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Russian
00:00:00
when I first learned about the immune system
I remember being really confused I couldn't 00:00:03
visualize where it was and what it did and how
it related to other parts of the body so what 00:00:08
I'm going to do in this video is we're going to
take a look at a series of diagrams and reveal it 00:00:13
piece by piece so that you understand by the end
of this exactly what the lymphatic system does 00:00:18
how it's organized and where it is in the body so
let's uh jump to the Whiteboard and get started so 00:00:23
let's start with the three main functions of
the lymphatic system the first thing is it's 00:00:26
going to prevent swelling or edema by returning
fluid to the bloodstream so there's going to be 00:00:31
a buildup of fluid and tissues throughout our
body the lymphatic system is going to take that 00:00:35
fluid and return it to our blood circulation so
they don't have swelling throughout our body the 00:00:40
second thing is it's going to scan for pathogens
and initiate an immune response if it finds them 00:00:45
so it's going to take some of this fluid from the
tissue in our body it's going to run it through 00:00:48
lymph nodes the lymph nodes will be full of B
cells and t- cells all these immune system cells 00:00:53
that are going to detect if there's a pathogen
if there is it's going to fight that pathogen off 00:00:57
and start this immune response so that we can get
our body back to being healthy and that's why the 00:01:01
lymphatic and the immune systems are often lumped
together kind of as one system finally the third 00:01:06
thing it's going to do is it's going to absorb
fat from our digestive tract from the intestines 00:01:11
and bring that fat into blood circulation so it
turns out that fats that we eat can't go from 00:01:16
our intestines directly into our bloodstream it's
got to take a detour through the lymphatic system 00:01:20
in order to get to the bloodstream we'll talk
about why that is later on so those are the three 00:01:24
primary lymphatic system functions and throughout
the video we're going to be looking at those and 00:01:28
seeing how the fatic system is set up in order
to accomplish those three functions first we're 00:01:33
going to take a look at the fluid management
part of this the part where I talked about it 00:01:37
reducing swelling or edema in the body so we're
going to zoom in on some tissue in the body here 00:01:42
here we've got an arterial which is going to be
bringing blood into this tissue area and we've got 00:01:47
a venule which is going to be bringing blood out
of that tissue area and this arterial is bringing 00:01:52
blood from the heart that's oxygen rich the venu
is returning blood back to the heart that's oxygen 00:01:57
poor in other words it's given off its oxygen it's
returning back to the heart now let's draw some 00:02:01
tissue cells in here and so I've got a bunch of
cells here it kind of looks like a skull that was 00:02:05
unintentional there's a lot of epithelial cells
and there's going to be spaces in between some of 00:02:09
those epithelial cells the spaces between cells
are going to be filled with fluid now to deliver 00:02:13
the fluid and the oxygen and all the stuff that
these cells need we're going to need capillaries 00:02:18
so we have a capillary that's connecting in the
arterial over to the venil in the diagram you see 00:02:22
a color change from red to blue meaning that it's
going to be giving off oxygen I feel like I say 00:02:26
this in every video I make but the blood never
actually turns to Blue it's always red just a 00:02:31
slightly different shade of red but in diagrams we
use red and blue for oxygen poor and oxygen rich 00:02:35
blood now it's not just one capillary we've got
a whole bed of capillaries so we see this bed of 00:02:39
capillaries with all these branches and that's
so that it can give off the oxygen and fluid 00:02:43
and everything to all the different cells here
all right let's remove a few cells so we have 00:02:46
room to write some stuff here and like I said it's
going to be giving off oxygen to these cells it's 00:02:51
also going to be Distributing water or fluid these
capillaries are leaky so the water the oxygen is 00:02:56
going to be coming out of there it's also going
to have other things coming out such as protein 00:03:00
hormones nutrients all these different things that
the cells need to survive all of that is leaking 00:03:05
out of the capillary into the space between the
cells the main two we're concerned about here 00:03:09
are water and oxygen though and of course there's
other stuff that needs to go back into bloodstream 00:03:13
circulation waste products that we don't need such
as carbon dioxide that the cells produce during 00:03:18
cellular respiration as well as a lot of that
fluid that leaks out is going to be pulled back 00:03:22
into to the capillaries so we have water coming
out and we have water coming back in to return 00:03:27
to circulation now there's various forces that
are causing the fluid to move in and out we've 00:03:31
