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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:00
May 27 marks the 118th anniversary of the00:00:04
Tsushima embarrassment of that very00:00:07
infamous naval battle, which00:00:09
is the largest defeat of the00:00:12
Russian Navy in00:00:14
history, it couldn’t have been worse00:00:18
in this regard, we need to talk about how we00:00:21
ended up there led by a man00:00:23
who shouldn’t have been there there was to be and00:00:25
who did not want to be there and the person00:00:28
led the personnel who00:00:31
basically did not want to be there and,00:00:33
moreover, should not have been there. And how did00:00:36
these people and these ships get to00:00:38
where they got to, this is what you, my dears,00:00:42
will try to figure out before the00:00:44
sad anniversary because history takes00:00:48
cruel revenge on those who do not learn its lessons,00:00:51
we should teach them much more00:00:54
carefully, then apply the acquired knowledge00:00:56
in practice, if00:00:59
we basically cannot influence practice in any way, then do00:01:02
n’t talk about what we know and what00:01:06
historical Science hides this is just a00:01:09
crime00:01:10
because we people, obedient to the law,00:01:12
cannot commit a crime, let's talk about00:01:15
Tsushima So Tsushima is the anatomy of a disaster and00:01:21
we will talk first of all now not00:01:23
about shells not about millimeters of armor Neo00:01:27
advantages or disadvantages of Japanese00:01:31
shimosa and Russian shells stuffed with00:01:34
less explosives not about00:01:37
the angle of elevation of the French Cannes cannons00:01:41
is not about how the fleets maneuvered,00:01:45
we will talk specifically about the anatomy of00:01:48
the disaster, which, in my opinion, is much00:01:51
more important than strictly military aspects, back in00:01:54
1811, one of the fathers of Russian00:01:59
historiography, Karamzin, wrote that00:02:01
autocracy requires state00:02:04
power and one cannot but agree with this. the00:02:08
first serious doubts about the00:02:12
existence of this power arose after the00:02:15
defeat in the Crimean War in 1856,00:02:19
and this defeat was an important lesson and an00:02:23
important signal. The fact is that the Basis and the00:02:26
political situation in general in the00:02:29
Russian Empire in the 1820s00:02:32
were approaching a state of turbulence with00:02:36
another marker such the first loud00:02:39
bell was the Decembrist uprising of00:02:42
1825;00:02:44
radical, what is important,00:02:46
timely, very rapid changes were required. But00:02:50
they could not be done in the presence of an00:02:52
absolute monarchy,00:02:54
while the monarchy was strong enough, it smoothed out the00:02:59
contradictions of that very turbulence00:03:01
as best it could. Frankly00:03:04
speaking, not very much, but nevertheless,00:03:07
the main thing the smoothing factor was,00:03:09
of course, strength, but00:03:11
in the Crimean war it became obvious that the00:03:14
strength of the monarchy was a big question,00:03:17
simply because what was good. In the00:03:21
era of Napoleon 1, by the middle of the 19th century,00:03:25
it no longer worked completely. Although it still00:03:28
worked, but a tendency for deterioration00:03:31
continued to emerge, especially the00:03:34
absolute monarchy the monarchy was obliged to keep00:03:37
foreign and domestic policy in a tight00:03:40
fist. Why are the instruments00:03:44
inherent in the state in general required as a00:03:48
means of violence in the hands of the ruling00:03:49
class? Well, what is violence? The00:03:53
police apparatus and the army because the00:03:56
monarchy, like any normal00:03:58
state, must maintain a complete00:04:00
Monopoly over violence. But if the00:04:02
absolute monarchy maintained a monopoly, then00:04:07
the problems began with the instruments themselves. Simply because they00:04:10
are expensive, if Russia is a large00:04:14
historical Russia and the Russian Empire of the00:04:17
Romanovs, for many centuries they kept these00:04:22
instruments in order, more or less sharply00:04:24
sharpened, strong. Why, under one00:04:29
population, is much more than 80 percent of00:04:32
our entire demographic potential00:04:36
was subjected to merciless exploitation,00:04:39
now even this merciless exploitation, the00:04:41
constant tightening of nuts for some reason,00:04:43
they no longer asked a little about00:04:46
order, but not his mother Anarchy,00:04:50
order and cleanliness, which00:04:52
various technical devices now help people to ensure,00:04:55
for example, these are the00:04:58
latest wireless vacuum cleaners from the00:05:01
domestic brand case A guru who is00:05:04
tailored precisely to Russian realities and00:05:07
adapted to Russian apartments,00:05:10
Tyumen robot vacuum cleaners have00:05:13
increased maneuverability, that is,00:05:15
they overcome thresholds and can force00:05:17
dusty obstacles up to 2 cm high.00:05:20
This robot vacuum cleaner model00:05:23
has the gift for high-precision00:05:25
