females, the males have00:58:42
swimmers such suckers, good suckers,00:58:46
he sticks to the female and in order to00:58:49
hold her, some females in response to00:58:51
this become very00:58:53
ribbed spruce00:58:56
trees You are too ribbed, then you will00:59:00
break into everyone males and you will die00:59:02
a virgin, that’s why it’s important not to00:59:03
overdo it, do animals have00:59:07
romance? And what is romance? Well, these are00:59:12
flowers. Well, we have beautiful words, dinner00:59:16
by candlelight, something like that. Well, of course, it’s00:59:19
something similar;00:59:21
it exists in00:59:25
this; sexual selection creates various00:59:30
decorations usually in00:59:34
males which help them attract00:59:36
the attention of females. In the most typical00:59:38
case, males are the more competitive sex and00:59:42
females are the more selective sex because the00:59:46
male reproductive resource is usually00:59:50
in abundance in the simplest situation and the00:59:52
female one is in short supply by definition, the00:59:55
male is the one who produces small00:59:58
numerous cheap ones there are01:00:00
sperm that make millions and01:00:02
billions The female has one egg Yes, the01:00:05
female makes large expensive precious01:00:08
eggs so the male is interested in01:00:10
quotes interested01:00:13
means to mate with as01:00:15
many females as possible Therefore he needs to be seduced to01:00:20
attract not to choose so01:00:23
some animals themselves are ready to mate01:00:25
with just01:00:28
anything at all Well you can observe the01:00:30
breeding season of all kinds of tailless amphibians,01:00:33
there are toads, frogs, males of some species01:00:35
are ready to mate with your shoe, just01:00:37
if you step into a pond. Why do01:00:40
our women wear makeup and attract and01:00:42
sexually attract attention to themselves and01:00:44
not men? That’s because what I01:00:46
said this is a typical situation when01:00:48
the male invests nothing in reproduction01:00:50
except01:00:53
sperm. We have a completely01:00:55
atypical01:00:57
situation among people; it is01:01:02
atypical; the offspring are usually noticeably01:01:06
larger; the males started running on01:01:10
two legs to carry food; the females were fed01:01:13
first, and now this01:01:15
also remains in many01:01:18
cultures; the institute marriage By the way, this is a01:01:21
universal culture; there are almost no nations01:01:24
that do not have the institution of marriage; this is a01:01:27
culture, of course, it is not written in the genes,01:01:29
but it is written so very powerfully in01:01:31
the culture that one can01:01:32
assume that this was almost always the case01:01:35
in almost all01:01:36
nations; a huge male contribution to the01:01:39
offspring is made by the male a scarce01:01:41
resource when the males only01:01:47
mate with an excess resource and the female01:01:50
can be01:01:53
picky01:01:55
with this I won’t with this you won’t sing me a01:01:57
more beautiful song Yes, your tail is01:02:01
somehow not fluffy enough Get out of here01:02:04
and if the male invests in offspring already01:02:07
Go to hell with your tails already poison for you01:02:10
No, the females are already beginning to compete for01:02:13
such a valuable resource as a good husband01:02:16
who will invest more resources, you are01:02:19
simply the results of natural01:02:22
selection, they are01:02:25
very similar to the results of01:02:28
some natural economic processes,01:02:29
natural selection tends to01:02:33
maximize profits there,01:02:36
definitely maximize the efficiency of the01:02:38
spread of genes, and culture01:02:41
strives also to some economically01:02:44
optimal behavior options there, for example.01:02:46
In01:02:50
short, this is in our culture. But even if01:02:52
we were brain-based creatures based on instincts,01:02:55
it would be logical if we also behaved this way.01:02:57
Outwardly, it would be very difficult to distinguish; in01:03:00
fact, complex behavior is written in01:03:02
genes and complex behavior prescribed in01:03:04
culture, you said that this is romance, that’s why01:03:06
males and animals decorate themselves so much, but01:03:08
still something is a manifestation,01:03:12
roughly speaking, of01:03:13
gifts to give gifts are01:03:19
used by animals, usually males, in01:03:24
order to increase their chances of01:03:27
copulation, this was observed in chimpanzee01:03:31
Well, a male and a female They can just be01:03:33
friends there, sit somewhere on a branch next to each other,01:03:35
if a male falls into the hands of something01:03:40
tasty, he01:03:42
can try And after that,01:03:46
mating Yes For some insects, this is quite01:03:48
written into their instincts,01:03:51
males have this behavior innately01:03:54