got hydrostatic pressure which is kind of just the
the fluid pressure of something moving through a 00:03:36
tube and that's going to be forcing a lot of this
water out we also have osmotic pressure which is 00:03:40
going to be pulling a lot of the water back in
but also like I said there's proteins and other 00:03:43
stuff that are leaking out so we've got proteins
floating around in this interstitial space between 00:03:47
the cells and that's going to be pulling on the
water and keeping some of that water outside of 00:03:51
the blood vessels because of osmotic pressure
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure are a little 00:03:55
bit confusing that's probably a topic for another
video but the main thing to know here is that 00:03:59
water is coming out and water's coming back in but
there's more water leaving the capillaries than 00:04:04
there is water coming back into the capillaries
and so that's going to lead to a buildup of fluid 00:04:09
in this tissue over time leading to swelling so
we need something else in this tissue that's going 00:04:13
to remove that excess water and so that's where
the lymphatic capillaries come in the lymphatic 00:04:18
capillaries are these series of tubes that extend
up into the capillary bed we always use green and 00:04:24
diagrams to represent the lymphatic system and
they branch in and out here but they're not a 00:04:27
continuous stream like the blood vessels are the
cardiovascular system is a closed system meaning 00:04:32
that the fluid could stay in the cardiovascular
system and completing the circuit from the heart 00:04:37
to the lungs back to the heart to the tissues of
the rest of the body and then back to the heart 00:04:41
and so on the lymphatic system is an open system
it's not a continuous system that's going to go 00:04:46
throughout the whole body and return back to its
original location so it's going to be absorbing 00:04:49
some of this interstitial fluid and it's going
to travel through here and that's eventually 00:04:54
going to work its way back to the veins returning
all that excess fluid that it picks up back back 00:04:59
into Venus circulation but again the thing we're
focused on right here is preventing swelling so 00:05:04
like I said there's water leaving there's some
water coming back in but not enough water coming 00:05:08
back in so a lot of that buildup of fluid is
going to enter into the lymphatic capillaries 00:05:14
and travel down here so it can be returned back
to circulation now let's zoom in on the end of 00:05:19
one of these little lymphatic capillaries
so we've got our main capillary right here 00:05:23
the end of the lymphatic capillary and we got
all the tissue cells that are there now if you 00:05:27
notice and look closely there's these spaces
that are between the cells and the capillary 00:05:32
that's where the fluid is going to be leaving as
well as proteins and other things how they leave 00:05:36
the capillary through those little spaces right
there the lymphatic capillaries have spaces as 00:05:40
well can't really tell in the diagram but those
spaces in the lymphatic capillaries are a little 00:05:43
bit bigger and that's going to be important
later on and of course we have red blood cells 00:05:46
that are traveling through the capillary those
are carrying oxygen in carbon dioxide out now 00:05:50
we've got a lot of fluid in this diagram there's
fluid here in the blood capillary there's fluid in 00:05:54
the lymphatic capillary there's fluid between the
cells and they all have different names so blood 00:05:58
plasmas is what we call the fluid in the blood
capillary we have lymphatic fluid or lymph which 00:06:04
is the fluid that's in the lymphatic capillary and
then we have interstitial fluid which is the fluid 00:06:09
between the cells and the tissue interstitial
just means between things now most of this is 00:06:14
all the same stuff it's mostly water there's other
stuff dissolved in it and it's flowing in and out 00:06:18
between all these areas we just give it different
names depending on where it's located now let's 00:06:22
break down all the movement happening in this
diagram first of all we've got the blood that's 00:06:26
coming in so that's going to be blood plasma or
fluid and the red blood cell also white blood 00:06:30
cells coming through there that's coming from the
heart and then we have fluid flowing out of this 00:06:33
area traveling back to the heart of course those
capillaries are leaky so we have fluid that's 00:06:37
traveling out of the capillary which we see right
here and a lot of that fluid that leaves is going 00:06:40
to go back into the capillary which we see right
here of course not as much fluid is traveling back 00:06:45
into the capillary so we have a buildup of fluid
in the tissue space or a buildup of interstitial 00:06:49
fluid so a lot of that fluid is going to travel
into the lymphatic capillaries becoming lymph 00:06:53
where it's then going to travel through the
rest of the lymphatic system and then back to 00:06:57
a vein the subclavian vein where it's back into
