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Table of contents
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Table of contents

0:00
Противотанковые ракеты и ПТРК: мифы, в которые верят все
0:15
Совершенно секретно: Герберт Ефремов — конструктор ракет и его военные разработки
0:28
Управляемые ракеты или самонаводящиеся ракеты — какая система наведения ракет круче?
Video tags
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Video tags

Newsoldat
new soldat
нью солдат
ньюсолдат
боевые ракеты
противотанковые ракеты
птрк
противотанковый комплекс
противотанковая пушка
противотанковое оружие
ракеты ефремова
ракета
герберт ефремов
совершенно секретно
конструктор ракет
конструктор ефремов
конструктор ракетных систем
военные разработки
управляемые ракеты
самонаводящиеся ракеты
ракеты
система наведения ракет
баллистическая ракета
управление ракетой
армия россии
вооружение
оружие россии
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Subtitles

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  • ruRussian
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00:00:03
what can be safely called pure
00:00:06
technical nonsense and where is the truth hidden in
00:00:09
the information about anti-tank missiles
00:00:13
the use of anti-tank missiles in Syria
00:00:15
showed that work on
00:00:17
weapons and sighting systems
00:00:19
is still an important component of the
00:00:21
success of army aviation; the use of
00:00:25
missiles for targeted destruction of targets
00:00:27
made it possible not only and Syrian
00:00:29
fighters, armored vehicles and heavy
00:00:31
weapons, but also practically destroy
00:00:33
front-line logistics; the same events in
00:00:36
Syria became another impetus for the
00:00:39
emergence of myths about Potter, which you
00:00:42
will learn today, welcome to the new soldier
00:00:44
and this issue is dedicated to the truth, the whole
00:00:47
truth about anti-tank missiles, ah,
00:00:49
look carefully so as not to be
00:00:51
mistaken, so we are starting Russian
00:00:56
anti-tank missiles, or more precisely Tuk
00:00:58
Tours, this is the worst waking nightmare for the
00:01:01
North Atlantic Alliance, at
00:01:03
least that’s what the articles of the
00:01:05
American analytical publication on
00:01:07
military political topics, National
00:01:10
Interest, published back in July 2018,
00:01:13
according to the authors of the publication, the United
00:01:16
States while they can catch up with Russia in
00:01:18
this area and by the way,
00:01:21
little has changed in this regard over the past two years,
00:01:24
so
00:01:25
apparently Russia is
00:01:26
the leader in high-explosive fragmentation and
00:01:29
thermobaric warheads for
00:01:30
anti-tank missiles, here we better
00:01:32
specify guided missiles
00:01:34
since almost every missile in the
00:01:36
inventory of the Russian army has
00:01:38
variants with these warheads,
00:01:40
defense and
00:01:42
national security specialist Charlie Golem writes, according to
00:01:45
him, Russian weapons are capable of
00:01:47
hitting targets with a
00:01:48
diameter of only a few meters at a
00:01:50
range of more than 5 kilometers, the accuracy of
00:01:53
anti-tank guided missiles can
00:01:55
be useful in battles with infantry and
00:01:57
enemy firing points,
00:01:59
Charlie Golem also noted that very often
00:02:02
anti-tank missiles
00:02:03
9-m 120 e are used on helicopters,
00:02:06
for example, rotorcraft
00:02:09
equipped with 50 anti-tank missiles were used by the Russian
00:02:11
Air Force in Syria, according to the author of the material,
00:02:15
the states cannot catch up with Russia in terms of armament with
00:02:16
anti-tank guided missiles
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because they have at their
00:02:21
disposal only one ground-based
00:02:23
modification of the anti-tank missile
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system with a warhead by g m-71 as much as a
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banker,
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however, the most serious problem
00:02:31
is the cost of installations;
00:02:34
therefore, the statement that
00:02:36
Russian anti-tank missiles are the
00:02:38
worst waking nightmare for the
00:02:40
North Atlantic Alliance
00:02:42
is not a myth at all, it is a completely logical
00:02:44
conclusion of a sane person,
00:02:47
what do you think, friends, share in
00:02:49
comments under the video with your
00:02:51
thoughts on this matter and we
00:02:53
will continue today in the West there is a
00:02:56
widespread misconception regarding the
00:02:57
capabilities of the self-propelled
00:02:59
anti-tank complex Chrysanthemum s
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for some unknown reasons, perhaps
00:03:05
this is just another attempt at self-deception,
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but there it is perceived as a purely
00:03:08
defensive weapon, meanwhile, according to the
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calculations of domestic experts
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3 The launchers of this self-propelled anti-tank
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missile are well organized and the positions,
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even in difficult weather conditions,
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can guarantee the destruction of an entire
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tank company of 12 and 14 tanks, while the
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type of target is
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not of great importance; the
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combined guidance system and
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ammunition for various purposes
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allow the destruction of both firing points and
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fortifications, as well as air
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the enemy's goals,
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by the way, Russian anti-ship missiles, no matter how they are
00:03:40
perceived in the West, have long been of interest to
00:03:43
American specialists;
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the decades spent on studying
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weapons of destruction were not in
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vain for the latter.
