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18. Циклоалканы (часть 2)

18. Циклоалканы (часть 2)

Channel: Птичка Химичка -Химия с Нуля-

38. Водород. Химические свойства

38. Водород. Химические свойства

Channel: Птичка Химичка -Химия с Нуля-

26. Типы реакций

26. Типы реакций

Channel: Птичка Химичка -Химия с Нуля-

химия с нуля

егэ по химии

огэ по химии

химия на отлично

школьная химия

химияснуля,

егэхимия,

огэхимия,

химиянаотлично,

электролитическаядиссоциация,

ионизация,

диссициациякислот,

диссоциацияоснований,

сильныеэлектролиты,

слабыеэлектролиты

00:00:00

hello in the last lesson we already looked at

00:00:03

what electrolytic dissociation is

00:00:05

or another ionization we already

00:00:08

know that electrolytes are acids,

00:00:10

bases and salts

00:00:12

today we will look at the features of the

00:00:14

dissociation of acids and bases

00:00:16

and in the next lesson we will look at the features of the

00:00:18

dissociation of salts first of all we

00:00:21

will look at the dissociation of bases because

00:00:24

how It seems to me that everything here is very

00:00:26

simple: what is a base from the point of view of

00:00:30

electrolytic dissociation? The base is

00:00:33

still electrolytes which, upon

00:00:35

dissociation, form only one type of

00:00:37

anion - this is the hydroxide anion, and even with a

00:00:40

charge of 1 minus the dissociation of any

00:00:44

base, in general, any base can be represented with

00:00:46

this equation

00:00:48

dissociate into

00:00:51

metal cations, metal cations can be

00:00:54

anything, and hydroxide anions, but they are the same for all

00:00:58

bases; the presence of

00:01:01

these particles of

00:01:02

hydroxide anions during the dissociation of all

00:01:04

bases ensures a common property of

00:01:08

all bases, which we will consider a little later,

00:01:11

but appear in all bases the

00:01:13

same general properties precisely due to the

00:01:16

formation of identical

00:01:18

hydroxide anion particles; also in the last lesson we

00:01:21

already noted that

00:01:23

electrolytes are strong and weak and,

00:01:25

depending on their strength, they will

00:01:27

dissociate differently. Now we will

00:01:30

look at which bases are classified as

00:01:33

strong. bases are classified as

00:01:35

weak and we will consider the features of their

00:01:37

dissociation, well, although in the last lesson we

00:01:40

already talked about this,

00:01:41

alkalis are classified as strong bases,

00:01:44

only alkalis, I hope there is no need to repeat

00:01:48

what alkalis are, you should have

00:01:50

remembered this very well a long time ago, but they are

00:01:53

classified as weak bases all other

00:01:56

bases, that is, insoluble ones that are

00:01:59

not alkalis,

00:02:00

plus ammonium hydroxide, which, although

00:02:02

soluble, is still a weak base,

00:02:04

so again in the last lesson we

00:02:08

said that strong electrolytes

00:02:10

dissociate completely

00:02:13

and irreversibly, that is, in one step, and we

00:02:16

will consider irreversibly using an example if

00:02:19

this the alkali

00:02:21

will dissociate completely since

00:02:23

it is a strong base,

00:02:25

that is, in one step, all the ions that

00:02:28

should be formed are formed immediately; there is no

00:02:31

need to invent charges for ions; there is no need to

00:02:34

reinvent the wheel; you need to take a

00:02:37

solubility table there for all cations and

00:02:39

anions that may be useful to us,

00:02:41

their charges are indicated;

