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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:00
[music]00:00:24
[music]00:00:25
where did the Russian land come from?00:00:28
This question was asked by a chronicler of the 12th00:00:31
century, and debates about this still do not subside,00:00:33
and this is understandable, because the first mentions00:00:36
of the ancient Slavs date back only to the00:00:38
middle of the first millennium AD;00:00:40
historians, archaeologists and philologists argue00:00:43
to this day, where did the Slavs come from, what did they00:00:46
do on this land, what happened to00:00:48
them during the great migration of00:00:50
peoples, when the ancient civilization actually died in Europe,00:00:54
ideological disputes flared up around a00:00:56
small episode from the story of Bygone00:00:58
Years under the year 862, which describes00:01:01
the situation when the ancestors of the Slavs went00:01:04
for sea to the Varangians to ask them to come to00:01:06
rule and reign on this land, it was from00:01:08
this moment in history that Rurik appears,00:01:11
who became the ancestor of the Kiev princes00:01:14
and Russian tsars00:01:15
[music]00:01:22
the Slavs and their neighbors00:01:24
drove the Varangians overseas and did not give them00:01:27
tribute and began to rule over themselves and not00:01:31
there was truth among them and generation after generation rose up00:01:33
and they had strife and began to fight00:01:36
with each other and said they went overseas to the00:01:40
Varangians Krusa, those Varangians were called Rus,00:01:44
like others are called Swedes, and other00:01:46
Normans and Angles in other years, and that’s what00:01:50
these said Russia is a little Slavic Krivichi00:01:55
and our whole land is great, abundant, there is00:01:58
no order in it, come to reign and00:02:01
rule over us,00:02:02
they chose a system of brothers with their clans and00:02:05
took with them all of Russia and came first of00:02:09
all to the Slavs and set up the city of00:02:11
Ladoga and the eldest Rurik sat in Ladoga and00:02:14
the other Sineus on the White Lake and the third00:02:17
Truvor in Izborsk and from those Varangians the00:02:21
Russian land was called, two years later00:02:23
Sineus and his brother Truvor died and00:02:27
one Rurik took over all power00:02:29
in the old days, Mikhail Vasilyevich00:02:32
Lomonosov considered mentions of the00:02:34
Scandinavian fathers of Russian00:02:36
statehood to be a real insult to00:02:38
national dignity in almost every00:02:40
way page Russians beat rob00:02:43
safely Scandinavians win ravage with00:02:46
fire and sword exterminate00:02:48
he attacked his opponent00:02:50
Professor Gerard Miller Lomonosov was00:02:53
convinced that the Varangians and Ruri who00:02:56
came to Novgorod to their birth were tribes of the00:02:58
Slovenian spoke the Slavic language and00:03:01
were by no means Scandinavia lived on the00:03:04
eastern southern shores of the Varangian the sea00:03:06
at least is not so offensive, but if00:03:09
we assume that his descendants who owned00:03:12
in Russia were of Swedish descent will not00:03:15
lead to leaf, what dangerous00:03:17
consequence then another famous00:03:20
scholar of the historian August hang around his00:03:22
Russian grammar of the Russian prince,00:03:24
derived from the German word books, which00:03:27
can mean and the boyar's servant from the ram of the00:03:30
Lomonosov got angry with all sorts of vile00:03:33
dirty tricks roaming in00:03:35
Russian antiquities, such cattle were allowed into00:03:38
them00:03:39
until the 18th century, so it was such a very00:03:43
painful topic for00:03:46
conversation, now it has somehow00:03:49
lost its waste, so to speak, although now00:03:51
we have to argue about it in the 18th00:03:53
century, it was incredibly frightening of the00:03:56
problems, which means that00:03:58
naturally history is taught by a00:04:01
scientist in our Academy of Sciences, and since there00:04:03
are no other institutions, headphones, and00:04:05
since there are no scientists of our own, we had to go to the Academy of00:04:08
Sciences when it was founded in00:04:11
1825. we have scientists 100:04:14
brothers naturally fled abroad00:04:16
naturally Germans in the first place, although I’m00:04:18
delirious there, of course00:04:20
there were representatives of other00:04:23
nationalities, but they were all but the Germans00:04:24
S-300, by the way, they also00:04:27
imported students there who00:04:28
also didn’t have their students, so they still had to00:04:31
to prepare personnel for the personnel, too, at first there was no one,00:04:34
then there will be Russian students, the00:04:36
husband began there was no one, but our scientist, they are00:04:39
so German, they are starting to study00:04:41
and what or really study Russia,00:04:43
by the way, a lot has been done in00:04:45
terms of collecting sources in terms of00:04:49
processing these sources, analyzing00:04:52
sources and in ancient Russia they00:04:54
began to do this work, but in 174900:04:58
Gerard Friedrich Miles00:05:01
wrote a dissertation00:05:03
10 was quite scientific, that is, so to00:05:06
speak, it is not some kind of article of00:05:07
journalism, a normal dissertation for the00:05:10
Academy of Sciences in which it was about00:05:13
how, so to speak, it was formed Russian00:05:15
state hryvnia written from sailed00:05:17
accordingly as a day these correspondences the00:05:19
servant chronicle naturally did00:05:21
not invent anything that00:05:23
these same Varangians sailed accordingly,00:05:26
that is, candino as was the calling,00:05:29
otherwise order appeared in Russia,00:05:31
thus the state was formed00:05:33
and this dissertation became00:05:37
such a fundamental object of controversy00:05:41
public, that’s where I started,00:05:44
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov, an outstanding00:05:46
scientist for Lomonosov, what was00:05:49
important here, first of all, this question was not00:05:51
so much about the sources, the methods and00:05:53
interpretation of the sedge, about what happened00:05:56
so that’s what it means that Russia under00:05:59
Peter the Great became a great power, why is it00:06:02
became a great power because it00:06:04
successfully fought with Sweden, defeated it in00:06:07
1721, all this is relevant, all this is00:06:10
fresh, all this is just happening, and00:06:13
then some Nimitz writes in his dissertation00:06:15
that some Scandinavian Germans sailed to Russia,00:06:18
not the same Swedes Yes, and00:06:21
they set up a state in Russia from00:06:23
Lomonosov’s point of view, this is00:06:25
such a crime, politically, that is, how00:06:29
can this even be like that, that is,00:06:31
political, in short, how can00:06:34
it be, so00:06:36
we can admit that the Russian00:06:38
state with some new00:06:41
Scandinavians, that is, an image in the name of this00:06:44
