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история

история казахов

история Казахстана

история государства

казахи

улус Джучи

Джучи

Акимбеков

казактар

Центральная Азия

Казахское ханство

Чингисхан

Золотая Орда

История Средней Азии

Казахстан

происхождение жузов

Старший жуз

Средний жуз

Младший жуз

Орта жуз

Кiши жуз

Улы жуз

дорога людей

история жузов

три жуза казахов

Алтын Орда

Республика Казахстан

Ногайская Орда

Улус Чагатая

Могол

монголы

моголы

дорогалюдей

жузы

золотаяорда

происхождениежузов

историяжузов

историяказахстана

казахстан

алтынорда

00:00:01

[music]

00:00:18

the question of the origin of the three zhuz of the Kazakhs

00:00:21

is essentially this. The key

00:00:23

question of Kazakh history especially

00:00:25

is that nowhere else in the

00:00:27

nomadic world, be it in the spaces

00:00:30

of Eurasia or in North Africa, is there

00:00:32

such a structure of three zhuz if we

00:00:34

look at the usually steppe there

00:00:37

have been quite a lot of these states over the

00:00:39

last couple of thousand years,

00:00:41

the structure is always more likely divided into the right wing, the

00:00:43

left wing, the center, this is typical for the

00:00:45

state of the Jochi ulus of the Golden Horde,

00:00:48

what we know is typical for the Mgar

00:00:50

states, this was typical for the Khunom,

00:00:53

they even had princes left wing princes of the

00:00:55

right wing That is, there were

00:00:57

three zhuzes in exactly this format.

00:00:59

Nowhere else, accordingly,

00:01:01

the question arose: where exactly, why, what is the

00:01:04

reason why the Kazakh zhuzes, the Kazakhs

00:01:06

formed a zhuze structure and there

00:01:09

were a lot of versions Well, in the

00:01:11

classical Kazakh one, so legendary

00:01:13

a version that is usually transmitted by oral tradition.

00:01:15

Well, for example, Shakarim

00:01:18

very actively supported this idea, he says

00:01:19

that there was a certain legendary Khan Alash

00:01:22

who sent an army of three hundred

00:01:24

horsemen, which means, respectively,

00:01:27

led by three brothers who

00:01:29

formed

00:01:37

both hierarchies and therefore are trying to bring the family

00:01:39

structure under it, let’s say

00:01:42

they are trying to bring down the system of

00:01:44

political seniority, there is such a version, we

00:01:46

conventionally call them naturally

00:01:48

historical in Western Kazakhstan, this is

00:01:50

the region, as it were, Emba Gadzha in Central

00:01:53

Kazakhstan, such a

00:01:55

system is in the

00:01:58

north of Eastern Kazakhstan. This is somewhat

00:02:01

different, more with the mountains, that is, this

00:02:03

natural pumping system

00:02:05

formed, as it were, this but here is the weak

00:02:07

link, if for example you agree with this

00:02:09

idea, then it turns out that this required a

00:02:12

very long period of peace such

00:02:14

that people were nomadic tribes

00:02:16

forming such a system, they last

00:02:18

formed first the eldest then the middle

00:02:20

then the youngest Well, this is logical from this it

00:02:22

naturally turns out but here

00:02:24

the question of zhuz we arises we know they appear for the first time

00:02:27

at the end of the 10th century, for sure they already

00:02:30

exist, that is, at the end of the 15th century during the time of

00:02:31

Khan Tauke there are definitely zhuzes, but during the Khania Sima at the

00:02:34

beginning of the 15th century there are definitely no zhuzes, that

00:02:37

is, there are uluses of the Chingizids there, there are

00:02:40

different uluses of Tursun khan Ulus there of

00:02:42

Yesima himself but no zhuzes

00:02:44

exist. So they appeared somewhere

00:02:46

between Sim and Tauke somewhere in this

00:02:48

interval. This is the middle of the 15th century, but if

00:02:51

we look at the history of the mid-15th century, there

00:02:54

was no centralized state in the Kazakhs; there were a lot of khans;

00:02:57

there were a lot of warriors there was a very difficult

00:02:59

period, for example, those

00:03:01

territories that today, as we

00:03:02

say, are part of the younger Ruz,

00:03:04

they were largely part of the

00:03:06

Gai Horde at that moment. Well, for

00:03:07

example, Emba was the Nagai Horde,

00:03:09

if we look, for example, at

00:03:11

south-eastern Kazakhstan, there is the presence

00:03:13

of Mogulistan the influence was very serious.