00:02:45

with a charge of 1 plus, there is no need to invent new

00:02:48

particles; there is already a group with a charge of only one minus,

00:02:51

so we write it down, we understand that

00:02:53

the base dissociates into a metal cation

00:02:56

and a hydroxide anion, so we write it down: the

00:02:59

metal cauldron potassium plus

00:03:00

and the hydroxide anion is your minus, now

00:03:03

we look at the number of pluses and minuses

00:03:04

we have the same 1 plus 1 minus, which means that no

00:03:07

coefficients are needed here anymore,

00:03:10

we remember that dissociation occurs

00:03:13

in one step completely at once and

00:03:18

irreversible irreversibility we emphasize with

00:03:22

an arrow in one direction, that is, the

00:03:24

ions do not gather back into molecules, the

00:03:27

molecule dissociated and just like that

00:03:30

video nav this substance is in solution and

00:03:32

will be present all the time, we said

00:03:34

that strong electrolytes exist in

00:03:36

solution only in the form of ions,

00:03:39

another example is another strong

00:03:41

base, alkali, calcium hydroxide,

00:03:44

we write down and it and which should be

00:03:47

formed, well, the arrow is only in one

00:03:49

direction, strong electrolytes

00:03:51

dissociate irreversibly, we look in the

00:03:53

solubility table, calcium can

00:03:56

only have a charge of two plus, so

00:03:58

we write down the ual group of only the charge

00:04:01

minus, where did this two come from, that

00:04:03

is, initially it was not in the

00:04:04

solubility table, of course it is not indicated,

00:04:06

I wrote down calcium ions 2 + and oh even minus

00:04:09

a Now I see I have two pluses and one

00:04:12

minus, so I need to equalize them, I’ll

00:04:14

leave a two in front of the group, now

00:04:17

I have two pluses and two minuses, and in general

00:04:20

it turns out 0, that’s all, that’s the whole

00:04:23

dissociation of strong bases, then alkalis,

00:04:26

now as for the dissociation of weak

00:04:29

bases we remember what weak

00:04:33

electrolytes are, these are those with a degree of

00:04:35

dissociation of less than one or less than

00:04:37

100 percent, we understand that the electrolyte

00:04:40

will not completely disintegrate into ions,

00:04:44

we remember that a weak base, like

00:04:47

other weak electrolytes, dissociates,

00:04:49

firstly, reversibly, we have already talked about this,

00:04:51

but secondly Secondly, stepwise, what

00:04:54

is stepwise dissociation? This is for

00:04:57

the reasons, in particular, this is a

00:04:59

sequential splitting off of an age group,

00:05:02

that is, not all age groups at once, like

00:05:05

here we had two oh-groups, they

00:05:07

split off two at once, no, with a stepwise

00:05:09

dissociation, it will be sequentially

00:05:11

split off in one he group and

00:05:14

intermediate products will be formed,

00:05:16

let's look at an example of how this happens,

00:05:18

and as an example I chose

00:05:23

divalent iron hydroxide, it is not an

00:05:26

alkali, it is an insoluble base, which

00:05:28

means it is a weak electrolyte, firstly, the

00:05:31

dissociation will be reversible, so I

00:05:33

put 2 arrows in different directions,

00:05:37

but this is the combined arrow for me

00:05:39

in general, they usually put one arrow

00:05:41

forward and another arrow back, what does this

00:05:44

mean, this means that some of the molecules

00:05:46

will disintegrate into ions,

00:05:48

but at the same time, some of the ions will

00:05:50

unite back into a small one, that is, in a

00:05:52

solution of weak electrolytes, in addition to

00:05:55

ions, there will always be