the male, for example, of some01:03:56
predatory insect catches some kind of01:03:59
fly and with this fly already begins to make01:04:02
advances towards the female, the female says [ __ ] you01:04:06
and he puts the fly in her mouth, she tries to01:04:09
start chewing there and in the meantime he01:04:11
mates with her, but she tastes it to her doesn’t01:04:16
pay attention, everything’s01:04:23
fine,01:04:32
not catching a fly, it’s still a hunt to01:04:35
waste energy, but take a speck of dirt that comes across and01:04:38
stick some rubbish in it if it01:04:41
suits her, everything would be fine from the point of01:04:44
view of the male, but the females must01:04:53
evolve [music] brought to me or01:04:54
some kind of glass Yes, sometimes01:04:57
fraudulent gifts are distributed, let's01:05:01
say01:05:03
one spider, males usually carry gifts for females01:05:07
but pack them in a01:05:09
web, this packaging is very important,01:05:11
this little white wrapper in itself is01:05:14
very important, a good gift should be01:05:16
well packaged, but it is also beneficial for the male01:05:18
because it is still a female01:05:21
he will have a little time to figure out what’s inside,01:05:24
and if the gift is well packed in the01:05:27
web, then even if there is01:05:30
some kind of rubbish inside the web, it will still take the female01:05:32
some time to figure it out if01:05:35
she understands that they01:05:37
brought her something inedible in the web01:05:40
she will of course drive this male away and he will01:05:42
have less time to transfer his01:05:44
sperm to her. In general, everything is complicated,01:05:46
so the males who bring good01:05:48
gifts, expensive01:05:50
and tasty, they lose in the sense that they01:05:54
spend resources on getting this01:05:55
gift, but they win in the sense that01:05:58
they have time to transfer more sperm,01:06:01
just wanted ask01:06:03
whether animals01:06:04
deceive only in love games or01:06:07
are there other types of cooperation01:06:10
to deceive purely politically Well, if we don’t01:06:12
talk about such01:06:14
instinctive acts of01:06:18
deception, they don’t understand01:06:21
exactly, insects don’t understand what they01:06:23
do deception happens in monkeys, here in01:06:27
primates, and there are even publications01:06:30
that show that this is positively01:06:32
correlated with the volume of the brain, there with the01:06:34
volume of the cortex, that is, the smarter the monkey,01:06:36
the more often it01:06:38
seriously deceives.01:06:41
And what it might look like, for example, well, in the01:06:45
experiment,01:06:47
the monkey is not the most important in the group in front of her01:06:50
eyes they hide the ban somewhere, and01:06:55
she knows where the01:06:57
banana is, then they release a01:07:01
high-ranking monkey here,01:07:03
this experimental monkey will pretend01:07:07
that she has no idea,01:07:10
has never heard of any banana because she01:07:11
knows that if she now gets it from Nick in the01:07:13
eyes of this high-ranking person,01:07:16
this banana will most likely be taken away from her,01:07:19
so she pretends that she does01:07:21
n’t know anything. Well, that is, she’s kind of01:07:22
deceiving, and01:07:25
animals have a developed sense of justice. Well, probably the most famous01:07:28
experiment on the topic of a sense01:07:32
of justice is with a capuchin cucumber and01:07:36
grapes two01:07:37
capuchins in cages next to each other01:07:41
see everything that the other does, and01:07:46
in exchange for pressing a button or for something01:07:48
else they are given a01:07:51
reward. For example, a01:07:54
capuchin presses a button, they give him01:07:57
grapes, and01:08:00
the other capuchin who sees all this01:08:04
suddenly begins to give for the same01:08:06
work, the reward is a cucumber, which is much01:08:09
less valuable from the point of view of the monkeys, and he01:08:11
sees01:08:12
that I press a button, here I try01:08:15
to work. They give me a cucumber and this bastard is01:08:18
given grapes. It’s almost01:08:22
unfair,01:08:25
he throws this cucumber at01:08:29
the experimenter. yes, it demands01:08:31
justice, do animals have01:08:34
a culture of funerals, apparently there are no01:08:37
such facts, after all, chimpanzees01:08:42
treat their dead01:08:45
relatives in most cases just01:08:48
like garbage. Sometimes01:08:52
Nena’s mother just can’t seem to admit it and01:08:55
continues to drag him around. Well, like a mother for a01:08:59
while, but then he still01:09:01
gives up sooner or later. So, in my opinion, it’s not possible01:09:11
to show this kind of special attitude towards the dead in animals so confidently yet, but01:09:16
unfortunately chimpanzees01:09:19
have plenty of genocide and xenophobia about this, although our other equally01:09:22
