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Физиология. Глава 5. Лёгкие. Контроль дыхания. Ацидоз и алкалоз.

Физиология. Глава 5. Лёгкие. Контроль дыхания. Ацидоз и алкалоз.

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Симпатика

симпатическая нервная система

ганглии

преганглионарные волокна

постаганглионарные волокна

адренорецепторы

холинорецепторы

симпатическая цепочка

паравертебральные ганглии

превертебральные ганглии

мозговой слой надпочечников

USMLE

united states medical licensing exam

00:00:01

hello, today we’ll talk about the

00:00:03

sympathetic nervous system,

00:00:04

namely about the organization, I, the location of the

00:00:08

sympathetic nerve fibers, let’s go,

00:00:11

so the sympathetic nervous system is

00:00:13

usually activated in response to

00:00:15

some stressful situations or on a

00:00:18

boat, a situation that threatens our

00:00:21

life, what happens when the

00:00:23

sympathetic nervous system activates

00:00:25

like this called the fight or flight reaction, that

00:00:27

is, in other words, the body begins to

00:00:29

activate all its resources for the

00:00:32

survival mechanism, that is, in other

00:00:35

words, the body tries to escape by

00:00:37

any means, but this action, that is, it is

00:00:40

very much exaggerated, basically

00:00:42

such a reaction will occur precisely in

00:00:44

response to some strong a stress

00:00:46

factor, in fact, the sympathetic nervous

00:00:49

system can work at a minimum

00:00:50

level while maintaining the work of the

00:00:53

heart, for example, that is, maintaining the

00:00:55

heart rate

00:00:57

and the strength of heart contractions at the same level, and

00:00:59

so on, that is, simpatico can even

00:01:03

work at some then minimum levels

00:01:05

without a strong stress factor,

00:01:07

but remembering because it is from the point

00:01:11

of view of stress dangers that it is much

00:01:13

easier and so regarding the structure, we

00:01:17

said that the sympathetic and

00:01:20

parasympathetic nervous system are

00:01:21

divided into preganglionic fibers and in

00:01:24

late Leonardo and fibers in this

00:01:26

case we are talking about the sympathetic

00:01:28

nervous system Now let's start with the

00:01:31

preganglionic fibers, where are they

00:01:34

located when we are talking about the horn and the

00:01:36

milk, now let's imagine a

00:01:39

cross section of the spinal cord, these are the

00:01:41

posterior horns and now we have the lateral horns, these

00:01:44

are the anterior horns, and the

00:01:48

lateral horns, the preganglionic fibers of the

00:01:52

sympathetic nervous system

00:01:54

take their toll beginning in areas

00:01:58

d 1, that is, from t 1, precisely from t 1, that is,

00:02:02

from the first thoracic vertebra, Elliot 1,

00:02:05

shout the sensation of the spinal cord to 3

00:02:07

verbal, sometimes in the literature they can

00:02:09

write up to 2 lumbar, that is, from t1 to

00:02:12

l3 or l2, where are they

00:02:15

located now the location or location of the

00:02:19

first neuron is located precisely in the

00:02:23

lateral horns of the spinal cord, what

00:02:25

happens next, now this is how

00:02:28

our preganglionic fibers come out, it comes out

00:02:31

through the anterior horns and

00:02:36

preganglionic fibers, starting

00:02:39

to switch on our ganglion, that is,

00:02:43

this is the ganglion that I

00:02:45

usually talk about, the preganglionic fibers of the

00:02:47

cognate

00:02:48

It is in relation to this ganglion that

00:02:50

they usually argue that now we have

00:02:53

achieved how the

00:02:54

switching of

00:02:55

preganglionic fibers will occur,

00:02:57

namely, the ending of the preganglionic

00:02:59

sympathetic nerve fiber begins to

00:03:01

release a neurotransmitter

00:03:03

called acetylcholine, therefore,

00:03:07

due to the fact that this preganglionic

00:03:09

fiber releases

00:03:11

acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, this

00:03:13

fiber can be called cholinergic

00:03:16

exactly cholinergic,

00:03:19

do not confuse it in any way if you hear

00:03:21

cholinergic this, therefore you

00:03:23

can immediately correlate it

00:03:26

or think that it is the

00:03:27

parasympathetic nervous but there are no

00:03:28

knee words, cholinergic

00:03:30

means that this fiber

00:03:31

releases acetylcholine, only this is what

00:03:35

we now have next happened

00:03:37

switching to the ganglia, the ganglion is

00:03:39

excited and just like that, Hamlet

00:03:43

releases or tightens his post of

00:03:49

Connor and the sympathetic nerve

00:03:51

and the legs are double, it’s just that he drew it very

00:03:53

crookedly and the postganglionic

00:03:56

sympathetic nerve in the window also

00:03:58

releases its neurotransmitter on a

00:04:02

target organ on some target organ

00:04:05

he is interested in now let's

00:04:07

talk in more detail here regarding the

00:04:09

mechanics and cholinergic

00:04:12

fibers that are preserved, now let's draw

00:04:14

a little closer, imagine that this is

00:04:18

the end of the end of the preganglionic

