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видеоурок

учимся

читать

анализировать

работу

схем

00:00:01

today we have the third video lesson

00:00:03

dedicated to the analysis of electronic circuits, we

00:00:07

will move from simple to

00:00:09

complex,

00:00:11

so today let's analyze

00:00:13

specific circuits, which means but I took

00:00:17

an excerpt and articles by Vladislav Artemenko

00:00:20

low and the magazine for 97, the article itself

00:00:24

is devoted to the work of setting up diode

00:00:29

mixers

00:00:30

itself We will have the video itself and the mixer

00:00:34

a little later, but for now we are just training

00:00:36

with you, photos in analysis in understanding those

00:00:38

real circuits, well, let's take a look,

00:00:41

here in front of us you can see in Figure 1 the

00:00:44

so-called high-frequency probe is assembled,

00:00:46

which means that higher quality is a thousand code

00:00:49

when I think that All the same, the audience

00:00:51

that gathers with us, I try

00:00:55

to make a bias towards radio transmitting

00:00:57

receiving equipment for those who are engaged in

00:01:00

amateur communications, therefore, when setting up

00:01:03

similar equipment photo black

00:01:05

transmitters and not only transmitters, it is

00:01:07

very important to know how high you are, that

00:01:10

that component goes in one way or another

00:01:13

cascade, that is, to isolate alternating current,

00:01:17

well, it would seem that you can

00:01:20

ask this question, but the multimeter is

00:01:23

also designed to measure not only

00:01:26

direct and alternating current, why

00:01:30

not use an ordinary multimeter

00:01:31

to measure this in this

00:01:34

variable component, it must be said

00:01:37

that for these purposes the multimeter is absolutely

00:01:41

not it’s good, give me a pointer device that

00:01:43

measures an

00:01:46

ordinary cup, whatever they call it, a

00:01:48

tester used to be called, it means it’s also

00:01:51

absolutely not suitable for this purpose, but the whole

00:01:53

point is that these devices

00:01:56

mean they are designed for the fact that they have

00:02:02

absolutely no isolation

00:02:04

capacitors in the measuring circuits of the circuit meter for some reason, the thing is so important is that

00:02:07

imagine, let’s say one

00:02:09

of the cascades

00:02:10

we measure, we want to measure the variable

00:02:13

component, well, let’s say it’s some kind of

00:02:15

cascade, a buffer cascade, let’s say there in

00:02:19

the transmitter, that is, the generator software

00:02:22

sends a signal, this signal arrives and is

00:02:25

amplified, which means what level from

00:02:28

this signal, well, imagine, let’s say we have

00:02:31

some

00:02:32

specific voltage on the collector, well, let’s take for

00:02:34

example, let’s say there with a power supply of 20

00:02:37

volts, we’ll say 12 volts on the

00:02:39

collector,

00:02:41

so if we measure the voltage, we’ll

00:02:43

put the multimeter to measure the

00:02:45

alternating voltage and we’ll measure the

00:02:49

voltage between the common point of the soul between the

00:02:52

supply bus and let's say the collector,

00:02:55

then we will measure a certain value

00:02:58

which will be, as it were, a

00:03:00

certain amount and the constant

00:03:04

component is a variable, and what is the

00:03:06

secret here?