close relatives Bano do01:09:26
not have this, but chimpanzees do, well, they live01:09:31
in groups of communities, each01:09:33
community has its own01:09:35
territory, as a rule,01:09:37
chimpanzees from another community are01:09:40
treated as strangers; they are not considered chimpanzees. That01:09:43
is, this is normal legal01:09:46
prey01:09:48
If you stumbled upon for example, for a young one for a01:09:51
cub from someone else’s group, then01:09:54
just kill it, tear it into pieces and01:09:55
eat it. This is normal behavior. He is not01:09:58
ours at all, not a chimpanzee.01:10:00
A stranger. So wars, directly organized01:10:04
military raids take place. They know very well01:10:08
where the border with another01:10:10
clan is. The group usually gathers there alone.01:10:13
males sometimes females also participate in these01:10:17
military campaigns they patrol the borders01:10:20
they penetrate into someone else's territory they will01:10:23
meet a lone chimpanzee from another01:10:25
group they01:10:27
attack him and they attack chimpanzees01:10:32
as a rule only with an overwhelming01:10:34
numerical superiority as a rule the attack01:10:37
occurs When the ratio of forces is 8 K code in01:10:39
favor of the attackers if there are01:10:43
more potential victims, then they can be careful01:10:46
because no one wants to receive change.01:10:49
But if they see a single female with the same price as a01:10:53
single male, they attack, beat, bite and01:10:58
sometimes kill completely to death in01:11:00
some chimpanzee communities there01:11:04
is none of this at all or almost none, and in01:11:08
some there is the highest level of01:11:10
murders Well the highest this is fast Like what01:11:13
numbers is this? About 40 to 60 times01:11:17
more than for people living in the same01:11:21
areas, then a resident of Uganda01:11:24
uto 100,000 per year and for chimpanzees 50 times01:11:29
more you said that01:11:32
this or that is remembered there from generation to generation01:11:34
action And in principle, animals have memory,01:11:37
this is how we imagine it in01:11:38
human terms, it’s the same thing; they01:11:41
really remember in the01:11:43
face there in the muzzle of some kind of fellow animal,01:11:47
all animals with a nervous system have01:11:52
Memory, it is based, in general, on the01:11:54
same basic principles Well, of course,01:11:56
very primitive animals can01:11:58
remember Only some very primitive01:12:00
things But even they can01:12:02
learn something, even the worm Raditi Egan,01:12:07
who has a known01:12:09
number of neurons, 200 or so01:12:12
nerve cells This is his entire nervous01:12:13
system, even he he can learn that01:12:16
if there is a smell like that, there will be food there and you01:12:20
crawl, you crawl there, he remembers it,01:12:24
but it’s not like it’s just an instinct. No,01:12:27
it’s just learning, instinct is a01:12:29
kind of behavior that is directly01:12:33
inscribed in the Genes. That is, it’s innate, he doesn’t01:12:35
need to learn I understand correctly that a01:12:37
person only has the sucking01:12:40
instinct left to feed the baby01:12:43
correctly Yes, a person has01:12:45
only a few armed01:12:47
reflexes left, but they are not01:12:49
even called instincts because in the01:12:51
strict sense Well, instinct is considered to be a certain01:12:53
M, not just a single one01:12:57
-that's a reaction uh-huh There's sucking or a01:12:59
grasping reflex But some kind of complex01:13:02
sequence of01:13:04
actions is like some wasp01:13:07
that paralyzes a spider finds the01:13:09
right place with a sting, pricks it to01:13:12
paralyze it several times Then drags it into a01:13:14
pre-dug hole,01:13:16
drags it there, lays an egg on it01:13:18
Yes, all this is written in her genes; she was not01:13:21
taught this01:13:23
behavior by her mother; this is an instinct; the01:13:27
grasping reflex in a newborn01:13:29
is just a reflex. It is generally believed that01:13:33
monkeys have instincts. No, without01:13:36
training,01:13:39
monkeys will not have normal behavior at all.01:13:41
Wait, but sexual desire -01:13:44
this is what But even01:13:47
without proper communication with01:13:52
relatives01:13:54
without spying on others without01:13:57
normal involvement in social01:13:58
life, that is, a monkey raised in01:14:01
isolation will not know what01:14:03
sexual desire is, will not know what to01:14:05
do about it, will not be able to reproduce, will not be01:14:08
able to come to an agreement there with her relatives01:14:12
she may experience some kind of01:14:14
inner something pulling her there and01:14:17
some kind of vague melancholy, but she won’t understand01:14:19
what to do about this and she won’t have children01:14:25
