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Geologie

Sonnensystem

Himmelsmechanik

Astronomie

Kosmologie

Venus-Durchgang

Merkur-Durchgang

Meteore

Meteorströme

christian Köberl

Vorlesung

00:00:02

and life,

00:00:03

the fourth lecture in the series that

00:00:09

takes place as a master module at the University of Vienna and which we are

00:00:11

kindly allowed to record for you.

00:00:14

Planetary geology is the big topic of

00:00:17

this lecture and Christian Köberl

00:00:19

will take you into the details in the second

00:00:26

Introduce the major topic of phenomenology

00:00:28

[Music]

00:00:32

Welcome to the second part of the

00:00:37

astronomical phenomena energy the

00:00:40

planets moon and sun seen from the earth as

00:00:43

part of the lecture planetary

00:00:45

geology and Anne Steven

00:00:47

and today we will look a little

00:00:49

at things like solar and

00:00:52

lunar eclipses and Then also

00:00:55

deal with other phenomena in the sky,

00:00:57

for example Mercury and Venus before

00:00:59

transitions but also with the

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original things and then say a

00:01:03

few words about the orbits of the planets. The

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moon is

00:01:09

relatively close to the earth,

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it is about 400 times smaller than The

00:01:14

sun and that just happens to have

00:01:17

the effect that the moon and the

00:01:20

sun appear to

00:01:23

be about the same size in the sky and about half a

00:01:25

degree in diameter, which means that it can

00:01:27

happen that in the

00:01:31

moon's orbit around the earth the

00:01:32

moon is in the same size as seen from the earth seen

00:01:34

seemingly moving in front of the sun and then

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we have a so-called

00:01:38

solar eclipse here we see a picture

00:01:41

of such a solar eclipse here an

00:01:43

artistic compilation of what it

00:01:45

might look like from space

00:01:47

even with shadows and everything

00:01:49

on the other hand of course it could also be the case On

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Monday the earth

00:01:53

enters the earth's shadow and

00:01:55

is eclipsed and we see that

00:01:58

shown here below. Then we have

00:01:59

a so-called lunar eclipse. How

00:02:02

does this eclipse work?

00:02:12

To see how the whole thing works,

00:02:13

we have the sun, the moon and

00:02:16

the earth. In reality, the sun is

00:02:20

over 100 times larger than the earth and

00:02:23

about 400 times larger than the moon.

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The distances here are also not correct. This is

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supposed to illustrate the geometry of the

00:02:31

whole thing So we have the moon that

00:02:33

goes around the earth and here the moon casts

00:02:36

a shadow on the earth and since

00:02:39

the moon is relatively small and we

00:02:41

only take the umbra into account in this sense,

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the umbra is

00:02:47

no longer particularly large on the earth

00:02:50

but mostly has only a few

00:02:52

hundred kilometers in diameter

00:02:55

but now the earth rotates away from under the

00:02:58

moon's shadow and therefore you see

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a solar eclipse as a total

00:03:03

but in this case you find it over

00:03:05

a strip that is spread over the earth

00:03:08

and not just in a certain

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place or a specific one area with

00:03:13

a summer 200 kilometers in diameter

00:03:15

but this shadow is just a few

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hundred kilometers wide but then creates

00:03:20

a strip on the earth due to the earth's

00:03:22

rotation

00:03:23

there is of course also the

00:03:25

penumbra the penumbra there you can

00:03:28

then see a partial or partial

00:03:30

solar eclipse, the other way

00:03:32

around it can It may be that the

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sun, which is now outside the

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game here, casts the earth's shadow into

00:03:39

space and the moon passes through this umbra on its

00:03:42

way around the earth

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and

00:03:46

is eclipsed in the process. It doesn't become completely

00:03:50

dark. There are reasons for that, which we'll get to in a moment

00:03:51

So see that

00:03:54

now the principle of these

00:03:55

eclipses now the question arises

00:03:57

if the moon

00:03:59

goes around the earth in a month why don't we see

00:04:01

a solar eclipse every month the

00:04:03

reason is because the

00:04:06

orbit of the moon is the orbit of the ecliptic

00:04:10

orbit of the earth around the sun

00:04:11

a few degrees is tilted about five degrees

00:04:15

and therefore sometimes or in

00:04:18

most cases the shadow of the

00:04:21

moon actually misses the earth

00:04:23

goes over or under it and that's exactly how it

00:04:26

is with the lunar eclipse

00:04:28

the moon compared to the more shadow

00:04:31

above or under the more shadow

00:04:33

below and We don't have an eclipse,

00:04:35

that's the case in most cases with the

00:04:38

orbits, only when the intersection

00:04:41

line, which is called the nodal line

00:04:44

between these two planes,

00:04:46

is in the same direction as the sun, so to speak, then the

00:04:50

moon's shadow falls on the earth.

00:04:53

We have one Solar eclipses and the

00:04:56

moon knew the earth's shadow would occur,

00:04:59

which means we have such eclipses

00:05:02

on a rough average about twice a

00:05:06

year - varies a little, it has to

00:05:08

do with the actual celestial mechanics

00:05:10

but that would be going a bit too far

00:05:12

to explain that.

00:05:14

Now of course there are several

00:05:16

possibilities A solar eclipse

00:05:19

here we have already said so the

00:05:22

moon's shadow falls on the earth has

00:05:24

a diameter of perhaps up to

00:05:26

a few hundred kilometers the earth

00:05:27

rotates away from it and so we have

00:05:29

this totality zone from which

00:05:33

you can see a total but you

00:05:35

can see and A much wider area

00:05:37

of the selection

00:05:40

can now see a partial solar eclipse

00:05:41

but it can happen that if

00:05:44

the moon is too far away from the earth

00:05:47

that the moon is in the

00:05:50

farthest point from the earth

00:05:53

over 400,000 kilometers away the

00:05:56

earth removed that these months

00:06:00

no longer hits the earth's surface because it is

00:06:03

simply too small and what

00:06:06

happened then is that the moon is

00:06:08

smaller than the sun when it passes from the

00:06:11

sun and therefore a ring remains

00:06:15

in the maximum phase and the sun and

00:06:17

therefore Let's take that then also an

00:06:19

annular solar eclipse in your

00:06:22

song called eclipse in English and

00:06:25

here too there is of course a

00:06:26

path

00:06:27

but it can also be the case that the

00:06:30

moon's shadow just hits the earth

00:06:33

here but half the year's

00:06:36

radius is further away so to speak then that

00:06:38

's just it There are more annular

00:06:40

solar eclipses, there are

00:06:42

different ones with phases.

00:06:44

We are now in the

00:06:46

fortunate position that we

00:06:49

can still see total solar eclipses.

00:06:51

I already mentioned briefly in one of the earlier

00:06:53

lectures that the moon always

00:06:56

moves slowly due to the deceleration by the

00:06:59

tidal forces away from the

00:07:01

earth over the course of 100

00:07:04

million years, however, there is a measurable

00:07:06

effect, so you can measure it

00:07:08

now, but it then accumulates over

00:07:11

millions of years and therefore in

00:07:15

a few hundred million years,

00:07:17

perhaps in 508 100 million years,

00:07:20

the moon will already be there so far away from the

00:07:23

earth that we no longer

00:07:25

have total solar eclipses at all,

00:07:27

so we are still living in privileged times now,

00:07:29

we can say and in 500 million

00:07:32

years, okay, maybe there wo

00:07:34

n't be any more

00:07:36

total solar eclipses, but

00:07:37

now you can Produce maps where you

00:07:41

can see where these total solar eclipses can be seen

00:07:45

on Earth. Here is an

00:07:48

example of a map showing the time between

00:07:52

2001 and 2005 and 20 the phase of the

00:07:56

total solar eclipse on Earth

00:08:00

and here, of course, on the

00:08:02

one hand a question of projection

00:08:04

but on the other hand too A question of

00:08:06

geometry that the width of this

00:08:09

totality zone is not particularly wide in the tropical and

00:08:13

temperate areas

00:08:16

but looks very wide in the residential areas.