navigation and drawing up detailed maps of00:05:27
the premises so that not a single area of the apartment is00:05:30
left unattended and cleanliness is00:05:33
ensured, as we say turnkey, the00:05:35
dust container is here together,00:05:38
ours is 150 ml, which allows you to just00:05:41
go through the apartment of 180 square meters,00:05:45
if you have a smaller area, clean00:05:48
the container. You can clean the container after each one as many as three00:05:52
cleaning, which is very convenient, plus there00:05:54
is a wet cleaning mode,00:05:56
the vacuum cleaner itself is quite compact, it00:05:58
gets into the deepest corners and does not00:06:01
get stuck under furniture; also in the line there00:06:03
is a model of a vertical vacuum cleaner. It is00:06:06
maneuverable, lightweight and weighs only 2 kilos,00:06:09
while it sucks dust to death and00:06:13
stands in times cheaper than well-promoted00:06:15
foreign brands But for your car00:06:17
you can get this compact00:06:19
CG-leader in the form factor of a loaf, it00:06:23
fits even in the glove compartment and cleans00:06:25
any hard-to-reach places, cracks and seams in00:06:28
the cabin, the service life of all Casebur vacuum cleaners00:06:30
is more than 5 years if suddenly something00:06:34
just happens will be replaced with a new one Well,00:06:37
[ __ ], look under the video and you will find00:06:39
a link and a promotional code for a discount of up to 1,000 rubles00:06:45
and then the revolutionary movement begins00:06:50
and what this revolutionary movement was objectively was not the00:06:53
evil will of some00:06:55
Carbonari, not the harmful influence of00:06:59
some Western ideologies since00:07:02
Jean- Jacques Rousseau and ending with Karl00:07:04
Marx with Friedrich Mangels, in no00:07:06
case was this an objective attempt to find a way00:07:10
out of the emerging crisis,00:07:12
society tried to find this way out, which00:07:17
resulted in a variety of movements, not00:07:19
only revolutionary, completely loyal pro-00:07:22
monarchist circles of the Russian Empire00:07:24
also tried to find this00:07:26
way out to results This led to00:07:28
several different And what kind of crisis is the00:07:31
crisis of incompatibility of the growing00:07:34
capitalist economic basis00:07:37
and the governing feudal-monarchical00:07:39
setting and this crisis was not undermined by the00:07:43
autocracy itself, it raised a very important00:07:46
question before the country and before society,00:07:48
undermining every year, undermining the00:07:52
power of the autocracy And therefore00:07:56
the presence Russia in the club of great powers And00:08:01
as soon as Russia truly fell out of this club of Great00:08:03
Powers, it would00:08:05
become prey due to its own00:08:07
gigantic size. Weak population00:08:10
and the possession of truly gigantic00:08:12
resources, so00:08:14
the country tried, consciously or00:08:18
unconsciously, to find methods of adaptation to00:08:20
changing conditions. that very00:08:22
same adaptation response that00:08:25
would help to avoid, frankly speaking, a bad00:08:28
fate, that is, actual relegation00:08:31
to the role of a minor power, and therefore, in00:08:34
addition to exploitation by00:08:37
more developed powers,00:08:39
methods of adaptation, as we have already said,00:08:41
were sought by circles loyal to the monarchy and the00:08:44
Tsarist government itself,00:08:46
and the problem here was precisely that00:08:49
any response of the state, in particular if00:08:53
we are now talking about the monarchy, then the monarchy00:08:55
was associated with an attempt to preserve00:08:58
itself. Because the state has00:09:01
one of the functions of preserving itself,00:09:05
nevertheless,00:09:07
the question was posed bluntly; it required00:09:10
high-speed massive all-00:09:12
encompassing industrialization which00:09:15
was possible in those years only with the00:09:18
introduction of a00:09:19
capitalist socio-00:09:21
economic formation in the full sense00:09:24
of the word, and if00:09:28
Peter the Great began to build such information through efforts from above,00:09:31
putting Russia on its hind legs and leaving it standing like that,00:09:35
then by the middle of the 19th century it was00:09:40
absolutely clear that this postponed00:09:44
revolution from above was overdue and it was overripe,00:09:47
and the ripe ones were so overripe that00:09:49
any delay was mortally dangerous,00:09:53
this was fully demonstrated by the Crimean00:09:57
War,00:09:58
that is, a revolutionary00:10:01
transformation to a new00:10:02
socio-economic formation was needed, and then in00:10:04
1861, that same famous land00:10:09
reform of Alexander II and this was the00:10:12
trigger that gave the Start00:10:14
processes of transformation But the00:10:16
Decembrists called for them in plain text,00:10:20
and this is why in 1825 some00:10:25
Decembrists were hanged and exiled. For a very long time,00:10:27
others happened at the will of the tsar, who was00:10:31
thus at least 40 years late, and in00:10:35
fact, much more, unfortunately,00:10:36