now, it’s very interesting that is, a person01:14:27
the same scheme Of course Yes, if you are01:14:29
raised like Mowgli and are completely deprived of01:14:32
communication with people from birth to01:14:34
some kind of robot giving you a bottle of01:14:39
milk, then you will not become a human being01:14:41
at all, you will have no intelligence, no01:14:43
language, no culture, nothing, you will just be nothing at01:14:47
all what about01:14:49
homosexual people, you’re telling me now01:14:51
that it’s still culture01:14:54
culture culture, that is, they’ve seen enough and that’s why they’re like that or01:14:59
still, but partly Yes, to be01:15:04
honest, partly it’s culture, of course,01:15:07
but there’s also sexual desire in it, a lot of01:15:11
biological of course, yeah and what you are01:15:13
drawn to is01:15:15
this can, of course, be influenced by01:15:18
training, but well, within some limited01:15:20
limits. But in principle, these are hormones01:15:22
that act in the brain01:15:24
during early brain development and, in short,01:15:28
how And the vast majority of01:15:31
signs of our psyche, psyche, and01:15:34
behavior, our sexual behavior - this is01:15:36
also partly Genes, partly culture,01:15:40
and the long paw of the Gene reaches out to01:15:44
traits that are surprisingly far from genes,01:15:46
that is, Genes slightly influence even the01:15:48
level of income of British families and the01:15:51
level of education, but let’s say such a01:15:55
trait as grades in final school01:15:57
exams depends on genes There are01:16:00
more English schoolchildren there than even from anything from the01:16:05
environment, that is, from the culture of education. Well,01:16:07
when I, by the way, did a graduation about genetics,01:16:09
geneticists told me that they had not01:16:11
found it yet. Genes for homosexuality do not01:16:13
exist, firstly, there are several01:16:15
candidates,01:16:17
some indirect indications that in01:16:20
X there are variations on the chromosome that occur01:16:25
in01:16:27
women, they increase reproductive success in01:16:30
such a01:16:31
woman, the expected number of children is01:16:34
slightly larger, and if this Gene is in a01:16:38
man, then it slightly increases the01:16:40
likelihood of homosexual orientation.01:16:43
But usually, a01:16:46
person’s behavioral traits are very polygenic, that is, they are01:16:48
influenced by tens of hundreds of genes, the contribution of each01:16:52
Gene it may be very, very small, but01:16:54
all together they can have quite a significant01:16:56
influence on evolution and that01:17:00
means memorization. And I just thought01:17:03
that there is some kind of01:17:04
May civilization or there is a Minoan01:17:07
civilization, so I’m just completely01:17:09
Recently I was in the Knossos palace in Greece01:17:11
and they tell me that it’s been there for how long it’s been01:17:13
there 3,000 years BC People have already01:17:16
invented running water and washed and01:17:20
did everything then the Minoan civilization01:17:22
ends, the Greeks come and01:17:24
we still don’t know running water It’s until01:17:26
what X or there centuries BC01:17:30
How is this possible Why it is not transmitted among people.01:17:32
This is Memorizing some01:17:34
already existing traditions, a feature of01:17:37
human culture is that knowledge is accumulated,01:17:38
our culture is cumulative,01:17:40
cumulative, this is the reason for our01:17:42
success, but knowledge can also be01:17:46
lost, this happens all the time,01:17:50
but the probability of knowledge depends on01:17:55
such things as numbers population01:17:56
population density That is, if01:18:00
we say01:18:03
a population suddenly sharply reduces its01:18:06
numbers, a lot of knowledge may be lost;01:18:08
the most01:18:10
striking and beautiful example is - This is an example01:18:13
from Tasmania, which means01:18:15
Tasmania 10 years ago, 12,000 years ago,01:18:19
was not an island, but was connected to the01:18:23
mainland and there was the same The culture of the01:18:26
local aborigines, as in general in the01:18:30
south-east of Australia, is quite complex and01:18:33
quite developed, that is, there was01:18:35
some kind of clothing and all sorts of harpoons01:18:39
for hunting, then 10,000 years ago the present day came01:18:43
between the glaciers, the glaciers01:18:45
melted in the Northern Hemisphere,01:18:47
once again the sea level rose01:18:49
Tasmania was cut off from Australia and01:18:53
remained on this island in Tasmania, there is an01:18:56
isolated population of small,01:18:59
maybe 2-3 people of these same01:19:01
bark aborigines, all this was originally01:19:03
boomerang networks and so on, but there01:19:06
were too few of them there to01:19:09
preserve this culture and they began01:19:13