00:08:18

This of course has to do with the

00:08:20

projection of the moon's shadow on the

00:08:22

curvature of the earth's globe here, for example

00:08:29

Between 2001 and 2005 and 20,

00:08:33

not a single total

00:08:36

solar eclipse was seen in central Europe.

00:08:39

1999 was the

00:08:43

last one here in central Europe,

00:08:46

but a particularly spectacular

00:08:49

note was that the eclipse was

00:08:51

granted a few years ago in the USA You can

00:08:54

also see these annular and hybrid

00:08:57

solar eclipses are drawn here

00:09:00

too.

00:09:02

There was one in 2005 that could be seen over Spain,

00:09:05

but otherwise we are

00:09:08

unfortunately not preferred here in Central Europe in the period

00:09:11

between 2001 and 2025. If

00:09:14

someone

00:09:17

wants to see such a total or annular solar eclipse then

00:09:19

they have to If you go on a journey and around

00:09:23

our planet then we would

00:09:25

also have an example of a

00:09:27

solar eclipse where you not only

00:09:30

see the totality zone, but

00:09:33

the much larger area should also be drawn in.

00:09:36

A partial

00:09:38

solar eclipse will then be seen, of

00:09:41

course, after this shadow has passed

00:09:43

over the earth with a lot moves at high

00:09:45

speed or

00:09:47

the earth rotates just underneath it

00:09:49

is the period of time at a certain

00:09:53

point I am around for example but we are

00:09:56

in North Africa

00:09:58

then the period of time over which I

00:10:02

see a totality phase is only a few minutes

00:10:05

maximum is possible for

00:10:08

geometric reasons about seven

00:10:10

minutes most eclipses are in

00:10:13

the order of maybe two

00:10:15

three minutes long but that is also

00:10:17

something very spectacular very

00:10:20

impressive so it is also shown here

00:10:23

that when I stand here at a certain

00:10:25

point then there is this shadow that

00:10:30

runs over it I have a long time

00:10:32

I have a partial phase but then

00:10:34

I only have a totality phase for a relatively short time

00:10:37

during the penumbra the

00:10:41

penumbra eclipse then the

00:10:44

partial eclipse which lasts about

00:10:46

an hour before an hour after

00:10:49

that means its entire total

00:10:52

solar eclipse if you

00:10:53

are observed from the beginning to the end in

00:10:55

about say two hours for

00:10:57

a specific observation location then

00:10:59

over

00:11:01

here an interesting picture taken from space

00:11:05

this is the moon shadow of the

00:11:08

solar eclipse of 1999 over

00:11:12

western Europe seen from space as

00:11:15

it moves over the earth's surface here

00:11:18

in the polar regions the moon is

00:11:24

shadow Due to the projection

00:11:26

effects, it is no longer often round or oval,

00:11:30

it should be very strongly elliptical and

00:11:33

here is an example of what such a total

00:11:35

solar eclipse looks like, of course

00:11:38

now with a long telephoto lens, even

00:11:40

except from Antarctica,

00:11:43

the sun is grazing

00:11:46

over the horizon here, so to speak A

00:11:48

particularly beautiful eclipse

00:11:51

of late was seen over Zambia

00:11:55

in 2001. I was also in

00:11:58

Zambia for other reasons but

00:12:01

my biological terrain has increased so

00:12:03

that the solar eclipse

00:12:04

coincided

00:12:05

and here you can see very nicely the

00:12:07

development of the patient phase up to

00:12:11

totality and Then again the

00:12:13

partial phase is correct until the sun

00:12:15

is completely free again. The

00:12:18

exposure times are of course

00:12:19

different here. You expose longer

00:12:23

when the sun is eclipsed so that you can

00:12:31

see the sun beautifully, the outer solar atmosphere, the so-called corona.

00:12:33

There is also an interesting effect

00:12:35

here Also shown in the picture is

00:12:37

when the then when the sun is

00:12:40

eclipsed, so from

00:12:42

our point of view

00:12:43

the moon moves in front of the sun, we can also see that

00:12:46

here in its phase representation

00:12:47

quite well,

00:12:48

so here we just have a

00:12:51

partial phase and then Is there an

00:12:54

effect that I think

00:12:56

can be explained very well: the diamond ring effect because it

00:13:00

just looks like a sparkling

00:13:01

diamond ring and the reason is that the

00:13:06

surface of the moon

00:13:09

is not completely round like it was cut out

00:13:11

with scissors but

00:13:14

has unevenness and here, for example, through certain valleys in the moon

00:13:17

of the moon the sun

00:13:20

can just barely shine through in a close-up

00:13:23

you can see that here

00:13:25

you can see the

00:13:27

irregularities of the moon's surface particularly well

00:13:29

and the sunlight is still shining

00:13:32

through there but this effect only lasts a few seconds

00:13:35

and then it disappears

00:13:37

again but it is incredibly impressive

00:13:39

What you can see in these rather short-

00:13:42

exposed shots is also quite good,

00:13:44

but rather eruptions, protuberances like

00:13:48

spheres that extend into the corona,

00:13:50

which you can also see particularly well in

00:13:52

such a total solar eclipse if

00:13:54

you have a television or a good

00:13:55

camera can

00:13:58

and then you can of course there are

00:14:00

many astronomers but the astronomers

00:14:02

but also only for restaurateurs who are

00:14:04

very concerned with the topic.

00:14:07

Here, for example, a filter was

00:14:09

used that becomes weaker towards the outside

00:14:12

so that you can see very nicely

00:14:15

these far from The

00:14:18

corona components of the

00:14:22

solar atmosphere that extend beyond the sun are guests and in the case of

00:14:24

the stars

00:14:25

you can even see the backscatter that the

00:14:30

helmet earth from the moon back to the

00:14:33

earth a kind of ashen moonlight

00:14:36

if you look very closely but that

00:14:38

really requires larger

00:14:40

equipment and to Telescopes

00:14:43

on the other hand, there is not a

00:14:45

solar eclipse after lunar eclipses.