completely correct decisions and actions00:10:39
done at the wrong time may turn out to be00:10:41
incorrect and a contradiction appeared. And00:10:46
this contradiction consisted precisely in the fact00:10:49
that the revolutionary changes in the economy,00:10:52
growing and accelerating, giving rise to00:10:55
completely new social strata,00:10:58
were not reflected in any way or were very weakly reflected in00:11:00
the management system; moreover, when we are00:11:03
talking about the second half of the late 19th century,00:11:06
we need to say that these changes00:11:08
gradually faded away, returning to a00:11:11
completely reactionary state,00:11:13
returning to a state of counter-reforms, we00:11:16
flooded the conflict and it had to be00:11:18
resolved one way or another, and here00:11:21
attention must be clearly understood that the00:11:24
conflict was internal, but not00:11:28
every internal conflict in the history of00:11:30
mankind is obliged to be resolved where00:11:33
it originated along with its genesis,00:11:35
it may very well be resolved or they00:11:37
will try to resolve it with the help of00:11:40
certain external efforts, both directed00:11:43
from the inside to the outside, and it may very well be00:11:45
the other way around from the outside to the inside because a00:11:48
large country What was the00:11:50
Russian Empire as an example is00:11:53
extremely tightly integrated into the economy00:11:56
into the world00:11:58
globalizing economy Which means00:12:01
politics Which means you will be sure that they00:12:03
can try to solve your problems00:12:05
from the outside or you can try to solve00:12:09
your own internal problems At the expense of00:12:10
not internal but external action And this is00:12:14
extremely important to remember and understand00:12:16
when we talk about the Osa disaster And00:12:18
in general the Russian-Japanese war that something is00:12:21
happening that is not right,00:12:24
as we have already found out, it was said not00:12:28
only by circles on the left, not only by00:12:31
revolutionaries and Carbonari, for example, one00:12:35
famous reactionary philosopher and00:12:38
conservative but a critic of the authorities, a00:12:41
supporter of saving Russia from the00:12:44
European choice, Konstantin00:12:46
Nikolaevich Leontiev in the book East00:12:48
of Russia and of the Slavs, which came out in 1885,00:12:51
described the tasks of the government very00:12:54
simply, it is necessary to freeze Russia so that it does00:12:58
not rot, of course00:13:01
justice, the radius of the famous quote by00:13:03
Leontyev should be continued by putting it in the00:13:05
context of the reasoning to freeze and he00:13:07
saw temporary measures, but00:13:10
how this advice was used by00:13:14
1880 Russia was frozen So what did she00:13:19
think power has completely ceased in00:13:21
some way, expressed00:13:22
in the complete defeat of any disagreement in the00:13:25
complete defeat of the Narodnaya Volya00:13:27
movement in the gradual infringement of00:13:30
Zemstvo self-government, but not only00:13:33
the most important thing is that no00:13:36
alternatives were created. That is, you00:13:38
prohibit this,00:13:40
but what instead? Because changes00:13:45
were needed, can you imagine,00:13:49
under your butt00:13:51
was an increasingly accelerating,00:13:55
increasingly powerful capitalist machine00:13:57
that needed to be controlled, and on top of00:14:00
this accelerating Rolls-Royce sat a00:14:03
bearded man with wax and looked00:14:06
around in search of the horse for which00:14:10
this harness was supposed to be00:14:13
only horses were attached, it wasn’t00:14:15
because hundreds of them were packed under the00:14:18
hood and hundreds of these horses gradually00:14:22
turned into thousands, the economy00:14:24
accelerated, generating, I repeat, new00:14:27
social classes and new contradictions00:14:29
within these social classes00:14:31
And by banning something, as we know,00:14:34
it is necessary to lead Because if you00:14:37
you can’t completely stop, you have to00:14:39
head the Tsarist government too. I’m not00:14:42
talking about the specific Tsar Alexander00:14:44
III or then Nicholas II. I’m talking about the00:14:46
ruling circles, which, including a00:14:49
completely paradoxical dialectical00:14:51
reliance on the emerging class of the big00:14:54
bourgeoisie. They all together could not00:14:57
offer any alternative that00:14:59
instead If you ban these00:15:03
carbonari liberals and revolutionaries00:15:05
without listening to their demands at all,00:15:08
offer something of your own. And your own was00:15:11
proposed, this was your own00:15:13
freezing, leave everything as it is,00:15:16
because the grandfathers are clearly no worse than us, if00:15:19
they did it this way, you need to do it this way, that is,00:15:20
the valve is in the social cauldron was closed and the00:15:23
second valve was not opened, which is the00:15:26
second plan Well, it’s clear Freedom of speech00:15:29
Freedom of assembly parliament00:15:32
bicameral00:15:33