gradually, century after century, millennium after01:19:15
millennium, they forgot this one thing or the01:19:18
other, and at the end of the conv, over the summer, they forgot01:19:21
almost the entire culture and returned to a01:19:25
very primitive state, they returned01:19:29
to the level of the Early Paleolithic, like the01:19:31
Pithecanthropes, and when the Europeans01:19:34
sailed to Tasmania, they found01:19:38
people there almost the most01:19:40
primitive backward people on the entire planet, the01:19:43
larger the population, the size of the population, the01:19:46
higher its connectedness with others, the01:19:47
frequency of contacts with other islands,01:19:50
the more diverse and complex the culture.01:19:53
What is it connected with like, well, the more people01:19:54
someone will remember? And yes, it’s01:19:57
simply connected with the number of brains that01:20:00
serve as repositories for knowledge. The smaller01:20:03
the population, the higher the likelihood that01:20:04
some nuance, some knowledge will disappear01:20:07
completely if01:20:10
those people who remembered this and01:20:13
this die. What is the difference between the cultural01:20:15
wealth accumulated and what an01:20:19
animal can think of to learn01:20:21
during life who cannot invent from scratch01:20:23
No kayak The most ingenious01:20:26
genius when we come up with something new we01:20:28
all stand on the shoulders of giants we01:20:29
add only a little to the existing01:20:32
cultural base when something is lost that’s why01:20:35
some scientists think01:20:37
that it’s not our intellect, but only01:20:39
in our ability to learn and01:20:40
accumulate cultural baggage, you know,01:20:42
I often have such a fantasy. I01:20:44
imagine if I find myself somewhere01:20:46
alone on a desert island and I’m01:20:50
afraid that I won’t be able to tell and01:20:52
make a car a plane again, as if,01:20:55
well, I I lived in this as even much01:20:58
simpler things like making matches,01:21:01
how to make matches so that we don’t know01:21:04
why when Mexico was discovered there was no01:21:07
wheel, everyone had already invented the wheel01:21:10
and they somehow write without saying that they01:21:13
had toys on wheels these01:21:16
Central American peoples, that is, the01:21:18
very idea of the wheel was in principle01:21:20
known to them, but they did not introduce it into widespread01:21:24
use, that is,01:21:26
they did not make any carts or carts of wheelbarrows. Why could it01:21:29
be just a coincidence,01:21:32
but that is, many factors must be combined here01:21:35
simply by chance01:21:39
no one tried to attach this wheel to01:21:42
something like a stretcher01:21:45
in order to carry some01:21:47
high-ranking01:21:49
figure not in their arms, but it just didn’t01:21:53
happen,01:21:54
but among the steppe inhabitants of the Black Sea-Caspian01:22:00
steppe in some kind of Makhna Tom of01:22:02
the millennium BC in bronze01:22:04
century, someone made something like this and01:22:09
they had carts on wheels, and01:22:12
then when the horse was domesticated, this01:22:15
combination turned out to be so01:22:16
cool that they captured almost the entire01:22:19
world of that time. But in01:22:21
principle, why is culture in general in the01:22:25
old world a little faster?01:22:28
developed than in the new01:22:31
world, this is a very interesting topic,01:22:34
indeed America is structured this way,01:22:37
that there are areas suitable for the development of01:22:40
civilization,01:22:43
they are so separated from each other, that01:22:48
is, to get from this01:22:50
Mexican highlands where there were01:22:52
civilizations of all sorts and so on,01:22:55
to get to the Incas, for example01:22:57
Wanda I don't give a damn about getting through there The devil01:23:00
will break his leg there, both the Jungle and the mountains and generally01:23:03
eat him up 10 times, and Eurasia is structured01:23:07
fundamentally otherwise, you can generally01:23:10
move in a latitudinal direction.01:23:12
Therefore, in principle, all the inventions01:23:14
that were made there somewhere in the01:23:16
Far East in China, they can not to be01:23:18
right away, but there after a couple of centuries,01:23:20
but they got to Spain and in the opposite01:23:23
direction there was a cultural exchange, and the01:23:27
total population01:23:29
that was involved in this cultural process01:23:31
was larger and this gives01:23:34
faster cultural development for01:23:36
cultural evolution, it01:23:37
is important What ideas01:23:41
What behavioral01:23:43
signs will spread faster,01:23:46
displacing their01:23:48
competitors from memory from culture That01:23:51
is, we had competition to learn, I01:23:53
see Yeah, they’re doing better, which01:23:56
for a biologist01:23:58