00:03:50
Almost every year, authoritative American
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agencies recognize our anti-ship missiles as the
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main threat to the existence of
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armored vehicles on the battlefield. The first experiments of
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Soviet specialists with an anti-tank
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complex the hornet developed back in the
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50s showed that the correct path
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to creating effective weapons
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necessarily includes the ability to
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create a mass product
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that can be used on the battlefield with minimal
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training;
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the success of the hornet in combined arms
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operation will allow developers to make
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significant progress in the process of
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creating a truly universal
00:04:24
weapon to destroy armored vehicles
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there, the data obtained during operation
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was created by one of the most massive
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Soviet anti-tank missiles, affectionately
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called the baby complex, the first
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generation complex turned out to be extremely
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effective already at the initial stage of
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operation, anti-tank missiles were
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capable of hitting the target at a maximum
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distance of
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2000 meters, however, the main problem of the
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first anti-tank missile generations that include the
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baby hornet had low
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ammunition efficiency and not the
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highest accuracy at distances above
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one and a half thousand meters and this is
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not a myth at all but the real truth,
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these shortcomings were identified almost
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immediately and completely different technological solutions were applied to the second generation anti-tank missile
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systems
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o k r
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for the second generation complex, one of the most
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important tasks was the improvement of the
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guidance system as a result of the
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second generation anti-tank missile system, representatives of
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which were the bassoon metis and the competition
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received a semi-automatic
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guidance system thanks to which the likelihood of the
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aiming mark of the ammunition
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leaving the trajectory after launch was
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minimized and
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increased significantly and launch range in the
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early seventies,
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ground forces units in the USSR
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armed with complexes significantly
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expanded their ability to fire at targets
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and could confidently hit armored
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targets, tanks and infantry fighting vehicles from a
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distance of two and a half thousand meters,
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what do you think, friends, should
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the West keep up with our military developments,
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share your thoughts on this issue
00:06:00
in the comments under the video and we move
00:06:02
on, a similar concept was implemented in the
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United States, according to the plan of the
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American military,
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anti-tank grenade launchers were supposed to
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have older brothers with the help of
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which the ground forces were supposed to
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solve a core problem, however, the method
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chosen for the implementation of 1
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anti-tank missile system then
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became in one row with the second-generation Soviet anti-tank missile system was
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significantly different
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from the approach chosen by domestic
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weapon developers. The main
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feature of the American complex is its
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dimensions,
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from the first versions of the anti-tank missile system to this
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day, at least three people are required for the rapid carrying and
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rapid deployment of the complex;
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moreover, with similar characteristics
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of the Soviet and American complexes in the
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silhouette of the operator together with the
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launcher are at least half a meter
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poor against the backdrop of the terrain,
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turning a person and an anti-tank missile ready for work
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not so much into a threat to the tank
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as into a target for a sniper, with all the
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shortcomings the complex was almost the
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perfect embodiment of the American
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the idea of ​​how a
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truly mass product should look and work
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when compared with Soviet complexes,
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American ones turned out to be
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several times higher in cost on average; the price for
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such complexes varied between
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sixty
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and with us thousands of dollars, even despite the fact
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that the Pentagon has
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always generously allocated money for various
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mass-produced types of weapons for the ground
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forces cannot be called a budget option,
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and the American anti-tank system still remains an
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unaffordable luxury for most
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sane buyers,
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military expert Sergei Ivanov noted in an interview with the Star channel at one time,
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high mobility, ease of
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deployment and the minimum time
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required for training personnel
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were newly packaged by domestic
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anti-tank missile specialists with expanded
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combat capabilities, the complex,
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called the cornet, was not used by
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the Russian military in armed
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conflicts; however,
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this type of anti-tank missile was eagerly purchased by foreign
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customers, who were impressed by the performance and
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armor penetration after the conflict of
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Israeli tank crews and damage to
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almost 50 only according to official data of
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Merkava tanks during the second Lebanese
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war in 2006, domestic
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anti-tank systems began to be
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perceived not only as a tool
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for targeted destruction of targets and this,
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by the way, was another myth that arose out of
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nowhere literally out of the blue, but also
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as an effective means for creating a
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so-called denial of access zone
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and 2a d within the zone responsibility of
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ground forces units,
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after analyzing the combat use of the
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complex on Israeli armored vehicles,
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it became clear that it was
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no longer possible to use heavy armored vehicles in the old way, Nari
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stations were more than 3000 meters 60 tons and
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the tanks
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were more like clumsy
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targets installed in an open field than
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lethal military equipment,
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later the cornet underwent a serious
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modernization at based on the anti-tank
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missile system, an ultra-
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long-range modification of the cornet d was created with a
00:09:07
launch range increased to 10,000 meters; qualitatively different combat
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capabilities automatically brought the
00:09:12
domestic complex to first place
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among similar weapons.
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A little later, mobile platforms were added to the wearable version of the
00:09:19
complex with a tandem on a cumulative
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warhead.
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Among which was the
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tiger armored car,
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in addition to purely anti-tank missions,
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such complexes have long made it possible to
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carry out
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extended combat work, hitting lightly
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armored vehicles, buildings, manpower
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and even combat helicopters,
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American military expert Charlie Gou
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noted that over a long
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period of time, Russian complexes
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will pose a mortal threat
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to any armored vehicles since the
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missile launch range of
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8000 meters or more makes domestic
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anti-tank missiles a difficult target for any countermeasures,
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while the warhead of the carnet de anti-tank missile
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is comparable in power to
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artillery ammunition and after a
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missile hit, any even heavily
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armored vehicle will be
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guaranteed to be disabled;
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American experts were unable to repeat the successes of the cornet
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still the most
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modern version of the complex
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allows operators to hit targets at a
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distance of 3600-3700 meters with
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ultra-modern portable
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systems ja belen the situation remains
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ambiguous
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since the start of operation of weapons of this
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type in the us army for this we should
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thank the developers for a fresh look
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at the process of combating enemy armored vehicles
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led to the fact that the most
00:10:38
modern anti-tank system
00:10:40
turned out to be extremely vulnerable to interference,
00:10:42
which is not
00:10:44
difficult to install, and the launch range turned out to be
00:10:46
noticeably lower than less technologically advanced anti-tank missiles -
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only two and a half thousand meters;
00:10:51
Jamil did not become a mass product,
00:10:54
largely due to the monstrous cost per
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unit the complex is fully ready for combat work, the
00:10:58
manufacturer asks for just under
00:11:01
250 thousand dollars, despite the high
00:11:04
cost, the complex is still vulnerable
00:11:06
to a number of countermeasures
00:11:08
and does not deserve the title of a miracle weapon, it is a
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convenient kit for use at the
00:11:13
squad level, but the
00:11:15
US Army had to implement the fired-forgot principle
00:11:17
pay
00:11:18
very serious money after all, this is a
00:11:21
new technology
00:11:22
and a different approach to combat work, hence the
00:11:24
complexity and high cost and problems with
00:11:27
noise immunity, military expert Vasily Kashin noted in an interview with the
00:11:29
star,
00:11:32
but let’s go further through the myths about the three
00:11:36
anti-tank missiles, one of the main myths from which, in
00:11:39
theory, and it was necessary to start our today's
00:11:41
issue that says that Soviet tanks at one
00:11:44
time received smooth-bore guns
00:11:46
only in order to be able to
00:11:48
fire missiles, well, okay,
00:11:51
let there be such a
00:11:53
misconception in the West, but we know the
00:11:55
following sequence of events:
00:11:58
1962, the appearance of the first serial
00:12:01
tank T-62 with a smooth-bore gun
00:12:05
1976 appearance of the T-64 b with the 9
00:12:10
m112 Cobra complex see the difference T-62 became the
00:12:14
first production tank with a smooth-bore
00:12:17
gun and the T-64 became one of the first
00:12:19
tanks that combined a smooth
00:12:22
barrel and the ability to use anti-tank missiles and the
00:12:24
main caliber, let's remember something else
00:12:27
in connection with this myth, the missiles of the
00:12:30
9-m 116 family had several
00:12:33
versions, but the version we need, the
00:12:35
100-mm Bastion missile
00:12:37
complex, was developed for MT-12 guns
00:12:40
and 100 mm
00:12:42
D-10t 2 s guns Let us remind you that these are rifled
00:12:45
guns originating from
00:12:47
100-mm guns from the times of the Great
00:12:49
Patriotic War, and yet it is
00:12:51
quite possible
00:12:53
to launch missiles from rifled barrels, a vivid example
00:12:55
of the modernity of the BMP-3
00:12:57
and anti-tank guns fable, it also has an index of
00:13:01
9-116 and belongs to the family of
00:13:03
brass knuckles and Along with the bastion, it is in
00:13:06
service with the CIS army.