circulation and again the fluid in here we call 00:07:01
blood plasma once it leaves the capillary we call
interstitial fluid and then once it moves from the 00:07:05
interstitial fluid to the lymphatic capillary we
call it lymph so this diagram is showing what's 00:07:10
happening in the lymphatic system at the tissue
level how these lymphatic capillaries are going 00:07:14
to be pulling fluid this excess fluid from the
interstitial space and bringing it out of that 00:07:19
tissue so that we don't have swelling or edema
throughout the tissues in our body next we're 00:07:23
going to zoom out and look kind of at the whole
body level so I've got a diagram of a person here 00:07:28
we're going to start here with the hands just
because it's a distal end of the arm here and 00:07:32
you can see all these little lymphatic capillaries
that are extended out into all parts of the hand 00:07:36
basically almost anywhere in your body where
there's blood or blood capillaries there's going 00:07:40
to be lymphatic capillaries that are there to
remove that fluid so those lymphatic capillaries 00:07:45
are going to be picking up fluid which came from
the bloodstream which then became interstitial 00:07:49
fluid and now is in the lymph vessels so it's
going to be bringing that lymph fluid up the 00:07:53
arm closer to the middle part of the body and
if you notice right here we've got some spots 00:07:58
in the those lymph vessels and those are going
to be lymph nodes and this is where we're getting 00:08:02
into that second function of the lymphatic system
where we're scanning for pathogens and initiating 00:08:06
an immune response the lymph nodes are where a lot
of that is taking place so let's zoom in on one of 00:08:11
those lymph nodes and take a look at the structure
of the lymph node and how it does this all right 00:08:15
so there's our cute little lymph node and we're
going to have first some vessels that are bringing 00:08:19
the lymph into the lymph node we call these afren
vessels affrant just means toward and I have the 00:08:26
a capitalized there because in a second we're
going to see an ephant vessel so these vessels 00:08:30
like this one right here that's going to be an
affrant vessel that's bringing lymph into the 00:08:34
lymph node now notice on these vessels there are
these little valves which are going to make sure 00:08:38
that the lymph is only flowing in One Direction
and if lymph tries to flow backward those are 00:08:42
going to snap shut and prevent the lymph from back
flowing since we don't have a lymphatic equivalent 00:08:47
of a heart to push or pump the lymph fluid through
the lymph vessels we've got these one-way valves 00:08:52
so that that lymph fluid is only traveling in the
correct direction so lymph is coming in through 00:08:56
multiple afferent vessels here and then the lymph
is going to travel out of the lymph node through 00:09:00
an errant vessel and there's only ever going to
be one errant vessel leaving a lymph node all 00:09:05
right now let's take a look at a couple regions
of the lymph node here first we've got the medulla 00:09:09
which is going to be kind of in the center of the
lymph node right there where the lymph is passing 00:09:13
through to get to the errant vessel and then we've
got the cortex which is going to be the outer 00:09:17
part of the lymph node so all these sections
right in here are part of the cortex now for 00:09:21
this to scan for pathogens we have to have white
blood cells present or lymphocytes present those 00:09:26
lymphocytes are going to be B cells and t- cells
and macrofagos and a few others but they've got 00:09:31
to get there somehow now they're white blood cells
they need to come through the bloodstream so we're 00:09:35
going to have some blood vessels coming into each
of the lymph nodes those blood vessels are going 00:09:39
to enter in right by the errant vessel right in
here it's going to be bringing blood in including 00:09:44
white blood cells and then of course you've got to
have a vein which is going to be traveling out of 00:09:48
that area and so we've got a little capillary bed
and that's how the white blood cells are going to 00:09:52
make it to the lymph node so we're going to have
B cells all throughout this outer part of the 00:09:56
cortex we're going to have t- cells kind of mainly
clustered in the inner part of the cortex so any 00:10:02
pathogens that get into your bloodstream some of
those are going to end up in the lymph fluid where 00:10:06
they're going to pass through here and they're
going to have to pass by these B cells and these 00:10:10
t- cells which are going to be on the lookout for
antigens on those pathogens that they recognize 00:10:15
so they can start attacking them and initiate this
immune response by the body so the lymph fluid is 00:10:19
going to pass by there it's going to fill in this
medulla and then come out through the eant vessel 00:10:23
where it's going to continue on its path and we're
going to see where that path goes to next so again 00:10:28
how does lymphatics system scan for pathogens and
