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00:00:04
What the Earth was like when life was born,00:00:10
a question that has baffled00:00:13
science for centuries,00:00:15
today most scientists00:00:19
insist that it arose through a00:00:23
simple chemical reaction00:00:25
that chaotically transformed00:00:28
non-living matter00:00:30
into the first non-living cell.00:00:34
However, this explanation is00:00:38
insufficient. In the absence of concrete evidence00:00:42
and even for its most ardent00:00:44
supporters,00:00:48
today all corners of the00:00:51
earth are teeming with life,00:00:54
from the poles to the Equator, from00:00:58
deep caves to mountain ranges, from00:01:01
tropical forests to volcanoes.00:01:08
At least primitive organisms are found everywhere,00:01:11
animals, plants, fungi and bacteria in00:01:16
search of living space. They have adapted to00:01:19
the harshest conditions.00:01:22
However, scientists believe that00:01:26
for most of its history the00:01:29
Earth has appeared to be a00:01:32
rather inhospitable place00:01:36
when the Life first appeared00:01:38
on Earth about 3.8 billion00:01:41
years ago. The planet had a very00:01:44
different appearance from what we know today. At00:01:48
that time, the surface of the Earth00:01:50
was mostly aquatic with00:01:53
small archipelagos and undeveloped land masses.00:01:58
The atmosphere was also very different00:02:01
from the current one with a high proportion of00:02:04
gases such as methane, ammonia and00:02:07
carbon dioxide,00:02:10
these gases were produced by00:02:13
massive volcanic eruptions and00:02:15
chemical reactions in the first00:02:17
oceans, there00:02:19
was also very little oxygen in the00:02:22
atmosphere since photosynthetic organisms had not yet appeared.00:02:25
capable of00:02:28
producing oxygen,00:02:32
dear traveler, very good day, today we are going to00:02:37
undertake an incredible journey in00:02:38
time towards the origins of life,00:02:41
but before leaving for a new00:02:43
Adventure, think about liking the00:02:46
video and subscribing to the Channel so you don't00:02:49
miss anything,00:02:51
thank you00:02:53
and Bon voyage00:02:55
[Music]00:03:07
Scientists use various00:03:11
methods to study the00:03:14
environmental conditions of the Earth when00:03:17
life appeared, including the study of rocks00:03:21
and fossils.00:03:25
The most direct way to know the00:03:27
structure of the Earth's crust and its00:03:30
history is to directly study the rocks.00:03:34
by observing their composition and position in00:03:38
the crust [Music]00:03:40
in this way scientists can00:03:43
study rocks and fossils to00:03:46
determine the environmental conditions00:03:48
that existed at the time 3.800:03:53
billion years ago00:03:54
[Music]00:03:56
rocks have different origins00:04:00
it can often be know how they were formed00:04:04
by the rocks themselves if they are00:04:07
properly compared to the rocks that are00:04:10
forming before our eyes today and00:04:13
whose origin is clear00:04:14
[Music]00:04:16
for example00:04:18
the chemical composition of the rocks00:04:21
can indicate the levels of oxygen00:04:23
carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases00:04:26
that were in the atmosphere at00:04:29
that time. In00:04:32
addition,00:04:33
if the rock contains corals or shells00:04:36
similar to those that live in the sea today,00:04:39
it is concluded that the rock was formed on a00:04:42
seabed00:04:45
if the leaves and trunks of the00:04:47
plants are imprinted in the layers of00:04:50
clay or sandstone, we must conclude that00:04:53
these rocks accumulated somewhere00:04:56
on earth, perhaps at the bottom of a00:04:59
lake in which plants fell00:05:02
[Music]00:05:05
fossils can also be used to00:05:08
judge the depth of the Ancient sea,00:05:11
for example,00:05:13
corals live in shallow marine coastal environments,00:05:20
therefore coralline limestones indicate00:05:25
a shallow sea;00:05:28
however,00:05:30
the paleontological method has00:05:32
important limitations in cases00:05:35
where the rocks contain few00:05:38
fossil organic remains or these deposits are not00:05:41
characteristic.00:05:44
Continental rocks such as those in00:05:47
river valleys and lakes00:05:50
contain many fewer fossils than00:05:53
marine rocks, so00:05:55
determining age is much more00:05:58
difficult and less precise.00:06:02
Scientists can analyze00:06:06
isotopes of fossil rocks and sediments00:06:09
to determine environmental conditions.00:06:13
method emerged with the discovery00:06:16
of radioactivity at the beginning of the00:06:19
20th century and00:06:21
is based on the00:06:23
natural transformations of radioactive elements00:06:26
[Music]00:06:27
these transformations occur at a00:06:30
constant rate and can therefore be00:06:34
used as a natural hourglass00:06:38
[Music]00:06:40
for example The amount of00:06:43
carbon 13 isotope in fossils can give00:06:46
indications about the type of vegetation00:06:48
that existed at that time.00:06:51
The use of radioactive methods to00:06:54
determine the absolute age of00:06:56
minerals allows us to better understand the00:06:59
history of the Earth. Although these00:07:03
methods also have limitations.00:07:09
Scientists can use00:07:12
computer models to simulate and analyze the00:07:15
environmental conditions that dominated the00:07:18
Earth at the time of the emergence of00:07:21
life.00:07:22
These models can also be used00:07:25
to test different hypotheses about00:07:28
the processes that led to the00:07:30
emergence of life00:07:33
in computer modeling. A00:07:36
computer uses algorithms and data00:07:38
to create models that simulate the00:07:41
behavior of living beings00:07:43
based on their characteristics and00:07:46
environmental conditions. In00:07:50
addition, these models can take into00:07:53
account factors such as the inclination of00:07:56
the earth, the distance between the Earth and00:07:58
the sun, the levels of greenhouse gases00:08:01
and other elements that00:08:04
affect the climate00:08:05
[Music]00:08:09
scientists can study00:08:12
current life to better understand the00:08:14
environmental conditions that favored00:08:17
the development of life00:08:20
by studying current life forms and00:08:22
the environments in which they thrive00:08:24
we can learn more about the criteria00:08:27
of the ideal life for life and00:08:30
understanding how life has evolved00:08:32
to adapt and survive in certain00:08:35
environments.00:08:38
For example, the study of bacteria00:08:41
that live in extreme environments such as00:08:44
hydrothermal vents can provide00:08:47
information about the00:08:49
environmental conditions that allowed the The emergence00:08:52
of life on Earth00:08:55
can also help us00:08:57
better understand how living beings can be00:09:01
affected by environmental changes and00:09:04
how we can protect them.00:09:10
Questions about the origin of life00:09:13
are of interest to human beings who wish to00:09:16
interpret the world around them and00:09:18
understanding and determining your place in the00:09:22
universe00:09:24
the origin of life is one of the three00:09:27
most important mysteries00:09:30
along with the origin of our universe00:09:33
and the origin of man on earth00:09:37
centuries of research and attempts to00:09:40
solve these problems have given rise00:09:43
to different concepts about the origin00:09:47
of life00:09:48
[Music]00:09:51
the first vestiges of the theory00:09:54
about the spontaneous origin of life00:09:57
originated in Babylon, Egypt and China. It is00:10:00
based on the concept that under the00:10:04
influence of natural factors the living00:10:07
can emerge from the inanimate and the00:10:10
organic can come from the inorganic00:10:14
goes back to the Greek philosophers00:10:16
Empedocles and Aristotle00:10:19
certain particles of matter contain00:10:22
some type of active principle that under00:10:26
certain conditions can create a00:10:29
living organism00:10:31
Aristotle believed that the00:10:34
active principle could be found in a00:10:36
fertilized egg the light of the Sun and decomposing flesh00:10:44
for the Greek philosopher Democritus the00:10:47
beginning of life occurred in00:10:49
humid places such as ponds or00:10:51
swamps for such in water00:10:56
for anaxagoras in the air00:11:00
from the information about00:11:02
animals provided to him by00:11:04
soldiers and traveling merchants of00:11:07
Alexander the Great00:11:08
Aristotle formed an idea of a00:11:11
gradual and continuous development of00:11:13
living beings from inanimate ones and00:11:17
created the idea of the ladder of00:11:20
nature00:11:21
[Music]00:11:22
according to this conception all00:11:25
living and inanimate beings occupy a position00:11:28
specific on a scale of complexity00:11:30
and perfection00:11:33
At the top of this ladder is God00:11:36
followed by the Angels, human beings,00:11:39
animals, plants and finally00:11:43
minerals,00:11:47
each stage of the scale is superior to the00:11:49
previous one in terms of complexity and00:11:53
perfection00:11:55
The Followers of This concept did not00:11:58
doubt the spontaneous generation of00:12:00
frogs, mice and other small animals.00:12:03
The Greek philosopher Plato spoke of the00:12:07
spontaneous generation of living beings00:12:10
from the decaying earth.00:12:14
The idea of spontaneous generation00:12:17
spread in the Middle Ages and the00:12:19
Renaissance when the00:12:22
possibility of spontaneous generation became widespread00:12:24
not only of simple creatures but00:12:28
also of more complex organisms00:12:30
[Music]00:12:32
the Belgian scientist Jean-Baptist van00:12:35
Helmont is best known for his concept00:12:38
of spontaneous generation00:12:41
proposed a recipe for obtaining mice00:12:43
from wheat and dirty clothes00:12:47
Francis Bacon also believed that the00:12:50
decomposition of existing things00:12:52
was considered the starting point for00:12:55
the creation of new things00:13:01
while in the 17th century the ideas00:13:04
of the spontaneous generation of life00:13:06
were supported by Galileo Descartes arbi00:13:11
and Hegel the Naturalist Florentino00:13:13
Francesco Redi carried out a series of00:13:16
experiments with insects to demonstrate00:13:19
that the theory of00:13:21
spontaneous generation was false and that insects did00:13:25
not arise spontaneously from decaying meat.00:13:36
flies00:13:38
do not generate spontaneously in00:13:41
decomposing meat00:13:45
however. Supporters of the00:13:48
spontaneous generation theory did not00:13:51
give up but argued that00:13:54
spontaneous generation of larvae did not00:13:57
occur simply because air did not00:14:00
enter the closed pot.00:14:02
So ready placed meat in several00:14:05
jars, sealing some while00:14:09
others were left open.00:14:12
He observed that the closed jars did not00:14:15
develop larvae while the00:14:17
open jars contained larvae. This00:14:21
showed that the larvae did not come from00:14:24
the meat itself but from the eggs00:14:26
laid by the flies that They had00:14:28
settled on it00:14:31
in the 17th century. The German mathematician and00:14:35
philosopher Light continued to defend00:14:37
the theory of the spontaneous generation of00:14:40
life.00:14:41
He and his followers maintained that there is00:14:45
a special vital force in00:14:47
living organisms.00:14:50
According to this idea, the vital force is a00:14:54
force. active agent responsible for the00:14:56
organization and regulation of00:14:58
vital functions00:14:59
is present everywhere you just need to00:15:04
inspire it and the inanimate comes to00:15:08
life00:15:11
the invention of the microscope opened00:15:14
the world of microorganisms to scientists00:15:17
Observations have shown that in00:15:20
a hermetically closed jar00:15:22
containing meat broth or an infusion00:15:24
of hay microorganisms are detected00:15:28
after a certain time00:15:30
but once this piece of meat is00:15:33
boiled for an hour and the00:15:35
neck is closed nothing appears in the sealed bottle00:15:40
vitalists have suggested that00:15:42
prolonged boiling kills the00:15:45
vital force that cannot enter the sealed bottle00:15:51
with the appearance of the origin of00:15:53
Darwin's species once again raised00:15:56
the question of how life arose on00:15:58
earth.00:16:00
In 1859,00:16:03
the French Academy of Sciences00:16:06
called a competition to try to00:16:08
elucidate a new way the question00:16:11
of spontaneous generation00:16:13
In 1862 he awarded a special prize to the00:16:18
famous French scientist Louis Pasteur00:16:20
for his work in this field00:16:25
Pasteur carried out an experiment that00:16:28
rivaled the famous experiment of00:16:30