00:13:08
If we talk about foreign analogues, then
00:13:11
let's mention the American
00:13:13
M-62 Starship and the light M 551
00:13:17
Sheridan; they had a 150 2 mm
00:13:20
launcher with a rifled barrel; in the
00:13:23
nomenclature they were satisfied with the well-known
00:13:24
She Leila missiles,
00:13:26
which in the sixties were considered
00:13:28
one of the best in the world
00:13:30
let's move on to the next myth it sounds
00:13:33
like this missiles are easy to control
00:13:36
this myth appeared thanks to
00:13:39
second generation systems which are based on the
00:13:41
principle of laser guidance
00:13:43
it would seem that here it is complicated to point
00:13:45
the laser at the target and that’s it but in practice everything is
00:13:47
somewhat different the missile is the same as
00:13:50
the plane can lose control as a
00:13:52
result of sudden changes in course; in
00:13:55
reality, this is unlikely, but
00:13:56
shooting at moving targets can be
00:13:59
difficult due to the relief of weather
00:14:01
conditions and the nature of the price movement, but this is
00:14:05
according to the second generation TRC with the first
00:14:07
missiles, everything was rigid;
00:14:09
they were controlled by a radio command, often with the
00:14:13
help wires, but the point here is not the
00:14:15
wire, which is limited in length, but in the
00:14:17
joystick, did you once try to drive a
00:14:19
ball into a puddle
00:14:20
through a maze, if so, imagine
00:14:22
that you need to repeat something similar
00:14:24
using a joystick, but your ball is a
00:14:27
rocket Alla for an enemy tank with
00:14:31
third generation missiles not much
00:14:33
simpler, most of these missiles do not need
00:14:36
constant accompaniment, but in
00:14:38
order to set a target you need to hold it
00:14:40
for some time. Another
00:14:43
latest myth for today concerns the
00:14:45
optical-electronic suppression complex
00:14:47
on the T-90; it is mostly
00:14:50
really large,
00:14:51
but only in front second
00:14:53
generation missiles, this is not all the reasons lie in the
00:14:56
vine itself, any laser has its own wavelength
00:14:59
for different complexes, it differs, which
00:15:02
can affect the stability of the missile during
00:15:04
flight, if we talk about other missiles,
00:15:07
it is absolutely useless in front of the
00:15:09
first generation TRC and many missiles 3
00:15:12
yet some third-
00:15:15
generation missiles remember the target thanks to a
00:15:17
laser, and in this case it can
00:15:19
introduce inaccuracy in guidance or shoot
00:15:22
it down completely, but optics electronic suppression does not
00:15:25
affect television and
00:15:26
thermal imaging guidance heads, what
00:15:32
requirements must
00:15:34
Russian weapons development meet in order to be
00:15:36
competitive in the global
00:15:38
arms market reliably and cheaply This is how the
00:15:45
outstanding designer of ballistic
00:15:47
missiles for satellites and orbital stations,
00:15:49
Herbert Efremov, spoke about his smart missiles back in 2013.
00:15:51
In 1963, we had to
00:15:54
respond with something to the deployment of thousands of Minuteman missiles by the United States,
00:15:58
but what does he continue with, as he asks himself to
00:16:00
call himself, the rocket scientist dossier Herbert
00:16:05
Aleksandrovich Efremov year of birth 1933
00:16:08
designer of systems weapons gmf strategic missile forces and
00:16:12
space forces
00:16:13
professor ngt named after Bauman hero of
00:16:16
socialist labor
00:16:18
among his developments intercontinental
00:16:21
rockets of the ul 100 family space
00:16:23
rocket complex arrow
00:16:25
space station diamond satellites
00:16:28
condor and ruslan anti-ship
00:16:30
complex and malachite basalt granite
00:16:32
bastion yakhont russian indian
00:16:35
brahmos named after the designer a minor
00:16:39
planet of the solar system is named in the
00:16:40
freemove coat of arms in 1963, we had the
00:16:45
R-7 Korolev rocket in development,
00:16:47
all manned launches are still
00:16:50
provided by rockets of this family,
00:16:52
says Herbert Aleksandrovich, after
00:16:55
Andrei Sakharov’s calculations, the volumes of
00:16:57
dimensions are 3 megatons, the oh warhead
00:16:59
Korolev determined the appearance of the rocket,
00:17:02
the result was a product weighing almost 300 tons
00:17:05
and a flight range of
00:17:06
eight thousand kilometers, but the rocket
00:17:08
required a gigantic
00:17:10
launch complex and it took three days to refuel it, in
00:17:13
other words, the rocket is not combative, the next
00:17:17
stage was the
00:17:19
R-16 intercontinental missile, if the Royal Seven
00:17:22
was refueled for three days, then the R16 was already only three
00:17:25
hours of progress but only after the
00:17:27
discovery of
00:17:28
American missiles we had only
00:17:30
twenty minutes for a response launch; in
00:17:32
addition, the
00:17:33
fueled missile could not
00:17:35
remain on combat duty for a long time, 10 days
00:17:37
maximum up to a month, after which the missile
00:17:40
had to be disposed of and then Khrushchev
00:17:43
called the Minister of Aviation
00:17:44
Industry Dementyev and ordered
00:17:48
you and chelomey he distinguished himself by developing
00:17:50
cruise missiles
00:17:51
make some kind of answer to America and that’s how the
00:17:54
famous missiles of the feeling series appeared,
00:17:56
they were initially filled with nothing, it
00:17:59
doesn’t leak fuel heptyl and amyl
00:18:02
ampoule zero wanna the missile has been on combat
00:18:05
duty for decades and today weaving is
00:18:08
still reliable and then they were
00:18:10
almost 80 percent of the missile
00:18:13
surface ships and one hundred percent of the
00:18:15
submarines of the USSR are equipped, friends, what do you think, are
00:18:18
hundreds really a breakthrough
00:18:20
for their time and a worthy response
00:18:22
to America, speak out in the comments
00:18:24
under the video about this and we will continue
00:18:26
the course, it has the longest periods of
00:18:29
being on combat duty and is now
00:18:31
in service maintaining combat
00:18:34
effectiveness landing launched a model of a
00:18:36
condor weighing one ton with perfect
00:18:39
accuracy for launching
00:18:41
spacecraft np mechanical engineering at one time
00:18:44
began work on creating a cosmodrome
00:18:46
free at the site step of combat