naturally it is impossible to admit, and now a00:06:46
political00:06:48
discussion with such a very clear00:06:50
political overtone begins with the terrible force, then all this00:06:53
actually emphasizes how it is possible that something like00:06:56
this was in Russia, the great00:06:58
Russian empire, but who founded it as a00:07:01
German,00:07:02
this cannot be in the 19th century, the question of00:07:06
nationalities of registration of Rurik became00:07:08
not so acute but was resurrected already in the00:07:10
conditions of the Cold War. How is it possible00:07:13
that at the origins of the country of socialism there was an00:07:15
alien from the West;00:07:19
however, the point is not who and when founded the00:07:22
ancient Russian state more than a thousand years ago,00:07:24
the question is why this became00:07:27
possible and how on the distant forest00:07:29
outskirts cities appeared in Europe, cities of00:07:31
majesty, shining, beautiful monuments00:07:34
of architecture, literature, painting, all this00:07:38
was born in one hundred and fifty years,00:07:41
just when00:07:43
world trade routes ran through the East European Plain, it00:07:47
all began at the turn of the 5th 6th centuries00:07:51
AD then between the blows of the Dnieper in the00:07:54
territory of what is now Poland and the Czech Republic of00:07:55
Belarus and Ukraine Russia,00:07:59
several archaeological cultures appear,00:08:01
Prague Pinkovskaya long mounds, and00:08:04
so on, which are certainly considered00:08:07
Slavic; at the same time, the Slavs as a special00:08:10
people begin to be mentioned in written00:08:12
sources by the Gothic historian of the sixth century Jordan00:08:16
and Byzantine writers and chroniclers from the same00:08:20
sixth century AD, the Slavs00:08:22
begin to actively to develop the sparsely00:08:24
populated lands of the00:08:26
East European Plain, the local00:08:28
population, peoples of Baltic and00:08:30
Finno-Ugric origin, actively00:08:33
mix with newcomers and are00:08:35
included in various Slavic groups, we00:08:37
must admit that this process has not00:08:40
yet been completed in Russia, not only in the00:08:42
16th century did they cross the Urals and begin00:08:45
the development of Siberia while in the Rennes the00:08:48
colonization of Europe was completely00:08:50
completed in the 14th and 15th centuries00:08:52
the Slavs brought a new economic system to the forest zone00:08:55
based on tire00:08:58
farming and the spread of rye, the00:09:01
transition began to 3 a full farming system, it00:09:04
included sowing spring winter00:09:06
crops and a wedge resting under fallow00:09:09
the improvement of tools and new00:09:11
agriculture made it possible for individual00:09:13
families to introduce independent farming00:09:15
in their own business within the framework of the neighboring00:09:17
community; now the peasant did not put the00:09:20
harvest in a common pot; he had the right to00:09:23
inherit an allotment of arable land;00:09:25
the land was issued; hayfields; foresters00:09:29
were in the common use of the entire00:09:31
community; a man who was00:09:34
more independent and mobile, families or00:09:38
groups of families could separate from the clan and00:09:40
go to explore new lands. The00:09:42
vast territory of Eastern Europe was00:09:46
populated by the00:09:48
Eastern Slavs by our ancestors, the00:09:51
ancestors of Ukrainians and Belarusians; on the00:09:55
one hand, it was a really large00:09:56
agricultural territory00:10:00
where there were lands suitable for farming00:10:04
especially along the course of the Dnieper River, but00:10:07
this seems to be the center of00:10:10
Kievan Rus, but it is00:10:14
no coincidence that Western European travelers in Russia00:10:17
called Gardarik this00:10:20
country of cities because on this00:10:24
territory there have long been00:10:28
such fortified points, which in fact00:10:31
were called in ancient times In Russia,00:10:32
cities, of course, these were cities and not00:10:35
all of them became cities. In the modern00:10:38
sense of the word, a city in general was called a00:10:41
fortress, a city, it was first of all a00:10:43
fortress, that is, surrounded by some kind of00:10:46
back. Well, in Russia, first of all, of00:10:47
course, there were wooden fortifications00:10:50
quite powerful but all- after all, it was a00:10:54
kind of center, but at first it was00:10:56
naturally tribal centers in the center of00:10:58
these famous tribes there, the clearings of the northerners of the00:11:02
Vyatichi and Krivichi, and each of these00:11:06
tribes had such centers, well, first of00:11:09
all, for such a military maybe there was00:11:13
defense, but gradually these centers were00:11:16
Naturally, the fortress itself was overgrown00:11:18
there with settlements in childhood,00:11:20
artisans poured in, and so on, but this could00:11:22
even be a later era,00:11:25
but in the beginning it was just such00:11:28
tribal Tom administrative military00:11:30
centers in the eighth century the first00:11:33
urban centers appeared, they became the capital of00:11:36
tribal associations glades of the northerners of the00:11:38
Krivichs of the Slovenes of Kiev of Chernigov of Pskov of00:11:43
Izborsk of Polotsk but there were incomparably00:11:46
fewer of them than in Western Europe. In this way,00:11:48
from the distant north-eastern outskirts of00:11:50
Europe, far from the cultural and00:11:52
economic centers of Christian00:11:54
Europe, several semi-barbarian principalities could appear,00:11:56
competing with each other,00:11:59
but instead in the tenth century a00:12:01
powerful united Russia emerges into the historical arena,00:12:04
and the Rurik princes00:12:07
make long campaigns, establish00:12:10
equal relations with their00:12:12
eastern and western neighbors, build00:12:15
cities and temples00:12:16
[music]00:12:22
Scandinavian00:12:25
warriors and merchants were involved in the development of ancient Russia, although00:12:28
not as the legend in00:12:30
the chronicle tells, which caused so much they did not00:12:33
bring disputes to statehood because they00:12:35
themselves did not have it and did not set such a goal,00:12:38
but the Varangians, sailors, warriors and00:12:41
traders walked along the rivers and lakes of00:12:43
northern Russia00:12:45
along the same highways to the east, and the00:12:48
Slavic colonists, together00:12:50
with the Scandinavians, they actively mastered the00:12:53
great trade routes of that time00:12:55
first the Volga and then from the Varangians to the Greeks,00:12:58
according to archaeological excavations, in the00:13:00
year seven hundred and sixty-three, a00:13:03
Varangian blacksmith built a large house in Old Ladoga,00:13:05
in the same place, like Che Plakun,00:13:08
large burials of corpses were discovered in the Old Scandinavian00:13:11
burials, owned in00:13:14