initiate the immune response well lymph is going 00:10:32
to be traveling through these affrant vessels
through the cortex where it passes by B cells and 00:10:37
t- cells those are going to be trying to detect
and see if there's a pathogen present and they'll 00:10:42
start that immune Cascade if there is and if not
that lymph fluid is just going to pass by out the 00:10:47
eant vessel where it can continue on its path all
right let's see where all of this goes next but 00:10:51
first I want to point out if you notice that the
lymph nodes aren't just throughout every part of 00:10:56
these lymph vessels they're kind of clustered in
certain regions throughout this next part of our 00:11:00
diagram here I'm going to be pointing out lymph
node regions in green and this first section here 00:11:04
that you'll see is the epitrochlear section of
lymph nodes there's going to be located kind of 00:11:09
on the medial side of the elbow right in there
now all of this lymph fluid that's traveled up 00:11:14
from the hand it's going to be traveling up here
through this axillary or armpit region and we're 00:11:18
actually going to have a lot of lymph nodes in
that axillary region so you got a lot of lymph 00:11:23
nodes in your armpit kind of extending up here
toward the neck region notice that almost all 00:11:27
of those vessels are starting to converge into
one bigger vessel right there this is where the 00:11:31
lymph fluid is about to drain back into the veins
so it can return to our blood circulation so here 00:11:37
in our diagram we have the right subclavian vein
and the left subclavian vein the subclavian veins 00:11:42
connect together to form the superior vnea and
the superior vena is going to bring the blood 00:11:47
back into the heart to the right atrium right
ventricle it can pump it to the lungs but all of 00:11:51
the lymph fluid that we gather is going to drain
back into either the right subclavian vein or the 00:11:56
left subclavian vein through two different ducts
du s the first of those is the right lymphatic 00:12:01
duct and then the second is going to be the
thoracic duct the thoracic duct is going to 00:12:05
extend down into your chest and down toward the
abdomen and the thoracic duct is going to get 00:12:09
most of the lymph drainage and the right lymphatic
duct is going to get just a smaller fraction of it 00:12:14
we'll see more of this in a second but the right
lymphatic duct is going to get lymph from the 00:12:17
right arm the right side of the face and a little
bit in this region right here whereas the thoracic 00:12:22
duct is going to drain all of the lymph from the
left arm the left side of the face as well as 00:12:27
like the whole lower half of the body so right
lymphatic duct is getting just lymph from this 00:12:31
region right here thoracic duct is getting lymph
from this region down here and the whole lower 00:12:36
half of the body the chest is also going to have a
lot of lymphatics and so we see a lot of lymphatic 00:12:40
vessels right here that are going to be collecting
fluid and bringing up into that axillary region up 00:12:44
next is the region where we actually have the most
lymph nodes and that's going to be in the cervical 00:12:48
region so there's going to be a lot of lymph nodes
in our neck there's going to be a lot kind of in 00:12:52
the side of our face right in here and often
times that's broken up not just into cervical 00:12:56
but other names of regions as well but in this
video video I'm just giving kind of an overview 00:13:00
of the location of the lymph nodes so we've got
all those lymph nodes in the cervical region in 00:13:04
the left side of the face they're draining into
the thoracic duct and then in the right side of 00:13:07
the face all of those are going to be draining
into the right lymphatic duct so if you were to 00:13:11
trace the path here from the hand the lymph is
traveling up this way into the right lymphatic 00:13:15
duct from the face is traveling down to the right
lymphatic duct or from here it's traveling up the 00:13:19
arm to the thoracic duct or from the face down
to the thoracic duct now let's move on to the 00:13:23
lower half of the body we're going to start down
at the very bottom or inferior part we're going 00:13:27
to have some lymph nose in the knees and those
are going to be the poal lymph nodes pole is just 00:13:33
referring to the knee that lymph fluid is going
to be draining upward it's going to head toward 00:13:36
the inguinal lymph nodes the inguinal lymph nodes
are found right in here and then from there lyph 00:13:41
fluid is going to travel up into the abdominal
lymph nodes right in through here so if you'll 00:13:46
notice you don't have a lot of lymph nodes in the
leg you don't really have any below the knee youve 00:13:49
got a few in the knee you've got a lot in the
inguinal area right here you've got a lot in the 00:13:53
abdominal area right here now almost all of the
lymph fluid that's coming from the lower half of 00:13:57
the body is going to be right in here where it's
going to enter into something called the CNA kyai 00:14:03
the CNA kyli is just this big collecting duct for