00:18:49
missiles course then it was simply
00:18:51
proposed to remake one silo for launching
00:18:53
hundreds of hundred satellites, including those with
00:18:55
contours, to convert a combat missile into a
00:18:58
space carrier, a minimum of work is required; the
00:19:00
warheads are removed and a set of
00:19:03
means of overcoming the enemy; a
00:19:04
satellite and a new fairing are installed, that
00:19:07
is, the program is not financially costly for the
00:19:09
country; however, paradoxical as it may
00:19:12
sound, it turned out to be due to the cheapness
00:19:14
unnecessary
00:19:16
why a cheap small cosmodrome
00:19:18
began to be built in its place by an expensive one and the great
00:19:20
eastern says Efremov
00:19:22
it can be used for flights to
00:19:24
Mars no one is interested and the cheap
00:19:27
rocket continues the designer instead of it
00:19:30
on the basis of weaving they
00:19:31
developed a rumble with an upper stage
00:19:33
instead of the third stage and a new control system
00:19:36
but it several times more expensive than a hundred and
00:19:38
what do you think friends is
00:19:40
better reliable and cheap or just expensive
00:19:43
leave your answers to this question in the
00:19:45
comments under the video and we move on they
00:19:48
gave me from the customer learn to
00:19:51
manage money I, as
00:19:53
defending projects without kickbacks and
00:19:54
cuts, was not needed
00:19:56
they named righteous, the project was approved but
00:19:59
not accepted, recalls Herbert Aleksandrovich, everyone
00:20:02
wants to fly to the moon, although why do we need this? China,
00:20:05
Japan, India for prestige, and we already
00:20:09
flew around the moon 40 years ago, why in
00:20:11
space do people
00:20:14
need nothing except the earth?
00:20:15
people still cannot enter a
00:20:17
blast furnace,
00:20:18
although this is necessary, the ocean must be developed so-
00:20:21
called ambitious projects, this is once
00:20:24
the gutting of money and the employment of huge
00:20:26
teams before
00:20:27
Tsialkovsky is needed who will be
00:20:29
engaged in flights to Mars, but in
00:20:31
small quantities we have gas in the
00:20:33
villages, there are no roads, and the villages themselves are
00:20:36
becoming fewer
00:20:37
Chinese, Indians, Mars rovers and the lunar rover
00:20:39
is needed for them, things for us are only
00:20:42
repetitions of what has been passed, we took these peaks
00:20:44
a long time ago from older generations,
00:20:47
Gagarin was his smile became a symbol of the era,
00:20:50
and for the generation of zero, a
00:20:52
robot from orbit will smile more important than the smile of a person on
00:20:55
earth shares his opinion Efremov is
00:20:57
convinced that our main idea is
00:21:00
the well-being of our people and something
00:21:02
else and space should only
00:21:04
work for welfare and you can fly to the march
00:21:07
with the remaining money after
00:21:09
implementing all pragmatic priorities,
00:21:12
we note that nevertheless Herbert
00:21:15
Aleksandrovich always actively participated
00:21:16
in the creation,
00:21:17
for example, of a complex with cruise missiles
00:21:19
for firing at ground targets from
00:21:21
submarines 5 out of 5 each meteorite and
00:21:24
others,
00:21:25
as well as anti-ship missile
00:21:27
systems in honor of p35 progress amethyst
00:21:30
malachite basalt volcano granite and onyx
00:21:34
which one is your favorite which one is special
00:21:37
they are all special they all went one after another
00:21:40
gradually complementing
00:21:42
developing the direction of these works talks
00:21:45
about missiles Herbert Aleksandrovich in
00:21:46
an interview with Tass, they were not only named
00:21:49
after the stones, but also had their own
00:21:51
twist, the designer admits amethyst
00:21:54
and malachite are
00:21:55
complexes with underwater launches, the
00:21:57
amethyst complex was intended for
00:22:00
striking aircraft carrier groups, with
00:22:02
convoys and landing troops,
00:22:05
new principles
00:22:07
of design and manufacturing were found during its development
00:22:09
sealed structures of cruise missiles,
00:22:12
for the first time, designs of a
00:22:14
sealed missile body without
00:22:16
operational hatches were created, sealed
00:22:18
connections of compartments of pressurized cable entries,
00:22:21
pipelines and a mechanism in the
00:22:23
wing console for their folding and
00:22:25
automatic deployment on the underwater
00:22:27
part of the movement, the problem of the
00:22:30
wet method of launching a missile was solved, the launch was
00:22:33
carried out from sealed containers, we fill them
00:22:36
water before the launch, the amethyst had an
00:22:38
autonomous on-board control system
00:22:40
implemented on the principle of fire and
00:22:43
forget; the control system
00:22:45
included an autopilot, a radio altimeter, an
00:22:48
analog computer and a
00:22:50
radar homing head; the
00:22:52
computing device itself selected a
00:22:54
target from several detected ones
00:22:56
based on an analysis of the energy
00:22:58
characteristics of the
00:23:01
radar head signals reflected from the target and
00:23:02
geometric signs of the location of
00:23:04
targets in the resulting radar
00:23:06
picture, for example, the place of an aircraft carrier in an
00:23:09
aircraft carrier order,
00:23:11
when creating amethyst,
00:23:13
many problems had to be solved related to the dynamics of the
00:23:15
movement of a rocket under water, as well as the
00:23:17
transition from the aquatic environment to the air; at
00:23:20
the enterprise, a special laboratory was organized
00:23:23
with a hydra pool and a model of a
00:23:25
submarine; a lot of work was carried out launches of
00:23:27
model rockets and under various initial
00:23:29
conditions during the operation of the
00:23:32
Amethyst complex, the process of monitoring serial
00:23:34
tests and launches according to the combat
00:23:36
training plan, the rocket showed excellent
00:23:38
results, exceeding the
00:23:40
reliability requirements laid down in the TAZ,
00:23:44
Amethyst was the world's first complex with an
00:23:46
underwater launch, the experience gained during
00:23:49
its development was used in
00:23:51
the future in the creation of a
00:23:52
mechanical engineering event for
00:23:53
new missile systems that are
00:23:55
still in service with the Russian Navy.