the simplicity of ready00:16:33
boiled various nutrient media in a00:16:35
flask in00:16:37
The prolonged boiling00:16:40
in the flask killed not only the00:16:43
microorganisms but also their00:16:46
spores.00:16:48
Aware of the00:16:50
hospitalists' claim that the mythical00:16:52
life force could not enter a00:16:54
sealed flask, Paster placed a tube in the shape00:16:57
of that with At one free end,00:17:00
the spores of the microorganisms were00:17:03
deposited on the surface of the finely00:17:05
curved tube and could not penetrate the00:17:09
nutrient00:17:11
medium. The well-boiled nutrient medium00:17:13
then remained sterile, so00:17:17
spontaneous generation of microorganisms was not observed,00:17:19
although there was access to air00:17:22
and with he to the famous vital force00:17:29
so for the moment it has only been00:17:32
shown that any organism00:17:34
can only arise from another living organism00:17:40
panspermia is a theory according to00:17:43
which life on earth could arise00:17:46
from microorganisms transported00:17:48
by objects such as meteorites or Comets,00:17:52
according to this theory, these microorganisms00:17:55
traveled through space until they reached00:17:58
our planet where they prospered and00:18:01
evolved to become the00:18:03
life we know today.00:18:06
However, this theory does not offer any00:18:10
mechanism to explain the00:18:12
primary origin of life and moves the00:18:14
problem to another place. of the universe,00:18:17
some scientists believed that the00:18:20
atmospheres of the celestial bodies as well00:18:23
as the rotating cosmic nebulae00:18:26
could be considered ancient deposits00:18:29
of animated forms as eternal00:18:32
plantations of organic seeds.00:18:35
From then on, life could00:18:38
dissipate in the form of these germs in00:18:41
the universe00:18:43
[Music ]00:18:45
In 1865, the German doctor Richter proposed00:18:50
the cosmozoic or00:18:52
cosmic germ hypothesis00:18:54
according to which life is eternal and the00:18:57
germs that populate world space00:19:00
can be transferred from one planet to another.00:19:04
This hypothesis has been supported by00:19:08
numerous scientists00:19:09
[Music] At00:19:12
the beginning of this century, the00:19:14
Swedish chemist Osvantearrenius proposed the idea of00:19:18
radio panspermia,00:19:20
describing how particles of matter,00:19:22
dust particles and living spores of00:19:26
microorganisms leave planets00:19:28
inhabited by other creatures in00:19:31
space [Music]00:19:34
Arre news proposed that these organisms00:19:36
could protect themselves from rigors of00:19:39
space through mineral particles in00:19:42
which00:19:45
spores resistant to radiation and00:19:48
extreme temperatures would be trapped.00:19:51
Once on Earth,00:19:53
these spores could awaken and grow00:19:57
under favorable conditions.00:20:01
Another theory00:20:03
known as the concept of00:20:05
physiochemical processes is based on the00:20:08
hypothesis that life on Earth00:20:10
gradually emerged from00:20:12
inorganic substances through00:20:15
long-term non-biological molecular evolution.00:20:20
Several scientists contributed to the00:20:22
development of this theory, including the00:20:25
Russian biochemist Alexander Oparin, who00:20:28
published a book in 1924 entitled The00:20:33
Origin of Life. life in which he proposed the00:20:36
thesis that life arose from00:20:39
simple organic molecules in a00:20:42
primitive environment on Earth. In00:20:46
addition, American scientists00:20:49
Limiller and Harold Uri carried out00:20:53
a famous experiment known00:20:58
as the Milleruri experiment in 1953 in which they00:21:01
demonstrated that Simple organic molecules00:21:03
such as amino acids could be00:21:06
produced from inorganic gases00:21:09
under the effect of electrical discharges,00:21:12
thus simulating the supposed conditions00:21:15
of the primitive Earth00:21:17
[Music]00:21:18
At the beginning of its history the Earth00:21:22
was a hot planet due to its00:21:25
rotation and with the descent progressive temperature,00:21:28
the atoms of heavy elements00:21:31
migrated towards the nucleus while00:21:34
the atoms of light elements00:21:35
hydrogen carbon oxygen nitrogen00:21:40
concentrated in the surface layers,00:21:43
thus constituting the bodies of00:21:46
living organisms00:21:48
[Music]00:21:50
with continued cooling,00:21:53
chemical compounds such as water appear.00:21:56
methane carbon dioxide ammonia00:22:00
hydrogen cyanide as well as00:22:02
molecular hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen00:22:06
the physical-chemical properties of water00:22:09
such as its high dipole moment00:22:11
viscosity and heat capacity and those00:22:15
of carbon such as its difficulty in00:22:17
forming oxides and its ability to00:22:19
reduce and form linear compounds They00:22:22
became the00:22:25
basic components of life.00:22:29
The primary atmosphere of the Earth was00:22:32
different from the current one. It was not00:22:36
oxidizing like the current one, but rather reducing.00:22:40
It was also rich in inert gases, helium,00:22:45
Neon, and argon. This00:22:46
original atmosphere evolved into00:22:50
our current atmosphere, which is00:22:52
composed of other things for 20%00:22:56
oxygen one of the most chemically active gases00:23:03
this concentration of oxygen is a00:23:05
product of the development of life on00:23:07
earth over billions of00:23:09
years of evolution00:23:12
a new drop in temperature00:23:15
caused the transition of a series of00:23:18
gaseous compounds to the00:23:20
liquid and solid states and the formation of the00:23:22
earth's crust00:23:25
when the temperature of the00:23:27
earth's surface fell below00:23:30
100 degrees Celsius the water vapor00:23:33
thickened00:23:34
the long rains with frequent00:23:37
thunderstorms gave rise to the00:23:40
formation of large water deposits00:23:44
the first oceans were formed00:23:49
as a result of volcanic activity00:23:52
a large amount of the hot mass00:23:55
was brought to the surface of the00:23:57
internal layers of the earth including00:24:00
carbides which are compounds of metals00:24:03
with carbon00:24:06
the interaction of the carbides with00:24:08
water caused the creation of00:24:10
hydrocarbons00:24:13
hot rainwater as a good00:24:16
solvent contained dissolved hydrocarbons00:24:20
gases such as ammonia carbon dioxide and00:24:24
hydrocyanic acid as well as salts and other00:24:28
compounds that could intervene in00:24:30
chemical reactions00:24:33
the chemical combination of00:24:35
oxygen atoms atoms of Carbon and00:24:39
nitrogen atoms allowed the reaction of00:24:41
nitrogenous passages, which are organic molecules,00:24:45
so the simplest organic compounds00:24:49
gradually accumulated on the00:24:51
surface of the young planet Earth in00:24:54
large quantities.00:24:57
Estimates indicate that00:24:59
volcanic activity alone could have formed00:25:02
about 1,016 kilograms of molecules.00:25:05
organics on the Earth's surface00:25:09
this is only a few orders of00:25:12
magnitude less than the mass of the00:25:15
current biosphere00:25:18
a spectroscopic study of00:25:21
stellar atmospheres has shown the00:25:23
presence in the so-called00:25:25
cold stars including the sun of a00:25:29
significant fraction of the carbon associated with00:25:32
hydrogen and has thus revealed the formation00:25:35
of the most basic hydrocarbon, methyline,00:25:40
it is possible that along with this00:25:44
organic chemical compound00:25:45
these stars also contain00:25:48
more complex hydrocarbon compounds.00:25:51
It is certain that these compounds are formed00:25:55
biogenically, that is, from00:25:59
non-living matter00:26:00
[Music]00:26:02
Hydrocarbons also exist in00:26:05
parts of the universe where the temperature00:26:07
is close to absolute zero. Without a doubt,00:26:11
methane is present in the atmosphere of00:26:14
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and other00:26:17
planets in large quantities. In00:26:21
addition, the presence of00:26:24
quite complex hydrocarbons has been observed in00:26:27
several meteorites in the Since no00:26:30
trace of living beings has been established,00:26:33
finally, the synthesis of00:26:37
hydrocarbons can be achieved00:26:39
experimentally in the presence of a00:26:41
set of certain00:26:43
physical and chemical conditions such as temperature,00:26:47
pressure, electric field, etc.,00:26:53
as well as the biogenic formation of00:26:56
organic compounds such as00:26:58
hydrocarbons is not only possible but00:27:02
very widespread in the universe.00:27:05
It is quite logical to assume that the earth00:27:08
in the first stages of its existence00:27:11
already had a certain amount of00:27:15
hydrocarbons.00:27:18
The second stage of biogenesis was00:27:22
characterized by the appearance of00:27:23
more organic compounds. complexes00:27:26
including proteins in00:27:30
primary ocean waters00:27:33
due to high temperatures00:27:36
lightning discharges and increased00:27:39
ultraviolet radiation00:27:41
relatively simple molecules of organic compounds00:27:45
interact with other substances to00:27:48
form more complex substances such as00:27:51
carbohydrates fats amino acids00:27:55
proteins and nucleic acids00:27:59
the possibility of such synthesis was00:28:03
demonstrated by the experiments of00:28:05
Alexander Butler who in the mid-19th00:28:08
century obtained carbohydrates00:28:11
from formaldehyde.00:28:14
In addition, in 1953,00:28:18
Stalin Miller and Harold Lurie carried00:28:21
out an experiment at the University of00:28:23
Chicago whose objective was Reproduce the00:28:27
conditions of the primitive earth and00:28:29
try to understand how00:28:31
the first organic compounds could be formed00:28:35
to do so. They created a00:28:38
primitive atmosphere in the laboratory by mixing00:28:41
water with gases such as ammonia, methane,00:28:44
water vapor and hydrogen at a00:28:48
temperature of 70-80 degrees Celsius00:28:50
and a pressure of several atmospheres under00:28:54
the influence of electric discharges00:28:56
with a voltage of 60,000 volts and00:29:00
ultraviolet rays.00:29:03
After a few days,00:29:05
Miller Yuri verified that in their00:29:08
experiment amino acids were produced00:29:10
such as glycine, alanine,00:29:14
aspartic acid and glutamic acid, which are00:29:18
the matter basic protein as well00:29:21
as other organic acids00:29:25
this experiment gave rise to the concept00:29:27
of primordial soup of life which00:29:31
later gained popularity00:29:34
thus the conditions of the00:29:38
earth's primary atmosphere were modeled in00:29:41
which amino acids and00:29:44
later00:29:45
primary proteins could be formed from its00:29:49
polymerization00:29:52
This discovery00:29:54
was considered a key step in00:29:57
understanding the origin of life on00:30:00
Earth,00:30:02
later00:30:04
other experiments in this direction00:30:06
were promising00:30:08
Especially with the use of other00:30:11
proportions of initial gases and types00:30:13
of energy to create more00:30:16
complex molecules from molecules simple00:30:19
through polymerization reactions of00:30:22
proteins lipids nucleic acids and their00:30:26
derivatives00:30:29
later scientists demonstrated the00:30:32
possibility of synthesizing other00:30:34
complex biochemical compounds in00:30:36
laboratory conditions00:30:38
including protein molecules such as00:30:42
insulin with nucleotide nitrogenous bases00:30:46
thus laboratory experiments have00:30:50
confirmed the possibility of formation00:30:52
of protein molecules in the absence of00:30:55
life, which is especially important00:31:01
from a certain stage of the00:31:04
evolutionary chemical process on Earth,00:31:06
oxygen began to play an active role, it00:31:12
could accumulate in the00:31:13
Earth's atmosphere as a result of the00:31:15
decomposition of water and00:31:18
water vapor under the action of00:31:20
ultraviolet radiation from the sun00:31:23
the transformation of the00:31:25
reduced atmosphere of the primary earth into an00:31:28
oxidized atmosphere took at least between one00:31:31
thousand and 1.2 billion years00:31:35
[Music]00:31:36
as oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere00:31:39
the reduced compounds began to00:31:42
thus oxidized during the oxidation of00:31:46
methane, methyl alcohol,00:31:49
formaldehyde, formic acid, etc. were formed. The00:31:54
resulting compounds were not destroyed00:31:56
due to their volatility00:31:59
when leaving the upper layers of the00:32:02
Earth's crust, these compounds00:32:04
were transported to a00:32:06
cold and humid atmosphere that protected them from the00:32:09
destruction,00:32:12
these substances, along with rain,00:32:16