But in general, envy is a good01:24:02
feeling, and how would I look01:24:06
at envious people differently? Maybe01:24:07
they’re just want to become better when01:24:10
you start modeling cultural01:24:11
evolution, you see very well that without01:24:15
intergroup competition in your01:24:19
culture, socially useful knowledge01:24:21
will not spread,01:24:24
only selfish memes will spread,01:24:26
this is such a piece of knowledge that does not01:24:28
bring you any benefit, but it’s just01:24:31
very good at spread and01:24:32
therefore01:24:33
spreads, for example01:24:35
Well, for example, jokes This is a very01:24:39
good example of memes that there is no01:24:42
benefit from it, but if it is01:24:45
sticky enough funny01:24:46
memorable it is so that you want01:24:48
to tell it to others such an anecdote01:24:50
spreads very quickly through the01:24:53
minds of people, which means human brains for them01:24:56
- it’s like a breeding ground01:24:59
in which they can reproduce, they01:25:01
compete with each other, of course, different01:25:03
versions of the same joke01:25:05
compete and the funnier, more01:25:08
memorable one will win, and so01:25:10
on. But there are some memes.01:25:12
Fashionable ideas that are simply frankly01:25:16
harmful to a person. there we’ll say celibacy01:25:20
Yes, in religion Yes, this is something like this It’s01:25:22
just that you are killing your Darwinian01:25:24
fitness, you won’t pass on01:25:26
your genes at all, but cultural evolution can01:25:30
create such things if it gives01:25:33
something else there status and everyone is copying the01:25:36
sects from the Kaptsov Yes that there01:25:40
wasn’t even a suicide sect, they were01:25:44
really usually01:25:47
fast belly, a01:25:51
cute tradition was observed in one01:25:55
group of chimpanzees where one female suddenly01:25:59
came up with the idea of putting a blade of grass in her ear and01:26:01
walking around with a blade of grass, and others began to01:26:05
copy the beauty’s decoration like this01:26:09
or Well, that’s what she’s doing with that, that’s exactly what It’s01:26:12
either unclear or01:26:14
unfortunately we can’t ask her.01:26:15
Culture in animals is determined through01:26:18
behavior, this is what we can observe,01:26:20
we can’t get into her soul, we01:26:21
can’t ask her why are you putting a01:26:23
blade of grass in your ear, unfortunately, someone01:26:27
else just does it too a wonderful example01:26:29
recently discovered in chimpanzees, they also01:26:32
noticed at first that in their territories01:26:35
in the territories of these groups of the01:26:37
chimpanzee community there are some strange trees,01:26:39
all beaten up with broken bark and with a bunch of01:26:42
stones thrown in, it was01:26:47
customary to watch video cameras around such trees, it01:26:50
turned out that these are such01:26:52
special trees where chimpanzees01:26:54
periodically come there in groups, or01:26:57
sometimes one at a time, and even start01:27:00
throwing a stone at a tree or knocking a01:27:02
stone against a tree, and all this is done01:27:06
with violent emotions, a long cry01:27:09
that usually expresses such strong01:27:13
positive emotions, with the hair on end, this is01:27:17
also a sign of what it’s emotional01:27:21
about sport Why do they do this?01:27:24
We can’t ask them. They didn’t attract01:27:26
females in this way. Like I01:27:31
let go of a peacock’s tail. Yes, this is one of the hypotheses that this is a01:27:35
male demonstration, but the fact is that01:27:37
females sometimes also do this. Yes,01:27:39
you know the right question? females are01:27:41
also different, females are also different, and01:27:44
once a female with a cub was listening right on top of her01:27:48
hanging on her. Or maybe it’s like a01:27:51
religion,01:27:53
the authors of this article are hinting that it looks a01:27:56
lot like some kind of01:27:58
ritual, something like that. It looks like a01:28:02
religious thing. actions based on formal01:28:04
characteristics Yes, people also have all sorts of01:28:07
sacred groves, sacred trees around01:28:10
which they regularly perform certain01:28:12
actions that do not bring any benefit, but01:28:16
with enviable persistence, nevertheless, they01:28:17
continue to perform them, based on these01:28:21
characteristics, the ritual of skins about religion, no matter01:28:24
what01:28:27
the religion is, there is always this ritual of01:28:30
some kind of01:28:32
sacrifice, even there in Buddhism,01:28:35
you still offer some flowers. Well, this is01:28:37
also our culture. Why,01:28:40
no matter when it arose, here we have this in our01:28:42
culture, I can assume that01:28:45
this behavior is based on very01:28:48
ancient evolutionary ancient such01:28:53
patterns that are associated with mutual01:28:55