00:23:58
Following the amethyst, the erp team of its
00:24:00
mechanical engineering began developing
00:24:02
missiles and p120 malachite, the ability to
00:24:05
launch both from a submarine in an
00:24:07
underwater position and from a surface
00:24:08
ship missiles 120 each was made according to a
00:24:12
normal aerodynamic design,
00:24:14
had a folding wing and externally repeated the
00:24:17
p70 rocket, the launch weight was
00:24:20
3180 kilograms, the high-explosive fragmentation
00:24:23
warhead was 840 kilograms, the
00:24:26
fundamental difference between malachite and
00:24:29
amethyst was the launch unit,
00:24:30
which provided the possibility of both underwater
00:24:33
and surface launch, it consisted of two
00:24:35
solid propellant starting engines and
00:24:37
two underwater engines, which were
00:24:40
additionally installed on missiles
00:24:42
launched from a submarine from the end of
00:24:45
1975 until the middle of 1980,
00:24:49
modernization of malachite was carried out; the
00:24:51
reliability of the on-board control system was increased; the
00:24:55
sensitivity of
00:24:57
noise immunity and selectivity of the
00:24:59
homing head was significantly increased; the
00:25:01
time for generating commands in the ship's
00:25:03
control system was reduced Danube 1234
00:25:07
improved 3 container
00:25:09
launcher
00:25:10
despite the fact that in 1991 95
00:25:14
submarines of type 670m equipped with
00:25:17
p120 were excluded from the
00:25:20
Russian Navy the milk is still in
00:25:23
service with many small ships of the fleet, however one of
00:25:26
its developers Herbert Efremov is
00:25:28
the most complex and interesting development
00:25:30
considers other things a naval missile
00:25:32
granite it was created in 1968 sixty-
00:25:37
nine 1972 and they showed the
00:25:40
country's leadership it was in
00:25:42
Severomorsk
00:25:43
they came there and Brezhnev smartphone buckwheat
00:25:45
where they were shown various samples of
00:25:47
naval weapons recalls the
00:25:50
designer Efremov and his colleagues were also sent
00:25:53
there for 10 15 days Before the
00:25:55
start of this visit, in one hangar
00:25:57
there were mock-ups and live samples of military
00:25:59
equipment with missile and space technology; by
00:26:02
that time we had already shown
00:26:04
reconnaissance aircraft from my radar, sea and
00:26:06
space interceptors, says
00:26:08
Efremov, and in the second hangar, Makeev, the
00:26:11
creator of the scientific design school of
00:26:13
naval strategic rocketry of the
00:26:15
Soviet Union and
00:26:16
ballistics was shown in Russia and we were preparing
00:26:19
speeches there, on each sample there was an
00:26:22
admiral or a captain of the corresponding
00:26:24
rank and he reported,
00:26:26
Herbert Aleksandrovich says, and when we
00:26:28
walked together around our hangar, there were poppies
00:26:31
and fci with us, and in their hangar we left, we listened with them, there are
00:26:34
no boundaries, this was the first
00:26:36
anti-ship missile that had a
00:26:38
powerful computer on board and
00:26:41
this made it possible even then to use these
00:26:43
capabilities, the designer concludes, by the way,
00:26:46
it is still in service with
00:26:48
submarines of the
00:26:49
Antey project, another family of
00:26:51
anti-ship missiles of the great
00:26:53
designer is Onyx Yakhont Brahmos Onyx is a
00:26:57
domestic development that
00:26:59
began in In 1982, on the instructions of the fleet,
00:27:02
then there was a variation of the yacht, then a
00:27:05
joint project with India
00:27:07
Brahmos appeared in the 1990s,
00:27:10
but almost all of them are on the same basis and
00:27:12
they have a lot in common, while
00:27:15
the designer emphasizes that all our
00:27:17
anti-ship and strategic
00:27:19
cruise missiles can carry nuclear and non-
00:27:21
nuclear charges, except for missiles supplied
00:27:24
through military-technical cooperation,
00:27:25
tests of the brahmos variant have recently been carried out,
00:27:27
and on the Indian
00:27:29
converted Su-30mki fighter,
00:27:32
according to Efremov, universalization has been carried out
00:27:35
not only for complete
00:27:37
deployment on carriers, but also for
00:27:38
intended purposes, that is, it is already
00:27:41
anti-ship and high-precision
00:27:43
missile against ground targets, a
00:27:45
system of cruise missiles, the meteorite,
00:27:47
unified across all types of
00:27:48
basing, leveled out the strategic
00:27:51
confrontation between the United States and
00:27:52
cruise missiles similar to them in the world have not
00:27:55
yet been created; the uniqueness of the
00:27:57
meteorite was that
00:28:00
the missile, fired at a speed of almost Mach 3, was
00:28:02
invisible to air defense systems
00:28:03
as soon as she felt the impact of the
00:28:05
enemy radar, immediately
00:28:07
disappeared from its screens,
00:28:09
radar maps of
00:28:11
the area were stored in memory and this allowed the meteorite
00:28:13
to adjust the trajectory of its flight, the
00:28:15
missile was tested at ground-based stands at the
00:28:18
coastal ground complex,
00:28:20
submarines and a Tu-95 aircraft, in
00:28:23
total, about 70 launches were carried out,
00:28:26
the work was completed in In 1990, however,
00:28:30
due to the collapse of the Soviet Union,
00:28:32
the missile was not put into service
00:28:35
[music] is it
00:28:36
necessary over time to completely abandon the
00:28:39
use of guided missiles and
00:28:41
completely switch to
00:28:43
homing, guided,
00:28:51
homing missiles, who is cooler? Guided and homing missiles are the same thing,
00:28:53
no, not all weapons
00:28:56
guided is self-guided,
00:28:59
the concept of homing
00:29:02
refers only to the situation when the missile, by its
00:29:04
own efforts, tracks the target and
00:29:07
independently decides where to
00:29:09
fly in order to meet it,
00:29:12
no one gives commands to the missile, the maximum is that they
00:29:15
highlight the target so that the onboard sensors of the
00:29:17
missile can clearly distinguish what the
00:29:20
systems may be Guiding them can be reduced to
00:29:23
three methods according to known
00:29:26
inertial coordinates, using target radiation;
00:29:29
passive, using a reflected
00:29:31
signal; active; the essence of the methods does
00:29:35
not change, but the speed, range and
00:29:38
accuracy increase to such an extent that
00:29:40
modern missiles may not have
00:29:42
a warhead and destroy the target with a direct
00:29:45
hit; well, come on Let's go through them
00:29:47
in more detail. The inertial guidance system is the
00:29:50
simplest and the very first of all. The
00:29:54
inertial guidance system of a rocket,
00:29:56
knowing its coordinates at the moment of start,
00:29:58
the speed of the flight direction can
00:30:01