independence of the courts self-government and so00:15:36
on Everything we love the reason for the00:15:39
internal boiling in the pressure cooker00:15:43
could not be stopped00:15:45
Well, the people in charge were convinced that they were00:15:48
right So in exactly the same00:15:50
paradoxical way, it seemed to them that the00:15:53
charm of the monarchy, the legitimation of the monarchy00:15:56
through gratitude, completely prevails in the minds of the overwhelming00:15:59
majority of the population.00:16:01
Why Yes, exactly because the00:16:03
Secret majority of the population is, in the00:16:06
opinion of various philosophers, or the community,00:16:08
or the patriarchal and then communal00:16:11
peasantry, which, due to00:16:13
illiteracy, is not subject to any00:16:15
propaganda, on the one hand, on the other00:16:18
hand, is completely or almost completely00:16:20
guaranteed from their own00:16:23
self-enlightenment, which means they don’t need00:16:25
any new trends since this is the00:16:28
overwhelming majority of the population and00:16:30
clearly the basics of the economy need to be00:16:32
left as they were00:16:35
and what’s surprising is even in the early 20s00:16:39
century, this opinion regarding the peasantry00:16:41
was largely true, but00:16:45
the warning that everything was not so00:16:48
clear00:16:49
was rushing from all sides, both left and right,00:16:51
let alone in Soviet00:16:55
historiography the vileness of the famous Chief of00:16:57
Gendarmes Alexander Khristoforovich00:17:00
Binkendorov00:17:02
reported to Nicholas the first back in the 1830s00:17:05
that Russia is a barrel of disputes that has already been00:17:09
summed up by the Bickfords. The cord is effective; it is00:17:12
already smoldering, bearing in mind Of course, the very00:17:15
difficult situation of the peasantry and the00:17:18
reaction of society to this, and eight years00:17:22
have not passed from this report to the last00:17:25
Decembrist Uprising, and now the gendarmes00:17:28
began to suspect something right there visible00:17:31
conservative Westerner Konstantin00:17:33
Dmitrievich Kaverin in a letter fomiluchit Well00:17:36
from 1882 wrote00:17:39
expressive of the people's genius and00:17:42
needs are considered various weak-minded00:17:44
fanatics intriguers Katkov in the recent00:17:47
past a member of the state council00:17:49
Aksakov Victorious and Ignatiev00:17:52
it is assumed that they00:17:54
carry the keys to the box in their pockets Where is the00:17:57
Russian folk stored the spirit needs all the00:18:00
current helplessness and00:18:01
isolation from the real Russian00:18:04
life of the Russian autocrats to00:18:06
think like that,00:18:07
but they think like that in everyone else, they see the00:18:10
enemies of the Russian people and the autocracy00:18:12
and are trying in every possible way to alienate Russia from their00:18:15
influence;00:18:20
in A00:18:23
tragedy of a sad nature, this is what00:18:25
Kaverin wrote to Count Milutin. This was far from being a00:18:29
liberal. It was precisely that of a reactionary00:18:32
philosopher who was rather a supporter of00:18:34
the monarchy. But even he pointed out similar00:18:38
Oddities by mentioning some personalities,00:18:40
namely Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov, the00:18:43
famous publisher of Moscow00:18:45
vidos One of the most influential00:18:47
government newspapers about00:18:49
government newspapers in Russia a00:18:51
supporter of counter-reforms, that is,00:18:54
everything that Alexander II did needed to be00:18:56
canceled an active most active supporter of the00:18:59
elimination of the people from government administration, which is why00:19:01
he was in constant conflict with the Minister of Finance Bunge00:19:03
and the Minister of Foreign Affairs00:19:06
Well, exactly00:19:08
because they there were people00:19:10
by the way, his Moscow Gazette, I remember, was00:19:13
notably ridiculed so generally in a fairy tale00:19:15
how one man fed two generals. Do00:19:18
you remember00:19:21
two Generals ended up on a desert island where it seemed there00:19:23
were no people But where However, under00:19:25
a bush almost immediately the old00:19:28
number of the Moscow Gazette was discovered00:19:31
Ignatiev Nikolai Pavlovich this is the former00:19:34
the Minister of State Property and the Minister of Internal00:19:36
Affairs is a00:19:37
creepy, truly creepy anti-Semide and a00:19:40
canvas-phobe who is known for the phrase in00:19:44
St. Petersburg there is a powerful00:19:46
Polish Jewish group in the hands of00:19:49
which is the bank Advocacy, a00:19:51
significant part of the press and other00:19:54
public affairs,00:19:56
every honest voice of Russian life is00:19:58
drowned out by Polish Jewish cries00:20:01
repeating about the fact that Russian demands00:20:04
should be rejected as backward and00:20:06
well-enlightened True,00:20:09
Russia is true for the Russians00:20:12
Konstantin Petrovich, it is clear that I will turn it00:20:15
around the prosecutor of the Holy Synod one of the00:20:19