Izborsk, a large Scandinavian00:13:16
squad sat on the border of the lands of the Krivichi and00:13:19
Miraculously, the same thing happened in the white lake on the land of the00:13:22
Finnish tribe, the entire large garrison00:13:24
also sat and this fortified settlement near00:13:27
Novgorod became a city only in the00:13:29
tenth century; however, despite all this, there00:13:35
was no kind of Scandinavian colonization in Russia; the00:13:36
Scandinavian kings and their warriors00:13:38
actively mixed with the local nobility00:13:41
another thing is that in the old Swedish language00:13:43
many words of Turkic and00:13:46
East Slavic origin appeared saber00:13:49
silk bargaining saddle and many others,00:13:53
both trans-European routes began in the00:13:56
Gulf of Finland in Ladoga 1 through a system of00:14:00
small rivers and lakes and portages00:14:03
between them where it was necessary to drag the boats on00:14:05
dry land to the Volga where the00:14:08
capital of the Volga Bulgaria of the Bulgars and the00:14:10
Khazar Khaganate was located, Itil 2 continued00:14:14
in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina and further00:14:17
south along the Dnieper00:14:19
from the mouth of the Dnieper, the path lay along the Black00:14:21
Sea, you could sail straight to the city of00:14:24
Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium and the00:14:27
richest city in the Mediterranean, so in the00:14:30
ninth century AD, a00:14:32
communications system was created that connected the00:14:35
barbarian peoples of northern and eastern00:14:36
Europe with the rich countries of the near and00:14:39
middle east of the00:14:41
Byzantine Empire and the Arab00:14:43
Caliphate.00:14:44
It can be considered a great success00:14:49
that in Russia in the ninth century00:14:56
two great trade routes began to function;00:15:01
this is the route from the Varangians to the Greeks, which is00:15:04
any school textbook, well, and next to it, it00:15:09
began to function earlier and in terms of volume00:15:12
this is larger, this is the great Volga, both00:15:15
began on the Baltic where now is a00:15:18
small village in the Ulyanovsk region,00:15:20
old Ladoga was the starting point and,00:15:24
accordingly, one ended in the00:15:26
Caspian there on the southern shore of the Caspian00:15:29
Sea along the Volga before on the territory with00:15:32
elements of Iran and the second ended in00:15:35
Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine00:15:37
Empire, so00:15:40
when these two00:15:42
great trade routes began to function, they connected00:15:46
this, here I am filming the northern outskirts of Europe00:15:50
with the richest cultural did not hold the00:15:54
civilized world of that time, this is00:15:58
the Arab Caliphate and the00:16:00
Byzantine empires and00:16:03
now it means 10 before the 10th00:16:09
century, that time of heyday and trade until00:16:11
they are looking for 9 10 11 century of this, so to speak,00:16:16
along these trade routes, there is a colossal00:16:18
volume of goods00:16:20
there now, it’s even difficult00:16:22
to imagine this volume understandable, no00:16:24
statistics, we don’t have it, it’s clear, but00:16:27
we have there are hundreds of treasures of silver00:16:30
coins, hundreds on terra throughout the territory,00:16:33
not the gods begin and ending with00:16:36
Sweden and Denmark, even the Easterner, both00:16:39
anki regime, that is, this is how the cash flow00:16:42
that went was distributed to this00:16:45
territory because you exceeded it from the north00:16:48
and the silver came back00:16:52
became a00:16:54
monetary unit of its own in00:16:57
Arabic Russia, silver dirhams00:16:59
became a monetary unit, that is, it played00:17:03
its role, but like the euro now,00:17:05
because it was the dirham that circulated from Sweden to00:17:08
Denmark and Poland and Russia, no00:17:11
units were needed, which formed the basis of the first00:17:14
Russian monetary system00:17:16
thanks to this entire trade route,00:17:19
plush help along the Volga, the00:17:21
Minister of Posts of the Caliphate and Banhart Run, in00:17:25
his book of routes and countries, noted the00:17:27
appearance of northern guests with their goods,00:17:29
if we talk about Arus merchants, then this is one00:17:33
of the varieties of Slavs, they deliver00:17:36
hare skins, black fox skins and swords00:17:39
from the most remote outskirts of the Slavic country,00:17:42
in addition to the Black and Caspian00:17:44
seas, having crossed the Caspian Sea, these same merchants with00:17:48
caravans traveled through the rich00:17:49
city of Ray in the countries of Islam to the00:17:52
capital of the entire Arab East, the00:17:54
fabulous Baghdad, they claim that00:17:58
they are Christians, the minister complained, knowing that the00:18:00
cunning pagans are only pretended to be00:18:03
Christians in order to pay less duties,00:18:05
but no one was in a hurry to expose the traders, the00:18:08
business will suffer, the Persian geographer for00:18:11
in Russia, in his book of precious00:18:14
treasures in the thirties of the 10th century, he almost00:18:16
enviously describes such00:18:18
barbarians who came in large numbers, their only00:18:21
occupation for the Russians is trading in squirrel sables00:18:24
and other furs that they they sell00:18:26
to buyers, they receive the appointed00:18:29
price in money and tie them up in their00:18:31
dust with what about00:18:35
this, first of all, to furs, that is, an00:18:38
expensive product that does not spoil, which is well00:18:41
stored in the melancholy medieval trading00:18:43
there are quiet ones and there are no refrigerators,00:18:45
so you can only export something that is00:18:47
expensive and not spoils from not so00:18:49
much here Mikha this is just an ideal00:18:51
product in this sense so there are things00:18:54
that cost incredibly to the enemy this00:18:57
product is prestigious which again it’s00:18:59
not just because you need a raincoat or00:19:01
make or a jacket but because it00:19:03
shows the train and why this is important and00:19:06
when, let’s say, a small sable skin00:19:09
when it’s sold, let’s say in the same00:19:11
city, it can tell fortunes that let’s say00:19:14
500 gold coins, that is, this is a fortune, the rate of00:19:17
profit, and there may be00:19:21
508 percent there due to00:19:23
some degree of profitability for this one00:19:26
trade at the same time, there is mikha if there is00:19:29
high quality, that is, kamehameha,00:19:30
which is intended for noble people,00:19:33
such as sable and ermine, there is mikha,00:19:35
which is for the middle class, that is, in00:19:37
modern language, protein first00:19:39
of all the day, if what00:19:41
ordinary townspeople can buy, let’s say, but there is00:19:44
absolutely it’s cheap there like a hare00:19:47
so the goal for the poor is called00:19:50
all this will come out the00:19:52