calculate the current coordinates and
00:30:03
correct the course. What's good about such a
00:30:05
solution? The
00:30:06
inertial navigation system is completely
00:30:09
autonomous; it does not need hints from
00:30:11
the parties are not afraid of any interference and its work does
00:30:14
not unmask itself in any way; the main
00:30:16
disadvantage is relatively low
00:30:18
accuracy; the greater the distance, the
00:30:20
greater the error and speed of operation, and
00:30:22
not yet the ability to aim at a
00:30:24
moving target;
00:30:25
the system is reliable and simple, but
00:30:27
not accurate enough
00:30:28
in the case of shooting at London from the coast of
00:30:31
France this was almost enough, but what to
00:30:34
do in the case when the target is moving; the
00:30:36
inertial guidance system
00:30:39
is controllable; the
00:30:41
command method of controlling the missile can be by
00:30:44
transmitting a command to it via radio or
00:30:47
wire; so the radio command
00:30:49
guidance method was used in Soviet anti-aircraft
00:30:51
missile systems with 25 Berkut and 75 2
00:30:55
na and in the USA
00:30:56
meme 3 other kayaks we have fourteen on the
00:30:59
Hercules control was carried out by the earth,
00:31:02
the trajectory was calculated by the so-called
00:31:04
calculation for the decision device, an actual
00:31:07
analog computer of those times, the
00:31:09
rocket itself did not see anything, did not hear and did not
00:31:11
decide, it flew according to commands from the earth,
00:31:14
unlike inertial rockets,
00:31:16
which have navigational means Always with you
00:31:18
among the air-to-air class, command
00:31:21
guidance by wire was used in the
00:31:23
German Ruhr Stahl x4 in 1943, on the
00:31:27
basis of which
00:31:29
the anti-tank x7 later appeared. Control by
00:31:31
wire is used and is now used in
00:31:33
anti-tank missiles such as the
00:31:35
French complex Milan,
00:31:37
Soviet bassoon or American Comrade
00:31:39
True, in contrast from the first
00:31:41
anti-tank systems, they have a
00:31:43
semi-automatic missile guidance system
00:31:44
and the operator only holds
00:31:47
the sight on the target; they control it
00:31:49
directly; the main advantage of the
00:31:51
command method is considered to be the cost
00:31:53
on the missile; there is no need to place
00:31:55
navigation equipment;
00:31:57
this means more space is left for fuel
00:31:59
or a warhead; cons; the radio channel is vulnerable
00:32:03
to interference; it is simply possible muffle
00:32:05
and the wires have a limited length;
00:32:08
moreover, as the distance to the target increases,
00:32:09
the accuracy decreases, since the missile
00:32:12
does not emit anything and does not help its
00:32:14
station or operator in any way. The output command
00:32:17
method is
00:32:19
semi-actively controlled and the missile guidance itself with
00:32:22
this method of the target receives a
00:32:24
ground-based radar or on a water missile
00:32:26
system or aircraft, the rocket uses
00:32:29
such illumination, receives the reflected
00:32:31
signal and, based on it, calculates its
00:32:33
trajectory. The British fair flash rocket
00:32:36
was the first to implement such a
00:32:38
method back in 1949, it was
00:32:42
simply aimed at the very center
00:32:44
of the radar beam,
00:32:45
so it was not just necessary
00:32:47
shine on the target with a radar and also
00:32:50
precisely hold the sight on it
00:32:52
in English it was called bim raider,
00:32:54
loosely translated control I will get the
00:32:57
same principle is now used in
00:32:59
anti-tank missile systems and
00:33:01
air-to-surface missiles only in the
00:33:03
case of armored vehicles laser beam,
00:33:05
examples include
00:33:07
hellfire originally from the USA and the Soviet whirlwind,
00:33:10
the most famous air-to-air missiles
00:33:13
with a semi-active system were
00:33:14
the American and their heart is first
00:33:17
and the Soviet R27, their main drawback
00:33:20
was the need for constant illumination of the
00:33:22
target by the aircraft, the output is semi-active and the
00:33:26
missile guidance itself
00:33:27
is, so to speak, semi-
00:33:29
controlled and you What do you think friends,
00:33:32
share your thoughts on this
00:33:34
in the comments under the video, we will continue
00:33:38
control through a rocket in 1943 in the
00:33:42
USA, as part of the Gorgon project, the
00:33:44
possibility of control
00:33:46
using a video camera installed on a
00:33:48
rocket was tested; the camera presented an image to the
00:33:50
operator who controlled the flight;
00:33:53
this method was called control
00:33:55
through the rocket, of course, in 1943, nothing
00:33:59
sensible guidance came out to me, but
00:34:01
the principle itself began to be used only
00:34:03
instead of a video camera they use a radar;
00:34:05
the rocket receives the reflected radio signal of
00:34:08
its radar station and
00:34:10
simply transmits information from its radar, which
00:34:13
in turn makes calculations and
00:34:15
sends a corrective command to the rocket; it
00:34:17
turns out to be a kind of semi-hybrid active and
00:34:20
command systems, this principle is very
00:34:22
popular, it is used in both the S-300 and the
00:34:25
American Patriot Pack 2,
00:34:27
the missile is always closer to the target, which means
00:34:30
they see better, and there is no need to carry any computers on board,
00:34:32
only a
00:34:34
signal receiver and a repeater, but if
00:34:37
interference occurs, then no
00:34:40
the missile will not be able to make independent decisions other than self-destruction
00:34:43
output control through the missile
00:34:45
sounds of course like oil but
00:34:48
controllable
00:34:49
active homing the first
00:34:52
homing missiles could have been Artemis
00:34:55
this time the leaders were again British
00:34:57
scientists Artemis was conceived to combat
00:35:00
German V-1 cruise missiles for
00:35:03
this purpose a
00:35:04
radar homing head was installed on it
00:35:06
and this was in 1943,
00:35:10
but the British did not have enough time to fine-tune it;
00:35:12
after a year it was
00:35:14
decided that Artemis would be
00:35:16
too expensive and there was
00:35:17
no particular need for it, because
00:35:19
the Germans were already clearly losing the war in
00:35:21
the air;
00:35:22
active homing means that the
00:35:24
missile itself emits a probing
00:35:26
radio signal, receives it and
00:35:28
calculates the trajectory. Naturally, its
00:35:31
own radar must have
00:35:34
dimensions sufficient for effective operation, and dimensions mean mass,
00:35:37
so missiles with active
00:35:39
radar self-guidance are always
00:35:41
large and designed for long-range
00:35:43
air combat. The
00:35:44
first such swallow was
00:35:46
the American one, and it was the 54 Phoenix.