ideologists of the official politics of the00:20:20
internal politics of the Russian Empire00:20:23
in general,00:20:24
close comrades of Alexander III, a00:20:26
real mentor, the spiritual father of00:20:28
Nicholas II, in a00:20:30
word, in a word, it can be stated that on00:20:34
connections with the deep people, our no less00:20:36
deep state was already in the 19th century00:20:40
and it is necessary to repeat once again the paradoxical00:20:43
way the deep people firmly believed00:20:45
then in a good king and at the same time00:20:49
bad boyars However, the situation changed and00:20:54
it changed in an explosive direction00:20:57
Why,00:20:58
first of all, because what00:21:01
Pinkendor wrote about because of the monstrous situation of00:21:03
the villages, especially in the European part of00:21:06
Russia, this is not an exaggeration, the situation00:21:08
was just monstrous and it actually00:21:11
started the timer when the people would massively00:21:15
become disillusioned with the monarchy,00:21:17
but the state did not solve it in any way. The damned00:21:21
agrarian question has not been solved since the time of00:21:23
Catherine II, constantly postponing it for00:21:26
the future00:21:28
Unfortunately, with each iteration of this00:21:31
postponing for the future, the transfer of problems by its00:21:34
own successor only aggravated00:21:38
the situation. That is, each new Circle00:21:40
turned into an autocatalytic00:21:43
self-sustaining reaction that00:21:45
produced an increasingly nasty result. In00:21:49
the end, all this was aggravated by the total00:21:51
overpopulation of the agricultural00:21:53
lands of European Russia, that is, the00:21:56
peasants multiplied with it for some reason this was00:21:59
directly beneficial because00:22:01
the more children you have, the more00:22:03
workers you will eventually have; this is your ready00:22:06
pension; they will feed you. Therefore,00:22:09
you need to do this so that there are as00:22:12
many children as possible, despite the absolutely00:22:13
terrible infant mortality rate of 6 people in00:22:18
a family, this was on average, the population grew00:22:21
And the amount of developed land No, despite the fact00:22:25
that from a quarter to a third of the given00:22:28
was not at all in peasant hands,00:22:30
but in the hands of landowners or large00:22:34
latifundists, into whom partly00:22:36
landowners but partly rich turned into a00:22:40
very small percentage of rich00:22:43
peasants who thus00:22:45
concentrated the land in their hands,00:22:47
leaving their fellow villagers or former00:22:50
subjects in their hands, if we are talking about landowners, a00:22:52
very small plot of land where the00:22:55
population was constantly increasing,00:22:57
thus the per capita population of the Earth00:22:59
remained less and less, along with a00:23:02
rather backward agrarian basis of00:23:05
agricultural technology. And in our country, in some places, a00:23:07
three-field system prevailed, that is the agrarian00:23:09
system in general of the 15-18 centuries00:23:13
guaranteed regular peasant00:23:15
hunger strikes and they were bound to result in a00:23:18
catastrophe sooner or later, and the peasants -00:23:20
this was more than felt by00:23:22
the dynamics of Christian unrest of the most00:23:24
varied kinds, from the issuance of petitions of the00:23:27
most airy nature to direct00:23:31
armed uprisings speak for00:23:32
themselves Let’s look from 1801 to 1810,00:23:37
209 speeches from 811 to 820 485 from 82100:23:44
to 830 691 Speech from 31 to 840 702 from00:23:51
841 to 850 94400:23:56
95100:23:58
1856, we used to operate with00:24:02
segments of 10 years now at00:24:05
5,538 a year00:24:09
1857 86000:24:12
825 on average 206 per year and finally for00:24:16
100000:24:17
86100:24:21
1889 there are slightly different calculations00:24:25
I heard from00:24:28
1874 speeches However, we agree with00:24:32
these figures A small difference is00:24:34
real almost Pugachev’s war00:24:37
then things began to decline but not00:24:40
fundamentally00:24:41
1862 187000:24:45
1984 speeches on average 220 Per year 187100:24:51
1880 342 approximately 34 per year00:24:57
1881 188900:25:00
659 73 per year00:25:03
1890 189400:25:06
209 42 per year00:25:11
1895-190000:25:12
418 already 70 on average per year00:25:17
190190400:25:18
586 147 per year And of course a real00:25:22
explosion Moment of truth00:25:26
1905- 1907, the years of the first Russian00:25:28
revolution,00:25:31
21,823 speeches on average 7,274 per00:25:36
year, and the00:25:37
peasant mass basically, I don’t say00:25:40
entirely, was basically not00:25:43
sold out because the reports of the00:25:47
third section clearly tell00:25:49
us the00:25:50
villages where the activity of00:25:53
revolutionary circles was high surprisingly00:25:55
spoke less often where any00:25:58
revolutionaries Their proclamations did not exist00:26:00
at all or there were few of them disappearing; it00:26:03
was precisely the peasant00:26:04
initiative of the peasants who00:26:07
understood better than anyone else. What threatens such00:26:10