00:03:16

only to measure changes in the

00:03:19

voltage that passes through zero, the

00:03:21

house is mainly transformers, that

00:03:24

is, when we measure the voltage,

00:03:25

let’s let the transformer windings go into a new one,

00:03:28

then

00:03:30

the multimeter will show the absolutely correct

00:03:33

value, this is how they calibrate

00:03:36

the price at the manufacturer,

00:03:38

but if we need to separate the

00:03:40

variable component from the constant, it is

00:03:44

very important to have such a separator, a

00:03:47

capacitor, here in Figure 1

00:03:50

such a simple device is shown,

00:03:53

which means I spent many years until I

00:03:57

got a better high-

00:04:00

frequency

00:04:02

voltmeter, which means I used such a

00:04:06

probe, it brought very, very great benefits

00:04:08

where what it represents,

00:04:11

well, for example, I made it in the form of a

00:04:14

small pen, let’s say an

00:04:16

old felt-tip pen in this old

00:04:19

felt-tip pens can be made,

00:04:22

well, like this in the form of a needle, I’m looking for a

00:04:26

circuit to place in this circuit, that

00:04:28

means these are the elements such as this

00:04:31

circuit works, which means due to

00:04:34

the capacitor c1 which does not allow the

00:04:36

direct component of the current to pass through, the alternating

00:04:39

component passes through it, the protection

00:04:43

is rectified by the diode vd1 and then through

00:04:46

the resistor, in this case r1 hundred kilos,

00:04:50

which means

00:04:52

it is filtered by capacitor

00:04:53

C2 and goes to the meter, the corner of

00:04:57

this

00:04:58

micron is a sign of which precisely serves as the

00:05:02

basis for such a high-frequency

00:05:05

voltmeter, why a voltmeter do that in

00:05:09

the future, a resistor included in the circuit of the

00:05:11

measuring head immediately turns

00:05:13

it into this meter, but I think that

00:05:16

most amateurs know about this,

00:05:18

by the way, in one of the videos we recently

00:05:22

gave a calculation of how to do the calculation, how to

00:05:25

make

00:05:27

ammeters and voltmeters from a measuring head, but Let me remind you that

00:05:30

by including a resistor in parallel, that is, the so-

00:05:34

called shunt, we turn it into a

00:05:36

vampire meter, but by substituting an additional

00:05:39

resistor we turn it into an altimeter.

00:05:42

Not so, in this case, Figure 1

00:05:44

shows such a small voltmeter,

00:05:48

but due to capacitor c1 it cuts off the

00:05:53

constant component then Is there,

00:05:55

as I said, let’s say if there

00:05:57

is a constant voltage of 12 volts on the collector,

00:06:00

this is the so-called direct

00:06:01

current mode, but at the level of this

00:06:04

voltage, the

00:06:05

voltage on the collector fluctuates, well,

00:06:07

let’s say it fluctuates there,

00:06:10

11 to 13 volts, that’s where the fluctuation is

00:06:13

right there and it’s important to measure the tension,

00:06:17

if we talk about how critical

00:06:20

these details are in this circuit, then it

00:06:22

must be said that

00:06:25

diode vd1 is a diode that

00:06:28

should react more or less well

00:06:30

to

00:06:31

high-frequency currents, that is, of course,

00:06:35

rectifier diodes are absolutely not suitable here there are diodes like that,

00:06:38

if you take the old type ka-226 up to 7,

00:06:43

they work very well and

00:06:46

pulse diodes vd2 up to 9, and higher-

00:06:50

frequency diodes like this by 18 to 20

00:06:56

gt500 are all very good due to the

00:07:00

diodes for this purpose, and it is highly

00:07:02

desirable that I was an idiot here, the

00:07:04

germanium thing is that due to the fact

00:07:07

that the opening of the junction of germanium

00:07:10

in the transistor takes place almost five times

00:07:14

at a lower voltage, then such

00:07:16

diabis will be the future work, but in this

00:07:19

circuit they will be more

00:07:21

sensitive when we need to

00:07:23

isolate even smaller levels of

00:07:26

alternating voltage,

00:07:27

the resistor itself, let’s say r1, its value is

00:07:31

very critical, but the point is that we

00:07:33

must mean in

00:07:35

accordance with the resistor that we

00:07:37

select, we must and accordingly

00:07:41

graduated allu, in principle,

00:07:44

instead of this microammeter, the

00:07:47

buffer multimeter itself is quite suitable,

00:07:49

that is, if we put it

00:07:52

in the mode measuring voltage, then, in principle,

00:07:56

our account will work perfectly

00:07:59

fine to isolate our variable

00:08:02

components, there will be no problems in this,

00:08:04

well, let's look at the

00:08:07

following diagram, Figure 2, well, here the author

00:08:11

simply suggests powering local oscillators

00:08:14

for a stabilized voltage, but the

00:08:16

technique here is in the simplest such a

00:08:17

stabilizer, well, enough intelligence not

00:08:20

counted on the right side, here the

00:08:24

supply voltage is 12-15 volts, which means that

00:08:28

thanks to the presence of a zener diode, in this

00:08:31

case vd1 it is indicated here that for a

00:08:34

heterodyne the supply

00:08:36

voltage is quite suitable, let’s say all 10 in the ult,

00:08:39

there is

00:08:40

quite a large selection of zener diodes

00:08:43

that provide this

00:08:45

voltage level, well At the same time, I want

00:08:48

to say that this is how

00:08:50

zener diodes work.