second stream that comes with the fur00:19:56
this is a textbook they write liters00:19:58
so it’s not politically correct motorcycle allows00:20:01
export to become that means not in00:20:04
tribal clashes the same00:20:06
Viking campaigns and then liters would work00:20:09
first of all that means women and children00:20:11
because it’s difficult to guard men without a machine gun00:20:13
given the level of weapons at that time, but00:20:17
from women and children this is even more00:20:20
profitable than Mikha because the00:20:22
profit rate is about 1000 percent robot00:20:25
rggu why does it exist everywhere here in the00:20:28
early Middle Ages slave market they are00:20:30
in Venice that in Baghdad and in00:20:32
Constantinople it’s the same thing, it’s00:20:35
extremely profitable, this is this, this is also a00:20:38
stream that goes east from barges,00:20:41
non-standard price of barges, not 2 cows,00:20:43
but such a tower that, let’s say, you00:20:47
can do everything there and perform a00:20:49
belly dance or play musical00:20:50
instruments there the price immediately increases in00:20:53
geometric progression,00:20:54
here Rus traders and their goods entered the00:20:57
ancient great Silk Road that00:20:59
connected the Mediterranean from00:21:01
Central Asia to India and distant China, for00:21:05
centuries caravans with00:21:07
precious cargo walked along it, and now the caravan has brought00:21:11
me surrounded by carpets, clothes, fabrics, it00:21:14
carries diamonds and incense crowns, after all, here00:21:18
buyers mouse sellers wrote great00:21:21
Persian-Tajik poet and Bulka00:21:24
simfer duasi 940 1025 the author of the epic00:21:29
Shahnameh00:21:30
geographer of the 10th century Almu Gaddafi gives in00:21:33
detail the range of transported goods00:21:35
sable squirrel ermine black and brown fox scales00:21:39
beaver skins motley hares goats skins wax arrows birch00:21:42
bark hats00:21:47
whalebone rugby tooth beaver jet amber00:21:50
tanned leather00:21:52
honey hazelnuts hawks swords armor00:21:56
maple wood Slavic slaves00:21:59
small livestock bulls00:22:02
the north carried sable and ermine furs an00:22:05
item of luxury and prestige simpler people00:22:08
townspeople and warriors used my00:22:11
hat squirrels another universal product00:22:14
were slaves did not capture those the Vikings,00:22:16
during raids on England and Germany, along00:22:19
the way they were joined by captives of00:22:21
Slavic and Grochen nationality,00:22:24
mostly debtors or captured00:22:26
during internecine clashes, the basis of the00:22:29
slaves were children and young girls,00:22:32
the cost of one young girl00:22:33
was 2 cows, but if a girl00:22:36
could dance, sing, entertain guests,00:22:38
then its price increased many times over; in any00:22:42
case, profits reached thousands of percent;00:22:44
in addition to all this goods,00:22:48
non-sticky swords were in great demand,00:22:50
which merchants brought either from the rural lands of00:22:53
Germany or from Russia itself; it must be said00:22:56
that the Arab writer of the 10th century, al Masudi,00:22:59
then already noted that in this land00:23:01
they make beautiful blades that00:23:03
are transported all over the world, well, we must00:23:06
admit that Russia in those days could already00:23:08
trade not only raw materials but also00:23:11
high-tech products in the opposite00:23:14
direction, oriental fabrics went in the opposite direction, in addition to00:23:17
aesthetic qualities, silk had00:23:19
another unique property, it00:23:21
prevented the proliferation of parasites,00:23:23
oriental spices diversified the rough00:23:26
the food of the Europeans with an abundance of bread and beer00:23:29
served as medicine and the only00:23:31
preservative in the absence of00:23:33
refrigerators on the tables of the princes was00:23:36
Iranian dishes, Byzantine glass,00:23:38
Syrian glass beads, our young ladies00:23:41
liked it so much that their production00:23:43
for export in the caliphate increased 10 times00:23:46
and00:23:48
since you exceeded you, we00:23:51
left silver and this eastern00:23:54
silver, well, in fact, here in00:23:56
Eastern Europe we have neither gold nor00:23:58
silver in ore deposits, that00:24:01
’s why these imported silver, well,00:24:04
actually explode in coins,00:24:07
and not only here, but00:24:09
also in other places, clearly and00:24:11
in Poland, only candy by us then there is this00:24:13
money dispersed far and went00:24:15
constantly, this was such a very important00:24:18
moment that00:24:20
seemed to push the development of the00:24:24
socio-economic, that is, this00:24:27
far northern00:24:29
wild outskirts of Europe00:24:33
became such a powerful transit hub00:24:38
that stimulated the development of the00:24:40
local population, but00:24:43
roughly speaking, yes when the trade00:24:45
route appeared, and so you sat there, digging for yourself00:24:47
until and now you suddenly realized that there00:24:50
are merchants here who00:24:52
can bring such goods, they won’t buy them back,00:24:54
and so on, and then00:24:56
some kind of life begins on this trade route,00:24:58
cities appear and00:25:03
some of them begin to function, then they will not turn into00:25:05
large cities, others will wither away, why00:25:08
sometimes it is not always clear why they did00:25:10
not become tired, but we know that they00:25:12
appear00:25:14
accordingly, and marinas appear to00:25:17
show some kind of infrastructure, all00:25:19
sorts of trade routes require a00:25:21
certain infrastructure of a00:25:22
certain order, yes because it’s00:25:24
not good if the merchants are robbed,00:25:26
you can rob them once, but when there is trade,00:25:28
coupled with this, the husband has something constantly,00:25:31
and in the end, they unite under00:25:34
their control without evil, this is a victorious path, and00:25:36
in the end it turns out that this is the state00:25:40
which is why00:25:42
this here is a very important incentive00:25:44
that contributed to the00:25:46
political development of00:25:48
various territories under the rule of the 1st00:25:51
princely dynasty, a00:25:52
trip for wealth to the distant northern00:25:55
lands was an extremely risky business for the southerners,00:25:58
we set about obtaining the supplies00:26:00
necessary for the trip, we bought00:26:03
Turkic camels and ordered to make00:26:05
travel bags from camel skins for00:26:08
crossing rivers through which we00:26:10
will need to cross in the country of the00:26:12
Turks, we stocked up on millet bread and stewed00:26:15
meat for three months; those of the inhabitants of this00:26:18
country with whom we were friends suggested that00:26:21
we take advantage of their help in00:26:22
relation to clothes and try to increase00:26:25
their quantity; they presented this00:26:27
enterprise in a terrible way and depicted00:26:30