00:14:47

What happened at the hearing was

00:14:50

that the earth goes around the sun, the moon

00:14:53

goes around the earth and there is

00:14:56

the shadow of the earth through which the moon

00:14:59

passes through. It can be similar to During

00:15:01

a solar eclipse, there is also

00:15:03

a partial phase here where the moon is slightly

00:15:10

eclipsed by the patient through the penumbra that it

00:15:13

cannot be seen with the naked eye,

00:15:14

so you can only see quite well when

00:15:17

the moon enters the umbra of the earth,

00:15:19

which is now natural A

00:15:21

effects

00:15:22

last a little longer than a total

00:15:24

solar eclipse which can only be seen from one point

00:15:28

or a small area of the earth

00:15:30

and here is also the

00:15:33

advantage of a lunar eclipse which can be seen from

00:15:35

practically the entire

00:15:37

hemisphere of the earth after it is fair

00:15:40

from the you just see the moon and

00:15:43

it takes quite a while depending on whether

00:15:45

the moon is passing through the

00:15:48

central shadow or at the edge,

00:15:50

it can take up to a few

00:15:53

hours in total. A

00:15:55

composite photograph here is the

00:15:58

entry of the moon into the umbra

00:16:01

of the earth

00:16:02

then it is You can

00:16:05

also see a bit of eclipse here because the shadow

00:16:08

is shown, which means that it is now

00:16:10

not central here due to the earth's shadow,

00:16:11

a bit on the edge and what is

00:16:14

also noticeable here is that the

00:16:17

earth's umbra is not completely

00:16:19

dark, that is, the moon is with it

00:16:21

completely black but it has this

00:16:23

slightly reddish shimmer and

00:16:25

something else but what is also very important

00:16:28

is this umbra of the

00:16:31

earth,

00:16:32

the ancient Greeks had already

00:16:34

recognized that of course the earth rotates during the 1 2

00:16:39

hours or so

00:16:41

that such a total lunar eclipse

00:16:44

lasts And if the

00:16:48

earth were a disk then there wouldn't

00:16:52

just be a round shadow,

00:16:55

but it would sometimes have to

00:16:57

be elliptical or completely flat,

00:16:59

but because the shadow

00:17:02

is always round all the time and does

00:17:04

n't change its shape, they already have them The

00:17:06

ancient Greeks concluded over 2000 years ago

00:17:08

that the earth

00:17:10

must be a sphere. This effect can also be

00:17:13

seen very well here,

00:17:15

so you can see this

00:17:16

circular earth's shadow here is an

00:17:20

example of an eclipse, a

00:17:23

total eclipse and in this case not

00:17:26

through the entire central area

00:17:29

a bit eccentric so it takes about

00:17:31

say an hour

00:17:33

but it can also take even longer

00:17:35

now the question becomes and here you can see

00:17:37

a very large area of the

00:17:40

earth for these windows is an example

00:17:43

from 2008 only from which you can

00:17:45

actually see it You can see the entire course of the

00:17:49

eclipse,

00:17:50

which means that it is

00:17:52

a much larger

00:17:54

area of the earth compared to a solar eclipse. Now to the point

00:17:56

why the umbra is actually

00:17:59

not completely a window but slightly

00:18:02

lit in a reddish color. Now that has to

00:18:04

do with something here that is not quite

00:18:06

scaled again But according to the scheme,

00:18:09

the sun's rays are recorded on

00:18:12

the one hand, which are absorbed in the earth's atmosphere,

00:18:16

especially the blue parts,

00:18:20

the short-wave parts are

00:18:21

scattered, which is why the sky is blue

00:18:23

and the boring, the reddish parts, which pass

00:18:27

through the atmosphere more undisturbed

00:18:30

and are then also

00:18:32

refracted a little And that's why,

00:18:35

so to speak, the blue part of the sunlight that

00:18:37

is refracted here is emitted through the earth's atmosphere

00:18:41

and the red

00:18:43

part remains similar for the

00:18:45

similar reason why the sun or moon

00:18:50

can sometimes appear reddish at sunrise or sunset because the light passes through

00:18:52

a thicker layer of the atmosphere It

00:18:54

's similar here

00:18:56

with the eclipses, that is, the

00:19:00

umbra of the earth is still slightly illuminated by the

00:19:04

refracted red sunlight.

00:19:07

There are such

00:19:12

solar eclipses and lunar eclipses

00:19:14

not only on the earth but

00:19:17

of course also on other planets in the

00:19:19

solar system, here just as an example That

00:19:22

's quite interesting, the shadow of the

00:19:26

fund like a potato state

00:19:28

that mine is the moons of Mars on the surface of

00:19:30

Mars and coincidentally

00:19:34

one of the satchels

00:19:36

went far under the shadow including

00:19:40

the Mars rover Opportunity has again

00:19:46

photographed solar eclipses from Malz and here

00:19:48

On the one hand we see the smaller and more

00:19:51

distant Mars moon Demos at the top which passes in front of the

00:19:55

sun and at the bottom the slightly

00:19:57

larger Mars moon Phobos

00:19:59

of course does not cover the sun,

00:20:01

the sun is smaller towards Mars and is smaller

00:20:03

from the earth

00:20:04

but the moons are still many small ones There

00:20:06

is also a lot more to our earth

00:20:08

and Mars, also with Jupiter,

00:20:12

for example, we have the

00:20:15

shadow of one of Jupiter's moons, which

00:20:17

we see here is the Jupiter moon, the

00:20:19

associated shadow that it casts on

00:20:21

Jupiter, this eclipse of the or

00:20:26

shadows cast by Jupiter in the Jupiter

00:20:30

system was something that

00:20:34

aroused interest some time ago

00:20:37

and, for example,

00:20:38

in 1676 the Danish astronomer Ole Römer tried to determine the speed of light with the

00:20:45

help of the eclipse of Jupiter's moons.

00:20:52

He found that

00:20:55

depending on whether here in this diagram

00:20:58

you can see it quite well that finally

00:21:00

again the distances,

00:21:01

the sizes or the scheme are not correct

00:21:04

here if Jupiter

00:21:07

is behind the earth or if it is further away from the earth

00:21:11

then the eclipses occur at

00:21:14

slightly different times

00:21:16

so the orbit will not correspond to the prediction

00:21:21

But this people should observe

00:21:23

the darkness

00:21:25

a few minutes later and it

00:21:28

even takes 16 minutes. We

00:21:31

know today that the light from the

00:21:33

sun to the earth takes eight minutes,

00:21:35

that the diameter of the earth's orbit

00:21:37

takes the light 16 minutes

00:21:39

across it and This effect, that there

00:21:44

is a difference of 15 minutes or so

00:21:46

depending on where the earth is in the solar system,

00:21:48

was already noticed by the Romans.

00:21:51

He used it to

00:21:54

derive the speed of light and what

00:21:57

he got out of it was

00:21:59

a value that wasn't all that bad

00:22:01

the time and remember in 1676 with

00:22:05

relatively simple methods even without a

00:22:07

computer and so on it was about

00:22:09

25 percent different from

00:22:13

today's known value but at least

00:22:15

the idea behind it is something really

00:22:17

ingenious and it also

00:22:20

brought about the right result

00:22:23

a different kind of darkness can They

00:22:26

say there is another celestial body that

00:22:31

can move between us and the sun

00:22:32

and that is one of the two

00:22:35

inner planets Mercury or Venus.

00:22:39

Mercury is a relatively small

00:22:41

celestial body. We already know that it

00:22:43

is not even half the size of

00:22:45

our Earth And of course it can

00:22:48

be that, depending on how the orbits

00:22:51

run there, Mercury wants to

00:22:55

move in front of it between the earth and the sun

00:22:57

and will therefore be able to see a so-called Mercury

00:23:00

before the transition, not to be

00:23:04

confused with sunspots.

00:23:06

This often happens, but it's not nice to see

00:23:09

Unfortunately, so-called

00:23:11

Venus before transitions are much rarer, so here's an

00:23:15

example because one of the last ones that was

00:23:19

clearly visible here from Europe

00:23:21

was in June 2004 in June 2004. Here you

00:23:26

can see the first contact in this

00:23:28

case, these are universal times that it

00:23:30

was seven in the morning

00:23:32

then Venus was inside at about half past seven,

00:23:36

well that

00:23:38

took a while until 1 p.m.

00:23:40

this effect is a kind of mini

00:23:43

solar eclipse, so compared to

00:23:45

Mercury, Venus is of course much, much

00:23:49

larger - this is what we'll talk about,

00:23:52

interestingly enough relatively

00:23:57

long intervals only before the first which

00:24:00

were also calculated before

00:24:03

1631 and then already 1639 next so

00:24:08

eight years between these two pairs

00:24:11

we see why that is the case

00:24:12

but then 121 years break and

00:24:17

then again eight years 105 years eight

00:24:20

years 23 years eight years or five

00:24:22

years and so on and so on

00:24:23

the last couple that were clearly visible were

00:24:28

seen from Europe in 2004 and 2012 in 2004

00:24:32

unfortunately not visible from Europe in 2012

00:24:34

but nevertheless it was observed very intensively

00:24:37

in the entire twentieth

00:24:39

century there was not a single Venus

00:24:41

before the transition and the next one so whoever

00:24:43

missed it now I'm afraid until

00:24:47

2100 17

00:24:49

that means we would all have to

00:24:51

live a very long time so that will still take a

00:24:53

while

00:24:54

it was also the first one observed before the

00:24:57

transition was the one from 16 39 and also there

00:25:00

the offer Only two people saw

00:25:03

the calculations for the others, which was

00:25:06

also very interesting for

00:25:08

celestial mechanics. A

00:25:10

few more words about that, but why is this actually so rare?