lymphatic fluid it's going to connect all these 00:14:08
lower lymphatic vessels up to the thoracic duct
and all that lymphatic fluid is going to drain 00:14:12
into the left subclavian vein via the thoracic
duct a couple more branches here that I need to 00:14:17
draw in the next one is going to be the thoracic
lymph node so there kind of a more lateral Branch 00:14:22
that's going to come up here that's going to have
some thoracic lymph nodes we're going to have 00:14:25
those on the other side as well from what I can
tell on most diagrams that I've seen there is a 00:14:30
lymph connection from the CNA kyai right here up
to the right lymphatic duct so I'd imagine there 00:14:35
is a little bit of drainage from this lower part
of the body up into the right lymphatic duct but 00:14:39
the vast majority of lymphatic fluid from the
lower half of the body is going to travel up 00:14:43
through the thoracic duct into the left subclavian
vein so all of these lymphatic vessels that are in 00:14:48
almost all parts of the body they're pulling fluid
in to scan for pathogens and initiate an immune 00:14:54
response so if there is an Invader in the body the
lymph nodes are going to find it but don't forget 00:14:58
about about our first function of the lymphatic
system which is preventing swelling and so they're 00:15:03
pulling this fluid from all these different body
regions where that fluid may be building up more 00:15:07
than it should so they're pulling that fluid out
all that fluid is going to travel toward those 00:15:11
subclavian veins either via the right lymphatic
duct or the thoracic duct to get all that excess 00:15:15
fluid back into the bloodstream where it belongs
so we don't have swelling throughout the body all 00:15:20
right next let's talk about that third function
the absorbing fat from intestines and delivering 00:15:24
it to the bloodstream so let's draw in a little
branch of the small intestine right here and 00:15:29
we've got a lymphatic vessel that's going to be
pulling fluid from that intestine and connecting 00:15:34
it to the cic kyi right in here we can drain it
back into the thoracic duct I just have a small 00:15:39
section of intestin drawn but that's so that my
diagram doesn't get a little bit out of hand but 00:15:43
really these lymphatic vessels are going to be
connecting all throughout the small intestine to 00:15:47
pull that fluid out so really this whole area
right here would be full of these lymphatic 00:15:51
vessels pulling fluid out of the intestines and
into the cic kyli now when I first learned about 00:15:56
all this stuff I learned that the fats and sugars
and proteins and all the nutrients that we eat are 00:16:01
going to go from the digestive system straight
to the bloodstream all those things get absorbed 00:16:04
from the small intestine into the bloodstream
but it turns out that's not quite the whole 00:16:08
truth take a look at this diagram there's a lot
going on here but let's break it down we've got 00:16:12
a section of the small intestine inside that
small intestine if we cut it open we'll see 00:16:16
there's these Villi or these tiny little kind of
squiggly looking surface membranes that are on the 00:16:21
surface of the small intestine all the food that
we eat after it's been broken down is traveling 00:16:26
through this tube of the small intestine now we
got to get get those nutrients from the Lumin of 00:16:29
the small intestine into the bloodstream so let's
zoom in on one of these Villi or on a villis here 00:16:35
are the absorptive cells or ocytes the nutrients
that we've digested are going to pass through 00:16:39
there and most of those are going to pass into
the capillaries right here and they're going to 00:16:43
be traveling through the capillary through the
venule and then back into circulation it goes 00:16:48
directly into the bloodstream that's going to
be true for proteins and sugars because they're 00:16:53
soluble in water and they're pretty small they
can pass through the membranes fats or lipids are 00:16:58
a different story lipids are not water soluble
so they can't just go directly into the water 00:17:02
they've got to be packaged so in these absorptive
cells they're going to be packaged into something 00:17:07
called a kyom micron a kyom micron is a is a
long fancy name for basically a little water 00:17:12
soluble package that the lipids will get packaged
into so they can enter into the fluid so they get 00:17:18
packaged into a kyom micron but unfortunately
the kyom Micron it's a little bit bulky it's 00:17:22
not going to fit into the capillaries to make it
into the bloodstream there's just not enough space 00:17:26
between the cells and the capillaries however the
lymphatic capillaries actually have more space 00:17:32
between the cells and the kyom microns can fit
into there so with the lipids which are in the 00:17:36
kyom microns what they're going to do is they're
going to travel through the lymphatic vessel right 00:17:40
here and they're going to travel out then they're
going to travel through here up through the cic 00:17:44