00:35:49
so big that to carry its
00:35:51
legs only f14 analogues in the USSR r33
00:35:55
was armed only with mig-31 both babies are
00:35:58
all or a little less than half a ton
00:36:01
medium-range missiles their own radar
00:36:03
appeared later and they are 120r 77 mika or
00:36:07
python 5 they fly less, not so
00:36:10
far but apply a similar principle
00:36:13
guidance size and weight are a serious
00:36:16
limitation for aviation, but for land-based
00:36:18
or sea-based weight is not so
00:36:20
critical,
00:36:21
therefore, among anti-ship and
00:36:23
anti-aircraft missiles, in addition to man-portable ones, active
00:36:26
homing is very common; the
00:36:28
modernized Patriot' pack
00:36:30
3 complex uses the Mem 109 missile with active
00:36:33
radar self-guidance as well
00:36:35
as with 400 with missiles 9 n96
00:36:39
conclusion active homing
00:36:42
is uncontrollable passive
00:36:45
homing despite 2 seemingly
00:36:48
incompatible words in one term
00:36:50
such systems are used almost
00:36:52
everywhere,
00:36:53
for example in anti-radar
00:36:55
missiles missiles attack a radar
00:36:58
station and it does not need its own radiation; it is
00:37:00
guided by the radiation of
00:37:02
the enemy's radar in in the event of a loss
00:37:05
of signal, for example a banal shutdown,
00:37:07
the missile uses an inertial system and
00:37:09
continues to move to where the
00:37:12
source of radio emission was located. The conclusion is that passive
00:37:15
homing
00:37:16
is semi-controllable. If you do not
00:37:19
agree with this statement, friends, then
00:37:21
speak about this in
00:37:23
the comments under the video, let's move on
00:37:25
infrared homing head infrared
00:37:29
homing head in abbreviated form and The seeker does not
00:37:32
use radio waves; in principle, it
00:37:34
literally looks at the world through an
00:37:36
infrared matrix, detecting
00:37:38
heat sources, which is usually the
00:37:41
hottest aircraft engine. and in more modern
00:37:44
and advanced images, the infrared image of the
00:37:46
target was the first to implement thermal
00:37:49
homing were the Americans
00:37:50
and they 9 side winder was put into
00:37:53
production in 1956 after six years of
00:37:57
development side window
00:37:59
is a type of rattlesnake which,
00:38:01
like other snakes of the family, is able to
00:38:03
clearly see the heat emitted victims, the
00:38:06
development of the Soviet analogue to 13
00:38:09
began in 1958 after the
00:38:12
side winder debris ended up in the USSR.
00:38:14
Naturally, the operating principle was
00:38:17
similar and remains the same today,
00:38:19
despite the fact that modern seekers are
00:38:22
considered to be already the fourth generation. The
00:38:23
passive principle is relevant for
00:38:26
short-range missiles such as
00:38:28
man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems
00:38:30
or close-combat air-to-air missiles
00:38:32
output infrared seeker is an
00:38:36
unguided ultraviolet hydroelectric device a
00:38:39
method similar to the previous one, only
00:38:42
instead of infrared, the ultraviolet
00:38:44
part of the spectrum
00:38:45
allows you to increase the
00:38:47
resolution, you can say the visual acuity of
00:38:49
the missile, but in turn reduces the
00:38:51
target acquisition range,
00:38:53
but the main plus is this the difficulty of deceiving
00:38:55
ultraviolet sensors using
00:38:57
heat traps
00:38:58
also makes it possible to recognize the target's image,
00:39:01
which in turn opens up new
00:39:03
opportunities for countering interference and
00:39:06
attacks on the most vulnerable parts of the target;
00:39:08
the most advanced type of guidance, especially in
00:39:11
combination with its
00:39:13
output matrices, the ultraviolet seeker is an
00:39:17
unguided optical-electronic Odessa,
00:39:20
essentially everything is the same, only
00:39:23
waves of the visible spectrum are used,
00:39:25
in fact an ordinary digital camera in
00:39:28
this case, special
00:39:29
software compares the
00:39:31
picture seen with the reference one determines the type of target
00:39:34
and the method of attack
00:39:35
one of the most famous Israeli
00:39:37
complex spike gloss the operator can not
00:39:40
only capture the target after launch out of
00:39:42
sight, but also to reassign the target
00:39:44
during the flight or completely cancel the attack, the
00:39:47
output of the optical-electronic and the seeker is
00:39:50
uncontrollable combined systems,
00:39:53
it is obvious that each method has
00:39:55
advantages and disadvantages,
00:39:57
a combination of several techniques can
00:39:59
get rid of the disadvantages and enhance the advantages
00:40:01
in order to shoot and, most importantly, hit the
00:40:04
big one distances are used a combination of
00:40:06
homing command guidance of an
00:40:08
inertial missile are launched into the
00:40:11
meeting zone with a target approximately either using
00:40:13
radar or inertial to then
00:40:16
find the target independently for
00:40:18
ballistic missiles astra
00:40:20
correction is used gravimetric measurements or
00:40:22
satellite signals
00:40:24
cruise missiles to compensate for
00:40:26
inertial navigation errors using your
00:40:28
own locator or video camera to
00:40:30
map the terrain over which
00:40:32
they fly, the same way a person would do;
00:40:34
in this case, the autopilot uses
00:40:37
known landmarks to determine
00:40:38
its position;
00:40:40
another popular technique is the
00:40:42
combination of systems; the
00:40:43
use of a passive
00:40:45
homing method when installing several
00:40:47
hydroelectric power stations; we will add that, as it became known in
00:40:50
April 2020, in the Russian
00:40:52
military The air forces are working to
00:40:54
integrate long-range
00:40:56
air-to-air missiles into the armament of Su-35S fighters. It