a situation;00:26:13
note the statistics are given without Poland00:26:15
without Finland without Central Asia, here is the00:26:20
intermediate Moment of truth before the first00:26:22
Russian revolution, the crop failure of00:26:24
1891 which led to the tsar Gold of 92-93,00:26:30
it was a real disaster when00:26:33
entire villages, according to conservative00:26:36
estimates, up to 400 thousand people lost00:26:39
their lives00:26:40
directly from hunger or from its00:26:42
consequences.00:26:45
Of course, the government was concerned with00:26:46
assistance for a variety of its activities,00:26:50
from organizing00:26:53
night shelters, distributing free00:26:55
food, to delivering bread to00:26:58
starving regions. 7200:27:01
million rubles were allocated, of which00:27:03
60 were actually spent, and by 1993, the Minister00:27:07
of Finance Ivan Alekseevich Vyshnegradsky00:27:09
advocated the cessation of00:27:11
aid funding simply because00:27:14
it was somehow meaningless; he00:27:17
was generally an outstanding entrepreneur, a00:27:19
successful scientist, also a successful00:27:24
practitioner of00:27:25
financial and economic policy, which is00:27:27
mainly was to00:27:30
protect the export of grain abroad. This was a00:27:33
real expert on exports. At the00:27:35
same time, the labor movement was rising and00:27:38
of course the workers were many times00:27:40
smaller than the peasants, and at first the workers’00:27:44
protests00:27:46
began literally probably with the Kazan00:27:48
history of the speeches near the Kazan00:27:51
Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Well, then00:27:53
there were strikes like Morozov’s00:27:56
more and more of them were happening, but as a result of00:27:59
the people's real discontent, a new00:28:02
growth of revolutionary parties00:28:04
first formed00:28:07
isolated circles that gradually00:28:09
merged into powerful forces, of course,00:28:12
initially there was land and Will, the same one00:28:15
that killed Alexander II out of stupidity,00:28:19
out of stupidity of intention. I mean, but they00:28:22
were inherited by Plekhanov's black redistribution00:28:24
People's Will the first Marxist00:28:27
organizations for the liberation of labor Plekhanov00:28:30
Zasulich Axel Rod and Deutsch the party of00:28:33
Russian social democrats of Dmitry00:28:35
Blagoev in 188300:28:39
in 1902 the party of socialist00:28:42
revolutionaries of the famous Scers appeared the Union of00:28:45
Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class00:28:47
Lenin and Martov subsequently00:28:51
transformed into the Russian became a00:28:53
democratic labor party drp00:28:56
anarchists numerous parties of the00:28:59
national outskirts from the phenomen of00:29:01
Finland to the Muslim parties of the00:29:05
Jewish Bund, with parties of00:29:08
various persuasions from bourgeois00:29:11
nationalist democratic ones,00:29:15
there were also workers’ organizations proper, the00:29:17
South Russian Union of Workers in Odessa in 1875, the00:29:21
first truly Proletarian00:29:24
organization of Russia, a00:29:25
programmatic provision in the charter of the00:29:28
organization that declared00:29:29
the need to liberate the workers00:29:32
think about it, from under the power of the ruling00:29:35
class as part of a violent00:29:37
coup in 1875 in December the Union00:29:42
was crushed, active participants were00:29:43
arrested then in 1878 its00:29:48
Northern Union of Russian Workers00:29:51
program proclaimed the destruction of00:29:54
land ownership, replacement of communal00:29:55
land ownership, creation of a proper00:29:57
associational organization of labor,00:29:58
placing producers in the hands of workers00:30:00
products and instruments of00:30:02
production the elimination of barrier00:30:04
inequality the introduction of freedom of speech of the00:30:06
press and assembly the reduction of taxes and00:30:10
the length of the working day00:30:11
the elimination of child labor and the passport00:30:14
system ended with the fact that in 1879 the00:30:19
Obnorsky leader fell for a00:30:22
police provocation. The union was00:30:25
defeated, the participants were arrested, then00:30:28
there was a partnership of St. Petersburg00:30:30
artisans 1885 years that were founded by00:30:33
the Tajik00:30:36
but The main form of activity of the comrade00:30:38
is the organization of workers' circles00:30:40
Propaganda among the participants of the ideas of00:30:42
class struggle,00:30:44
political views mainly became of a00:30:47
democratic sense And of course, in00:30:49
February-March 1888, the partnership00:30:53
was crushed by the police, everyone was arrested,00:30:57
note that at least some dialogue was00:31:00
carried out by the authorities were decisive not ready00:31:02
Zaslavsky Southern Workers' Society died00:31:06
behind the walls at 33 he was infected with00:31:09
tuberculosis and died00:31:11
Obnorsky went on foot in shackles00:31:14
to hard labor, that is, exile prison hard labor00:31:18
flogging hanging that's actually all00:31:22