00:05:57

undissociated molecules, but now

00:05:59

let’s look on the dissociation mechanism itself,

00:06:02

stepwise dissociation is a

00:06:04

sequential elimination and the age group

00:06:07

we have is age group 2. Since the electrolyte is

00:06:10

weak, one he-group will be eliminated first, and

00:06:14

we will be left with a particle with a charge of

00:06:16

1 plus ferum yours with a charge of 1 plus how

00:06:20

to calculate the charge of this particle naturally

00:06:22

here it is not in the solubility table, but we

00:06:25

can logically calculate if

00:06:27

the molecule was neutral,

00:06:29

we took away one minus from it, which means it has

00:06:31

one plus left, now we look at what

00:06:34

will happen at the second step; there is

00:06:36

nowhere for the group to split, which means

00:06:39

this complex cation goes to dissociation

00:06:43

and from the cation the farm already has a charge of 1 plus

00:06:46

another group h is split off,

00:06:48

while for iron the iron cation

00:06:51

gets a charge of 2 + and the group and already has

00:06:55

a charge that is always constantly known minus

00:06:58

as usual, that is, we have

00:07:01

two groups detached in series a h the

00:07:03

difference with strong electrolytes is

00:07:05

that not two groups are yours at once, but

00:07:07

sequentially,

00:07:08

another point that needs to be understood is

00:07:11

that if we put this question

00:07:14

to us, which ions will predominate

00:07:17

in the solution during the dissociation of iron hydroxide

00:07:21

2, we must clearly remember that the

00:07:25

dissociation of weak electrolytes

00:07:28

occurs predominantly in the first

00:07:30

step, that is, 2 3 and so on, the steps

00:07:33

proceed very insignificantly and therefore

00:07:37

in the solution there will be no ferum 2 + and o as much

00:07:40

minus and it will predominate, namely ferum

00:07:43

y as much as plus and o as much as minus, that is,

00:07:48

those and he and which will be present in the solution to a greater extent

00:07:49

were formed precisely by the first step of

00:07:52

dissociation, this applies to all weak

00:07:55

electrolytes, this needs to be remembered,

00:07:57

but in general, that’s all, and all the

00:07:59

features of the dissociation of bases,

00:08:02

now we consider what

00:08:04

acids are, like electrolytes,

00:08:07

acids are electrolytes that,

00:08:09

upon dissociation, form only one type of

00:08:12

cations: hydrogen cations with a charge of 1

00:08:16

plus the general dissociation equation of any

00:08:19

acid can be written in this form:

00:08:21

any acid dissociates into a certain

00:08:24

number of hydrogen protons and they are an

00:08:28

acid residue. Again, we will

00:08:33

divide acids into strong and weak and

00:08:35

they will actually dissociate

00:08:37

just like a base, strong and completely.

00:08:40

irreversible and weak ones are reversible

00:08:43

and the stepwise rule will be the same,

00:08:45

but here you have to work a little and

00:08:48

learn which acids are considered strong

00:08:51

which are considered weak,

00:08:53

as always with acids you have to

00:08:55

learn, that is, some general

00:08:56

laws do not work for them, but

00:08:59

as for me this It’s a small price to pay to

00:09:03

analyze this topic and get

00:09:05

good grades on it in the future, you can draw

00:09:07

some analogies for yourself, so I

00:09:10

gave, it seems to me, the most complete

00:09:13

list of those acids that can be

00:09:15

useful,

00:09:18

as I remembered, but some of the acids, for

00:09:21

example, sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid, strong sulfurous,