00:03:15

That is, it turns out that in conditions of

00:03:17

instability of the political situation,

00:03:19

to say that someone could form

00:03:21

and create this hierarchy senior

00:03:22

middle junior It would very much

00:03:24

presuppose the presence of a centralized

00:03:28

state

00:03:30

[music] the

00:03:35

question arises then where then

00:03:37

where do the roots come from? Why did the

00:03:39

zhuz structure actually arise and if, in fact,

00:03:43

such processes are happening,

00:03:46

then we understand that it’s not so simple

00:03:50

here. There is probably some reason. But

00:03:53

at the same time, it should be very simple

00:03:55

because it went completely

00:03:56

unnoticed for a large number of

00:03:58

people who lived in the Kazakh steppe then that is,

00:04:00

for them it was a natural

00:04:01

process. That is, it was not simple and simple

00:04:03

at the same time it had to be, as if

00:04:04

putting forward an idea, a hypothesis, I suggested

00:04:07

starting from several initial

00:04:09

points, the first point is that in the steppe. It is necessary to

00:04:13

clearly distinguish between the position of Ulus and Yurt, here in the

00:04:16

Mongolian states Ulus - it was

00:04:18

a State, it was like

00:04:21

nomadic tribes that could move

00:04:23

today they are here Tomorrow they are in another

00:04:25

place and Yurt was the territory

00:04:26

that they controlled and in the

00:04:28

Mongolian states

00:04:29

Yurt and Ulus were clearly divided And if we

00:04:32

look, for example, at the history of the Kazakh

00:04:34

there too uluses move Yurt - this is

00:04:37

a territory, these are different things, so in

00:04:40

fact, talking about tying the history of

00:04:41

pumping is a little difficult. The second point

00:04:44

is the political situation in the middle of the

00:04:45

15th century in the Kazakh steppe, firstly, at the

00:04:48

beginning of the 15th century, sharp

00:04:50

political changes occur. Well, the most

00:04:53

serious change is the

00:04:54

formation of the Dzungarian state,

00:04:56

on the one hand, a large

00:04:58

Dzungar state was formed in the east, it

00:05:00

begins to wage war with the Qin Empire,

00:05:02

which at the same time begins to

00:05:04

advance into the Mongol steppes for the first time in

00:05:06

thousands of years, this has never happened before. The

00:05:08

second example is that the

00:05:10

Russian Empire enters the steppes, too.