that the authorities were capable of in terms of00:31:24
feedback from society the society00:31:27
that signaled to the top We are00:31:30
very much not in order here, do00:31:31
something or let us do it, but00:31:35
the government fought, fought with hunger00:31:37
and at the same time the liberals and for increasing00:31:41
grain exports formed a00:31:43
Vicious Circle: more people, more00:31:47
workers But that means more grain Which means00:31:50
grain exports00:31:53
because there is more grain exports at home00:31:55
are left per capita, there is less00:31:58
food, there is a threat of famine and00:32:01
famine, to fend off which you need00:32:03
money to get, which can only be obtained by00:32:05
strengthening grain exports,00:32:08
they came up with Let's say with a bang,00:32:10
at the same time, the authorities already have little right of00:32:14
completely legal and loyal organizations,00:32:17
this and secret orders they00:32:21
allow the people into the local authorities00:32:23
self-government since the time of the Prominent00:32:26
liberal Alexander II, for example, in the00:32:29
Bessarabian province in the future Moldova,00:32:33
office work in the Moldovan language and the00:32:35
admission of Moldovans of the local population to the00:32:39
governing bodies were prohibited; this is00:32:42
wider and the infringement of the Muslim outskirts in00:32:46
terms of studying Islam and teaching in00:32:48
local languages and also preventing00:32:50
management, this of course and the restriction of the00:32:54
rights of Jews and many many other purely00:32:56
national issues, while the00:32:58
Russian-Russian zemstvo was also limited, the00:33:02
limitation of the scope of action of zemstvo00:33:05
institutions, as they wrote in 1894, is00:33:09
only one of the sides of the anti-zem00:33:11
movement, which has been increasingly increasing in00:33:14
recent years; the00:33:16
most characteristic example is a00:33:19
protracted two-year conflict extremely00:33:22
Tverskoy, loyal to the monarchy, but considers00:33:24
Tverskoy, Zemsky, very close to Moscow, to be his00:33:27
own governor.00:33:29
What were the far-reaching consequences? And00:33:33
suddenly, at the age of 49,00:33:35
Alexander III, a00:33:38
counter-reformer, a reactionary man, frankly00:33:41
speaking, does not have the most advanced mind,00:33:44
and00:33:46
his son Nicholas II comes to the throne.00:33:49
Well, a change of power always speaks about00:33:52
what we need to hope Now it00:33:54
will definitely be better00:33:56
Here on October 20,00:33:59
1894 Nicholas II proclaims a00:34:02
manifesto on his accession to the throne there00:34:05
were extremely important words to always00:34:07
have a single goal Peaceful prosperity,00:34:11
power and Glory of dear Russia and the00:34:14
establishment of happiness of all our loyal00:34:17
subjects,00:34:19
inspired by such a promise Tver00:34:22
The zemstvo immediately accepted the address in00:34:25
the highest name, the00:34:27
leader of the nobility personally wrote and the00:34:32
zemstvo approved the following text, I00:34:34
will quote it in its entirety, it is very telling. We00:34:37
hope that our happiness will grow and00:34:40
strengthen with the steady implementation of00:34:43
the law both by the people and by00:34:45
representatives of the authorities, for the law00:34:47
represents the expression in Russia00:34:50
the monarch's will must rise above the00:34:53
random views of individual representatives00:34:56
of this power, we fervently believe that the rights of00:34:59
individuals and the rights of public00:35:01
institutions will be inviolably protected. We00:35:05
await, sovereign, the opportunity and right for00:35:08
public institutions to express their00:35:10
opinions on issues concerning them, so that Yes,00:35:14
the height of the throne can reach the00:35:16
expression of needs and thoughts not only of00:35:19
representatives of the authorities but also of the00:35:22
Russian people. We expect, sir,00:35:26
that your reign of Russia will move00:35:28
forward along the path of peace and truth with the complete00:35:31
development of social forces. We believe that in00:35:34
general, not from representatives of all00:35:36
classes of the Russian people equally devoted to00:35:39
the throne and fatherland, the power of Your00:35:42
Majesty will reach a new source of strength and00:35:44
the key to success in fulfilling the magnanimous00:35:47
plans of your Imperial00:35:50
Majesty,00:35:52
the speech read out in the00:35:56
presence of Nicholas II ended with shouts of Hurray00:36:00
Russia Hurray Nicholas II Well, then00:36:04
similar addresses of the same00:36:07
outrageously liberal kind00:36:08
were written and many other zemstvos00:36:11
had to somehow react because00:36:15
this is not it’s just that this is the zemstvo, that is, the00:36:19
zemstvo bodies of self-government where the00:36:22
nobility plays the first fiddle, your00:36:25
base of support, your feudal base of support,00:36:28
your class colleagues and colleagues can say00:36:32
In the dangerous feudal business00:36:35