altruism You for me I for you that is, if you01:28:57
want to appease some high-ranking01:29:00
member of your group so that he will01:29:02
stand up for you if something happens in the future Yes, you do01:29:05
something for him,01:29:07
share food with him or do something for01:29:10
him Grooming Yes, the fur is moved,01:29:14
thereby endearing him to himself among monkeys, in01:29:17
principle, this is very01:29:19
common mutual altruism, that01:29:21
is,01:29:22
if I helped you now, then if I01:29:26
need help, then you will help me, that01:29:29
means we are friends, that means if01:29:31
I fight with someone - then you will come to my01:29:33
aid in a fight, and if you don’t come01:29:35
By the way, this is generally a betrayal.01:29:37
Chimpanzees are terribly angry with their01:29:39
friends who do not come to their aid,01:29:42
and accordingly, if people have01:29:46
ideas about some invisible powerful spirits of the01:29:49
ancestors01:29:50
of the patron, which is very good01:29:53
the powerful can do something01:29:55
very good, they can do something very01:29:56
bad, then naturally they need to be01:29:57
cajoled, do Grooming there,01:30:01
kiss an idol there, or01:30:03
bring some gifts in the hope01:30:07
of receiving a gift. You and I talked a lot about the fact01:30:10
that here we are learning from our ancestors and01:30:12
we pass it on and it has always been valued, all01:30:16
your knowledge, memory is very valued and01:30:19
this mind But today,01:30:25
people with absolutely no knowledge sometimes become popular and successful. That01:30:28
is, just for the fact that you don’t know, it’s cool to01:30:30
dance on TikTok, evolutionarily01:30:34
this is where we are going - then it will lead to something completely01:30:35
different, that your store of knowledge is not so valued,01:30:41
these are very complex questions01:30:44
that scientists are still just01:30:46
starting to work on, we are talking about such a01:30:48
sleepy evolutionary millet01:30:52
VM there is both biological evolution and01:30:54
cultural evolution and they influence each other01:30:56
BC time and on the BC this01:30:58
is also imposed by culture-directed01:31:00
selection based on signs of success, for example,01:31:03
as a rule, apparently in the past in societies01:31:06
it was so that those who were more successful left01:31:09
more offspring in modern ones, at least01:31:12
in cultures in these very same ones, it seems that01:31:15
now it’s been 100-150 years since01:31:20
the situation has turned upside down and vice versa those people01:31:23
who are considered more successful01:31:26
leave fewer children than those who are01:31:28
considered less successful and,01:31:29
accordingly, there is a negative01:31:32
selection for those genes, if any, that01:31:35
increase the likelihood of social success01:31:37
Yeah, let's say there is quite direct data01:31:41
already, genetic data based on01:31:43
huge samples from Iceland to America01:31:45
according to others in the UK, that Yes, there01:31:48
really is negative01:31:50
selection for such traits as education,01:31:53
wealth,01:31:56
intelligence, there are genes that01:31:58
influence the likelihood that you01:32:00
will get an education, that you01:32:03
will develop and that01:32:05
you will earn a lot, and if you01:32:10
give free rein to your imagination,01:32:12
many are historians and sociologists01:32:15
For a long time, since antiquity, they have tried01:32:17
to talk about the reasons for the death of kingdoms. Yes, the01:32:20
reason for the death is why some kind of01:32:22
sovereign, the Persian kingdom or the01:32:27
Roman Republic, the Greek Empire, these01:32:30
Finns, why do they live through01:32:33
some kind of cycle, here is a rise, a heyday, and then,01:32:36
nevertheless, a decline, death, destruction almost01:32:39
always01:32:42
comes Maybe01:32:44
because at first cultural group selection01:32:48
is off some societies with some01:32:51
very advantageous complexes of cultural01:32:53
baggage heroic sacrificial there01:32:56
united like the Mongols01:32:58
Genghis Khan there the law there this Yasa01:33:01
there who abandoned a comrade in battle is01:33:03
death and these groups take over the world,01:33:07
some territory, at least01:33:09
achieve a dominant position,01:33:11
multiply, multiply with their culture,01:33:13
of course, spreads with them,01:33:15
but after that they have no one to01:33:17
compete with. And culturally, group01:33:19
selection can no longer control what01:33:22
happens next in this culture and they01:33:24
begin selfish01:33:25
parasitic memes spread, this is called in01:33:28
ancient historical01:33:30
literature, this process is called the01:33:31
decline of morals, which in fact01:33:34
destroys great kingdoms01:33:37