kyi and the thoracic duct and then boom they're
back into blood circulation but they never had 00:17:50
to travel directly through a blood capillary
they entered the lymphatic capillaries instead 00:17:55
so that's the third function absorbing fats from
the intestines delivering those to the bloodstream 00:17:59
through the lymphatic system all right next let's
go back to that pathogen and immune response thing 00:18:04
again these other organs we're about to talk about
are included in the lymphatic system because they 00:18:07
help with this immune response the first one is
going to be the thymus the thymus is located sort 00:18:12
of anterior to your heart it's actually bigger
when you're a kid and then it shrinks over time 00:18:17
by the time you're an adult it's like a tenth of
its normal size usually but what the thymus does 00:18:21
is it's going to produce T lymphocytes those T
lymphocytes first grew in the bone marrow that's 00:18:26
where your white blood cells and red blood cells
are mainly produced they'll travel from there to 00:18:30
the thymus and the thymus is going to have them
develop and mature into te- cells why do we call 00:18:35
them te- cells well because they're made in the
thymus which starts with T from the diagram I 00:18:39
just realized it looks like the uh thoracic duct
is going to be connected to the thymus it's not 00:18:45
a thymus has blood vessels that are connected to
it and that's how it's getting these te- cells and 00:18:50
then sending these tea cells out and of course
A lot of these t- cells are going to end up in 00:18:53
the lymph nodes throughout the body so the thymus
is considered a lymphatic organ because of that 00:18:57
next we have bone marrow and so the bone marrow
is going to be in Bones throughout the body I 00:19:01
just drew kind of the head of the femur down here
to represent the bone marrow the bone marrow is 00:19:05
going to be where all these white blood cells are
created and specifically it's going to be where 00:19:09
the B lymphocytes or B cells are developing and
maturing why are they called B cells well because 00:19:14
they're made in the bone marrow which starts with
B of course a lot of those B lymphocytes are going 00:19:18
to travel through the bloodstream and they're
going to make it to the lymph nodes throughout the 00:19:21
body so they can hang out and look for pathogens
in their lymph fluid the thymus and the bone 00:19:26
mirror are considered primary lymphatic organs
because they're actually producing the cells 00:19:30
of the lymphatic system another organ to talk
about here is the spleen which is considered a 00:19:34
secondary lymphatic organ it does a couple things
one thing it does is it kind of acts like a lymph 00:19:39
node for your bloodstream there aren't lymphatic
vessels going to it but there are blood vessels 00:19:44
going to it and it's going to have a lot of
these B cells and t- cells that are going to 00:19:48
kind of hang out and fight pathogens if there's
any that come into the spleen through the blood 00:19:53
vessels right there but another big thing that
it does is it breaks down old red blood cells so 00:19:57
red blood cells cells have a very limited lifespan
and at the end of their lifespan they're going to 00:20:01
get broken down by the spleen so that we can then
get rid of them one more thing I don't have that 00:20:05
diagram is our tonsils our tonsils kind of work
like the spleen does they contain lymphocytes to 00:20:10
fight off pathogens but they're up in the face in
some of the cavities up there all right that was 00:20:14
a lot of information now I'm going to give you a
chance to practice some of that information and 00:20:18
see if you can recall it here's a blank graphic
of the lymphatic system functions pause the video 00:20:22
see if you can name the three functions of the
lymphatic system and those functions are one 00:20:26
it prevents swelling or by returning interstitial
fluid to the bloodstream second it's going to scan 00:20:31
for pathogens and initiate an immune response if
it finds pathogens and third it's going to absorb 00:20:36
fats from intestines and deliver those to the
bloodstream up next we have this diagram of the 00:20:41
tissue capillaries and lymphatic capillaries
take a minute pause the video see if you can 00:20:45
describe everything that's in this diagram
as well as describe what's happening in all 00:20:49
the different parts of the diagram all right and
here's a completed version of that diagram as a 00:20:54
quick overview we've got blood coming in traveling
through here it's going to be dropping off water 00:20:59
and oxygen and proteins and other nutrients to the
tissue cells water and carbon dioxide is going to 00:21:03
be traveling back into the tissue capillaries
so that we can get rid of it however we've got 00:21:07
a lot of water leaving and only about 90% of that
water is coming back so we've got an extra 10% 00:21:12
that we've got to get back into blood circulation
that's where these lymphatic capillaries are going 00:21:16
to come in so a lot of fluid is going to travel