00:25:13

Well, because here again, Venus's

00:25:16

orbit around the sun is

00:25:20

about three and a half compared to Earth's orbit around the sun degree is tilted

00:25:22

and therefore in most cases when

00:25:26

Venus passes between the earth and the sun it goes

00:25:28

either above it or

00:25:30

below it, similar to

00:25:32

the solar and lunar eclipses and only

00:25:35

in the rare cases where the node

00:25:39

line of these two orbits is with the sun

00:25:43

In over 1 years it is only then that we have

00:25:46

a Venus before transition and

00:25:49

unfortunately that happens relatively rarely and why

00:25:52

do we have it twice here we have

00:25:55

actually shown the reason, which is

00:25:57

again an exaggerated drawing

00:26:00

of course but to show the reason

00:26:02

here we have it In

00:26:04

practical terms, we would have the orbit of the Earth and the orbit of Venus and,

00:26:07

for example,

00:26:10

Venus misses the probe around Manaus by more than 196,

00:26:13

but it passes through the diameter of 2004

00:26:16

and in 2012 it is at the upper end.

00:26:19

Now this is the so-called

00:26:23

node

00:26:24

that we see here over a long period of time It is

00:26:27

not stable in space but

00:26:29

moves slightly, which means it may be that there is

00:26:32

only one passage

00:26:35

and then nothing for a long time, but

00:26:38

often there are two passages depending on

00:26:42

where this node line is located.

00:26:45

I think you can understand that quite well

00:26:46

There are just a few

00:26:48

stripes and then there is nothing left

00:26:51

before and after that means these - for

00:26:54

transitions are relatively rare, here

00:26:58

the Venus

00:27:02

in front of transitions where they are from the sun is copied out of an old book

00:27:06

1631 39 1719 61 69

00:27:13

1874 82 and 2004 and 2012 And you can see that

00:27:19

quite clearly. There

00:27:20

is not only a so-

00:27:22

called ascending node, but

00:27:25

there is also a so-called

00:27:27

descending node. Now and depending on

00:27:29

where Venus and the Earth are, we see them

00:27:34

going up or

00:27:37

down On the

00:27:40

solar disk this transit from 2000

00:27:44

1639 was the first to be observed as I said,

00:27:48

the one from 16 31 was also calculated

00:27:52

but there was obviously no one

00:27:53

who observed it. It is

00:27:56

said that a certain Terry Hoax

00:27:58

in England observed this transit before about this

00:28:01

and He informed another

00:28:03

friend of yours and

00:28:05

he also made this observation. He

00:28:07

was a certain William Crabtree. He

00:28:11

was the second observer and

00:28:13

apparently they were the only ones

00:28:16

who at least

00:28:17

have written records that they

00:28:23

saw this Venus before the transition from 1639, which is

00:28:24

now preserved We already met him in the chapter

00:28:28

on the history of

00:28:30

planetary research who

00:28:33

made an interesting suggestion.

00:28:34

He meant that, based

00:28:36

on geometric considerations

00:28:39

that are simply shown here,

00:28:41

if you observe Venus before the transition from two different points on

00:28:44

the earth's surface,

00:28:47

then it works Venus in front of

00:28:51

the sun disk a little

00:28:53

different above it once here

00:28:56

once here the difference here is

00:28:58

the angle zeal and that has the

00:29:02

distance between a and b on the earth

00:29:04

as the basis and with that I can of course measure that I

00:29:07

know that and therefore

00:29:11

I can calculate Calculate the angle and therefore

00:29:14

also the distances and that

00:29:17

was an ingenious method that wonderfully

00:29:19

suggested measuring the distance from the

00:29:21

earth to the sun and also from the earth to Venus precisely

00:29:24

and he suggested that

00:29:27

this be done through coordinated observations

00:29:31

of the transit of 1761 and then

00:29:34

perhaps also 1769 One of the people who

00:29:39

observed this was James Cook. He even gave Wiener's

00:29:42

famous point in the hut.

00:29:45

However, as you

00:29:47

know, he lost his life in Hawaii,

00:29:50

so the story can no

00:29:52

longer be told well,

00:29:53

but there are records here, for

00:29:55

example Kux records of Venus In

00:29:59

the sun disk there was one who

00:30:03

had a bit of bad luck, one can only say that it was a

00:30:06

certain Josef. Here are Jean Baptiste

00:30:11

de la Garza, recently called Thiel. Well, he

00:30:14

set off in March 1760 on

00:30:19

this long journey around Africa,

00:30:21

but was then attacked by pirates

00:30:24

and so on on and so

00:30:25

on and therefore came too late to his

00:30:28

observation point in India, what did he

00:30:32

do a lot? He

00:30:34

waited because even years later there was

00:30:37

another one before the transition and therefore

00:30:40

or eight years in the area when

00:30:41

he was used up on other small

00:30:43

expeditions a lot of bees and

00:30:45

so on

00:30:46

and then went back to

00:30:51

India in 1769 and wanted to observe there and

00:30:53

what happened it was cloudy so I wait

00:30:56

eight years and then that but it's

00:30:59

not over yet then he goes back and

00:31:02

then it gets over ten Years or eleven

00:31:04

years after he left, he was back

00:31:06

in France

00:31:07

in the meantime, his wife had been declared

00:31:09

dead and the inheritance

00:31:11

had been divided, so he was an astronomer who

00:31:15

really put work before everything

00:31:18

else. Poor Laws and II had

00:31:20

bad luck, but others Of course we

00:31:23

observed there are very interesting

00:31:25

effects such as these

00:31:26

so-called drop effects, which are purely

00:31:28

optical effects. We also observed them

00:31:31

later during the observations of the

00:31:34

transitions 18 74 18 82. We

00:31:38

already had photographs of many

00:31:41

different parts of the earth that was

00:31:44

then measured

00:31:45

it was interesting the first results

00:31:47

from the 18th century were not very

00:31:50

good about determining the distance between the earth and the

00:31:52

sun and at the time of Venus's

00:31:55

transition from 1874 to 18 82 there were

00:31:59

already other methods with which they could be

00:32:00

removed and measured, that is

00:32:02

Harry's idea was a good one,

00:32:04

but because they were so

00:32:07

rare, you couldn't

00:32:08

really work it out properly, but there was

00:32:11

something very interesting about the fact that

00:32:13

before the transition in 1761, a Russian

00:32:17

scientist Mikhail Lomonosov

00:32:20

discovered something called Venus

00:32:25

the sun pushed or

00:32:27

duck or saw that there

00:32:29

is a luminous one and that Venus exists and

00:32:35

he also concluded that

00:32:37

Venus has an atmosphere so that

00:32:40

was a very interesting

00:32:42

conclusion. In 1761 they had already

00:32:49

concluded that there was a Venus atmosphere.

00:32:50

2004 was wonderful too Also see here

00:32:53

from Vienna that now not

00:32:55

again in the hydrogen solemnly that you

00:32:58

can see Venus is

00:32:59

big compared to the sun, much bigger

00:33:03

than Mercury, by the way, Mercury

00:33:05

passed by, you see it a little more often here,

00:33:08

taken from a spaceship,

00:33:10

you see this lot like this The so-called Lomonosov

00:33:13

effect is very nice, the practical

00:33:15

glowing Venus atmosphere is

00:33:19

a wonderful proof in this case in

00:33:22

2012, taken from an idea that is already over

00:33:26

200, 250 years old. Yes, now then

00:33:33

some other phenomena. We have

00:33:36

now had a lot to do with the

00:33:39

Earth, the Moon and the Sun,

00:33:41

eclipses but also the phases of the

00:33:43

cheerful, similar things.