00:09:25

weak nitrogen strong

00:09:29

nitrogenous weak of the four halogens

00:09:32

hydrogen acids as much as chlorine as much as bromine hj

00:09:35

strong and only h top weak of the four

00:09:38

perchloric acids where there is more oxygen

00:09:40

a4 and a3

00:09:42

are strong and where there is less

00:09:44

oxygen o2 and o these are weak so I

00:09:53

got manganese acid in the weak,

00:09:55

okay, so here are three more strong

00:09:59

acids and which can be found

00:10:01

much less frequently than these first ones,

00:10:04

this chromic de chromium and

00:10:06

manganese can be found among the slot warriors as weak,

00:10:10

respectively, they classify a little more

00:10:12

acids as phosphoric and phosphorous and

00:10:16

silicon and coal and hydrogen sulfide and

00:10:20

cyanide hydrogen and here is an organic

00:10:23

acid, it is 1 shown in the

00:10:25

school solubility table; it

00:10:27

is called acetic acid, but in principle all

00:10:29

organic acids are weak,

00:10:31

this must be understood, that is, the first thing you

00:10:34

need to learn is which acids are considered

00:10:36

strong, which acids are considered weak

00:10:38

because how we determine the strength of the

00:10:42

acid will depend on whether we

00:10:43

write the equation correctly and you dissociate, well,

00:10:47

now let’s move on to examples, as I already

00:10:50

said, acids dissociate like a

00:10:52

base, strong acids dissociate

00:10:55

completely and irreversibly, that is, in one

00:10:57

step, essentially

00:10:59

consider the example of

00:11:02

hydrochloric acid dissociates into a

00:11:05

hydrogen proton and a chloride anion again we don’t

00:11:08

invent any charges, no new

00:11:11

particles, we looked at the

00:11:12

solubility table, we saw which charges

00:11:15

correspond to the data, the particles of the modes they

00:11:17

were rewritten plus 1 minus 1,

00:11:20

nothing else is needed, another example: sulfuric acid, it is also

00:11:23

strong, which means irreversibility,

00:11:25

it dissociates completely in one step,

00:11:29

we immediately form hydrogen protons,

00:11:31

cations hydrogen already with a plus and issue 4

00:11:34

with a charge of 2 minus, this is all indicated in the

00:11:37

solubility table, since we

00:11:40

initially have one plus and two minuses, then

00:11:42

in front of the hydrogen cation I put a

00:11:44

coefficient of two, now we have two

00:11:46

pluses and two minuses, that’s all, this is how

00:11:49

dissociation happens strong

00:11:52

acids, well, the only thing you need to remember is

00:11:55

which acids are strong, so everything is

00:11:57

very simple now the dissociation of weak

00:12:00

acids again occurs

00:12:02

reversibly and stepwise, we will look at the

00:12:06

example of sulfurous acid, we said

00:12:08

that sulfuric acid is strong and sulfurous acid

00:12:11

is weak, but that it dissociates

00:12:13

stepwise, what is stepwise

00:12:15

dissociation of acids

00:12:16

This is a sequential abstraction of a

00:12:19

hydrogen proton, not immediately as in the case of a strong

00:12:22

acid, but sequentially, first 1,

00:12:24

then the second, then the third, and so on,

00:12:26

let’s see what will be formed during the

00:12:31

first stage of dissociation, firstly,

00:12:33

we put the reversibility icon, don’t forget,

00:12:35

we abstract one hydrogen proton, a

00:12:38

hydrogen cation with a charge of 1 plus only yt of the

00:12:41

real particle and we are left with a

00:12:43

hno3 particle with a charge of -1 minus 1 plus 1 minus and

00:12:50

such a particle will be called a

00:12:53

hydrosulfide ion, naturally in the

00:12:56

solubility table this is what it is and it will not be given, you

00:12:58

need to get it, you need to understand

00:13:01

how to calculate its charge, that is, from zero

00:13:02

we took away one plus that was split off,

00:13:04

there was one minus left now at the second

00:13:07

stage the hydrogen protons naturally won’t

00:13:09

split into anything anymore,

00:13:10

but this complex one they will further

00:13:14

split off a hydrogen proton,

00:13:17

we get one proton of hydrogen, a

00:13:19

hydrogen cation and 1 acid residue sulfide with

00:13:23

a charge of 2 minus, that’s all that is, you do

00:13:27

n’t need to do anything else,

00:13:28

we wrote down all the

00:13:31

stages of dissociation in a stepwise manner

00:13:33

at each stage, we tear off only

00:13:35

one hydrogen cations and, in fact,

00:13:37

we write down as the 2nd product what we have

00:13:40

left of the original molecule,

00:13:42

this will already be the 2nd final stage of

00:13:45

dissociation, again for the weak

00:13:48

electrolytes for weak acids,

00:13:50

dissociation occurs predominantly in the

00:13:53

first step, and if we are asked which one

00:13:56

it will predominate during the dissociation of

00:13:58

sulfurous acid, we will say that the

00:14:02

hydrogen cations and anions are hydrosulfide and

00:14:07

not it, that is, not sulfide anions and

00:14:11

hydrogen cations, namely

00:14:12

hydrogen cations and hydrosulfide anions

00:14:15

because these are the ions that are formed in the first

00:14:18

step, much fewer of these ions will be

00:14:20

formed, therefore

00:14:22

they cannot predominate in the

00:14:24

solution, so in principle everything and now to the

00:14:27

general properties of acids and bases,

00:14:31

firstly, all bases provide an

00:14:35

alkaline environment and all acids

00:14:38

form an acidic acidic environment, what

00:14:41

is this indicator in general, the acidity

00:14:44

or alkalinity of the environment

00:14:45

is such a concept as the hydrogen indicator

00:14:47

ph, but this is what

00:14:49

characterizes us what kind of environment the page value

00:14:54

can be from 0 to 14,

00:14:57

and the ph value equal to 7 is a

00:15:00

neutral ph,

00:15:02

that is, not acidic and not alkaline

00:15:04

neutral now the

00:15:06