00:05:12

control the steppe

00:05:14

territory along the Volga and thus

00:05:15

weakens the Nagai Horde and at the beginning of the 15th

00:05:19

century a group of Dzungar tribes are two

00:05:21

groups of Targus and Derbets, they passed through the

00:05:24

Kazakh steppe, defeated the Nagais in

00:05:27

between the rivers Jacques and Volga, the Ural and Volga

00:05:31

and founded the Kalmyk Khanate there,

00:05:34

naturally the Nagais are there was a

00:05:35

crushing defeat, a significant

00:05:37

part of the Nagais fled to the Caucasus and those

00:05:39

who were eastern Gaians were the so-

00:05:41

called Alty Ulsk Uluses. They

00:05:43

submitted to the Kalmyks, they became part of the

00:05:46

politically dependent Kalmyks, and in this

00:05:48

situation, at the same time, the Dzungar

00:05:49

Khanate from the Eastern side begins to

00:05:51

put pressure on Moghulistan

00:05:52

Moghulistan is the territory Eastern

00:05:55

Turkestan at that moment, and historically

00:05:57

Moghulistan occupied the Semirechye

00:05:58

territory, and here we must

00:06:01

say a little about the difference. What was the

00:06:03

difference between the Gai horde, the Kazakh

00:06:05

Khanate and Moghulistan, all these were

00:06:07

fragments of the Mongol states that

00:06:09

existed at the time of the crisis of the Golden

00:06:12

Horde ulus Juchi In the ulus of Chagatai,

00:06:14

separate generalized

00:06:18

tribal unions were formed that were called

00:06:20

Gays, Kazakhs, Mughals. But these were

00:06:23

political unions; there

00:06:26

was not much linguistic cultural difference between them, but

00:06:28

politically they were different from each other; there were

00:06:29

wars; there were conflicts; there were unions;