and the women there are rich Romans They say01:33:40
we won’t give birth to children, we will have01:33:41
pet crocodiles01:33:43
because the appearance of children spoils the figure in general01:33:46
Go to hell And then they are already01:33:50
rotting, and when the bickering between groups disappears,01:33:55
parasitic memes begin to spread, and what to01:33:57
do about it is not very clear Oh, okay,01:34:00
let’s learn how to educate ourselves and how to01:34:02
do something about it Thank you very much01:34:04
Alexander Thank01:34:20
you [music]01:34:56
NDescription:
00:00:00 Гость выпуска "Наука. А поговорить" — Александр Марков — российский биолог, палеонтолог, популяризатор науки 00:00:24 Есть ли у животных культура? 00:01:43 "Феномен 100-й обезьяны": возможно ли коллективное сознание? 00:10:06 Главная сила человечества — язык 00:14:18 Характерная особенность эволюции человека 00:19:22 Как культура повлияла на развитие мозга человека? 00:21:02 Формы социального обучения 00:22:54 Есть ли у животных игрушки? 00:23:35 "Эволюция основана на конкуренции" 00:25:47 Почему животные помогают друг другу? 00:28:10 О близкородственных скрещиваниях 00:34:16 О влиянии родственных связей 00:37:53 Есть ли у животных дружба? 00:40:15 Примеры альтруизма у животных 00:46:31 Есть ли у животных политика? 00:51:06 О гендерном неравенстве 00:56:47 Есть ли у животных ревность? 00:59:04 Есть ли у животных романтика? 01:07:23 Развито ли у животных чувство справедливости? 01:08:32 Есть ли у животных культура похорон, геноцид и ксенофобия? 01:14:48 Существует ли "ген гомосексуальности"? 01:21:04 О культурной эволюции 01:28:22 О религии и жертвоприношениях 01:30:09 Отрицательный отбор: что ждет человечество в будущем? Читай нас в Telegram: https://teleg.one/apogovoritofficial Ирина Шихман берет эксклюзивные интервью у самых неожиданных гостей! А поговорить?.. НАМ РАССКАЖУТ ВСЕ! Подпишись на канал https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp2J7GRxQ36QLqW4ReLLt5g?sub_confirmation=1 Instagram Ирины Шихман: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser
Preparing download options
* — If the video is playing in a new tab, go to it, then right-click on the video and select "Save video as..."
** — Link intended for online playback in specialized players
Questions about downloading video
How can I download "Эволюция разума у животных. Откуда у них политика, взятки, дружба, свидания? Александр Марков" video?
http://unidownloader.com/ website is the best way to download a video or a separate audio track if you want to do without installing programs and extensions.
The UDL Helper extension is a convenient button that is seamlessly integrated into YouTube, Instagram and OK.ru sites for fast content download.
UDL Client program (for Windows) is the most powerful solution that supports more than 900 websites, social networks and video hosting sites, as well as any video quality that is available in the source.
UDL Lite is a really convenient way to access a website from your mobile device. With its help, you can easily download videos directly to your smartphone.
Which format of "Эволюция разума у животных. Откуда у них политика, взятки, дружба, свидания? Александр Марков" video should I choose?
The best quality formats are FullHD (1080p), 2K (1440p), 4K (2160p) and 8K (4320p). The higher the resolution of your screen, the higher the video quality should be. However, there are other factors to consider: download speed, amount of free space, and device performance during playback.
Why does my computer freeze when loading a "Эволюция разума у животных. Откуда у них политика, взятки, дружба, свидания? Александр Марков" video?
The browser/computer should not freeze completely! If this happens, please report it with a link to the video. Sometimes videos cannot be downloaded directly in a suitable format, so we have added the ability to convert the file to the desired format. In some cases, this process may actively use computer resources.
How can I download "Эволюция разума у животных. Откуда у них политика, взятки, дружба, свидания? Александр Марков" video to my phone?
You can download a video to your smartphone using the website or the PWA application UDL Lite. It is also possible to send a download link via QR code using the UDL Helper extension.
How can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "Эволюция разума у животных. Откуда у них политика, взятки, дружба, свидания? Александр Марков"?
The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.
How can I save a frame from a video "Эволюция разума у животных. Откуда у них политика, взятки, дружба, свидания? Александр Марков"?
This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.
What's the price of all this stuff?
It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.