00:33:44

We have temporarily dealt with Venus and Mercury.

00:33:46

Now there are a

00:33:49

few other phenomena that

00:33:51

can be easily observed in the sky and which,

00:33:55

if we look back, have helped astronomers and

00:34:00

scientists over the centuries

00:34:03

to understand how Our

00:34:05

solar system now works. I have

00:34:08

already mentioned that you can see with very

00:34:09

simple telescopes, even with large

00:34:12

binoculars, that Venus

00:34:14

sometimes has phases. You can see that there are

00:34:16

spots on Mars, that

00:34:18

Saturn has a ring, that Jupiter

00:34:22

has moons and so on

00:34:23

from Earth Seen from this

00:34:25

phenomenology, we are not talking about

00:34:28

inner and outer planets but rather about

00:34:30

so-called inferior lower and super

00:34:33

johann upper planets namely that is

00:34:36

in the observation point is the earth

00:34:38

the inferior planets the inner

00:34:41

planets that are here only Mercury Venus

00:34:43

and the upper planets are in In this

00:34:45

case, starting from Mars, they are the ones that

00:34:48

go around the sun outside the Earth's orbit. The reason why

00:34:51

this difference is made becomes

00:34:53

clear here because these two

00:34:56

types of planets

00:34:58

can show different phenomena in the sky, so for

00:35:00

example we have an inner planet here We

00:35:04

have the earth, we have the sun, for

00:35:06

example, we have Venus and here you can see

00:35:08

purely for geometric reasons,

00:35:10

seen from the earth,

00:35:13

Venus can only be

00:35:16

away from the sun up to a certain angle and then

00:35:19

it comes closer to the sun again

00:35:22

Then it goes again to a

00:35:23

certain angle on the other side

00:35:25

and then it comes closer to the sun again

00:35:27

in the orbit around the sun,

00:35:30

that is, seen from the earth, this

00:35:32

means that here, for example,

00:35:35

the sun would be below the horizon and at

00:35:38

different times In the orbit

00:35:40

we see Venus e.g. behind the sun

00:35:44

here but close to the sun then

00:35:47

a kind of half Venus at the time of the

00:35:51

so-called greatest elimination so you

00:35:53

can't go any further away from the

00:35:56

sun and then when it is close to the earth

00:36:00

the one illuminated from behind Venus is

00:36:02

a species that is significantly larger,

00:36:06

in other words, I can observe Venus

00:36:09

and Mercury in the sky at midnight that are

00:36:12

exactly opposite to the sun

00:36:14

because these two

00:36:17

planets can only move away from the sun up to ten

00:36:19

angles and then back to the

00:36:21

sun go back to

00:36:24

the so-called super years or upper

00:36:28

planets and in this case

00:36:31

Mars is one of them. Of course, here

00:36:34

we have the sun, here we have the earth,

00:36:36

we would have it exactly in the so-called

00:36:39

opposition to the sun, it could

00:36:42

just be that it is exactly on the

00:36:45

other side of the The sun is standing, which means that

00:36:47

when the sun goes down, Mars rises,

00:36:49

just like the full moon and here

00:36:52

you can see this

00:36:54

planet beautifully, that's just the way it is

00:36:57

for Mars, Jupiter can also see Saturn in front of the stars

00:37:01

at midnight,

00:37:04

then these planets can also be seen. This applies to

00:37:06

both Servant as well as the hot

00:37:08

planets are in conjunction with the sun

00:37:11

that it is next to the sun you do

00:37:13

n't see them essentially or there is also the

00:37:16

collection that they are next to each other

00:37:17

two planets is another type of

00:37:19

conjunction but it can also be that

00:37:22

a

00:37:24

larger body For example, the moon has

00:37:26

a small body e.g. Mars or

00:37:28

Jupiter window, so it goes over it. This is

00:37:33

called an operation,

00:37:35

one planet can also have another, but that is

00:37:36

a lot, a lot, a lot of trembling,

00:37:37

so you can see such phenomena on the email

00:37:41

and here again

00:37:43

the individual ones are shown geometrically So parts from

00:37:46

the earth, for example Venus, I

00:37:48

have the largest delegation in the evening, the

00:37:51

largest innovation in the morning, there is

00:37:53

an inferior, a super Hirai

00:37:55

conjunctions they are with the sun depending on

00:37:57

what is between us and on the

00:37:58

other side of the sun While

00:38:00

with the outer planets, for example

00:38:03

Mars, there is opposition here and

00:38:05

then there is also a so-called

00:38:06

quadrature and then of course there is

00:38:08

also a conjunction with the sun, i.e.