00:06:32

Well, these were such different situations, and

00:06:34

the question is the fact that at the very

00:06:36

moment when the Dzungars from the east

00:06:39

defeated Moghulistan, the Kalmyks in the west

00:06:42

defeated the Nagais and it turned out that the

00:06:44

defeat of both of them put

00:06:47

the situation in the steppe in a very difficult

00:06:49

situation because three

00:06:51

previously competing groups of tribes or groups of

00:06:54

tribal unions they found themselves squeezed into a small

00:06:56

territory near they found very little

00:06:58

room for maneuver, and very strong opponents emerged from the East and

00:07:00

West,

00:07:02

which did not give them

00:07:04

the opportunity to pursue their previous

00:07:06

policies, and in this situation it turns out

00:07:09

that each, as it were, a group of tribes begins to

00:07:12

look for a solution to the problem, the level of

00:07:14

concentration of political power in

00:07:17

Kazakh Khanate both in the Gai Arda and in the

00:07:19

Mughals was very low because by

00:07:21

that moment the period of internecine

00:07:23

wars had passed, there were a lot of splits, the Kazakhs

00:07:25

had several Khans there was no

00:07:27

centralization, and the Dzungars had a

00:07:29

very high level of

00:07:30

concentration of military-political power and

00:07:33

it turns out that in this situation the Mughals

00:07:36

lost the state completely. This is the

00:07:38

last third of the 15th century, the Nagai Horde

00:07:41

practically ceased to

00:07:43

exist in the middle of the 15th century, but the

00:07:45

people remained and the people ended up in that

00:07:47

eastern part, these Alty Ulsk mustaches,

00:07:49

they were pressed against the Kazakh

00:07:51

Khanate, which also did not represent there is no

00:07:53

one Monolith and It would seem so

00:07:55

theoretically the Gaians periodically before this

00:07:58

lived together with the Kazakhs, the Mughals lived with the

00:08:00

Kazas and vice versa in this situation there was a

00:08:02

question of political and possibly

00:08:05

religious ethnic survival

00:08:07

because the Kalmyks were Buddhists and for these

00:08:10

tribes there was the religion of Islam and for them this

00:08:12

were Well, let's say, religious opponents were not

00:08:14

only ethnic, they were Mongol-

00:08:16

speaking Kazakhs, Mughals and Gays spoke the

00:08:19

Turkic language of the Kipchak

00:08:21

language group, naturally this also

00:08:23

created a problem in this situation. Well,

00:08:25

my hypothesis is that these

00:08:27

three groups had to find a compromise

00:08:30

they needed was to find a compromise that

00:08:32

could ensure their unification and here

00:08:35

the question arises. The key question is why then

00:08:37

senior middle junior What is the idea here

00:08:40

again the hypothesis is that

00:08:42

this value at that moment this

00:08:44

distribution did not have much

00:08:45

meaning It was a tradition it was a

00:08:48

cultural tradition but which had no

00:08:50

practical meaning Because if

00:08:52

it had a practical meaning, it would have been

00:08:54

a little different because this is a

00:08:56

hierarchy in a certain way. But it

00:08:58

seems to me that this is not, but then what could

00:09:00

have been and then the political

00:09:02

tradition of the Mongol era of Genghis Khan arises of the

00:09:04

era of Genghis Khan because that the

00:09:07

Kazakh Khans at that time had, say, a

00:09:09

direct connection with the Genghisid inheritance, they

00:09:12

were about the Genghisids, and among the Mughals, the bulk of the

00:09:14

rulers were Genghisids,

00:09:17

although they were from another family from the Chagatai ulus,

00:09:19

here there were us Juchis, these were from the

00:09:21

Chagatai ulus, and then the only thing that arises

00:09:23

immediately is possible to say why the youngest became the

00:09:25

junior zhuz for only one simple

00:09:28

reason that the Genghisids did not rule the Gai Horde,

00:09:30

these were the descendants of

00:09:32

Edigei Murza Murza Adigei who ruled the

00:09:35

Golden Horde, his family ruled the

00:09:37

Gai Horde until its end. But they

00:09:39

were not Genghisids. Then the question arises:

00:09:41

why are the middle seniors there is also a

00:09:44

question here because, well, it would seem that

00:09:45

they still united around the Kazakh

00:09:47

Khanate, that is, at least the

00:09:49

political dynasty was of the

00:09:50

Kazakh Khanate starting there from Yesim

00:09:54

then Jangir then Tauke if we

00:09:56

agree with this version then that the Mughals are

00:09:58

those who came out of the Mongol khanates from

00:10:00

Mogulistan, they were descendants of Chagatai,

00:10:02

if again based on the Mongolian

00:10:04

old hierarchy, then Chagatai Guardian of

00:10:06

Yassy is one of the Well, again, I say this at

00:10:08

that moment it was very formal

00:10:10

because the power of the Genghisids was already formal,

00:10:13

it was already weakening in many states

00:10:15

because they abandoned it This means that the

00:10:17

influence of individual tribes comes to the fore for power,

00:10:19

and this is reflected at the

00:10:21

beginning of the 17th century, when the Kazakhs

00:10:23

encounter the Dzungars

00:10:25

once again. And at this moment, the Dzungars are

00:10:27

again stronger than the Kazakhs, and it is precisely because of the

00:10:29

high degree of concentration of

00:10:31

political power that the Kazakh

00:10:33

power of the Khans was very weak and

00:10:35

therefore each tribe individually entered

00:10:37

into conflict with the Dzungars,

00:10:38

lost, was defeated, and

00:10:41

accordingly from this

00:10:42

this terrible tragedy arose at the beginning of the

00:10:44

eighteenth century, which led to the fact

00:10:46

that the Kazakhs suffered huge losses; this

00:10:49

was not a separation into three separate

00:10:51

groups and not the formation of naturally

00:10:53

historical territories of Cavani, it was, let’s

00:10:55

say, a unification in a difficult

00:10:57

geopolitical geo

00:10:59

situation in order to survive. And in this

00:11:01

situation there was no time for sentimentality,

00:11:03

they found a form that was convenient. And

00:11:06

the convenience of the form was that

00:11:08

it was a consequence of the Genghisid political

00:11:10

tradition; everyone

00:11:13

[music]

00:11:19

understood it the hypothesis is clear that this is

00:11:22

only an assumption, I cannot

00:11:24

say naturally, but it seems to me that

00:11:26

the logic is this:

00:11:30

in this

00:11:31

situation, on the one hand, there were those tribes

00:11:33

that adjoined, on the other hand, it

00:11:36

was the

00:11:37

Kazakh Khans who were interested, that is, at that time it was

00:11:40

either Yesim or Dzhangir More likely after

00:11:43

Jangi tauke around this time why

00:11:46

Because the addition of new tribes

00:11:47

strengthens the power of the khan And the khan may

00:11:50

believe that he will thus strengthen

00:11:52

his power and also in the iwa rizi with the Khan's

00:11:56

vla

00:11:57

prip can give them a basis; moreover,

00:12:00

they are therefore interested in

00:12:02

new tribes joined it.