fell into the seas, oceans and other hydrographic basins.00:32:23
As these compounds00:32:25
accumulated in these environments, they00:32:28
reacted again to form00:32:30
more complex substances such as00:32:33
amino acids.00:32:35
For certain solutes00:32:37
to interact with each other, a concentration is necessary.00:32:41
enough of them In the00:32:43
solution It00:32:45
is also important that00:32:48
more complex organic compounds are more00:32:51
resistant to the harmful effects of00:32:54
ultraviolet radiation than00:32:56
simple compounds00:32:59
an analysis of possible estimates00:33:02
of the amount of organic matter that00:33:05
accumulated inorganically on the00:33:08
early earth It is impressive, according to some00:33:12
calculations, several kilograms00:33:15
of organic compounds were formed in each00:33:17
square centimeter of the00:33:19
Earth's surface over a billion00:33:23
years.00:33:25
If all of them were dissolved in the00:33:28
planet's oceans, the concentration of00:33:31
the solution would be approximately00:33:34
1%.00:33:36
It is a fairly concentrated broth00:33:40
in such a broth the process of formation00:33:44
of more complex organic molecules00:33:48
could be developed successfully00:33:52
[Music]00:33:54
so the waters of the primary ocean00:33:57
were gradually saturated with a00:34:01
variety of organic substances00:34:03
forming a primordial soup,00:34:07
it should be noted that the activity of00:34:09
underground volcanoes greatly contributed00:34:12
to the saturation of said organic soup00:34:17
the concentration of organic substances00:34:20
increased in the waters of the00:34:22
primitive ocean they mixed interacted and00:34:26
combined into small structures00:34:29
separated from the solution00:34:32
such structures can be00:34:35
easily obtained artificially by mixing00:34:37
solutions of different proteins such as00:34:41
gelatin and albumin,00:34:45
the Russian scientist Alexander Oparin00:34:48
called the organic structures00:34:50
isolated in solution coacervates00:34:54
due to the interaction of00:34:56
opposite electrical charges, an00:35:00
aggregation of colloidal organic molecules00:35:01
in suspension occurs that00:35:05
spontaneously meet in aqueous solution to00:35:07
form high-density spherical structures00:35:12
studies have shown that00:35:16
coacervates00:35:17
have a fairly00:35:20
complex organization and have a series of00:35:23
properties that make them similar to the00:35:26
simplest living systems,00:35:29
for example, they are capable of absorbing00:35:32
various substances from the environment that00:35:34
interact with the compounds of their00:35:37
own. drop and increase in size00:35:41
these processes resemble to a certain00:35:44
extent the primary form of00:35:47
assimilation00:35:51
at the same time00:35:52
in the coacervates00:35:56
decomposition processes and release00:35:58
of dissociation products can occur00:36:01
the relationship between these processes in00:36:04
different coacervates is not the same00:36:08
thus they are distinguished00:36:11
more stable dynamically separated structures00:36:14
with a predominance of synthetic activity.00:36:17
However, all this still does not allow us to00:36:21
attribute the coacervates to00:36:24
living systems since they do not have the capacity to00:36:27
self-reproduce and self-regulate the00:36:31
synthesis of organic substances. The00:36:34
membranes could arise during the00:36:37
formation of the coacervates which00:36:40
could explain then how00:36:44
biological membranes arose00:36:47
the formation of a00:36:50
membrane structure is considered the most00:36:52
difficult step in the chemical evolution of00:36:54
life00:36:55
a real living being in the form of even the00:37:00
most primitive cell could not take00:37:03
shape before the appearance of a00:37:06
membrane structure00:37:08
biological membranes are aggregates00:37:11
of proteins and lipids capable of00:37:14
separating substances from the environment and00:37:17
enhancing the confinement of molecules00:37:22
the increase in the concentration of00:37:24
organic substances in the coacervates00:37:27
increases the possibility of interaction00:37:29
between molecules and consequently the00:37:33
complexation of organic compounds00:37:37
in addition to coacervates, the primordial soup00:37:41
accumulates polynucleotides, polypeptides and00:37:45
various catalysts without which00:37:48
the formation of the capacity00:37:50
for self-reproduction and metabolism is impossible.00:37:54
The catalysts could also be00:37:57
inorganic substances. For example, the00:38:01
British scientist John Bernal proposed00:38:04
in his day to the hypothesis that the00:38:06
most favorable conditions for the00:38:09
appearance of life occurred in00:38:12
small, calm and warm lagoons with a large00:38:15
amount of silt and turbidity of clay00:38:19
in such an environment the polymerization of00:38:23
amino acids occurs very00:38:26
quickly00:38:27
without the need for heating because00:38:30
the Mud particles act as00:38:33
catalysts.00:38:36
The main problem of the theory of the00:38:39
origin of life is to explain the00:38:42
appearance of the synthesis of structural proteins.00:38:47
Life did not arise when00:38:49
very complex organic compounds such as00:38:52
DNA molecules were formed, but when00:38:56
the mechanism began to work. of replication00:38:59
Therefore the completion of the00:39:03
biogenesis process is associated with the appearance in00:39:06
more resistant coacervates of the00:39:09
self-reproduction capacity of the00:39:12
constituent parts00:39:13
with the transition to the synthesis of00:39:16
structural proteins00:39:18
characteristic of living organisms00:39:23
during the previous logical selection these00:39:28
coacervates had the greatest00:39:30
chances of survival since the00:39:33
capacity for metabolism was combined00:39:36
with the capacity for self-reproduction00:39:39
[Music]00:39:41
the transition to the synthesis of00:39:43
structural proteins was the greatest00:39:46
qualitative leap in the evolution of00:39:48
matter,00:39:50
however the mechanism of this00:39:53
transition is still not clear.00:39:56
The main difficulty is that00:39:59
enzymatic proteins are needed to00:40:02
duplicate nucleic acids and these00:40:05
to create proteins.00:40:08
How this closed chain is broken.00:40:12
In other words, it is necessary to explain00:40:15
how during prebiological selection00:40:19
the self-replication capacities of00:40:22
polynucleotides are combined with the00:40:25
catalytic activity of polypeptides00:40:28
under conditions of00:40:30
spatio-temporal separation of the00:40:33
initial and final reaction products,00:40:37
there are several hypotheses on this topic.00:40:40
But all of them are somewhat incomplete00:40:44
at present, however the00:40:48
most promising hypotheses are based on00:40:50
the principles of the theory of00:40:52
self-organization and synergy. and in the00:40:55
concept of hyperspaces,00:40:57
that is, systems that join together self-00:41:01
replicating or00:41:03
autocatalytic units through cyclic unions00:41:07
[Music]00:41:09
in such systems the product of the00:41:12
reaction is also its catalyst or00:41:15
initial reactant,00:41:16
as a result, the phenomenon of00:41:20
self-reproduction appears that initially00:41:23
could not be at all an exact copy00:41:26
of the original organic formation00:41:30
the very existence of viruses and phages00:41:33
that are apparently fragments of00:41:35
previous evolutionary forms00:41:38
testifies to the difficulties of formation00:41:41
of self-reproduction00:41:45
Subsequently00:41:46
the prebiological selection of00:41:49
coacervates apparently proceeded in00:41:52
several directions00:41:54
first of all in the direction of00:41:57
developing the ability to accumulate00:41:59
special protein-like polymers00:42:04
responsible for accelerating chemical reactions00:42:08
as a result the structure of00:42:12
nucleic acids has evolved towards00:42:14
the predominant multiplication of00:42:16
systems in which the duplication of00:42:19
nucleic acids has been achieved with00:42:21
the participation of enzymes00:42:25
in this way a00:42:28
cyclic metabolism characteristic of living beings is established00:42:34
secondly in the00:42:36
coacervate system. The selection00:42:39
of the nucleic acids themselves has occurred00:42:42
based on the most appropriate combination00:42:44
of the nucleotide sequence00:42:48
as a result the genes,00:42:52
self-replicating systems with an00:42:55
established stable sequence of00:42:57
nucleotides in DNA can now be00:42:59
called living systems00:43:03
[Music]00:43:05
There are still many uncertainties00:43:08
about the question of the origin of life,00:43:11
its definitive solution still seems distant,00:43:16
for example, it is not known why all00:43:19
compounds proteins that form00:43:22
living matter only have left-handed symmetry00:43:25
And what mechanisms of00:43:28
prebiological evolution could lead to this00:43:32
[Music]00:43:34
If we observe the main00:43:36
characteristics of the development of the00:43:39
earth, it is clear that the path of its00:43:41
evolution was decisively00:43:44
determined both by the position of the00:43:47
Earth in the solar system as well as by the00:43:50
Sun's luminosity and by its mass and00:43:52
chemical composition.00:43:54
If our Sun were a type of00:43:58
variable star, the Earth would00:44:00
experience extreme temperature fluctuations00:44:04
oscillating between00:44:06
unbearably hot and cold temperatures00:44:10
if the Sun's mass were00:44:11
significantly greater. then it would have00:44:15
exploded tens or hundreds of00:44:17
millions of years after its formation and00:44:21
would have become a00:44:23
neutron star or even a black hole00:44:29
the fact that the sun is a00:44:31
quiet star with an average stellar mass00:44:34
belonging to dwarf stars of00:44:37
the G2 spectral class is a00:44:40
determining factor for the appearance and00:44:42
evolution of life on a planet like00:44:45
ours. It00:44:47
is also a stable star that00:44:50
changes its brightness slightly over00:44:52
several billion years.00:44:56
This last characteristic is00:44:58
especially important because In the00:45:02
last 4,000 million years it has00:45:05
allowed life on Earth00:45:06
to travel a long evolutionary path from00:45:09
the birth of simple and00:45:12
primitive life to its most complex forms. The00:45:18
distance from the Earth to the sun has00:45:21
proven to be optimal since If00:45:23
they were more Nearby the heat on the00:45:26
Earth would be excessive which could00:45:28
cause an irreversible greenhouse effect00:45:33
like on Venus And if the distance were00:45:36
greater the Earth would freeze and could00:45:40
suffer A stable glaciation00:45:43
becoming a planet00:45:45
covered in ice00:45:47
[Music]00:45:50
Another important consideration is that the00:45:53
Earth has a massive satellite like the00:45:55
moon00:45:56
according to a study the presence of the moon00:46:00
in a near-earth orbit has00:46:02
greatly accelerated the00:46:04
tectonic development of the Earth00:46:07
if our planet had not had a00:46:10
massive satellite it would probably have00:46:13
rotated slowly in the opposite direction00:46:16
as Venus delaying its00:46:19
tectonic development between 2,500 and 3,000 million00:46:24
years.00:46:26
In this scenario, the Earth would have00:46:29
conditions similar to those of the00:46:31
Late Archaic, that is, with a dense atmosphere00:46:36
of carbon dioxide and high00:46:38
temperatures. And instead of00:46:41
highly organized life, the Earth would be00:46:44
inhabited only by primitive bacteria or00:46:47
single-celled prokaryotes.00:46:52
When observing the close interaction of00:46:54
the Earth with the sun and the moon, one is00:46:58
amazed at the optimality and00:47:00
balance of this system that has been00:47:03
so successful in creating00:47:06
very comfortable conditions on our planet00:47:09
for the emergence and00:47:12
development of highly structured organisms00:47:18
the earth is capable of containing a00:47:21
moderately dense atmosphere on its00:47:23
surface as well as an00:47:25
exceptionally perfect chemical composition00:47:28
in fact even00:47:31
relatively small deviations from the00:47:33
initial concentrations in the00:47:36
earth's matter of elements and compounds such as00:47:38
iron CO2 H2O n2 etc. could have00:47:44
irreversible and00:47:47
catastrophic consequences for life00:47:51
in particular. If there were less water in the00:47:54
primary matter of the earth,00:47:57
carbon dioxide would be absorbed with less00:47:59
intensity and would begin to accumulate in00:48:02
the earth's atmosphere,00:48:04
and even in the archaic period it could00:48:08