back into the lymphatic capillary and it's going 00:21:19
to take it out of this tissue and get it back into
blood circulation we've got a zoomed in version 00:21:24
of that which includes blood plasma interstitial
fluid and then lymph or lymphatic fluid fluid from 00:21:29
the blood plasma is going to travel out into the
interstitial space about 90% is going to travel 00:21:34
back into the blood capillary that other 10% we
need to get it back into blood circulation so 00:21:38
it's going to travel through the lymphatic vessel
and then back into that subclavian vein later on 00:21:43
another thing that we talked about is the lymph
node so here's a blank diagram of the lymph node 00:21:47
again pause the video see if you can identify
all the parts of the lymph node as well as the 00:21:51
direction that fluid travels and what all it does
all right here's that completed diagram now we've 00:21:56
got lymphatic fluid that's coming in into the
afren vessels we've got the lymphatic fluid 00:22:00
coming out through the ephren vessel that fluid
has to travel past B cells and t- cells which 00:22:05
are scanning that fluid looking for any pathogens
to fight off if it finds them it'll initiate the 00:22:10
immune response if not that fluid will travel out
through that errant vessel and we have the medulla 00:22:14
here and the cortex is the outer part where the
B cells and t- cells are found and then finally 00:22:18
here's our picture of the whole person pause the
video see if you can name all of the lymph node 00:22:23
regions as well as the other lymphatic organs and
what all those lymphatic organs do and there's all 00:22:29
those terms again the lymphatic fluid from the
hand and the arm is going to travel up through 00:22:33
this region past the epitrochlear lymph nodes
through the axillary lymph nodes and then into 00:22:38
the thoracic duct or on this side up through the
right lymphatic duct majority of our lymph nodes 00:22:42
are here in the cervical region those are going to
drain down into the thoracic and right lymphatic 00:22:47
duct fluid from the lower leg is going to travel
up through the poal lymph nodes up through the 00:22:51
inguino lymph nodes abdominal lymph nodes into
the cernic kyi which going to travel through the 00:22:55
thoracic duct all of that lymph fluid is going
to make it back into the left subclavian vein or 00:23:00
the right subclavian vein we have lymph vessels
that are taking fluid from the small intestine 00:23:04
that's where fats are going to get absorbed into
the lymphatic system so they can return to Venus 00:23:08
circulation and finally we have these other
lymphatic organs the thymus where tea cells 00:23:12
develop and IM mature the bone marrow where
B cells develop and mature and we have the 00:23:17
spleen which contains a lot of lymphocytes which
will fight off pathogens as well as being a site 00:23:20
where red blood cells are broken down all right
so that was a lot of information it turns out 00:23:24
the lymphatic system has a lot of parts there's
a lot of complexity to it I didn't get into how 00:23:28
the B cells and T cells actually do the immune
response if you're interested in that I've got a 00:23:33
video on that so check that video out it should be
linked right here special shout out to my patrons 00:23:37
on patreon who helped make this video possible if
you're looking for the diagrams from this video 00:23:41
both the blank and completed diagrams those are
available on my patreon so check that out there's 00:23:45
a link below and good luck learning Anatomy hope
to see you in the next video I'll see you thenDescription:
🩻 Study guide for this video, plus blank and labeled diagrams for all of my anatomy & physiology videos available on my Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/SiebertScience 🧠 For all my science videos and resources: https://justinmsiebert.com/ ----- In this video, I explain how the lymphatic system works, starting from the lymphatic capillaries draining interstitial fluid, to lymph nodes and the detection of pathogens, and finally the other lymphatic organs, such as thymus, bone marrow, and the spleen. 0:00 Introduction 0:26 Functions of the Lymphatic System 1:40 Capillaries 4:12 Lymphatic Capillaries 8:10 Lymph Nodes 10:59 Lymph Node Regions 15:20 Fat Absorption 18:05 Thymus, Bone Marrow, & Spleen 20:15 Blank Practice Diagrams & Recaps 23:23 Outro and Endscreen 🫀 My other cardiovascular and lymphatic videos: Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0HfMDslEQI Arteries, Veins, and Blood Pressure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZSDhPlvJI Blood Types: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nP-HQPZ8-0I Components of the Blood: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjLuir4lxgw Adaptive Immunity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kewcX1swsM 👕 Buy Siebert Science merch: https://justinmsiebert.com/store/ ----- Image used: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_34_01_11f.png CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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