it the matter is very difficult, but when we00:26:32
saw it all ourselves, it turned out to be twice as00:26:35
large as what was described to us, and so00:26:38
each of us had a jacket on top of it, a00:26:41
caftan on top of it, a fur coat on top of it, a00:26:44
cabinet and a burnous from which00:26:46
only two eyes were visible, trousers single00:26:49
others with lined with leggings boots made of00:26:52
shagreen leather and on top of the boots other00:26:54
boots so that each of us when riding a00:26:57
camel could not move from the00:27:00
clothes that were on him and the00:27:02
faqih muallim and the youths who left the00:27:06
city of the world with us fell behind us, afraid to enter00:27:09
this country so began his story about a00:27:11
trip to the Volga to the Bulgars in00:27:13
nine hundred and twenty-two, an official at the00:27:15
embassy of the caliphate al muktadir and Ahmed00:27:18
ibn Fadlan,00:27:19
many suffered from frost and snow,00:27:22
exports exceeded imports silver in the flow of00:27:25
words from south to north, hundreds of treasures are00:27:27
still found along the entire trade route00:27:30
starting from the mouths Volga and ending with the00:27:32
Danish and Swedish lands, it must be00:27:35
admitted that the highly standard Arabic00:27:37
dirham at that time became something like a00:27:40
modern00:27:41
euro for the peoples of eastern and northern00:27:43
Europe; it must be admitted that in your country,00:27:46
in fact, one skin became the unit of measurement for the00:27:48
Russian currency in the Novgorod lands00:27:51
martens cost exactly 1 dirham00:27:55
it was called kunai twenty-five kunas00:27:57
formed the basis of the hryvnia kun 51 grams of00:28:01
silver and this was the main unit00:28:03
of measurement in Russia on a 1000-kilometer00:28:06
journey merchants needed food and drink00:28:09
safe parking for the night repairing00:28:12
or building ships market for purchasing00:28:15
local goods then what is called00:28:17
the infrastructure to such a market, we00:28:20
will dock, local residents flocked to sell00:28:22
goods and make money on visitors,00:28:25
forest products arrived here, mikha00:28:27
wax honey, which was willingly bought up by their own and00:28:30
foreign merchants, so in the remote forest region00:28:34
new urban centers were born where00:28:36
warriors and merchants settled, blacksmiths lived and worked00:28:39
jewelers caste cuts potters the00:28:43
first artisans were rich00:28:46
and respected people they owned expensive00:28:49
weapons and participated in trade00:28:51
operations such settlements had different00:28:54
fates some died in wars unknown to us00:28:56
others ponies always00:28:59
fell into decay for obvious reasons and remained in that00:29:01
distant history nest on the Dnieper or00:29:04
Teme revsk and the ancient settlement near Yaroslavl in the 3rd and00:29:08
tenth century turned into00:29:10
normal medieval cities with a00:29:12
fortified city in the center00:29:14
surrounded by trade and crafts in the gardens of00:29:17
Katif or Chernigov, this is how the first00:29:21
Russian urbanization began with the renewal of a00:29:23
new way of life in the society of peasants,00:29:25
community members,00:29:30
it was Vlada who arrived from sea Rurik,00:29:33
perhaps it was00:29:35
Rerik, a Jutland Viking from the00:29:38
Danish royal family, known from Western chronicles, and in00:29:40
modern terms, a field commander with00:29:42
his detachment who fought in Denmark,00:29:44
the Netherlands and attacked the Tekke, Prince warrior00:29:47
Oleg built here the first stone fortress in Russia,00:29:51
hero of the legend about the calling of the Varangians,00:29:56
so Scandinavian or in other words, the00:29:59
Varangian prince00:30:01
Rurik, the00:30:03
founder of the dynasty that ruled00:30:06
Russia for almost more than 700 years00:30:10
until 5, here is the end of both us and not Ivan the00:30:16
Terrible Tsar Feodor Ivanovich, and that is, the00:30:17
direct direct branch of the00:30:20
Rurikovichs who were princes and all00:30:23
other Russian principalities, a00:30:26
legendary figure then there is this00:30:28
story,00:30:30
signature under the year 862,00:30:33
clearly, so to speak,00:30:36
chronologically, of course, artificially00:30:38
inserted into this outline of Byzantine00:30:40
news that the author used to00:30:43
search for temporary years, recorded after00:30:47
more than 200 years of these events, that00:30:49
is, of course, at the basis of it there were such, it00:30:52
could even be folklore some00:30:54
oral traditions and its purpose was from00:30:57
this the purpose of this story is the glorification of the00:30:59
really reigning then ruling00:31:03
ancient Russia dynasty of the Rurikovichs, so the00:31:06
authors and Rurik here are a figure almost00:31:10
in that real cut Mediva’s son his00:31:13
grandchildren from already into the real Kiev princes00:31:15
well the question of its origin as well as in00:31:18
general and00:31:20
this one about the calling of the Varangians about its role00:31:23
in general would be the formation of the Russian00:31:25
state, as you know,00:31:27
the main debatable issue in ancient00:31:31
Russian history is the famous00:31:33
Norman theory which, well,00:31:37
maybe it’s not like that, as if it was presented before00:31:40
so to speak aggressively preached by the00:31:42
first Russian00:31:43
academicians, Germans by nationality, flexor00:31:47
bayer and miller, with whom00:31:49
Lomonosov fought; well, in fact, here in a00:31:52
nutshell you can understand all this; this is the00:31:54
patriotic stream of Lomonosov, so to speak, and the00:32:00
points of view of these first scientists, so to speak, could really be extremely extreme,00:32:03
although they were really major00:32:05
scientists have done a lot to establish00:32:07
their own static science, our hands00:32:11
that water, the German00:32:13
Scandinavian prince created the Russian00:32:16
state, Lomonosov answered00:32:20
him very simply, Tuesday is, strictly00:32:22
speaking, not a sailor at all, well, the Varangian is00:32:26
just like some kind of alien in, in the00:32:29
terms of ancient Russia, that was boiled, but00:32:32
he was not a Scandinavian at all, but a00:32:33
representative of a Slavic or00:32:36
Baltic tribe, and then the00:32:38
question of this00:32:40
Varangian Norman question falls00:32:44
coincides in itself in order to extract00:32:47
export types of raw materials, furs, honey,00:32:50
wax, it was necessary to establish their00:32:52
systematic collection, and this required00:32:55
the establishment of a strong power and the00:32:56
cessation of tribal clashes, in addition, the00:32:59
trade route needed protection for those who00:33:01
wanted to profit from rich booty, but in00:33:04
return it gave the opportunity to regularly00:33:06
collect duties from those who came, this00:33:09