have produced an Irreversible greenhouse effect00:48:11
and our earth would have00:48:14
become a hot planet like00:48:17
Venus00:48:19
And if there had been much more water or00:48:22
less free iron the earth would have00:48:25
become an oceanic planet00:48:28
[Music]00:48:30
also if there had been less nitrogen00:48:33
on the earth the planet could have00:48:36
been completely snow covered and00:48:39
very cold in the early Proterozoic00:48:42
however with more free iron in the00:48:46
primary terrestrial material of the00:48:48
modern atmosphere as in the00:48:50
Proterozoic free oxygen could not00:48:53
have accumulated and consequently the00:48:57
animal kingdom could not have emerged on00:49:00
the earth00:49:02
[Music]00:49:03
on the contrary, if the00:49:06
initial concentration of iron had been lower,00:49:09
this would have caused an abundant00:49:12
release of endogenous oxygen already at00:49:15
that time or even earlier,00:49:17
causing all life on earth00:49:20
to burn in such an atmosphere in00:49:24
addition to the The oxygen degassing process00:49:28
would have caused a strong00:49:30
greenhouse effect after which the00:49:33
Earth would also have become00:49:36
a hot planet like Venus,00:49:42
no one knows exactly When00:49:46
the first living cell appeared00:49:49
the age of the first vestiges00:49:51
of life is about 3,500 million years ago. years are00:49:56
remains of bacteria00:49:59
found in some deposits of the00:50:02
Earth's crust00:50:04
Therefore the age of life on our00:50:07
planet is about 3.5 billion00:50:11
years,00:50:13
the oldest period of development of00:50:16
life The Precambrian is incredibly00:50:19
long00:50:21
4 billion years years00:50:25
we have already talked about the conditions in00:50:27
which the first living organisms lived.00:50:31
Their food was organic matter00:50:34
from the primordial soup of the00:50:37
surrounding ocean.00:50:39
However, little by little over00:50:43
millions of years this environment became00:50:45
impoverished in organic matter and00:50:48
finally The supply of nutrients was00:50:51
exhausted.00:50:53
The first inhabitants of our00:50:56
planet were heterotrophic beings that00:50:59
fed on organic substances00:51:01
dissolved in the primordial ocean.00:51:04
Later, the gradual development of00:51:08
primary living organisms provided the00:51:10
opportunity to make a great leap00:51:12
forward, including the appearance of00:51:15
autotrophic beings. that use00:51:17
solar energy to synthesize00:51:20
organic compounds from the00:51:23
simplest inorganic compounds00:51:26
of course such a complex compound00:51:29
as chlorophyll did not arise00:51:31
immediately00:51:33
at first simpler pigments appeared00:51:36
that mainly contributed to00:51:40
the absorption of organic substances00:51:45
little by little in the ocean Primordial00:51:48
the organic substances that had00:51:51
accumulated biogenically began to be00:51:54
depleted00:51:56
the appearance of autotrophic organisms,00:51:59
mainly green plants,00:52:02
guaranteed the continued synthesis of00:52:05
organic substances and consequently00:52:08
the existence and further development00:52:11
of life00:52:12
[Music]00:52:14
the development of life was at hand. about00:52:17
to stop00:52:19
but evolution managed to find a00:52:22
way out the first organisms that00:52:25
appeared bacteria were able00:52:29
to transform inorganic substances into00:52:32
organic substances with the help of sunlight00:52:38
[Music]00:52:39
all living beings need00:52:42
hydrogen in particular to form their00:52:45
organisms00:52:46
green plants They obtain it00:52:49
by breaking down the water molecule and00:52:52
releasing oxygen00:52:54
but the bacteria were not yet able00:52:57
to do it. They could not break down the00:53:01
water because it is not so easy to separate the00:53:04
bond between the hydrogen and00:53:07
oxygen atoms but they managed to break down the00:53:10
hydrogen sulfide which is much more00:53:14
easy00:53:15
in this case what is released is not00:53:18
oxygen but sulfur00:53:21
so a layer of sulfur can be found00:53:24
on the surface of some00:53:27
swamps but the amount of00:53:30
hydrogen sulfide on earth was quite00:53:32
limited a new crisis occurred in00:53:37
the development of the life00:53:39
[Music]00:53:41
the blue-green algae found a00:53:44
way out00:53:45
they learned to break down the00:53:48
water molecule, a process that is seven times more00:53:52
difficult than breaking down hydrogen00:53:54
sulfide00:53:55
It could be said that these algae have00:53:58
achieved a true feat00:54:01
This happened00:54:05
2.3 billion years ago00:54:07
[ Music]00:54:09
from Then, as a by-product,00:54:12
oxygen began to be released into the00:54:16
atmosphere, which would constitute a serious00:54:20
threat to life at that time.00:54:24
As a result, a00:54:27
new spontaneous generation of life on00:54:30
Earth became impossible, in fact the00:54:33
oxygen content reached 1 % of its current level00:54:37
and living organisms faced00:54:40
a new problem00:54:42
How to deal with the increasing00:54:45
amount of this aggressive substance00:54:50
once again evolution managed to00:54:53
overcome this difficult challenge thus00:54:57
the first00:55:00
organism00:55:02
that inhaled oxygen appeared on earth00:55:07
until now the Living organisms lived00:55:10
in the ocean,00:55:12
hiding in the water column from00:55:14
the sun's ultraviolet rays, which are00:55:16
harmful to all living beings.00:55:20
Now, thanks to oxygen,00:55:25
an ozone layer has appeared in the upper atmosphere00:55:27
that attenuates radiation.00:55:30
Under the protection of ozone, life00:55:34
was able to settle on the00:55:37
earth's surface00:55:40
in the Precambrian, nature made00:55:43
a series of notable inventions,00:55:46
cells received a nucleus at more or00:55:51
less the same time,00:55:53
sexual reproduction appeared, which00:55:56
greatly accelerated the pace of evolution.00:56:02
The first multicellular creatures appeared00:56:06
at the end of the Precambrian. seas00:56:09
were inhabited by a wide variety00:56:12
of animals00:56:13
jellyfish flatworms sponges and00:56:18
polyps00:56:20
all were soft-bodied and lacked00:56:23
a skeleton00:56:25
the appearance of a shell frame in00:56:28
animals00:56:29
marked the beginning of a new geological era00:56:35
once life arose and began to00:56:39
develop At an accelerated rate,00:56:42
the development of primary protobionts00:56:45
into aerobic forms took about 3,00000:56:48
million years, while00:56:51
about 500 million years elapsed00:56:53
since the appearance of terrestrial plants and animals,00:56:56
birds and mammals00:57:00
evolved from the first00:57:02
terrestrial vertebrates in 100 million00:57:05
years,00:57:06
primates evolved in 12 to 1500:57:10
million years and it took about00:57:14
three million years for the formation00:57:17
of modern humans.00:57:22
The most important factor to guarantee00:57:25
the existence of life on Earth is00:57:28
above all the process of degassing00:57:32
of the planet00:57:33
that was the origin of the oceans and the00:57:37
dense atmosphere00:57:38
without this process life as we00:57:42
know it would not have been possible on00:57:45
earth00:57:47
the degassing of the earth that00:57:50
began during the archaic period00:57:53
led to the formation of a00:57:56
relatively dense atmosphere of00:57:59
carbon dioxide and nitrogen00:58:01
at this time, volcanoes appeared,00:58:05
magmatic rocks and the first00:58:08
shallow marine basins that00:58:11
merged into a00:58:14
single but still shallow ocean00:58:19
during the Archean thanks to a high00:58:22
atmospheric pressure between 0.5 and 1 ,100:58:25
atmospheres the average temperatures of00:58:28
the ocean waters as well as the00:58:31
superficial layers of the troposphere00:58:34
reached between 30 and 50 degrees00:58:37
Celsius00:58:39
the carbon dioxide composition of00:58:42
the atmosphere has also caused an00:58:44
acidification of the ocean waters with00:58:48
a pH between 6 ,3 and 7,700:58:55
Although the first stage in the development00:58:57
of terrestrial life is not yet00:59:00
completely clear, stromatolites date back to00:59:04
between 3,600 and 3,500 million00:59:08
years ago,00:59:09
for example, the stromatolites of the00:59:12
Barbeton belt in eastern00:59:15
South Africa have a composition silicon00:59:18
and form thin, short layers between the00:59:21
chert beds of the volcanic rocks00:59:24
of the greenstone belt.00:59:28
In the middle of the Archean, terrestrial life00:59:31
was already characterized by a00:59:34
somewhat greater diversity and probably by The00:59:38
total dominance of thermophilic prokaryotic forms,00:59:40
mainly00:59:44
chalcophilous archaea. and siderophiles,00:59:47
most likely these primitive life forms00:59:50
then fed on00:59:53
chemogenic reactions, that is,00:59:56
chemical reactions that produce heat00:59:59
of the type currently used by01:00:02
thermophilic bacteria in the01:00:05
hot hydrotherms of the01:00:07
mid-ocean ridges, as well as other01:00:10
anaerobic chemogenic reactions,01:00:15
given that The concentration of01:00:18
free iron was low in the Archean convective mantle01:00:20
above the zones of01:00:23
differentiation of the terrestrial material.01:00:27
Oxygen was probably present in01:00:29
small quantities in the Archean atmosphere.01:00:34
Over time, oxygen was released01:00:37
through photodissociation of the Archean.01:00:39
water vapor due to the strong solar radiation and01:00:42
the vital activity of cyanobacteria01:00:45
that had already appeared at this time01:00:48
since stromatolites are found in the archaic period.01:00:57
In the middle of the archaic period about 3.101:01:01
billion years ago, the mass of water in the01:01:04
terrestrial hydrosphere increased in such a way01:01:06
that the different marine basins01:01:09
began to merge with each other into a01:01:13
single global ocean.01:01:15
The ocean surface then covered01:01:18
the crests of the mid-ocean ridges.01:01:21
As a consequence, the01:01:25
hydration processes of the oceanic crust01:01:27
became somewhat more active.01:01:30
This caused an increase in the contribution01:01:33
of calcium carbonates to the oceanic crust01:01:38
this led to a notable increase in01:01:41
carbonate deposits at the end of the01:01:44
Archean such as the marbles and01:01:47
calcifications of eastern Russia as well01:01:50
as the deposits of stromatolites in01:01:53
the grinston belts Although their01:01:56
participation in the01:01:58
volcanogenic formations of these belts01:02:01
remained insignificant.01:02:05
The second radical geological and biological stage01:02:07
was associated with the separation01:02:10
of the earth's core and a sharp01:02:14
decrease in terrestrial tectonic activity01:02:16
in the change from the archaic to the01:02:19
proterozoic about 2,500 million01:02:24
years ago,01:02:26
because then when it appeared01:02:29
first time the serpentinite layer in01:02:32
the oceanic crust, which is the main01:02:35
deposit of bound water in the01:02:38
Earth's crust and is constantly renewed,01:02:42
the hydration of ultrabasic rocks01:02:45
is accompanied by the absorption of01:02:48
carbon dioxide and its fixation in carbonates.01:02:52
This should explain the01:02:54
relatively rapid removal of01:02:57
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the decrease in01:03:00
total atmospheric pressure of01:03:03
approximately 6 atmospheres One atmosphere01:03:06
and average temperatures of 5001:03:09
degrees Celsius approximately 7 in01:03:13
the early Proterozoic01:03:17
this abrupt cooling of the climate01:03:19
caused the appearance about 2,500 ago01:03:22
million years01:03:24
of the first ice age in the01:03:27
history of the Earth,01:03:29
however it must be taken into account that01:03:32
during the late Archaic and01:03:34
early Proterozoic a large amount01:03:37
of raw material containing a high01:03:40
concentration of metallic iron01:03:43
ascended to the mantle of the Earth. Earth from the01:03:46
central core01:03:48
as a consequence the mass of iron01:03:52
supplied to the oceans through01:03:54
the rift zones of the earth01:03:56
far exceeded the possibility of01:03:58
oxygen formation in the biosphere therefore it01:04:02
follows that in the atmosphere of the01:04:05
early Proterozoic there was very01:04:08
little oxygen probably no more than01:04:13
0.001% of the current level and even less01:04:17
during the mass deposition of01:04:19
jaspirites but unlike the01:04:22
archaic atmosphere it already contained only a01:04:26
few millibars of carbon dioxide01:04:30
this suggests that it was during the time of01:04:33
mass deposition of01:04:35
iron ore formations when iron-01:04:38