for centuries, try00:36:37
to ignore them, it was in00:36:40
no case impossible to ignore And then under00:36:42
Under the influence of Konstantin Petrovich00:36:44
Pobedonostsev and the Minister of Internal Affairs,00:36:47
Durnovo Nikolai prepared and said his00:36:51
weighty word on January 17,00:36:54
1895 at a meeting with representatives of00:36:58
zemstvos in the Nikolaev Hall of the Winter00:37:00
Palace.00:37:02
By the way, if you can proceed to the00:37:04
Hermitage and visit it and the Nikolaev Hall00:37:08
to feel yourself in the center of00:37:09
events, I I’ve probably been there about two thousand times00:37:13
and was constantly imbued with how00:37:16
beautiful it was and how beautiful it was,00:37:18
listen, I’ll also read it in full. I’m glad00:37:22
to see representatives of all classes00:37:24
gathered to express loyal00:37:26
feelings of subjection,00:37:28
I believe the sincerity of these feelings inherent in00:37:32
every Russian,00:37:35
but I know that recently00:37:38
they have been heard in at some zemstvo assemblies, the00:37:41
voices of people00:37:42
carried away by00:37:44
senseless dreams00:37:47
about the participation of zemstvo representatives in the affairs of00:37:50
internal government.00:37:52
Let everyone know that I, devoting all my strength to00:37:56
the good of the people, will protect the beginning of00:37:59
autocracy as firmly and unswervingly00:38:02
as my late parent guarded it with00:38:06
senseless dreams so that it would come out00:38:10
intelligibly to the author of the first00:38:12
Tverskoy. addresses to the Tver leader of00:38:16
the nobility Fyodor Ivanovich for the sake of which00:38:18
you were brought to engage in zemstvo00:38:21
activities forever by the personal00:38:23
order of the emperor,00:38:26
after which it became clear to everyone that again00:38:30
something had gone wrong, or at least00:38:33
not exactly as the people expected,00:38:35
and what kind of people are the Noble but the young00:38:39
Monarch almost exactly00:38:41
quoted the main provisions from00:38:44
Pobedonostsev’s speech on the Constitution of00:38:47
1881, which he read out at a meeting00:38:51
with representatives of ministries, there were00:38:53
such words in Russia they want to introduce00:38:56
a Constitution, if not immediately, then at00:38:59
least take the first step towards it. And what00:39:02
is the Constitution? The answer to this question00:39:06
is given to us by the Western Europe Constitutions that00:39:09
exist there are instruments of all00:39:12
falsehoods, instruments of all intrigues, and they want to introduce this falsity00:39:15
on a foreign model,00:39:19
unsuitable for us, to our misfortune and to00:39:22
our destruction. Russia had a00:39:25
strong00:39:26
autocracy thanks to unlimited00:39:29
mutual trust and the close connection between the00:39:33
people and their king. If you remember00:39:38
Surkov’s recent article regarding the00:39:39
deep people and the thousand-year-old00:39:43
state of Putin, you will see there00:39:47
rhetoric that directly textually00:39:50
almost coincides with the speeches of the victorious and00:39:53
his theoretical calculations. By the way, not00:39:56
only him but also the famous00:39:58
fascist philosopher Ilyin, the question is how exactly the00:40:02
entire people by that time, already almost 150 million, are being demolished00:40:07
the king directly with the king,00:40:10
conveying his aspirations to him and how he alone,00:40:15
well not alone, with the help of his00:40:17
nearby administrative apparatus, will be able to00:40:19
digest this kind of requests00:40:22
which, and I repeat, it is not clear how00:40:26
the victors are delivered, such a question was not asked, there00:40:29
was some kind of existential, in his00:40:32
opinion,00:40:34
spiritual connection with the deep people, on the00:40:38
basis of which it was necessary to00:40:41
take very specific, both00:40:43
economic and political steps;00:40:46
moreover, they were taken. You feel00:40:49
how strong the internal political00:40:53
economic you of the Russian Empire was, and00:40:57
relying on it,00:40:58
official St. Petersburg, like a hurricane, invaded the00:41:02
big game in the Far East,00:41:05
and exactly three days later After00:41:08
reading that very message,00:41:10
the zemstvo made a decision to00:41:13
intervene in the Japanese-Chinese conflict,00:41:16
somehow everything went wrong in this place,00:41:20
it is necessary to exclaim, it’s a coincidence, I don’t00:41:24
think this is how the00:41:28
political and economic life of the00:41:30
Russian Empire developed within the very strong rear00:41:33
of which, time after time,00:41:36
worthy persistence the best use was mentioned00:41:39
which rear was to put people00:41:43
in the navy and army, motivated00:41:47
people who think in a very specific00:41:51
way. You can probably already guess00:41:52
How00:41:55
Well,00:41:58
we’ll talk about how the foreign policy situation developed00:42:00
next timeDescription:
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