00:38:13

Venus and that is what

00:38:15

Galileo Galilei found at the beginning of the 17th

00:38:17

century Seen from

00:38:20

the earth, Venus can

00:38:22

show phases and that was

00:38:25

proof back then that the

00:38:27

heliocentric system was the right one

00:38:31

and Galileo also dared

00:38:34

to say that clearly and that led to

00:38:36

his book being written until the middle of the year 19th

00:38:38

century from the index of

00:38:40

forbidden books landed truth

00:38:43

some don't like to hear here is an

00:38:47

example of Mercury

00:38:50

Venus known as the evening star or

00:38:52

morning star Yahoo

00:38:54

Mercury is much much more difficult to

00:38:56

see and photograph why wine

00:38:59

and here for a northern latitude of

00:39:03

40 degrees that's a little south of

00:39:05

where it comes from, for example, this is

00:39:08

now an example for the year 2004, there

00:39:10

are many possibilities,

00:39:12

Mercury comes up to a height of just

00:39:15

over ten degrees above the horizon and of course it's

00:39:18

still relatively bright at this time

00:39:21

That means it's very difficult to see, also because

00:39:25

Mercury here only has

00:39:27

a diameter of somewhere between five

00:39:30

and about ten arc seconds in arcseconds,

00:39:33

that it is relatively small and the

00:39:35

brightness here, the marks

00:39:37

shown here, is somewhere much,

00:39:40

much lower than that of, for example

00:39:42

venus therefore if you ask people

00:39:45

also many amateur astronomers have they

00:39:47

ever seen Mercury so many

00:39:51

haven't seen it it would be much

00:39:52

more difficult we have already talked about the

00:39:55

whole collection of similar things

00:39:57

a term that also comes

00:39:59

up sometimes is the so-called

00:40:01

hectic sunrise that means when do

00:40:04

you see a star or a planet for the first time

00:40:06

in the evening sky in or in the

00:40:09

morning sky, so to speak, there are these

00:40:11

two possibilities,

00:40:12

that was something that the ancient Egyptians, for example,

00:40:14

used very often, the so-

00:40:16

called Chinese tasks of Sirius

00:40:19

was for The prediction Dani floods

00:40:22

uses if you look at

00:40:25

one of the inner planets from the earth

00:40:27

then in the evening the orbit goes

00:40:32

like this and in the morning the orbit goes

00:40:36

in the other direction and

00:40:39

the planet is also in the other direction but

00:40:41

of course again and again following the ecliptic

00:40:44

because it is only three and a half degrees

00:40:47

Banholzer ecliptic this is the

00:40:50

development of the position of a

00:40:53

so-called super Riemann planet from

00:40:55

the conjunction to the square here

00:40:58

is the earth here is the master to the

00:41:00

opposition then again quadrature then

00:41:02

finally once again conjunction with

00:41:04

the sun And don't forget that

00:41:06

both planets are moving, not just

00:41:08

the outer planet, the brightness of these

00:41:11

planets in the sky varies,

00:41:15

especially for the planets that come close to us

00:41:18

like Venus and Mercury came to Mars,

00:41:20

they vary a lot, it's

00:41:23

about 2. 6 2.7 in the make-up is

00:41:27

about minus 1.4

00:41:30

the Venus and -4 because they were always very

00:41:33

bright that's why they wanted to back then, depending on

00:41:35

the earth, it's just that

00:41:38

at the other end of

00:41:40

the orbit, so to speak, Jupiter also varies greatly

00:41:43

is very bright so the first

00:41:46

planet always has Venus the most that

00:41:49

is Jupiter the second measure can

00:41:51

also become a rule in the short term and then

00:41:53

comes Saturn the size of the Venus phases

00:41:57

in the sky or that for example that in the

00:41:59

sky also varies very much here

00:42:02

we have an example from the half of

00:42:03

Venus to the practically large one

00:42:06

you can clearly see how

00:42:08

different the size in the sky is,

00:42:11

even with Marks when it is now in

00:42:14

opposition, for example, so the direct

00:42:16

opposition to the earth is right near

00:42:17

this one

00:42:18

and if on the other side this The

00:42:20

solar system is then more than half the

00:42:22

size, so these were phenomena that can be

00:42:26

easily explained. Now,

00:42:29

to finish, a little bit about the

00:42:31

so-called orbit elements. The orbit

00:42:33

elements are used to determine the

00:42:36

orbits of the planets, but also of

00:42:38

comets and small planets and of moons

00:42:40

To be able to explain and calculate and this won't be an

00:42:43

outline of

00:42:45

celestial mechanics but just a

00:42:47

few basic terms that you

00:42:50

need, the whole thing starts of course with

00:42:53

Kepler's laws. The first

00:42:56

law states that the orbits of the

00:42:58

planets are ellipses, one of which

00:43:00

has the sun at its focal point and The

00:43:04

second break now says that

00:43:06

the strasser educational strike from

00:43:08

sun to planet

00:43:10

covers the same areas at the same time and therefore

00:43:13

the planet moves slower in the sun-drenched area

00:43:16

and

00:43:19

much faster near the sun and the third law

00:43:22

says that the squares orbit periods are

00:43:25

proportional to the Customers of the big

00:43:28

shark practices of two planets are then

00:43:31

we have also heard that Newton's

00:43:34

law of gravity means that the gravity

00:43:37

is proportional to a gravitational

00:43:40

constant that should be times 2

00:43:41

divided by the distance between the

00:43:44

two masses so now we come to

00:43:49

the orbit of a planet

00:43:53

Can a celestial body be described?

00:43:56

What

00:43:58

so-called orbit elements exist here

00:44:01

and that actually goes back to

00:44:03

Johannes Kepler in its basics.

00:44:05

Now the fundamental level

00:44:10

of the solar system is always the ecliptic.