forming bacteria probably also appeared01:04:41
that consumed oxygen through01:04:44
the reduction of iron in the magnetic phase.01:04:49
It is possible that the lack of oxygen01:04:51
also activated symbiotic processes in01:04:54
the life of the simplest bacteria,01:04:57
giving rise to the formation of01:05:00
mitochondria and cell nuclei that01:05:04
later formed the basis for the01:05:07
emergence of eukaryotic life forms.01:05:11
For example, the Earth's atmosphere at the01:05:14
beginning of the Proterozoic period between01:05:17
2,500 and 2,000 million years ago01:05:20
was composed mainly of01:05:23
nitrogen with small amounts of nitrogen01:05:26
vapor. water, argon and carbon dioxide,01:05:30
such drastic changes in the01:05:33
habitat conditions could only affect the01:05:36
biota of that time.01:05:39
The community of thermophilic prokaryotes01:05:42
had to give way to more bacteria and01:05:45
microalgae.01:05:46
These events were associated with another01:05:49
revolutionary change in the biota of the01:05:52
oceans01:05:53
in the early early Proterozoic01:05:56
photosynthetic microorganisms01:06:00
blue-green algae01:06:02
were widespread and a01:06:06
sharp increase in the abundance of01:06:09
stromatolites occurred in geological history01:06:12
corresponding to the era of01:06:14
mass iron ore formations01:06:20
in the early early Proterozoic01:06:23
After the appearance of the01:06:26
serpentinite layer of the oceanic crust, the01:06:29
concentration of carbon dioxide in01:06:32
the atmosphere decreased sharply, which01:06:35
gave rise to the formation of enormous01:06:37
masses of calcium and magnesium carbonate.01:06:41
This should have led to the01:06:44
formation of the most powerful01:06:47
chemogenic and organogenic dolomites,01:06:52
in fact at this time01:06:55
carbonate strata from 500 to 170001:06:59
meters thick were deposited from the Wallen01:07:02
Michigan series in North America and the01:07:04
Transvaal series in South Africa with01:07:07
associated stromatolites01:07:11
during the middle Proterozoic, that is,01:07:14
after the end of La era of01:07:16
massive deposition of iron ore formations01:07:19
between 2000 and 1800 million01:07:22
years ago there was a certain increase in the01:07:25
partial pressure of oxygen in the01:07:28
Earth's atmosphere01:07:30
as a consequence many species of01:07:33
unicellular bacteria and algae01:07:36
developed rapidly and01:07:39
the first organisms probably appeared01:07:41
eukaryotic unicellular organisms formed most01:07:45
likely01:07:47
as a result of the endosymbiosis of01:07:50
prokaryotic bacteria01:07:53
[Music]01:07:54
the metabolism of01:07:57
eukaryotic microorganisms was already associated with the01:08:00
absorption of small amounts of01:08:02
oxygen, so they could only01:08:05
spread widely when the01:08:07
partial pressure of this gas in the atmosphere01:08:10
terrestrial increased to a certain01:08:13
level;01:08:14
therefore, in the change from the01:08:17
middle Proterozoic to the01:08:19
late Proterozoic, the new and profound01:08:22
restructuring of the01:08:24
tropical structure of the ocean began, associated with the rapid01:08:28
propagation of eukaryotic organisms01:08:31
and phytoplankton.01:08:35
It is possible that in the middle Proterozoic01:08:38
the earth was also colonized01:08:41
by a Bacterial Flora which in01:08:45
particular can be evidenced by the01:08:48
red weathered crusts that01:08:51
appeared for the first time at this01:08:53
time [Music]01:08:55
in this regard that the fixation of01:08:58
nitrogen in the Organic matter of01:09:00
these bacteria and the subsequent01:09:03
The burial of01:09:04
nitrogenous compounds in the sedimentary layers01:09:08
must have caused a01:09:11
gradual decrease in the total pressure of the01:09:14
Earth's atmosphere.01:09:17
The consequence of this decrease in01:09:20
atmospheric pressure was the01:09:22
gradual cooling of the climate at the end01:09:25
of the Proterozoic01:09:27
as a result and also due to the01:09:31
drift of part of the continents01:09:33
gondwanaland and laurasia towards01:09:36
high latitudes a new ice age was observed01:09:39
at the beginning of the middle Paleozoic01:09:44
the transition of the atmosphere in the01:09:47
Archean to Proterozoic change from a01:09:52
chemically active to a neutral carbon dioxide composition01:09:54
should have affected by assumption to the01:09:58
organization of terrestrial life01:10:01
Apparently the appearance in the01:10:04
Proterozoic of fundamentally01:10:07
new forms of unicellular eukaryotic organisms01:10:09
and algae containing a01:10:12
nucleus and other clearly isolated organs01:10:15
should be associated with this,01:10:20
this demonstrates that the second great01:10:23
tectonic or geochemical limit of the01:10:25
Precambrian Also known as the01:10:28
goe limit or great oxidation event,01:10:31
it occurred about 2.4 billion01:10:35
years ago when the01:10:37
oxygen concentration of the Earth's atmosphere01:10:39
increased significantly after the01:10:42
onset of oxygenic photosynthesis01:10:45
radically changed the entire geodynamics01:10:48
of the Earth and predetermined the appearance01:10:51
of forms more perfect eukaryotes01:10:58
this event together with the01:11:01
subsequent development of01:11:03
biomineralization and the increase in01:11:05
biological productivity caused01:11:08
significant changes in the nature of01:11:11
sedimentogenesis01:11:13
some scientists point out that at the01:11:16
height of the stromatolites at the01:11:18
beginning of the Proterozoic between01:11:21
2,300 and 2,600 years ago million years occurred01:11:26
A significant increase in the01:11:28
proportion of heavy01:11:30
carbon isotopes in carbonates01:11:34
believe that the main driver of this01:11:37
increase may be due to the unique01:11:39
expansion of01:11:42
cyanobacterial ecosystems recorded in the record01:11:44
of stromatolites01:11:46
However, the The01:11:50
reason for such a flourishing of01:11:52
bioproductivity was observed01:11:54
precisely during the period of01:11:57
mass deposition of01:11:59
iron ore formations when the01:12:02
partial pressure of oxygen should have been01:12:05
minimal throughout the history of the01:12:07
development of life on Earth.01:12:12
This is It is probably due to the fact01:12:15
that the Astian bacteria can live and01:12:18
grow extraordinarily well in a01:12:21
completely oxygen-free environment,01:12:25
but in the Early Proterozoic,01:12:27
parallel to the removal of01:12:30
iron oxides from the Rift Zones,01:12:32
abundant methane was also produced01:12:37
at the same time. Despite the01:12:40
rather low pressure of carbon dioxide in01:12:42
the atmosphere of the Early Proterozoic,01:12:45
its degassing from the mantle was01:12:48
about three times higher than today. It01:12:52
follows that during the01:12:54
deposition of the iron ore formations01:12:56
of the Early Proterozoic, the01:13:00
production rate of biogenic methane01:13:02
was also at least three times higher01:13:06
than today and according to01:13:09
scientific estimates it would have reached up to 1001:13:13
million tons per year01:13:16
in the oxygen-free environment of the01:13:19
lower Proterozoic.01:13:20
This methane was not oxidized but was01:13:24
consumed almost entirely by the01:13:27
nutrition of methane-consuming bacteria,01:13:29
which probably determines the01:13:33
development of stromatolites.01:13:35
On the other hand, due to the01:13:38
isotopic fractionation of carbon in the01:13:41
exchange reactions of carbon dioxide01:13:44
with methane, there is always an01:13:47
enrichment of methane in the01:13:50
light isotope of carbon and the01:13:53
remaining carbon dioxide that is transformed into01:13:55
carbonates becomes isotopically heavier.01:14:02
This is the reason for the decrease in the01:14:07
organic carbon isotope ratio during the deposition of01:14:12
late Archean and01:14:16
later Early Proterozoic iron ore formations after The end of the era of01:14:19
iron ore accumulation and the01:14:22
consequent increase in the01:14:23
partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere01:14:27
most of the methane began to be01:14:30
oxidized by it and the light carbon of the01:14:33
methane began to return to its carbonate deposit01:14:38
as result the role of the01:14:41
exchange reaction of carbon dioxide with01:14:44
methane decreased significantly01:14:46
in the middle Proterozoic which led01:14:50
to the disappearance of the01:14:53
positive carbon isotope anomaly01:14:57
[Music]01:14:58
the total biomass of01:15:01
oxygen-generating phytoplankton in the ocean comes01:15:03
determined by the amount of01:15:05
phosphorus compounds dissolved in its01:15:08
waters, but its concentration in01:15:11
oceanic waters has always remained in01:15:13
equilibrium with the highest levels of the01:15:15
oceanic crust and is close to the01:15:18
current concentration.01:15:20
It follows that the mass of01:15:23
oceanic phytoplankton has increased.01:15:25
over time Approximately in01:15:28
proportion to the increase in the mass of water01:15:30
in the ocean01:15:33
in the absence of the process of01:15:35
oxygen association in the rocks, its accumulation in01:15:39
the Earth's atmosphere would follow the same01:15:42
pattern01:15:46
given the evolution of life in the01:15:48
history of the earth it is important01:15:51
to consider a circumstance that01:15:54
had not been taken into account previously,01:15:57
the presence in the Precambrian mantle of01:16:00
free iron01:16:01
[Music]01:16:03
together with the mantle material, this01:16:06
iron penetrated the Rift zones of01:16:08
the mid-oceanic ridges where it was01:16:11
oxidized upon entering in contact with water01:16:13
until it became a01:16:16
soluble tivalent hydroxide, probably in the form01:16:20
of bicarbonate, which was01:16:23
subsequently transported to the ocean,01:16:26
but as is well known,01:16:31
ambivalent iron hydroxide is an active01:16:33
oxygen scavenger,01:16:37
this suggests that most of the01:16:39
oxygen produced by the01:16:41
Precambrian phytoplankton was rapidly spent in the01:16:44
oxidation of adivalent iron hydroxide01:16:46
to the trivalent state, for01:16:49
example in the form of a droplet.01:16:53
This should explain not only the01:16:55
formation of the01:16:57
most powerful iron deposits of the Preambrian, but also01:17:00
the very low partial pressure of oxygen01:17:03
in the atmosphere of the Precambrian. Precambrian during01:17:06
the process of chemical differentiation of01:17:09
density, iron accompanied by its01:17:13
oxides gradually moved from the01:17:15
mantle to the core of the Earth but did not01:17:18
completely disappear from the mantle01:17:21
until the Proterozoic01:17:24
Alphanerozoic change after the01:17:27
complete transition of metallic iron from the mantle01:17:29
to the core ago. About 600 million years ago,01:17:33
the main consumer of01:17:36
oxygen on Earth disappeared and this vital gas01:17:39
began to accumulate rapidly in the01:17:43
atmosphere.01:17:44
In addition, the process of decomposition of01:17:47
organic waste after the death of01:17:50
the organisms themselves is a powerful01:17:52
mechanism for capturing oxygen.01:17:56
demonstrates that only the burial01:17:58
of organic carbon in sediments in01:18:01
the form of hydrocarbons or coals01:18:03
leads to the accumulation of oxygen in01:18:06
the atmosphere01:18:07
in the Proterozoic and the01:18:10
Lower Paleozoic, there was still no01:18:12
terrestrial vegetation so there was no accumulation01:18:16
of Carbon until the middle of the Paleozoic01:18:19
but The conservation of hydrocarbons in01:18:22
oceanic sediments,01:18:24
bituminous shale and black shale, already01:18:27
occurred in the Precambrian.01:18:31
Furthermore, it is expected that the power of this01:18:34
process in the Proterozoic will be greater01:18:37
than in the Phanerozoic, since at that01:18:40
time a reducing environment predominated01:18:42
in the oceans and The organic remains01:18:45
of phytoplankton were preserved in the01:18:48
sediments without oxidizing,01:18:51
however to date the ancient01:18:55
oil and gas accumulation basins01:18:58
have barely survived but have been01:19:01
destroyed by subsequent tectonic processes,01:19:05
therefore their01:19:08
quantitative distribution in the current geological sections does01:19:10
not exist. can be used as a01:19:13
criterion to evaluate the intensity of01:19:16
these processes in ancient times, although01:19:19
graphitic rocks and01:19:22
black schists were quite widespread in the01:19:26
Precambrian.01:19:28
From the above, it can be deduced that the rate of01:19:31
oxygen generation in the Proterozoic01:19:33
was quite proportional to the current rate,01:19:37