00:12:04

This increased the number of subjects,

00:12:06

increased the number of armies in the

00:12:08

end. The militia is meant if we

00:12:10

look at how the Kazakh Khanate

00:12:13

was formed on the territory of the left

00:12:14

wing of the Juchi ulus. That is, it was not

00:12:16

the main wing, the main center of

00:12:18

political power of the Jochi ulus - It

00:12:20

was the Black Sea steppes and the Volga region And

00:12:22

Kazakhstan - it was the left wing and the second

00:12:24

point was that it was a compromise that the

00:12:26

Khans retained the Kazakh

00:12:28

political power, the

00:12:30

Moguls retained the aliens, they gave them, as it

00:12:33

were, the status of the elder, based on the

00:12:35

formally conditional understanding that Chagatai

00:12:38

is the Keeper of the jars among the major

00:12:40

Kazakh names tribes that are large without

00:12:43

touching the small names under clans,

00:12:45

most of the names are of Mongolian

00:12:47

origin. That is, these are the Lat Kont

00:12:51

Argyns, these are the tribes that have

00:12:55

obvious predecessors in the history of the

00:12:57

Mongolian Genghis Khan, those tribes

00:13:00

that once lived on the territory of

00:13:01

Mongolia Jala Ira, for example, from here

00:13:03

several lines of development arise, that

00:13:05

is Some say in Kazakhstan, a

00:13:06

widespread opinion is that in

00:13:08

fact those tribes who lived in Mongolia

00:13:10

were not Mongols, they were

00:13:13

Turks; the second version says that

00:13:16

when they came to the territory together with

00:13:17

Genghis Khan on the territory of Kazakhstan, they are

00:13:19

here. But here you must keep in mind that here

00:13:23

In my book, I again express a

00:13:24

hypothesis and prove that Genghis Khan

00:13:26

is different from other nomadic states,

00:13:28

that at the heart of his state there were no

00:13:30

tribes, that is, any nomadic state

00:13:33

consists of tribes, any Akhunov there Avaro

00:13:36

in anyone, but Genghis Khan destroyed the

00:13:38

structure of the tribes, he formed these and

00:13:40

it is possible in the book explains this, it

00:13:43

is proven that he formed the

00:13:45

so-called thousands of armies from different people, and

00:13:48

then from these thousands of armies, over time,

00:13:50

new tribes were formed and the structure of the

00:13:52

tribes was that he

00:13:54

formed these thousands from people of conquered

00:13:56

nomadic tribes and put them at the head of

00:13:59

small tribes Mongolia who were loyal

00:14:01

to him and this is in the secret legend

00:14:05

of Rashid, for example, such versions go and he

00:14:07

appointed gathered people there from different

00:14:09

different different tribes there 100 from there 100

00:14:11

from there from there and at the head he put a

00:14:13

man there

00:14:14

dulat and this led to the fact that by a

00:14:17

huge the territory occupied by

00:14:19

the Mongols in Iran in Russia, everywhere

00:14:22

there are the same chewings and in the

00:14:24

same way in

00:14:27

which they served the Lithuanian

00:14:30

state in Lithuania they also have

00:14:33

manta ornas, or for example,

00:14:37

let’s take a simple example. What, for example, if we remember that

00:14:39

list of famous Uzbek tribes from the

00:14:40

times of Khan Abulkhair to from the moment the

00:14:42

Kazakh Khanate was formed, it is

00:14:44

very clearly visible that some of the tribes from

00:14:47

this list left along with the Abl

00:14:50

Khair tribes of the Mingi Yuzy Kun, for example,

00:14:54

and some of the tribes remained, the Kazakh steppe

00:14:57

became the Kazakh tribes. But the choice was

00:14:59

political because there

00:15:01

was no ethnic difference between them at that moment

00:15:03

if we look, for example,

00:15:04

most of the tribes that today make up

00:15:07

the middle Zhus are precisely the tribes of the left

00:15:09

wing of the Usa Jochi, which were part of the

00:15:11

Bhai state and then the state of the

00:15:13

Kazakh Khanate. And if we look

00:15:15

at the tribes that, in the older armor, are

00:15:17

the largest tribe, Well, the

00:15:21

Douglas tribe of the Mirza state Khaidar Dulati

00:15:26

was the most famous representative of this tribe, and here it turns out to be a kind of confusion,