00:41:01
is expected that by the end of 2020,
00:41:04
test launches of this
00:41:06
missile from Su-35S fighters should take place, after which
00:41:09
mass equipping of their new
00:41:11
missile will begin earlier. 37 was put into
00:41:14
service and is equipped with the
00:41:16
MiG-31 bm and
00:41:18
MiG-31 bsn fighter-interceptors for which it
00:41:21
was created; however, subsequently it was
00:41:23
decided to adapt it for
00:41:25
use as part of the armament of
00:41:26
Su-35s fighters,
00:41:28
as previously stated by the carriers The R
00:41:31
37 could also be equipped with the latest
00:41:33
fifth-generation fighters, the Su 57. In addition, according to
00:41:37
as yet unconfirmed information,
00:41:39
in the future there may be talk of
00:41:41
equipping Su-30cm fighters with the R 37 missile,
00:41:44
so in the coming years
00:41:47
most of the Russian fighters
00:41:48
may be armed with new
00:41:50
long-range missiles, in addition to Russia,
00:41:53
the owners of air-to-air missiles beyond
00:41:55
long range is China, it is
00:41:57
known that this country has a new
00:41:59
long-range missile pl 15, which is
00:42:02
equipped with a ramjet
00:42:03
engine and is capable of reaching a
00:42:05
maximum speed of five times the
00:42:07
speed of sound,
00:42:08
range estimates of the pl 15 vary in
00:42:12
very wide range from 150 to 300 400
00:42:16
kilometers, probably like the vr 37,
00:42:18
the range of the pl 15 depends on the
00:42:22
target hit and the trajectory, while the United States, which has
00:42:24
traditionally been the leader in the creation of
00:42:27
various aircraft ammunition in
00:42:29
the field of creating long-range missiles,
00:42:31
is currently an outsider
00:42:33
starting Since 2017, the Lockheed Martin corporation in the USA
00:42:37
has been developing a
00:42:39
promising long-range air-to-air missile, the
00:42:42
IM 260 Jad, which is being created in response
00:42:45
to the Russian R-37 and the Chinese PL 15.
00:42:49
According to the plans of the American military
00:42:51
department, testing of the IM 260 should
00:42:54
begin in 2021.
00:42:56
full-scale purchases from
00:42:59
fiscal year 2026, but
00:43:01
for now, Russia occupies a leading
00:43:03
position in the development of
00:43:05
ultra-long-range air-to-air missiles,
00:43:07
and the new capabilities of the Russian Air Force
00:43:09
in long-range air combat
00:43:11
directly depend on the rate of production of
00:43:13
new r30 missiles and the quantity is all
00:43:18
if you are an expert on missiles, be
00:43:20
sure to supplement our video with your
00:43:22
comments and conclude for yourself
00:43:25
that guided or
00:43:27
homing missiles are cooler, and besides,
00:43:29
friends criticize us, correct us if
00:43:32
you see a mistake in something, let’s make a
00:43:34
channel together, let’s make it even more
00:43:37
interesting and useful and let’s ask
00:43:39
questions if I want to know about something,
00:43:41
stay in touch,
00:43:43
see you soon
00:43:49
[music]

Description:

Совершенно секретно: боевые ракеты — что вы о них не знали? В новом выпуске на канале NewSoldat мы расскажем несколько малоизвестных фактов, связанных с темой — боевые ракеты: какие мифы окружают противотанковое оружие, почему конструктор Ефремов работал секретно, чем удивительны ракеты Ефремова и пользуется ли его наработками армия России, а также о том, как происходит управление ракетой, чтобы она попала точно в цель. 00:13 Противотанковые ракеты и ПТРК: мифы, в которые верят все 15:29 Совершенно секретно: Герберт Ефремов — конструктор ракет и его военные разработки 28:34 Управляемые ракеты или самонаводящиеся ракеты — какая система наведения ракет круче? Уму непостижимо, сколько много видов и разновидностей ракет, сам чёрт ногу сломит. Каждая ракета имеет свое название, некоторые российские даже носят имена людей, которые руководили испытаниями, например, ракеты Герберта Ефремова (конструктор ракетных систем). Баллистическая ракета, крылатая, самолет-снаряд… Спросите: зачем такое многообразие уничтожителей, если конечная цель ракеты — все разрушить, сравнять с землей и уничтожить? Оказывается, это заблуждение. Ракеты не имеют такой глобальной задачи и действуют точечно на противника. Где-то лучше подойдут управляемые боеприпасы, где-то самонаводящиеся, где-то комбинированные. Противотанковый комплекс на вооружение нужен сухопутным войскам, ведь противотанковая пушка отлично справляется с наземной военной техникой. Комплексы берегового типа (например, Бастион) следуют уже иным задачам - защите с моря. Оружие России в этом плане очень многообразно, поэтому мы постараемся приоткрыть несколько тайн, о которых вы, возможно, не знали. Также смотрите другие видео на нашем канале: Гиперзвуковой ЦИРКОН 💥 ракета – убийца авианосцев и козырь ВМФ РФ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w90BsQQL5XE 3 самых мощных ракетных комплекса на вооружении армии России https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXs_MF-k86U Гиперзвуковое оружие за $174 млн — ракеты России и США https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rw1jzzS2Ud4 Подписывайтесь на мои социальные сети: Добавляйтесь в друзья, подписывайтесь на мою страницу в Вконтакте - https://vk.com/newsoldat24 Добавляйтесь в мою группу во ВКонтакте, где вы найдете больше интересного о настоящих героях нашего времени - http://newsoldat.ru/vk Одноклассники, где можно найти интересные факты о российской армии - https://ok.ru/newsoldat Facebook, где вы найдете материалы о секретах спецназа и боевой технике России - https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Сотрудничество и реклама - http://newsoldat.ru/ Друзья, как по-вашему, какое будущее у боевых ракет? Станет ли война дистанционной, а ракеты — единственным применяемым оружием?

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