but in In the Precambrian, almost all the01:19:41
oxygen released was absorbed by the01:19:43
iron oxidation process due to01:19:47
the vital activity of phytoplankton.01:19:50
As a consequence, the partial pressure of01:19:54
atmospheric oxygen, which remained low01:19:57
until almost the end of the Proterozoic,01:19:59
began to increase rapidly in the01:20:02
Vendian, that is, about 650 million years ago01:20:09
[Music]01:20:11
biological evolution01:20:14
literally responded to this with an explosion of01:20:17
new forms of life on earth, the01:20:21
appearance of multicellular algae and01:20:24
above all the appearance of metazoans,01:20:27
which are the01:20:30
multicellular representatives of the animal kingdom whose01:20:33
metabolism It was already based on the consumption01:20:36
of oxygen from the external environment.01:20:39
In addition,01:20:40
at the beginning of the Cambrian,01:20:43
skeletal organisms and almost all01:20:47
types of organisms known today appeared,01:20:52
so the third geological and01:20:56
biological milestone in the transition from the01:20:58
Proterozoic to the Alphanerozoic was01:21:01
clearly reflected in the geological history of01:21:04
the earth and radically changed the01:21:07
ecological situation on its surface01:21:11
the earth's atmosphere went from being01:21:14
reducing to neutral oxidizing01:21:17
in this new situation the01:21:20
life forms whose metabolism was based on01:21:22
oxidation reactions of01:21:25
organic substances synthesized by the plant kingdom01:21:28
turned out to be the most effective,01:21:33
with the beginning of the Phanerozoic, the01:21:36
situation changed radically,01:21:38
oxygen appeared in the atmosphere and01:21:42
this was the main factor that01:21:45
predetermined the prosperity of01:21:48
complex life forms on Earth.01:21:53
In later geological times,01:21:56
reorganizations of the01:21:58
biota also occurred. But all They already had the01:22:02
character of differentiation and01:22:04
evolutionary development of organisms within01:22:06
the large taxa formed at the01:22:09
beginning of the Phanerozoic01:22:12
at the same time. In addition to the main01:22:15
factor on the evolution of life in01:22:17
the Phanerozoic, which is the gradual increase01:22:20
in atmospheric oxygen pressure.01:22:22
Other factors caused01:22:25
evolutionary changes in life forms such as01:22:28
continental drift,01:22:31
climate changes, transgressions and01:22:34
regressions of the sea.01:22:37
All of these factors altered the01:22:40
established ecological niches of01:22:43
biological communities and intensified01:22:46
their competition for survival01:22:52
during the Phanerozoic. Two01:22:55
major transgressions occurred. global, the01:22:58
first developed from the01:23:00
Ordovician to the Devonian, that is,01:23:03
from about 500 to 350 million01:23:07
years ago and its amplitude is 200 to 25001:23:11
meters.01:23:12
The second global transgression01:23:15
closest to us took place in the01:23:17
Cretaceous and reached an amplitude of 30001:23:21
at 400 meters,01:23:23
in addition, the conservation of water in the01:23:26
continental polar caps during01:23:28
the glaciations caused01:23:31
global oceanic regressions with a drop in the01:23:34
level of the oceans of 120 to 130 meters,01:23:40
the transgressions of the ocean to the01:23:42
Earth and its immersive regressions01:23:45
associated with the eustatic fluctuations01:23:47
of the ocean level must have01:23:50
had a significant impact on01:23:53
global variations in the Earth's climate01:23:55
in the geological past01:23:59
given that the heat capacity of01:24:02
water is much greater than that of01:24:04
continental rocks and the atmosphere any01:24:07
significant increase in the01:24:09
sea surface due A decrease in the01:24:12
land surface01:24:14
attenuates01:24:16
seasonal and latitudinal climate changes01:24:19
by flooding up to 40% or more of the01:24:23
continental surface. The01:24:25
attenuating effect of the transgressions on01:24:27
global climate variations in01:24:30
temperate and high latitudes must have01:24:33
been quite significant,01:24:36
especially taking into account that the01:24:39
expansion of the epicontinental seas01:24:42
created new maritime corridors01:24:45
through which01:24:47
heat could be exchanged between low01:24:50
and high latitudes.01:24:53
During periods of regression,01:24:55
as the sea receded,01:24:58
the general continentality of01:25:01
the earth's climate increased.01:25:03
Seasonal temperature contrasts also increased and01:25:06
cooling occurred in01:25:09
temperate and high latitudes.01:25:14
The spatial arrangement of the01:25:17
continents and oceans also01:25:20
significantly affects the01:25:23
latitudinal zoning of the climate.01:25:26
Large areas of land located01:25:29
in the polar regions as the01:25:32
plates lithospheres move01:25:34
together01:25:35
they begin to be01:25:37
progressively covered by mountain glaciers01:25:40
that act as a global refrigerator01:25:45
thus more pronounced latitudinal lazonation01:25:48
of the earth is observed01:25:50
when there are large land masses in01:25:53
the polar regions01:25:55
a decrease in the01:25:57
land surface in the regions polar regions for01:26:00
example as a consequence of a01:26:03
transgression and even more so the total absence01:26:06
of large continental fragments in01:26:08
these regions01:26:10
generally led to a01:26:13
significant softening of the01:26:15
latitudinal donation and even01:26:18
climatic warming of the Earth as observed01:26:21
for example during the existence of01:26:25
Pangea in01:26:28
addition to the changes in the01:26:31
relative position of continental masses have01:26:34
altered the nature of the circulation01:26:36
of ocean waters, which has also01:26:40
greatly influenced the formation of the01:26:42
Earth's climate.01:26:44
It is known that modern glaciation in01:26:47
Antarctica did not begin until Australia01:26:49
separated and It moved north and01:26:53
the Drake Passage opened between Cape Horn01:26:55
at the southern end of the01:26:58
South American continent and Antarctica.01:27:02
After this, a southern circumcontinental current formed01:27:08
around Antarctica that completely isolated01:27:11
the continent in parallel to the01:27:14
currents. exchange of the01:27:17
three surrounding oceans,01:27:20
this system of climatic isolation of01:27:24
Antarctica is still in force today,01:27:30
following the geohistorical interpretation01:27:33
of the processes of Global climate change01:27:35
on Earth, we will try to01:27:38
consider the nature of the01:27:40
main ecological limits of the01:27:42
Phanerozoic, that is, the processes that01:27:46
took place during the last 550 to01:27:50
600 million years of the development of01:27:53
life on our planet01:27:56
thus A gradual increase in01:27:59
atmospheric oxygen pressure allowed01:28:02
about 400 million years ago the appearance01:28:06
of highly organized life capable of01:28:08
living on Tierra Firma01:28:11
this event is a unique phenomenon01:28:14
associated with a radical restructuring01:28:17
of the metabolism of organisms and the01:28:20
appearance in the animal kingdom of forms01:28:23
equipped with lungs, an organ ideally01:28:26
adapted to the exchange of gases in the01:28:30
air01:28:31
taking into account that the sun and other01:28:34
cosmic factors hardly influence In the01:28:37
development of the Earth, we can01:28:39
safely affirm that purely terrestrial factors01:28:44
played a fundamental role in the01:28:47
development of life.01:28:49
Of course, our planet is one of01:28:52
many cosmic bodies, but the01:28:55
appearance of life in the form01:28:58
we know it is a phenomenon. only01:29:02
specifically terrestrial01:29:05
[Music]01:29:07
the main causes of01:29:09
ecological evolution in the Phanerozoic, as in01:29:12
previous times, were also due to01:29:15
global tectonic processes.01:29:18
This hypothesis is well illustrated with01:29:21
the example of the development of life in01:29:23
the ocean,01:29:25
in effect the change in the disposition01:29:28
spatial the size and shape of the01:29:31
continents and oceans in the01:29:33
Phanerozoic history of the Earth had a01:29:36
significant impact on the strength and01:29:38
structure of ocean currents and01:29:41
consequently on the distribution of01:29:44
biological productivity, that is, on the01:29:49
formation of the ecological systems01:29:51
best adapted to certain01:29:54
natural conditions01:29:59
to illustrate the dependence of the01:30:01
development of life on the tectonics of01:30:03
lithospheric plates it is useful to consider01:30:06
the influence on the distribution of01:30:09
species of marine organisms of the01:30:11
location of continents and oceans01:30:14
as well as phonation climate of the01:30:17
Earth01:30:19
it is known that the vast majority around01:30:22
90% of all species of01:30:25
marine animals live on01:30:28
continental shelves or in shallow waters01:30:31
near underwater hills and islands at01:30:35
depths less than 200 meters01:30:39
therefore it can be considered that in In01:30:42
the Phanerozoic, the main development01:30:45
of Marine fauna occurred at shallow01:30:48
depths.01:30:49
Currently, shallow Marine fauna01:30:53
is found in the tropics01:30:55
where it is saturated with a large number of01:30:58
highly specialized species. The01:31:02
diversity and abundance of01:31:05
Marine fauna decreases with time. increase in01:31:07
altitude especially in01:31:10
oligotrophic oceanic zones01:31:14
however in circumpolar waters there01:31:18
has once again been a01:31:21
significant increase in01:31:23
oceanic bioproductivity due to the increase in the01:31:26
concentration of dissolved oxygen in01:31:29
these waters while the01:31:32
lowest oceanic productivity has been01:31:35
observed In mid-subtropical latitudes,01:31:40
the degree of diversity of the01:31:42
current shallow marine fauna correlates01:31:45
well with changes in the01:31:48
sustainability of01:31:49
food reserves that depend on the01:31:53
seasonality of the climate.01:31:55
In addition to this very important latitudinal factor,01:32:00
there are also01:32:02
longitudinal components that also determine01:32:05
global diversity. of the current Marine fauna,01:32:09
particularly at the same latitude,01:32:13
a greater faunal diversity is observed01:32:16
where there is stability of01:32:18
food resources,01:32:20
so in each latitudinal zone the greatest01:32:25
diversity of Marine fauna is observed01:32:28
near the coasts and the01:32:30
island archipelagos,01:32:34
the areas stand out. upwelling where01:32:36
deep waters rich in phosphorus and01:32:39
organic compounds01:32:41
rise up the continental slope to01:32:44
the surface,01:32:45
providing abundant food for01:32:48
shallow water organisms01:32:51
[Music]01:32:54
the upwelling generally occurs01:32:56
on the eastern coasts of the oceans01:32:59
in their tropical zones01:33:02
in these zones arise special living environments01:33:05
that flourish beautifully01:33:09
among the relatively desert waters01:33:12
of the adjacent oligotrophic water zones01:33:15
in particular the01:33:18
upwelling zones of Peru and West Africa01:33:21
in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans01:33:26
naturally the deep ocean basins01:33:29
formed as a result of01:33:32
rifting i.e.01:33:34
extensional movement of the lithosphere01:33:37
become an important barrier01:33:39
to the propagation of shallow-water fauna,01:33:44
the volcanic island arcs that01:33:47
occur over the subsidence zones01:33:49
of the oceanic lithosphere in the mantle and01:33:51
the intraplate chains of01:33:54
volcanic islands are usually good routes for01:33:57
the propagation of marine fauna,01:34:01
especially when these chains of01:34:03
volcanic islands are below01:34:06
latitude or are located, such as01:34:09
the islands of Polynesia and01:34:11
Micronesia within the same climatic zone,01:34:16
the migration of larval forms of01:34:19
animals can be another mechanism of01:34:21
dispersal of shallow water fauna01:34:25
[Music]01:34:27
however, due to the current01:34:30
quite fragmented position of each of the01:34:33
large continents, the01:34:36
shallow water marine fauna that inhabits their01:34:38
platforms currently occurs in 3001:34:41
regions and is characterized For a01:34:44
relatively small percentage of01:34:47
species common to all these regions,01:34:51
the estimates show that the01:34:54
shallow-water marine fauna01:34:57
currently has an order of magnitude of01:35:00
species greater than what would be observed01:35:02
if only one shelf faunal region existed01:35:05
on Earth, even with01:35:08
a greater diversity of species01:35:12