pH value is less than seven this is an acidic environment

00:15:12

and what it is provided by is protons -

00:15:17

hydrogen cations, which are formed

00:15:20

during the dissociation of absolutely any acids,

00:15:22

so we can safely say that

00:15:24

any acid upon dissociation will

00:15:26

make the environment acidic because during the

00:15:28

dissociation of any acid

00:15:30

hydrogen cations are formed and they - this is precisely what

00:15:32

ensures the acidity of the environment, which means

00:15:35

the lower the pH value in this case,

00:15:37

the more acidic the environment will be. Now we

00:15:40

look at the pH value greater than seven

00:15:44

from 7 to 14. Such an environment will be alkaline

00:15:48

or based on something else, it is also called

00:15:50

what it is provided by the hydroxide anion

00:15:53

me so how all bases upon dissociation

00:15:55

form a hydroxide anion and they will all

00:15:57

form an alkaline medium, remember

00:16:01

that our pH scale is from 0 to 14 and 7

00:16:04

in the middle is just neutral pH

00:16:07

less than seven is an acidic medium more than seven is an

00:16:10

alkaline medium and there are

00:16:14

such substances not are called indicators

00:16:16

that, when added to a solution with a

00:16:18

different environment, will change their color, this

00:16:21

must be filled out because

00:16:23

very often there are questions such

00:16:25

as how the color of such and such an indicator will change

00:16:27

when adding

00:16:29

such and such a substance to a solution,

00:16:30

but first of all we must determine how

00:16:33

what ph what medium will be in

00:16:35

the solution of

00:16:36

this substance and secondly, we must

00:16:38

remember

00:16:39

what the color of the indicator will be in such a

00:16:41

medium, for this you need to remember

00:16:43

this indicator plate, usually

00:16:46

three are considered, this is litmus

00:16:48

phenolphthalein and methyl orange or

00:16:51

and higher back methyl orange

00:16:53

remember that and in a neutral environment

00:16:55

litmus we have purple phenolphthalein in a

00:16:59

neutral environment it is colorless so it is

00:17:01

labeled orange by the name it is clear that in a

00:17:04

neutral environment it is orange the main thing is

00:17:08

to remember what indicators in a

00:17:10

neutral environment purple is colorless

00:17:14

and orange and now we look at how we

00:17:17

will sort each color into

00:17:19

components components of violet, how

00:17:23

can you get the color violet? mix

00:17:24

red and blue, so we decompose

00:17:26

violet into red and into blue, and

00:17:28

remember that in an acidic medium there can

00:17:31

only be a red color, or colorless

00:17:34

cases and naphthalene, which means violet

00:17:37

litmus in an acidic medium will be red and in an

00:17:41

alkaline medium it will be blue phenolphthalein is

00:17:44

colorless in a neutral environment and in an

00:17:46

acidic environment it will also remain neutral,

00:17:48

but in an alkaline environment it will turn crimson

00:17:51

orange color is a mixture of red and

00:17:53

yellow again red can

00:17:55

only be in an acidic environment it means orange methyl

00:17:57

or methyl orange in an acidic environment it will change

00:18:00

color to red but also therefore, what

00:18:02

remains in the alkaline will change color to

00:18:05

yellow, these

00:18:07

indicators and how they change color in

00:18:10

different environments

00:18:11

must be remembered so well,

00:18:13

in addition to these

00:18:15

liquid indicators, there are also

00:18:18

universal indicators, they are

00:18:20

very diverse today,

00:18:21

such is the most classic example of this.

00:18:23

piece of paper this piece of paper is dipped into the

00:18:26

solution and it changes its color

00:18:28

depending on the ph here you can not just

00:18:31

say whether the medium is acidic or alkaline or

00:18:34

neutral, but you can even give a more or

00:18:37

less accurate ph value, for example,

00:18:40

if we look at the first piece of paper, then

00:18:42

the ph of the solution in which it was dipped

00:18:45

somewhere around 10 that is, this is

00:18:50

already some more or less accurate value

00:18:53

page 10 not just an alkaline medium as a

00:18:56

specific value this is a

00:18:58

universal indicator

00:18:59

so for today don’t forget to

00:19:03

like, be sure to subscribe to the channel and

00:19:06

ask your questions in the comments

00:19:07

if there was something unclear to you

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Which format of "73. Диссоциация кислот и оснований" video should I choose?

The best quality formats are FullHD (1080p), 2K (1440p), 4K (2160p) and 8K (4320p). The higher the resolution of your screen, the higher the video quality should be. However, there are other factors to consider: download speed, amount of free space, and device performance during playback.

Why does my computer freeze when loading a "73. Диссоциация кислот и оснований" video?

The browser/computer should not freeze completely! If this happens, please report it with a link to the video. Sometimes videos cannot be downloaded directly in a suitable format, so we have added the ability to convert the file to the desired format. In some cases, this process may actively use computer resources.

How can I download "73. Диссоциация кислот и оснований" video to my phone?

You can download a video to your smartphone using the website or the PWA application UDL Lite. It is also possible to send a download link via QR code using the UDL Helper extension.

How can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "73. Диссоциация кислот и оснований"?

The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.

How can I save a frame from a video "73. Диссоциация кислот и оснований"?

This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.

What's the price of all this stuff?

It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.