stimulated the most active children to00:33:12
unification feats, let us remember the00:33:14
textbook story of how another00:33:16
leader of the Varangian squad things Oleg00:33:19
landed in eight hundred and eighty-two00:33:21
near Kiev and eliminated the Kiev00:33:24
princes Askold and Dir, Oleg00:33:26
set out on a campaign, taking with him many of00:33:29
his Varangian warriors, a few Slavs, at least the00:33:33
entire Krivichi, and took possession of the city of00:33:36
Smolensk and planted his husband in it,00:33:39
from there he went down and, having arrived, took his00:33:42
love and also planted his own and the00:33:46
guarantor came Kiev and Oleg saw that00:33:49
Askold and Dir reigned here, he hid the warriors in the00:33:52
boats and left others behind, and he himself00:33:54
began carrying the youth Igor and approached the00:33:57
Ugric mountain, hiding his warriors and00:34:00
sent to how Duggar u telling them that00:34:02
Dima's merchants were going to the Greeks from Oleg and the00:34:05
prince Igor come to the threshold than00:34:08
your own when Askold and Dir came,00:34:11
everyone jumped out and the villains and said Oleg00:34:14
Askold and Dir are not princes and you are not00:34:16
of the princely family, but I am of the princely family and they00:34:19
carried away Igor and this is the son of Rurik and killed00:34:23
Askold and Dir they carried them to the mountain and00:34:25
they buried Askold on the mountain which00:34:28
is called on it the mountain where now00:34:30
Almina's courtyard on that grave alma built the00:34:33
church of St. Nicholas of Lakes, the grave00:34:36
behind the church of St. Irene and Oleg sat down to00:34:39
reign in Kiev and Oleg said let00:34:42
this be the mother of Russian cities and he had00:34:45
Slavs and Varangians and other riverbeds that had broken through,00:34:48
that Oleg began to build cities and00:34:51
established that the00:34:53
Varangians should give tribute from00:34:56
Novgorod 300 hryvnia annually for the sake of00:34:59
preserving peace, which was given to the Varangians00:35:02
until the death of Yaroslav00:35:04
in this semi-legendary story, it is00:35:06
characteristic that Oleg rather In all,00:35:09
he came to Kiev under the guise of a rich merchant and00:35:12
when the Kiev rulers came to meet him,00:35:14
well, apparently in order to00:35:16
get acquainted with the rich guest or00:35:18
to receive customs duties from him, he00:35:20
easily dealt with them. After this, the00:35:23
opportunity arose for the unification of the00:35:25
southern and northern Russian lands under the00:35:27
rule of a new dynasties, then Oleg00:35:30
conquered several other Slavic00:35:33
tribal principalities and, in the head of his00:35:35
squad, set off to conquer00:35:37
Constantinople in 911. The capture of00:35:40
Constantinople made it possible between the 1st00:35:43
recognition of Russia and the first00:35:46
diplomatic act was born, an international00:35:48
treaty with the Greeks, however, receiving the tribute00:35:52
and nailing it to his account at the gate00:35:54
Tsargrad was not the main goal of Oleg; the00:35:57
Russian nobility in this land had their own00:36:00
very specific interests,00:36:03
described in all school textbooks on00:36:05
people, that is, the collection of tribute by the Kiev00:36:07
princes did not end with eating the00:36:10
collected goods; in the spring, ships loaded with00:36:13
tribute from Novgorod, Smolyansk00:36:15
Chernigov, gathered in the harbor near Kiev and00:36:18
in June, a fleet of goods with valuable furs and00:36:21
wax was sent down the Dnieper to the00:36:23
capital of the Byzantine Empire; it is no coincidence that00:36:27
in the treaties with Byzantium in 911 and 944,00:36:31
most of the articles were devoted to the legal00:36:34
regulation of the trade of Russian merchants in the00:36:37
empire of the very same ones who came00:36:39
every year from Kiev, the prince himself and his00:36:42
warriors were the first merchants, swords and00:36:45
daggers, spearheads and arrows,00:36:47
chain mail are found in the inventory of00:36:50
squad burials of the 10th century in combination00:36:52
with scales and weights, their owners, to one00:36:55
degree or another, were involved in the operations of00:36:58
weighing coin silver,00:37:00
so the far outskirts of Europe received a00:37:03
powerful impetus for the development of the nascent00:37:06
or tarus means To realize its00:37:09
ambitions, power in ancient times became00:37:12
not only the supreme arbiter and00:37:14
legislator, but also the organizer of00:37:16
the economy and retained this function for a long time. According to00:37:19
rough estimates based on the00:37:22
analysis of treasures in circulation in Russia in the00:37:25
ninth 11th century, about a00:37:27
billion dirhams were received, which is approximately 300:37:30
billion 300 million modern00:37:32
dollars, which were converted into00:37:35
armament of the princely warriors,00:37:37
were spent on the construction of new00:37:39
fortified cities00:37:40
and estates, ensured the rise of urban00:37:43
crafts, the00:37:44
squad was the main and only00:37:46
body of power, the creak left of the newly00:37:49
united lands, it was no coincidence that the chronicler00:37:52
emphasized that Prince Vladimir00:37:54
Svyatoslavovich, loving the squad and00:37:57
thinking keenly with them and the lands of him and yell at them, and in00:38:00
the charter of the land of him, the oldest or large00:38:04
squad constituted the closest circle of00:38:06
princely advisers, without the consent of00:38:09
which he usually did not make important00:38:11
decisions. The younger warriors of the greedy00:38:14
youths lived at the princely court and00:38:17
formed the garrisons of fortresses; they00:38:20
were also collectors of Denmark,00:38:22
bailiffs with the retinue, the princes00:38:24
went to the people; the vigilantes00:38:27
received units and no duties and military00:38:30
campaigns; the population had to feed them00:38:32
during the performance of their official00:38:34
duties;00:38:35
new occupations; way of life increased the00:38:38
property and social stratification of00:38:40
society; but if it weren’t for them, in the vastness of Russia they would have00:38:44
fought among themselves for a long time small00:38:46
tribal associations00:38:48
remained for a long time the poorest barbarian00:38:51
periphery of civilized Europe,00:38:54
as if by magic,00:38:56
ancient Russian literature appeared;00:38:57
it is much older than English,00:39:00
French and German Scandinavians, and they were00:39:02
actively involved in the process of00:39:04
state building; the00:39:06
Varangian princes and their warriors were actively00:39:09
mixed by the local population; by the way,00:39:11
today the most00:39:13
promising theory seems to be according to00:39:15
which Russia was not the name of some00:39:18
ancient Slavic tribe, most likely00:39:21