[Music]01:35:13
the same patterns can be traced with01:35:17
the distribution of certain deep-sea fauna,01:35:19
for example in the01:35:23
biological communities of hot springs01:35:26
also called black smokers of the01:35:29
Pacific Ocean,01:35:30
large tuvicolous worms dominate,01:35:33
vestments and bivalve mollusks01:35:37
while in the Atlantic Ocean the01:35:41
same hydrothermal vents are01:35:43
entirely occupied by small01:35:46
shrimp that have adapted01:35:48
by feeding on sulfur bacteria01:35:53
based on these01:35:55
fauna distribution patterns and taking into01:35:58
account data on01:36:00
continental drift and information On the01:36:03
eustatic changes in the global level of01:36:06
the oceans as well as the01:36:08
climatic consequences of these phenomena, an01:36:12
attempt can be made to explain the nature of the01:36:15
change in the number of01:36:17
shallow-water faunal taxa in01:36:21
the Phanerozoic, for example the01:36:24
mass extinction of many groups of animals. at01:36:27
the Mesozoic Paleozoic limit01:36:31
in fact the marked position in the01:36:35
lower Paleozoic of most of the01:36:38
continental masses and their01:36:40
predominant location in tropical and01:36:43
temperate latitudes together with the presence of01:36:45
platform zones in each of them01:36:49
caused a significant increase in the01:36:52
number of families in the shallow-water fauna01:36:54
of the Dophic01:36:58
this increase in the number of families was01:37:01
maintained throughout the evolution of the01:37:04
marine fauna during most of the01:37:07
Paleozoic01:37:12
at the Permian Triassic boundary when01:37:15
almost all continental fragments01:37:18
were combined into a only01:37:20
supercontinent Pangea the earth's climate01:37:24
warmed and the number of01:37:26
biological regions and ecological niches01:37:29
of the Pangea plateau was considerably reduced.01:37:34
In addition, the Permo-Triassic regression01:37:38
caused a sharp reduction in the01:37:41
surface of shallow seas01:37:45
in such conditions on the border between01:37:49
the Permian and Triassic only01:37:51
those representatives of the01:37:54
shallow-water fauna that could01:37:57
find food in the lower layers survived.01:38:01
In other words, the01:38:04
faunal families that survived in the01:38:06
change from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic01:38:08
should have been ecologically01:38:11
similar to those that survive today in01:38:14
day in unstable environmental conditions01:38:15
while the populations01:38:19
that developed in the Paleozoic in01:38:21
stable conditions similar to those of01:38:24
the current tropics after the formation01:38:26
of Pangea turned out to be less01:38:29
adapted and condemned to extinction,01:38:34
therefore it can be assumed that the rapid01:38:37
extinction of many Marine fauna species01:38:39
in the change from the Paleozoic to the01:38:42
Mesozoic was due to the decrease in the01:38:44
number of ecological niches that surrounded01:38:47
the supercontinent then formed and01:38:51
the decrease in the01:38:52
bioproductivity potential that surrounded this single01:38:55
continental tidal continent,01:39:00
on the contrary,01:39:02
the separation of the continents.01:39:04
started at the beginning of the Mesozoic01:39:07
accompanied by the transgression of the01:39:09
seas towards the land and the significant01:39:12
global warming of the terrestrial climate01:39:14
caused a progressive increase in the01:39:18
number of marine basins isolated from the01:39:21
platform01:39:23
during the Cenozoic the diversity of the01:39:27
animal world increased considerably,01:39:31
in particular due to the emergence of01:39:34
new climatic regions on Earth01:39:37
and the fragmentation of the continents01:39:40
into multiple different regions01:39:44
this caused a significant increase in01:39:49
biodiversity01:39:51
of course such a01:39:54
general approach to the problem of the evolution of01:39:57
life requires considerable development and01:39:59
detail01:40:02
for example The Cretaceous transgression01:40:05
caused the flourishing of a carbonate fauna and01:40:08
microflora on the01:40:10
plateaus and in the sepicontinental seas,01:40:13
in particular the coccolithophorous microflora,01:40:17
which formed unique strata of Crete.01:40:21
However, the same transgression01:40:23
also caused crisis phenomena in01:40:26
the life of the biocenoses of the01:40:28
deep-water coral atolls, it is01:40:32
considered that in the mid-01:40:34
Cretaceous period there was a powerful mechanism01:40:36
that caused, on the one hand, a strong01:40:40
weakening of01:40:42
ocean sedimentation and, on the other hand, an increase in the01:40:45
transfer of calcium carbonate in01:40:48
the waters of the open ocean to01:40:51
shallow seas. Of the flooded areas of01:40:54
the ancient lands01:40:59
in the Cretaceous, the location of the01:41:02
continents on the Earth's surface01:41:04
was completely different from today and01:41:08
most of the shallow epicondiental seas were01:41:10
then found01:41:13
in arid zones with a clear predominance01:41:16
of evaporation over precipitation.01:41:20
Consequently, these seas acted01:41:24
as natural pumps,01:41:25
pumping water from the oceans.01:41:29
The water that entered the01:41:32
shelf seas partially evaporated and01:41:34
the concentrations of01:41:37
calcium carbonate and phosphorus salts dissolved in it01:41:39
increased considerably,01:41:43
as at that time the01:41:45
shelf seas were mostly Most open,01:41:48
the increase in the concentration of salts01:41:51
was not apparently significant,01:41:54
however the good warming and01:41:58
aeration of large01:41:59
but shallow marine basins with a higher01:42:02
concentration of calcium carbonate and01:42:05
phosphorus compounds led to the01:42:07
intensive development of life,01:42:09
especially the phytoplankton included.01:42:14
coccolithophorids and foramifers and01:42:17
in shallow waters corals01:42:20
mollusks or other skeletal animals01:42:23
As well as powerful calcareous strata of01:42:27
thick coral that were formed In the mid-01:42:29
Cretaceous01:42:33
the marginal seas are Generally01:42:35
natural basins in which01:42:38
avalanche sedimentation develops01:42:40
and pours river runoff01:42:44
Consequently, the carbonate material01:42:46
transported by rivers from the01:42:48
continents at this time was deposited01:42:51
precisely in these01:42:54
seas, barely reaching the waters of the01:42:57
open ocean, as a result, the waters01:43:01
of the world ocean In the middle of the01:43:03
Cretaceous, they were found01:43:05
considerably depleted of01:43:08
calcium carbonate AND probably01:43:10
of phosphorus compounds01:43:14
a sharp reduction in the supply of01:43:17
calcium carbonate and phosphorus to the01:43:19
bio-ermal structures of01:43:22
deep-sea atolls that occurred01:43:24
during the Aptian Oceanomenic period01:43:27
caused the suppression and degradation of01:43:30
reef communities that01:43:32
built their skeletons and01:43:34
calcareous frameworks from calcium carbonate01:43:40
in conditions of severe01:43:42
carbonate shortage, rudist corals and other01:43:45
skeletal organisms could no longer01:43:48
create strong calcareous structures01:43:51
capable of resisting the erosive activity01:43:54
of ocean waves, especially in01:43:57
stormy weather01:43:59
in such situation, the01:44:02
reef structures of the oceanic islands such as01:44:04
the atolls and rudist beds of the01:44:07
Zenomanense piano no longer had time01:44:10
to build and grow to compensate for01:44:13
the progressive sinking of their01:44:15
volcanic bases below ocean level,01:44:20
the erosion of the ancient reefs01:44:22
ended up destroying the shallow fauna01:44:25
that lived in them01:44:27
by transforming the ancient01:44:30
coral atolls and rudist banks into flat-topped01:44:33
seamounts called01:44:40
continental drift has also had01:44:44
a significant impact on01:44:47
terrestrial fauna, for example01:44:49
it is well known that the Mesozoic together01:44:53
with the Permian Upper Paleozoic01:44:56
was the era of reptiles While01:44:59
the Cenozoic was the era of mammals01:45:03
throughout 200 million years of01:45:06
development in the Permo Mesozoic era01:45:08
only 20 orders of reptiles appeared01:45:12
while after the Cenozoic01:45:14
about 30 orders of reptiles appeared. mammals,01:45:19
this surprising difference can be01:45:22
explained by comparing the conditions of01:45:25
development of reptiles and mammals.01:45:29
It should be noted that the initial period of01:45:32
rapid development of terrestrial reptiles01:45:35
coincides with the formation of two01:45:38
supercontinents, Eurasia and01:45:41
Gondwanaland, a single Pangea with a01:45:45
period of oceanic regression and with a01:45:47
relatively mild global climate that was01:45:50
established at the end of the Permian after the01:45:53
movement of present-day Antarctica01:45:55
from the southern polar region to01:45:58
temperate latitudes01:46:02
in the Triassic and Jurassic at the01:46:06
beginning of the breakup of Pangea,01:46:09
more or less stable ecological links still existed01:46:13
between its fragments01:46:16
therefore during the long period of01:46:19
development of reptiles on earth01:46:21
either there was a single01:46:24
ecological region or there was a very01:46:28
small number of semi-isolated regions.01:46:31
It is evident that in such conditions01:46:35
a great variety of reptiles could not have appeared.01:46:39
It was not until the Cretaceous when01:46:43
the separation of several01:46:45
truly well-01:46:48
isolated continental fragments began that about01:46:51
half of the total number of orders of01:46:56
the reptile class was formed that01:47:00
the development of 8 to 1001:47:02
essentially isolated terrestrial ecological regions01:47:04
in the early Cenozoic01:47:08
represented the main condition for01:47:10
the generic diversity of the class of01:47:13
mammals01:47:15
It should be noted that the association of several01:47:18
continental fragments in the01:47:21
late Cenozoic and the reduction of the number of01:47:23
ecological regions to four caused the01:47:27
extinction of 13 orders of terrestrial mammals01:47:33
the mammals that developed01:47:36
before The association of different01:47:37
continents in isolated conditions01:47:40
were generally less adapted and became01:47:43
extinct.01:48:01
geological And consequently the division01:48:05
of01:48:06
geochronological history with a scale of Heras01:48:09
periods and epochs01:48:11
is largely due to events01:48:14
such as collisions and splits of01:48:17
continents in the process of01:48:20
global movement of the set of lithospheric plates.01:48:26
The examples show that apparently the01:48:30
evolution of The forms of plant01:48:32
and animal life on the continents01:48:34
were also largely determined by01:48:38
continental drift and the change in01:48:41
climatic conditions on Earth.01:48:45
This must have been especially evident01:48:47
during the unification of01:48:50
previously isolated continents or, conversely,01:48:54
during the splitting of large continents.01:48:56
continents and the separation of their01:48:59
fragments,01:49:02
the alternation of periods of01:49:05
continental consolidation and fragmentation with the formation of01:49:08
shared and intercontinental oceans was of01:49:12
course accompanied by the appearance01:49:15
of new ecological niches and the closure01:49:18
of old ones, that is, by01:49:22
radical changes in ecological conditions.01:49:24
for life on earth,01:49:28
therefore01:49:30
such rearrangements could01:49:33
probably be one of the main01:49:36
reasons for the speciation and extinction of01:49:39
individual life forms as well as01:49:43
their conservation.01:49:46
The endemic life forms of01:49:49
Australia and South America can serve as01:49:52
examples, surprising01:49:54
of course. All these events01:49:57
influenced the paleo climate and01:50:00
the entire evolution of the ecological system of01:50:03
our planet in the geological past,01:50:05
which was reflected in the compilation of01:50:09
the geochronological scale and its division01:50:12
into Heras periods and finally epochs,01:50:19
naturally in the geohistorical analysis01:50:23
of the problem. of the evolution of flora01:50:25
in the geological past it is also01:50:28
necessary to adopt a mobilist approach and01:50:31
take into account the ecological balance01:50:33
in each of the zones that were01:50:36
separated and united in the process of01:50:38
drifting01:50:40
Global climate fluctuations in the01:50:43
Quaternary with changes01:50:46
Ice periods and interglacial periods01:50:48
also influenced the development of01:50:52