00:44:12

We have already defined that, which is the Earth's

00:44:14

orbit around the sun From there we have to do

00:44:16

everything else. Now we have

00:44:18

another celestial body then of course

00:44:20

another orbit

00:44:21

in the solar system. How can I

00:44:24

describe this orbit now? There are

00:44:26

several orbit elements here, the

00:44:28

inclination of the orbit, the length of the ascending

00:44:31

node, the so-called argument has to be made

00:44:33

The per ups is the eccentricity, the

00:44:36

major semi-axis and the so-called

00:44:38

mean anomaly at a certain

00:44:41

epoch. I need to do this. The

00:44:45

definition is we start with the

00:44:47

so-called vernal equinox. The

00:44:49

vernal equinox is the point where the

00:44:53

celestial equator and Egypt

00:44:55

appear to intersect in the sky that the point at

00:44:57

which the sun begins to rise at the beginning of spring,

00:44:58

that the zero point of the ecliptic, is

00:45:01

where you start counting and

00:45:04

now I'm going, we're here

00:45:06

in this case, so you can

00:45:09

start somewhere, that's not that

00:45:11

important now, there are, for example Of course,

00:45:14

if I have a different path, I have

00:45:16

the path inclination. That's clear

00:45:19

and very easy to see,

00:45:20

but it's also important if these

00:45:24

two partners intersect. That can be

00:45:26

somewhere. The satirical intersection line does

00:45:28

n't have to be here. It can also be here

00:45:29

Here too, how do I define

00:45:32

this? Now that I have

00:45:35

counted the so-called

00:45:38

length of the ascending node star here, it is

00:45:42

the ascending node of this orbit, which

00:45:45

means that the object moves into the

00:45:46

savannah and that the intersection line

00:45:49

between 70 and the other orbit is that

00:45:52

the ascender according to notes we count from the

00:45:53

spring point this is this green

00:45:56

arrow this is the length of the

00:45:59

ascending node so I have

00:46:01

already defined two things

00:46:03

i.e. the inclination of the orbit and

00:46:07

where exactly this orbit is in relation to Egypt

00:46:11

now I can of

00:46:15

course also say if I

00:46:20

have, so to speak, the big hall axis here or the case that Barry hey that

00:46:23

is that it would be obstructions sap

00:46:25

then I can say again from the

00:46:27

imposing node line of all things the

00:46:31

argument of the mountain is where is

00:46:33

the bury here so that is the next

00:46:36

point that I have to take into account here

00:46:39

in a track like this then I can say

00:46:43

now good now I know, so to speak, the

00:46:46

next thing I need is how big is

00:46:48

the track okay that is also clear

00:46:51

but we already had these

00:46:53

points here as the so-called inclusion

00:46:55

has a few inclinations already the

00:46:57

argument of the mountain or barry ups

00:47:00

but that we always have the

00:47:02

eccentricity describes to me is the

00:47:05

circle similar or is it eccentric

00:47:07

the path is good next also easy to

00:47:10

find

00:47:11

then we have the length of the

00:47:12

ascending node we have

00:47:14

already explained here then the question is how

00:47:17

big is the large hall grows that

00:47:19

defines how big is the path and then

00:47:22

the last thing that is missing is where exactly in

00:47:24

the path is the body now

00:47:26

and that is the so-called middle one

00:47:28

anomaly to a certain one in the book

00:47:30

I tell you about the ferry from Perrier

00:47:34

away then the the the the anomaly

00:47:37

there the body is located that means

00:47:39

what do we have now we always have to calculate on the one hand

00:47:45

but the inclination of the orbit and still no

00:47:48

idea what the orbit is in there stands and

00:47:51

how big is the next one is the extras

00:47:53

is just how long or circle similar it

00:47:56

is then the length of the ascending

00:47:59

node tells me how is this dearest

00:48:00

oriented against to Egypt the argument of

00:48:03

the Barry apse one says how is in the

00:48:07

bar of the body where is the point closest to the sun

00:48:11

the size herberg says how big

00:48:13

is this ellipse and

00:48:15

that tells us where is the body is

00:48:18

actually in there in this in the

00:48:21

orbit and that these six numbers can be

00:48:24

said to describe an orbit and

00:48:27

how it works exactly The

00:48:29

calculations there are thick books

00:48:31

about it but also the important

00:48:33

points are and need these six

00:48:35

elements in order to be able to describe a path

00:48:38

that here is also a

00:48:40

part of it

00:48:42

so here I have an ellipse then

00:48:45

tell me that is the big hall growth

00:48:46

then the little witch and the

00:48:50

eccentricity can be calculated here from the

00:48:54

we know a next time

00:48:56

of zeros is a a circle an

00:49:00

eccentricity between zero and

00:49:02

Karl-Heinz is a lovely one's extensive

00:49:05

from once is a parabola and from

00:49:07

larger 1 is a bouncy castle

00:49:10

now we have the

00:49:11

summary again so the big hype

00:49:14

axis which tells me the size of the bars

00:49:17

the eccentricity tells me the shape there

00:49:20

were the length of the exiting

00:49:22

knot cares more where is this the

00:49:25

track is oriented compared to the

00:49:27

spring equinox i.e. to Egypt orbit

00:49:30

inclination this is this green angle

00:49:33

tells more how strongly inclined to Egypt

00:49:35

is these were

00:49:36

the argument that is by email or fax

00:49:39

tells me how is the great hall

00:49:42

growing in comparison to experienced to the

00:49:44

ascending node and the anomaly

00:49:47

tells me where is it Body now in

00:49:50

its orbit That's enough to describe a path

00:49:53

There is of course a lot more that

00:49:57

could be described here I'll

00:49:59

just give a very brief outline of it here You

00:50:03

can describe the speed in a

00:50:04

path, the orbit period, the

00:50:07

torque, the energy and many other

00:50:09

things that in most cases

00:50:13

simply follow from both Kepler's

00:50:14

laws and the rhythmic

00:50:17

hypothesis. Now,

00:50:18

interestingly enough, there are not only purely

00:50:23

mathematically comprehensible effects

00:50:27

due to the difficulty.

00:50:28

There are also other

00:50:30

interactions

00:50:35

Newton's theory of gravity

00:50:37

can mean that a body is disturbed

00:50:41

by, for example, the interaction between the

00:50:44

sun and the earth, for example, but

00:50:50

Jupiter, for example, is also on this orbit, for example, or that

00:50:53

the influence of another heavy

00:50:57

mass in the solar system

00:51:00

naturally changes the orbit of a planet That

00:51:04

was also the case when Neptune was

00:51:06

discovered. Disturbances in the orbit of Uranus

00:51:09

suggested that there was

00:51:11

another body. They had already

00:51:13

calculated the disturbances in the orbit of

00:51:16

Uranus through Saturn through

00:51:19

Jupiter. The inner planets were

00:51:22

not so important here Because they are much further

00:51:23

away and are much smaller and then there

00:51:25

is still something left and

00:51:27

in this way you have

00:51:28

concluded that there is another planet, so

00:51:30

that means third fourth five of the

00:51:32

bodies interact, but these are

00:51:34

normal interactions that are caused by

00:51:36

gravity are explained there is also

00:51:39

that the mass distribution is not entirely

00:51:40

fair that one now aside

00:51:43

but now there is something very

00:51:44

interesting that is the somewhat

00:51:47

unpleasant and difficult to

00:51:49

predict non-gravitational forces

00:51:53

that, for example, on smaller bodies such as

00:51:56

But the speech

00:51:58

can also have an effect on comets, for example,

00:52:01

it can be that a comet nucleus

00:52:07

consists of a lot of travel and suddenly

00:52:08

gas that if your but more comes

00:52:14

out somewhere like his chat on the side what does it mean it's like a

00:52:17

rocket that This chat is called pushing the

00:52:20

comet nucleus in the other direction but

00:52:22

now I have no chance

00:52:24

of predicting where on the comet in

00:52:27

which direction a jet will be launched at some point

00:52:29

and these are not

00:52:31

gravitational forces that is why it is so

00:52:34

difficult to predict comets exactly.

00:52:38

They cannot be the ones Comet will come

00:52:47

back in exactly 27 years three months twelve dates because there is a chat somewhere and that

00:52:49

changes the whole thing by a few days

00:52:51

so these are these so-called non-

00:52:54

gravitational effects is an example

00:52:56

of this but solar radiation also puts pressure on

00:52:59

some bodies and depending on how how much

00:53:02

they are, how strong they are, they don't

00:53:04

reflect, the effect is more or

00:53:06

less, that is, there are a lot of

00:53:10

disruptions in orbits, collisions

00:53:14

can happen,

00:53:15

but it can also be the case that, for example, a comet

00:53:18

comes too close to a large planet, then

00:53:22

the ama is captured, something like that

00:53:24

For example, this happened to

00:53:26

me in 19 490 or actually a little

00:53:28

before that, when the comet with the beautiful

00:53:31

name Shoemaker Levy 9,

00:53:33

which was discovered by these people,

00:53:35

was captured by Jupiter and then

00:53:38

not only in an orbit around Jupiter

00:53:40

and actually also

00:53:41

fell due to Jupiter The gravity

00:53:44

of Jupiter splits the comet nucleus into

00:53:46

several parts and one after the

00:53:48

other of Bumbum falls onto Jupiter,

00:53:50

so something like that can happen,

00:53:53

but the opposite can also

00:53:55

happen, that a comet passes by Jupiter

00:53:57

or an asteroid and it

00:54:00

becomes like that Disturbed or catapulted out of the

00:54:02

solar system, this

00:54:04

also happens in other

00:54:05

solar systems. A short time ago,

00:54:08

interstellar comets were observed in our

00:54:10

solar system

00:54:24

been thrown out by another solar system with such a precise mechanism, so there are still many such

00:54:28

disturbances here and these

00:54:31

non-gravitational

00:54:34

effects are there to capture the gravitational effects or

00:54:36

that disrupting an orbit usually causes

00:54:38

gravitational effects, there are always

00:54:40

these non-gravitational effects that come out

00:54:43

We've already briefly mentioned gassing through chats,

00:54:45

but there are also

00:54:47

other effects such as the

00:54:49

colorful romance effect, radiation pressure

00:54:52

or ninja kowski effects, there are

00:54:54

other non-gravitational effects that

00:54:56

we can't describe in more detail here

00:54:59

because that would go too far here too

00:55:02

Just to say briefly,

00:55:05

these are mostly light effects e.g. the butt

00:55:08

in the big effect so we have

00:55:10

absorbed the light and the particles

00:55:13

then make a spiral movement, this

00:55:15

works especially well with

00:55:16

small particles such as dust particles in

00:55:20

the sun's environment, the spirals then

00:55:22

towards the center and the Jack

00:55:25

Wolfskin effect which is also an effect

00:55:28

that had to do with the emission of photons

00:55:31

so to speak transmits an impulse

00:55:34

that can lead to a

00:55:37

change of plan in the comet's path,

00:55:40

it can be somewhere in

00:55:41

some direction Outgassing

00:55:43

takes place and therefore the

00:55:48

comet is pushed in the other direction.

00:55:50

This is unpredictable,

00:55:52

no one can do that beforehand, then

00:55:55

there is something else that happens again and again. These

00:55:57

are so-called

00:55:59

resonances. Resonances between two

00:56:03

orbits are when things are in a hurry

00:56:06

Relationships between orbital periods

00:56:08

exist, for example, in the case of Jupiter's moons, the

00:56:12

distribution of periods is in a ratio of one

00:56:14

to two or one to four or so on.