it was a designation to offend no one, not the00:39:24
Varangian princes and their warriors, it was00:39:28
in this form that it went to the Slavs and00:39:30
was later transferred to all those people00:39:32
who were under the control of this00:39:35
group in the first treaties that came down00:39:37
to us between Greeks and00:39:40
princes of that time include a large00:39:43
number of Slavic Celtic00:39:46
Scandinavian names of boyars who were00:39:48
surrounded by Varangian princes, and in the00:39:50
burial of the 10th century we find a large00:39:53
amount of Slavic ceramics from the eastern00:39:56
stashes of Byzantine gold coins and,00:40:00
oddly enough, Celtic and Scandinavian00:40:03
swords, the00:40:04
found mechanism of the ancient Russian00:40:07
economy worked successfully and gave birth to00:40:09
corresponding political claims00:40:12
already at the end of the ninth century,00:40:14
military expeditions of the Rus began to the Caspian Sea and an00:40:17
attempt to seize a bridgehead in Transcaucasia,00:40:19
so in nine hundred forty-three nine hundred and00:40:22
forty-four, a detachment of Rus00:40:24
captured the city of Berda located near the00:40:27
Kura River; diseases and constant skirmishes with00:40:30
Muslims forced them to leave; however, the00:40:32
daring warrior prince Svyatoslav, after the00:40:35
defeat of another great eastern and00:40:37
European power, the Khazar Kaganate,00:40:39
tried to bring the Balkan peninsula under his control00:40:41
and establish a capital00:40:44
on the main trade artery of00:40:46
Europe, the Danube, in the year six thousand four hundred00:40:50
seventy-seven00:40:52
969, Svyatoslav said to his mother and00:40:55
his boyars, I don’t want to sit in Kiev.00:40:59
to live over the price of the Danube, for there is00:41:03
the middle of my land, all the00:41:06
blessings from the Greek land flow there by dragging00:41:09
gold, wine, various fruits from the Czech Republic and00:41:12
from Hungary, silver, to an icon from Russia, mikha00:41:16
and wax and honey and slaves conveyed the tale of00:41:19
bygone years, the prince’s thoughts about the00:41:21
economic benefits of moving the capital from00:41:24
Kiev00:41:25
Pereyaslavl on the Danube, although here he00:41:27
suffered a setback00:41:29
the powerful Byzantine Empire00:41:31
could not tolerate the emergence of a rival power in the Balkans00:41:33
and the redrawing of the system of00:41:36
trade routes, the imperial army turned out to be00:41:38
stronger and the highly experienced Byzantine00:41:41
diplomacy00:41:42
persuaded the Pecheneg nomads to00:41:44
ambush Svyatoslav on the Dnieper00:41:47
rapids where he was killed00:41:49
Svyatoslav was a prince of warriors in fact,00:41:53
he spent his entire life on long00:41:56
campaigns and this is his way of life,00:42:00
his desire, so to speak, but to00:42:03
conquer a little maybe a new land,00:42:04
how easy it is to push00:42:08
Andy to the east where he defeated the00:42:10
Khazar Kaganate after Oleg’s campaigns,00:42:14
in this case his campaigns to already to00:42:18
the west, but to us in the Balkans will lead to his00:42:21
tragic death, but indeed for the00:42:25
Byzantine Empire, which itself00:42:27
was trying to control these Balkan00:42:30
peninsulas,00:42:31
and Svetoslav probably thought of some even00:42:34
more distant campaigns already to the territory of00:42:37
Hungary and the Czech Republic, this was a very dangerous00:42:40
competitor, although it is difficult to imagine00:42:42
so that the Scythian state could00:42:44
further expand in this00:42:47
direction, well, one way or another, it’s00:42:49
obvious that 100 actually00:42:53
sleeps with the Byzantine, which means some00:42:57
supply of00:43:00
nomadic Pechenegs who, well,00:43:02
nomadic tribes who will also begin to be00:43:05
active in these steppes,00:43:09
existed under the saying and00:43:12
the Byzantines attacked the Svyatoslavs and00:43:16
here on v1 and that means his campaigns they did not,00:43:22
he unexpectedly fell into this oven and Neva00:43:24
ambush and was killed and this is how colorfully00:43:28
this summer is described, this is a tale of bygone00:43:30
years, these snuff barbarians mean the00:43:34
Pechenegs00:43:35
get down and cut him off his head and00:43:38
his skull and they made a cup and00:43:40
feasted as was customary after00:43:43
this victory, so in general,00:43:45
one of the generally bright00:43:48
representatives of the first Kiev princes died, but00:43:51
already the son of Svyatoslav Vladimir in 98800:43:54
dictated a favorable one to Emperor Vasily the second00:43:57
the world and adopted Christianity, this is how00:43:59
Russia’s entry into the circle of00:44:02
European Christian civilization ended,00:44:04
however, the adoption of Christianity only00:44:07
contributed to the already established trade00:44:09
from Byzantium to Russia on a massive scale,00:44:12
red wine went into clay amphoras,00:44:15
korch ogs did not receive communion, but00:44:17
newly converted Christians did not receive kvass; however,00:44:20
Greek wine was not only used for communion in At the00:44:23
end of the 11th century, four Novgorodians00:44:25
happily partook of an expensive drink00:44:28
right during a church service and feelings00:44:31
left an inscription on the stairs of the00:44:32
Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral Rotko00:44:35
hut with a view of the world and sawed off to the face00:44:39
that is, a vessel of wine here with the command of acne00:44:42
to God bless what he gave us00:44:45
to him and the salvation amen the epic era of00:44:49
Vladimir Svyatoslavich and Yaroslav00:44:51
the Wise was the highest point of development of the00:44:53
young power of the Rurikovichs, it was under00:44:56
Vladimir that the minting of their own money began in Russia; the00:44:58
silver coin was equal to the00:45:01
Arab dirham; the spool00:45:03
corresponded to the Byzantine gold00:45:06
solidus; its weight of 4.2 grams became the basis00:45:10
for the unit that took root in Russia00:45:12
measurements of the spool, however, the minting of money00:45:15
was not simply providing a means of00:45:17
circulation; it was not yet some kind of00:45:19
assertion of one’s own00:45:21
statehood, an00:45:22
assertion of sovereignty, it was on the00:45:25
platnik that the inscription Vladimir read on00:45:28
the table in 191500:45:31
Yaroslav the Wise compiled00:45:34
the oldest part of Russian truth of the first00:45:36
written code of laws00:45:38
at the turn of 10 11 centuries, Prince Vladimir00:45:43
liquidated the tribal reigns, the chronicle00:45:46
reports on Vladimir’s capture of Polotsk and the00:45:48
murder of its prince Rogvolod,00:45:51
archaeological research has shown00:45:53
that many former tribal centers at00:45:56
this time lost their former significance and00:45:59
some of them were destroyed, so in the00:46:02