00:08:51

Never a beginner imagines it as

00:08:54

some kind of element that

00:08:56

works almost in the mode of some kind of

00:08:58

stabilizer; in fact, there is nothing

00:09:00

like a zener diode; a rather

00:09:02

simple element

00:09:03

like a diode that simply has an

00:09:07

opening threshold, that is, it cannot smoothly

00:09:09

stabilize some voltage,

00:09:11

can it either open or close,

00:09:13

but

00:09:15

let’s take a specific example,

00:09:17

let’s say we have a zener diode, well,

00:09:21

let’s say from 510 to 10 volts, which means that

00:09:25

due to the fact that we supply a voltage

00:09:27

higher than these 10 volts, then when applying the

00:09:30

voltages immediately begin to open,

00:09:32

but when the zener diode is opened, its

00:09:34

resistance drops almost to zero, it

00:09:36

begins to seem to short-circuit the circuit, that

00:09:39

is, the voltage begins to drop, but as

00:09:41

soon as it drops some hundredths of a

00:09:44

volt below its stabilization voltage is

00:09:47

10 volts and means, well, it immediately

00:09:51

closes again and These are the

00:09:53

oscillations, these oscillations mean that they are around the

00:09:56

value of its stabilization voltage,

00:09:58

which is exactly what is used to

00:10:02

power the equipment, let’s say it’s true that

00:10:05

these are continuous oscillations,

00:10:08

this noise that arises from the zener diode

00:10:10

naturally means it can

00:10:12

interfere with the operation of the cascades, this

00:10:15

will have a very unpleasant effect on its

00:10:18

further operation for this very

00:10:19

reason, there are two capacitors here, here are

00:10:22

capacitors oxides 100 microfarads

00:10:26

to 470 microfarads and for some reason, unexpectedly, there is

00:10:29

also a capacitor standing parallel to it

00:10:32

from 47 to

00:10:35

100 nanofarads, it would seem absurd in

00:10:40

such a large capacitor and we will

00:10:42

add a

00:10:43

capacitor of a fairly small capacity

00:10:45

well, the whole thing here lies in the

00:10:48

wall-mounted properties of the capacitors, the fact is

00:10:51

that when there is such a

00:10:54

micro vibration of the charges on the zener diode, the

00:10:59

frequency is quite high,

00:11:01

ranging from tens of kilohertz, and the

00:11:03

harmonics can extend to hundreds of

00:11:06

megahertz precisely at such high

00:11:08

frequencies of the capacitor little capacity

00:11:10

has time to be glorified by taking on

00:11:13

part of the charge and eliminating noise,

00:11:16

this same capacitor c2 of a larger

00:11:19

capacity, in fact, it eliminates the

00:11:25

amazing phenomena that

00:11:26

arise when voltage fluctuations about the

00:11:29

cinema

00:11:30

in the input circuit or when the

00:11:33

load on the local oscillator changes, that is, it seems to

00:11:36

eliminate fluctuations charges at low

00:11:40

frequencies, well, here is the capacitor c3, it just

00:11:44

stands on the power supply, in fact,

00:11:45

it means it allows you to hold the charge

00:11:49

during fluctuations from to the primary from yourself,

00:11:52

well, that’s

00:11:56

probably where we’ll stop for now,

00:11:59

our

00:12:01

little lessons like this, I hope they

00:12:04

will continue in in the future we

00:12:07

will gradually go deeper, that is,

00:12:09

for now we will try to kill

00:12:12

two birds with one stone: firstly,

00:12:14

to analyze the work of the diagram and,

00:12:17

secondly, to explain why certain

00:12:19

units of need in life are needed, but for now that’s all

Description:

От простого к сложному. ВЧ щуп. Работа простейшего стабилизатора. Продолжение смотрите по ссылке: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09fYpIGTU48

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