00:56:17

But there are

00:56:20

not only orbital resonances where there are

00:56:23

certain relationships between the individual orbits

00:56:26

1000 i.e. the one moon

00:56:29

So for example, twice

00:56:31

around Jupiter while the other

00:56:34

goes around once, but there are also so-

00:56:36

called orbit and rotation couplings,

00:56:41

which are called spin orbit couplings, for

00:56:43

example when the moon shows the moon

00:56:46

and so life always shows the same

00:56:47

side. There is a painting The earth

00:56:51

would be that I rotates once around its axis

00:56:54

with Mercury, for example, it is

00:56:57

so that when it goes around the sun twice it

00:57:00

rotates three times around its

00:57:02

axis. This is also a spin coupling

00:57:06

examples

00:57:07

some examples as I said yours is a

00:57:10

221 resonance with Europe So whoever

00:57:13

goes around Jupiter twice in Mio goes

00:57:15

around Jupiter once again over

00:57:17

their time of resonance with not at all. There are

00:57:21

similar reasons for Saturn's moon

00:57:22

and then there are some resonances, for

00:57:25

example the so-called kirk and gaps,

00:57:27

that's where we come from later on with the

00:57:28

asteroids briefly there are disturbances there

00:57:33

and there are certain areas where

00:57:36

resonances between Jupiter and the

00:57:39

orbits of the asteroids are disturbed and there are

00:57:42

no asteroids in these orbits there

00:57:44

are if you look at the

00:57:46

distribution of the orbits there Talking

00:57:48

looks at but removing there are

00:57:50

certain zones there are no

00:57:52

paths that is further Jupiter there disturbs things

00:57:56

like that there are

00:57:57

also things like that that is the representation of this

00:58:00

story here we have the mast

00:58:03

as the Jupiter and there are these

00:58:04

gaps in 1 to 3 resonance 1 1 to 4

00:58:07

resonances 225 resonance So there are

00:58:10

a lot of leaks here and there are

00:58:11

no excuses for these partners

00:58:13

that is the interference from Jupiter yes

00:58:17

and at the very end there are other

00:58:20

phenomena that you can also see beautifully in the sky, for

00:58:22

example shooting stars

00:58:26

are known but now of

00:58:28

course it happens that sometimes you can see

00:58:31

the constellation of Leo

00:58:33

if you observe here for a longer period of time. Here

00:58:36

we have long exposures of the

00:58:39

shooting stars that

00:58:41

all seem to come from a certain

00:58:43

apex.

00:58:44

This is called the radiant and the reason

00:58:48

is similar If you drive a car

00:58:49

through snow flurries,

00:58:52

it looks as if the snowflakes are

00:58:55

coming in a certain direction,

00:58:57

but when I turn 90 degrees and go around

00:58:59

a curve, they still come from the

00:59:01

direction I'm flying, which means it

00:59:03

's not real effect that is an

00:59:05

effect of the movement of the observer and

00:59:09

these beautiful shooting star

00:59:13

effects and high currents

00:59:15

simply have to do with the fact that here we have

00:59:17

the sun, the earth

00:59:19

and now it goes

00:59:20

through such a particle cloud

00:59:22

simply through the earth is rotating so I

00:59:26

go through these particle clouds

00:59:28

and that's the way you see the car

00:59:31

driving in the snow, it looks as

00:59:33

if it's coming from this direction, which is why you

00:59:35

can see

00:59:36

shooting stars and similar things

00:59:38

particularly well in the early morning because

00:59:41

I'm kicking the earth in the same way That's how

00:59:43

it works: here I have midnight, here

00:59:45

I have early and here I have evening,

00:59:47

that means the Morgan side of the earth

00:59:50

is in the direction of flight and so we

00:59:55

get as many insects as possible on the windshield at the front and

00:59:57

relatively few at the back, but when we're driving in the car

00:59:59

It's the same with the

01:00:00

earth and the sun sets many

01:00:02

theories and you can

01:00:04

see them in the morning sky, much less in the

01:00:07

evening sky. Something else you have to

01:00:10

see quite well, but only when it

01:00:12

's really, really, really dark, it's

01:00:15

best in the tropics where the ecliptic

01:00:18

rises as steeply as possible into the sky this

01:00:20

is the so-called so the ak is not

01:00:23

shown here in a photo you can

01:00:26

also see a bit of the Milky Way that a

01:00:27

fisheye shot here in a

01:00:30

schematic representation here

01:00:32

we have the poisonous ones in the sky

01:00:33

there is the jupiter there you can see creates

01:00:35

a pyramid of light a very very

01:00:38

weak pyramid of light shown here much more

01:00:40

drastically what it is it was

01:00:43

then determined that this is fine dust

01:00:45

that is located between the planet in

01:00:50

the plane of the Egyptian and

01:00:52

here we have this cross section

01:00:54

but the sun nowhere earth and

01:00:57

mars and saturn etc

01:00:59

and in this plane there is dust

01:01:03

this is for example due to the decay

01:01:05

of small planets and similar things there is

01:01:07

dust in it and

01:01:10

I can see this dust in the form of the ak light

01:01:13

along the ecliptic after

01:01:15

sunset or before sunrise

01:01:17

and in the very special

01:01:19

circumstances we also see

01:01:23

something at the very end which is also a

01:01:25

celestial phenomenon which, however,

01:01:27

only peripherally has to do with the planet

01:01:30

but the interaction

01:01:32

between the sun and the earth and that is the

01:01:34

northern lights, perhaps many of you have

01:01:36

already seen the northern lights

01:01:38

Of course, as the name suggests, you see them

01:01:40

especially in the polar zones

01:01:42

because this is an interaction

01:01:45

between the earth's magnetic field where

01:01:48

the magnetic poles are the geographical

01:01:51

poles but the magnetic poles, which

01:01:53

are also a little different here,

01:01:55

for example, are currently moving

01:01:57

These magnetic poles are also a little bit different than

01:01:59

the geographical

01:02:01

poles, so there are the

01:02:03

northern lights or the arora also in

01:02:07

the south, which you can say here is

01:02:09

a picture from space on

01:02:11

except that is through Australia as

01:02:14

the Antarctica This is what you see, this

01:02:15

beautiful ring. This is the interaction

01:02:18

of the high-energy particles of

01:02:20

solar radiation with the earth's magnetic field,

01:02:24

which leads to the excitation of certain lines

01:02:27

in the spectrum of the various

01:02:29

components of our atmosphere and

01:02:36

can then also cause wonderfully good effects in the sky.

01:02:38

Relax when you're like that

01:02:40

Once you actually see an aurora, it's

01:02:42

not something static,

01:02:44

it moves very slowly, it

01:02:47

's like a curtain that

01:02:50

moves ever so slightly in the wind over time, or

01:02:53

you can watch it for hours. It's

01:02:55

incredibly fascinating, but it's just

01:02:58

one Interaction If the

01:03:01

solar activity becomes very strong then

01:03:03

you can continue to see the

01:03:07

Northern Lights from them. You can also see them further

01:03:08

south.

01:03:09

Sometimes you can even see them in

01:03:10

southern Germany or Austria. If

01:03:12

you would see them in the Mediterranean

01:03:15

then there is a bit of danger

01:03:18

because then We already have a

01:03:19

very, very strong interaction. There are

01:03:22

also sometimes solar flares

01:03:27

that send particularly high-energy particles

01:03:29

to the earth.

01:03:31

A

01:03:34

few more words about that later, but of course that can

01:03:36

also be dangerous for the earth,

01:03:38

that is if you are in the tropics If

01:03:40

you see aurora borealis in the Caribbean or the central

01:03:43

southern Mediterranean, then

01:03:46

you should be careful. Otherwise in the north there are

01:03:48

beautiful phenomena that illustrate the

01:03:50

interaction between the sun and the earth

01:03:52

particularly well. That would be it

01:03:56

for observing the objects in the

01:03:59

sky

Description:

Planetare Geologie: Vorlesung von Christian Köberl im Masterstudiengang der Universität Wien. Thema 4: Astronomische Phänomenologie, Sonnen- und Mondfinsternisse, Meteorströme, Venus- und Merkurtransits, etc. Urknall, Weltall und das Leben (www.urknall-weltall-leben.de) Wissenschaftler erklären Wissenschaft Buch zum Kanal ► https://josef-gassner.de/shop.html Live-Vorträge ► https://josef-gassner.de/index.html Unser Team ► https://www.urknall-weltall-leben.de/team Newsletter ► https://www.urknall-weltall-leben.de/Newsletter Instagram ► https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Spende ► https://josef-gassner.de/spenden.html Vielen Dank an alle, die unser Projekt unterstützen!

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