00:15:29

again because, well, for example, the Argyns have karakeseks under their mouths,

00:15:31

for example, and in our zhuz

00:15:33

there is a separate karakeseks under their mouths and

00:15:35

it would seem, Well, why did he say, and here

00:15:37

our well, let’s say, usually such a

00:15:39

legendary begins history begins to come up with

00:15:42

different versions of who came from who, but

00:15:45

here we need one thesis. It is always

00:15:47

often disputed that this is the

00:15:48

story of Genghis Khan.

00:15:50

So I think it drew a line in the history of

00:15:53

nomadic statehood, that is,

00:15:55

only tribes entered the era of Genghis Khan and

00:15:57

left it completely other names

00:15:59

could coincide But the people were

00:16:01

completely different and this is a very

00:16:03

painful question because since

00:16:05

so many people strive for their origins in the ancients,

00:16:07

they strive to say that

00:16:09

we are there very deep in the past These are

00:16:12

our tribes and when this dispute takes place

00:16:14

Well, for example, the classic example, the word

00:16:16

Naiman - this is translated from the Mongolian language

00:16:18

as eight Union of eight

00:16:20

tribes, that is, it is known how

00:16:22

close it would be to the Khitan who lived on the territory of

00:16:24

Mongolia. And we have a very serious

00:16:26

discussion about who they were, where they were from,

00:16:28

or Argyns, this is a direct analogy to the

00:16:31

Argun River from Mongolian there are translations, that

00:16:33

is, well, this is a further topic,

00:16:35

this is a very complex model of the relationship

00:16:37

between Turkic-speaking and Mongol-speaking people, and

00:16:40

here, of course, a lot of ground opens up

00:16:42

for interpretation, but history

00:16:44

suggests that any hypothesis has

00:16:46

some kind of logical justification and

00:16:48

it is advisable to reinforce it, it is clear that we

00:16:49

cannot find B there is no evidence in the archives

00:16:51

about this, it is impossible,

00:16:53

but at the same time, a certain logic, a

00:16:55

certain sequence can be

00:16:57

understood based on

00:16:59

existing

00:17:01

[music]

00:17:13

sources

Description:

Вопрос о происхождении трех жузов у казахов, возможно, ключевой вопрос казахской истории. В кочевом мире, будь то на пространствах Евразии, будь то в северной Африке, нет такой структуры трех жузов. Степные государства, а их довольно много было на протяжении последних двух тысяч лет, чаще всего делились на правое крыло, на левое крыло, центр. Такое деление типично и для государства улуса Джучи, золотой Орды. Это типично для джунгарских государств. Это было типично для хуннов. У них даже были князья левого крыла, князья правого крыла. Но деления на три жуза, в таком формате как у казахов, нет нигде больше И возникают вопросы: откуда, почему, в чем причина, почему именно у казахов образовалась жузовая структура? Очередной исторический этюд серии «Дорога людей» известного историка востоковеда, кандидата исторических наук Султана Акимбекова. Подписывайтесь прямо сейчас - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTAC6CvKi3UTdNINuLn0KgA?sub_confirmation=1 Смотрите плейлист "Этнография Казахстана и Средней Азии": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZUKBk0ArHI&list=PL0GiS6Bm22n98zCjzSVoDHKnlVXhSJJbe Смотрите также плейлист "Документальные фильмы Дорога людей" - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLGhR3KVe8w&list=PL0GiS6Bm22n8PDL8F8s6RaTcY1B6Ci25J&index=3&t=267s Наши соцсети: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Twitter: https://bit.ly/2VEzBNL

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