Drevlyan land, instead of the Sazonov isk of00:46:04
the plant, the princely castle Ovruch appeared00:46:08
instead of them, new00:46:09
princely cities began to appear Smolensk Turov00:46:13
Vladimir-Volynsky00:46:14
Belgorod Ryazan there the prince began to plant00:46:18
his administration in the volosts in the form of his00:46:20
own children so the future Yaroslav the Wise00:46:23
went first to Rostov here on the00:46:26
north-eastern outskirts of Russia founded the00:46:28
city of Yaroslavl00:46:29
and then was moved to Novgorod00:46:32
in in new cities and castles, the princes00:46:35
left their garrisons with the governors of00:46:37
the mayor my flocked here, and not a single00:46:40
third that went in favor of00:46:42
his governor us here a trial was carried out to protect the00:46:46
southern borders of the atabek nomads, first00:46:49
they built wooden earthen barriers00:46:52
known as the serpent shafts, even now in00:46:55
Ukraine you can trace them remains00:46:57
more than a thousand kilometers long, historians00:47:00
and archaeologists are still arguing about the time of00:47:02
creation of these ancient fortifications on00:47:05
the border with the steppe from the end of the 10th century00:47:08
during the intensification of the Pecheneg raids,00:47:11
Russian military builders moved on to the00:47:13
targeted strengthening of weak links of00:47:15
defense with fortifications,00:47:17
Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich began to leave00:47:20
cities along the gum and and along the cart 3 and00:47:24
live along the pipe and according to the sule and according to the foot and why00:47:28
cut him the best from the Slovens and from the00:47:30
Krivich and from the miracle and from the Vyatichi and from these in the villages of the00:47:34
city of Bivor the army from the Pechenegs00:47:37
I’m killing myself and with them and gave them away on the distant00:47:41
outskirts, which had no basis,00:47:44
unlike France, for example, a waist, but what about00:47:47
Britain’s powerful cultural traditions00:47:50
there, after all, there was a ball in ancient00:47:52
civilization, but00:47:53
here there was nothing like that, but00:47:56
nevertheless, in historical history, it’s quite00:47:58
short and wide, that is, that 200 years and00:48:02
from disparate tribes suddenly00:48:06
such a fairly powerful European00:48:09
power is formed00:48:12
with its own system of governance with its own00:48:16
fairly large cities, this is00:48:19
what we call this, this is00:48:22
what is described in any history textbook,00:48:24
Russian culture, that is, architecture,00:48:27
painting,00:48:29
writing in the Slavic language,00:48:31
literature, all this appears quite00:48:34
quickly, to a00:48:36
significant extent, thanks to00:48:39
this mechanism from00:48:42
it that developed, yes, these same00:48:44
trade routes, these same contacts that00:48:46
were established in the ninth century,00:48:49
we did not greatly contribute to this; the second00:48:52
point is probably that all the same, despite00:48:54
all the fact that00:48:57
ancient Russia is this part of the cultural and the00:49:00
cousins of Europe of the then European00:49:04
Christian civilization,00:49:05
it retains its gone I abrasion00:49:09
originality what exactly is it an [ __ ]00:49:12
to say and the low specific00:49:15
political system from here the dispute can be00:49:18
considered ancient Russia there as a feudal00:49:20
state because we00:49:22
don’t have00:49:25
such Western European feudalism00:49:27
in the simplest time you so to speak you are00:49:29
in a simplified form, this system of00:49:32
feudal land tenure00:49:34
is a greasy relationship in you when this is00:49:39
how the history textbooks of the Middle Ages00:49:40
before there is a king from his own fat of these00:49:43
vassals not his own salad, it’s00:49:46
all based on the land holdings where the00:49:49
castles of these feudal lords stand, nothing thought of us00:49:51
no00:49:52
no, not yet in the ninth-tenth, even in the00:49:56
eleventh century, there is no developed00:49:57
feudal ownership of the bulk of the00:50:01
population, these are free peasants, I mean the00:50:03
Senecas, and00:50:06
there is princely power and princely00:50:09
squad, on the00:50:10
one hand, that means the prince and00:50:13
squad, on the other hand, the free00:50:15
population,00:50:16
this is the specificity of political00:50:19
power in Russia, and in view of the lack of00:50:23
land ownership, where does the00:50:26
population receive income from, and that’s the00:50:28
same thing for people when a prince travels around00:50:31
the territory and collects tribute, this is a00:50:34
mechanism that is so characteristic of Russia and not00:50:38
typical there, let’s say, not for France and00:50:41
for Italians this is such campaigns, but00:50:44
we have exactly such a mechanism, known from00:50:47
epics, heroic outposts00:50:49
have been preserved in some places to this day; these are dozens of00:50:52
fortress settlements around Kiev and below00:50:55
it along the tributaries of the Dnieper on both sides, the00:50:57
fords were not really also guarded by a00:51:00
system of fortresses to them Letichev zarubche00:51:04
signal lights could quickly convey to00:51:07
the capital the news of the approach of the enemy the fortresses00:51:10
built by Vladimir00:51:12
Pereslavl Belgorod Novgorod Maly00:51:15
were able to withstand the siege of the Pecheneg hordes00:51:18
in the war of 988-997 when Vladimir himself was00:51:23
almost captured by them in 1 103600:51:26
near Kiev Yaroslav the Wise defeated the00:51:28
Pecheneg horde after that the border00:51:31
was moved give to the Ros River there it was00:51:34
protected every 10-15 kilometers by00:51:36
other fortresses of Yuriev Korsun and others,00:51:40
however the respite was short-lived in the00:51:43
eleventh century the Pechenegs were replaced00:51:45
first by the Torque and then by the Polovtsians00:51:47
[music]00:52:35
and00:52:42
[music]Description:
Загадки Русской Истории. X век: Взлет Древней Руси. Исторический Проект Все серии проекта: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL38u9f-zuR1Q7Wleo2enYNIFxv44a0QDX Дорогие зрители! Рады сообщить, что теперь ваши любимые проекты Star Media доступны в формате аудиокниг 🎶: 📖🔊 «НУЛЕВАЯ МИРОВАЯ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lpyjVHr3rM8QC92K6GtAuMzw1C7dPBPSM 📖🔊 «ВЕЛИКИЕ БИТВЫ РОССИИ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_njKBE_eiZTxmq5YxZ75zn1y_GogvjRry4 📖🔊 «ПОДЛИННАЯ ИСТОРИЯ РУССКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lhDR8wTGLr1f9bHJUFMl4NdQCHKeVB9zk 📖🔊 «ВЕЛИКАЯ ВОЙНА»: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_k_-TrE3n5gWKeGszSKb2pakFQAVBda0YM Желаем приятного прослушивания 🎧 Изучайте историю вместе с нами! Приятного просмотра! Не забывайте подписаться! #русская_история
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