humanity and determined the times01:50:54
of migration of peoples and the moment01:50:57
of formation of the racial composition of01:51:00
human beings,01:51:02
for example the colonization of America01:51:06
through the Bering Strait. It01:51:08
most likely occurred by a dry route01:51:12
during the drop in01:51:14
ocean level caused by the last01:51:16
worm glaciation that took place in the01:51:20
northern hemisphere between 115,000 and01:51:24
112,000 years ago.01:51:26
This glaciation reached its maximum01:51:29
extent about 20,000 years ago but at01:51:33
about the same time. time it is assumed that the01:51:36
new world was populated by humans01:51:42
for more than 3.5 billion years the01:51:46
terrestrial biosphere has evolved in01:51:49
close correlation with the01:51:52
geological dynamics of our planet01:51:54
so to understand this evolution01:51:59
it is essential to study in detail the01:52:02
biospheres of the past taking into account01:52:05
the past geological conditions the01:52:09
tectonic and geochemical limits the01:52:13
evolution of climates01:52:16
continental drift the appearance and disappearance01:52:19
of the oceans etc.01:52:22
these elements allow an01:52:25
exhaustive analysis of the interactions between the01:52:28
terrestrial biosphere and its environment and the01:52:31
historical development of our planet01:52:34
the processes Geological processes have01:52:37
directly influenced the evolution of life01:52:40
on Earth, however there is also01:52:44
an inverse influence in which life01:52:48
has affected some geological processes.01:52:52
Organic life has played a01:52:55
key role in the formation of certain types01:52:58
of rocks such as carbonates.01:53:01
phosphorites coal formations01:53:05
oil deposits gases and01:53:08
pelagic sediments01:53:11
in the same way life has also01:53:15
played an important role in the01:53:18
weathering processes of rocks and01:53:21
in the processes of the orogenic cycle01:53:24
in addition life contributed to maintaining the01:53:29
composition of the earth's atmosphere01:53:32
that played a key role in01:53:35
shaping the earth's climate01:53:38
during the Phanerozoic01:53:43
climate cooling that began in01:53:46
the Cenozoic caused by the uptake of01:53:49
atmospheric nitrogen by01:53:51
soil bacteria will continue01:53:55
therefore it is difficult to expect01:53:58
significant warming of the climate in01:54:00
the next 100 to 200 million years01:54:04
the current warming of the climate long01:54:08
before the industrial revolution and is01:54:11
associated with fluctuations in the01:54:13
magnetic activity of the sun,01:54:16
as demonstrated in particular by01:54:19
paleotemperature measurements01:54:21
carried out in the last 3000 years to01:54:24
based on remains of01:54:26
planktonic foramifera from the Sargasso Sea that01:54:30
clearly show that the current01:54:32
local increase in average temperatures01:54:34
is developing in the context of a01:54:37
general cooling of the climate01:54:41
about 100 million years ago there were no01:54:45
ice sheets on earth and01:54:47
Average temperatures were close to01:54:49
17 degrees Celsius while today they01:54:53
have dropped to 15 degrees01:54:57
after such an insignificant cooling01:55:00
a new ice age began that gave01:55:04
rise to a mid-Cenozoic ice sheet01:55:06
over Antarctica followed01:55:09
by periodic ice ages on the01:55:12
continents. of North America Europe and01:55:15
Asia in the Quaternary01:55:19
if the experts' hypotheses about01:55:22
the gradual removal of nitrogen from01:55:25
the Earth's atmosphere and its cooling01:55:27
in the Earth's crust are correct AND01:55:31
if the organic nitrogen content of01:55:33
the precipitation that we accept01:55:35
corresponds to reality then,01:55:39
despite an increase in solar activity,01:55:42
a slow cooling of the climate will continue in the future01:55:45
until01:55:48
a new equilibrium state of01:55:51
a cold climate is reached.01:55:53
However, this new climatic level01:55:56
determined by the metabolism of nitrogen-01:55:59
destroying microorganisms01:56:02
may not be very favorable for the01:56:05
flourishing of complex life forms01:56:07
on earth01:56:09
consequently the new ice age01:56:14
when it occurs in the northern hemisphere01:56:17
will be the most serious01:56:21
according to scientists' estimates01:56:23
after 200 million01:56:25
years the average temperatures on01:56:28
earth will fall slightly below01:56:31
12 degrees Celsius at the same time the01:56:35
level of the world ocean will drop by about01:56:38
200 meters in this situation the01:56:42
conditions for the development of01:56:44
highly organized life will remain01:56:47
quite acceptable in01:56:50
low and middle latitudes01:56:55
only after about 400 million01:56:58
years The average temperatures of the01:57:01
Earth's surface will drop to01:57:04
about 10 degrees and the level of the oceans01:57:06
will drop by more than 500 meters with respect to01:57:10
their current position.01:57:12
In this case all the01:57:15
northern and southern continents. Even01:57:18
at moderate latitudes they will be covered01:57:21
with glaciers and the High parts of the01:57:25
continents located at the Equator01:57:26
will also be covered in ice01:57:32
but the cold wave will not last01:57:35
forever.01:57:37
In the interval of about 200 to 30001:57:40
million years,01:57:42
a balance should occur between01:57:45
the decrease in temperature due01:57:48
to bacterial elimination of the01:57:50
nitrogen of the atmosphere and its increase01:57:53
due to the increase in Sunlight,01:57:56
however it is expected that even this01:58:00
equilibrium state in about 60001:58:02
million years will be strongly01:58:05
disturbed by the degassing01:58:08
of biogenic oxygen released during01:58:12
the formation of nuclear material in the01:58:15
mantle01:58:17
after this time01:58:19
free oxygen will begin to be generated in01:58:22
the mantle at a rate of about 21,00001:58:25
million tons per year01:58:28
if all this oxygen will be released into the01:58:31
atmosphere partial suppression would increase at01:58:35
a rate of about four atmospheres every01:58:37
million years01:58:39
in reality the rate The degassing01:58:42
of oxygen will be much lower but it01:58:46
could still reach a rate of about01:58:49
0.02 atmospheres per million years.01:58:54
This means that01:58:56
after 200 million years from01:58:59
the beginning of the degassing of01:59:01
oxygen from the mantle, the partial pressure of01:59:05
this gas will reach almost four01:59:08
atmospheres while the01:59:10
average temperature of the earth01:59:12
will increase to almost 76 degrees01:59:15
Celsius due to the greenhouse effect01:59:19
as a result within a billion01:59:23
years the oxygen pressure will exceed01:59:27
14 atmospheres and the01:59:30
surface temperature will increase by 110 degrees01:59:33
Celsius01:59:34
under such conditions01:59:36
all terrestrial life will01:59:39
literally burn in such an atmosphere Shortly01:59:42
after the01:59:44
outgassing01:59:45
of endogenous oxygen begins01:59:50
only in the oceans thanks to the low01:59:53
solubility of oxygen in water01:59:58
Complex life forms may continue to exist for some time until they02:00:01
also disappear from these warm waters,02:00:06
not even the02:00:09
most primitive thermophilic prokaryotes will be able to survive. When02:00:12
about 1.5 billion years later02:00:16
the oceans boil and02:00:20
temperatures reach about 550 degrees,02:00:25
causing a greenhouse and reversible effect,02:00:31
the total duration02:00:35
of life will most likely be about 5 billion02:00:38
years02:00:39
divided by 4 billion years02:00:42
in the past and one billion years in02:00:45
the future02:00:48
for the development of highly02:00:50
organized life nature has given even02:00:54
less time in the oceans02:00:56
a maximum of 1.4 billion years02:01:00
divided by 600 million years in02:01:03
the past and 800 million years in the02:01:07
future and on earth no more than one02:01:11
billion years02:01:13
divided between 400 million years in02:01:16
the past02:01:17
and 600 million years02:01:21
in the future02:01:27
[Music]Description:
🌍 ¿Cómo era la Tierra cuando surgió la vida? Una pregunta que ha intrigado a la ciencia durante siglos. Hoy, la mayoría de los científicos insisten en que surgió de una simple reacción química, que transformó caóticamente la materia no viva en la primera célula viva. Sin embargo, esta explicación es insuficiente a falta de pruebas concretas, incluso para sus más ardientes partidarios. Hoy en día, todos los rincones de la Tierra están repletos de vida. De los polos al ecuador, de las cuevas profundas a las cadenas montañosas, de los bosques tropicales a los volcanes, en todas partes se encuentran organismos al menos primitivos. Animales, plantas, hongos y bacterias en busca de espacio vital se han adaptado a las condiciones más duras. Sin embargo, los científicos creen que durante la mayor parte de su historia, la Tierra ha parecido un lugar bastante inhóspito. Cuando la vida apareció por primera vez en la Tierra, hace unos 3.800 millones de años, el planeta tenía un aspecto muy distinto del que conocemos hoy. En aquella época, la superficie de la Tierra estaba formada esencialmente por agua, con pequeños archipiélagos y masas de tierra poco desarrolladas. La atmósfera también era muy distinta de la actual, con una elevada proporción de gases como el metano, el amoníaco y el dióxido de carbono. Estos gases se producían por erupciones volcánicas masivas y reacciones químicas en los océanos primitivos. También había muy poco oxígeno en la atmósfera, ya que aún no habían aparecido organismos fotosintéticos capaces de producir oxígeno. 🔥 Como recordatorio, los vídeos se publican los DOMINGOS a las 18:00 horas. ------------------------- 💥Los orígenes de la vida: - Los científicos utilizan diversos métodos para estudiar las condiciones ambientales de la Tierra cuando apareció la vida, entre ellos el estudio de rocas y fósiles. La forma más directa de conocer la estructura de la corteza terrestre y su historia es estudiar directamente las rocas, observando su composición y posición en la corteza. De este modo, los científicos pueden estudiar las rocas y los fósiles para determinar las condiciones ambientales que existían en la época hace 3.800 millones de años. Las rocas tienen distintos orígenes. A menudo se puede saber cómo se formaron por las propias rocas, si se comparan adecuadamente con las rocas que se están formando ante nuestros ojos hoy en día y cuyo origen está claro. Por ejemplo, la composición química de las rocas puede indicar los niveles de oxígeno, dióxido de carbono y gases de efecto invernadero que había en la atmósfera en aquella época. Además, si la roca contiene corales o moluscos similares a los que viven hoy en el mar, podemos concluir que la roca se formó en un fondo marino. Si las hojas y los troncos de las plantas están impresos en capas de arcilla o arenisca, podemos deducir que estas rocas se acumularon en algún lugar de la Tierra, quizá en el fondo de un lago, en el que cayeron las plantas. Los fósiles también pueden servir para juzgar la profundidad del antiguo mar. Por ejemplo, los corales viven en entornos marinos costeros poco profundos. Por consiguiente, las calizas coralinas indican un mar poco profundo. Sin embargo, el método paleontológico tiene importantes limitaciones en los casos en que las rocas contienen pocos restos orgánicos fósiles o éstos son poco característicos. Los depósitos continentales, como los de los valles fluviales y los lagos, contienen muchos menos fósiles que las rocas marinas, por lo que la determinación de la edad es mucho más difícil y menos precisa. ------------------------- 🎬 El programa de hoy: 00:00 - Introducción 02:58 - ¿Cómo estudian los científicos las condiciones ambientales de la Tierra en el momento de la aparición de la vida? 03:16 - Estudio de rocas y fósiles 05:30 - Análisis de isótopos 06:39 - Modelización informática 07:40 - Estudio de la vida actual 08:45 - Conceptos de origen de la vida 09:28 - El concepto del origen espontáneo de la vida 16:52 - El concepto de panspermia 19:12 - "El primer paso hacia el nuevo milenio 42:38 - Singularidad de la Tierra como lugar propicio para la aparición de la vida 48:55 - Desarrollo de la vida en la Tierra 56:25 - Condiciones ambientales en la Tierra durante la aparición de la vida 56:40 - Influencia de los procesos geológicos 01:20:15 - Influencia de la deriva continental y las transgresiones marinas 01:52:50 - ¿Cómo provocarán los cambios en el clima terrestre la desaparición de la vida en el futuro? This channel is an official affiliate of the ORBINEA STUDIO network.
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