00:04:22

sympathetic nerve fibers, the

00:04:25

release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine occurs,

00:04:27

that is, this is what we are talking about,

00:04:31

so let's depict our ganglion in the form of a cell

00:04:34

that Now we have on the

00:04:36

ganglion there is an ein choline receptor and a

00:04:40

choline recipe in haren recipe, this n

00:04:46

choline receptor will just

00:04:48

react to acetylcholine, which then

00:04:51

binds

00:04:53

acetylcholine to the son of cholinergic receptors and the

00:04:55

opening of the ion channel occurs in this area,

00:04:58

that is, ions begin to enter

00:05:00

sodium

00:05:01

there is an increase in the cell potential,

00:05:04

depolarization of the action potential is formed

00:05:05

and in this way we

00:05:08

activate the ganglion and transfer the

00:05:13

excitation of the dad scanner to us

00:05:15

sympathetic, then in turn it

00:05:17

begins to release its neurotransmitter,

00:05:19

that is, in this way the

00:05:21

preganglionic fibers will work for us,

00:05:23

namely, just after this is the

00:05:25

action of preganglionic fibers from

00:05:26

avagyan, or in this case, you

00:05:28

will definitely have to take into account the

00:05:30

fact that the cholinergic receptors that

00:05:32

are located on the ganglion are ion pathways,

00:05:35

that is, in other words, when it is

00:05:37

activated, the process of launching

00:05:40

charged ions inside occurs, yes

00:05:43

there and then, but in this case this is

00:05:46

precisely the launch of non-sodium ions, activation

00:05:47

and increase in the potential of the cell

00:05:50

formation, signed action,

00:05:51

depolarization, that is, this is the work,

00:05:53

so you will definitely need to

00:05:55

know this and on halen receptors in haren

00:05:57

receptor we have already met at the

00:05:59

work of the somatic nervous system, that

00:06:02

is, there we saw it this is how the endings

00:06:08

of the motor neurons of the anterior horns of the spinal

00:06:09

cord went and here, because there was a skeletal

00:06:13

muscular plate, that is, it was a

00:06:15

plate of striated

00:06:16

muscles, it was the skeleton that

00:06:18

acetylcholine was released in the same way,

00:06:21

the binding of acetylcholine by son chanin

00:06:24

receptors was in the same way and there was the launching of

00:06:29

sodium ions inside and the formation of potential

00:06:31

discs are supported, that is, the mechanism in

00:06:32

this case is very similar, but

00:06:34

the given in haren receptors are not

00:06:37

the same, in no case

00:06:39

are they not the same, they react the same

00:06:42

to acetylcholine and the construction is

00:06:44

slightly different in this regard,

00:06:46

nicotine sensitive hanine receptors

00:06:49

on skeletal muscles you very often

00:06:51

you can see under the name n m m

00:06:54

means muscular or muscular and

00:06:58

nicotine-sensitive arena receptors

00:07:00

that are located on the ganglia are called

00:07:03

n.n. that is, they are sensitive to nicotine, but

00:07:06

this means a neuron, that is, it is

00:07:08

located on the nerves. In this case, here

00:07:10

we have n.n. we will definitely

00:07:15

need to know why we definitely

00:07:18

need to know exactly in go to the receptors

00:07:21

on the ganglia because in this case

00:07:25

this is the point of application for the work of

00:07:29

drugs called

00:07:31

ganglionic blockers ganglionic blockers in the

00:07:33

first case, for example, when we talked

00:07:35

in previous classes

00:07:38

specifically about skeletal muscle muscles

00:07:40

and there were specific blockers of n

00:07:42

cholinergic receptors, something like curara,

00:07:45

similar substances, Vova curara, then

00:07:47

curara, derivative substances, they

00:07:49

blocked, they went to the receptors,

00:07:50

an advantage on the skeleton, muscle

00:07:52

plates, in this case, there is

00:07:54

another group of drugs that also

00:07:56

blocks inhaler receptors at night, a

00:07:58

different type, all this will be a group of ganga

00:08:01

blockers it is necessary to keep this in mind,

00:08:03

this difference is further

00:08:07

postganglionic fibers, that is, what

00:08:10

we just talked about is that we have

00:08:14

preganglionic fibers switching and

00:08:18

now our postganglionic

00:08:22

fibers are late for folk vocals and this is

00:08:25

precisely the effect organ that is

00:08:30

affected by the

00:08:31

sympathetic not

00:08:34

Nastya begins in the

00:08:37

sympathetic sense, that is, in other words,

00:08:38

it is a process of the sympathetic ganglion that

00:08:40

emits norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter,

00:08:42

nor adrenaline, you can

00:08:46

write about it in

00:08:48

the Latin alphabet, or you can write

00:08:50

norepinephrine like this in Russian, that is,

00:08:54

through the Cyrillic alphabet,

00:08:55

norepinephrine, now the most important thing is that there is

00:08:58

further norepinephrine will

00:09:02

act on the so-called

00:09:04

adrenergic receptors, that is, here

00:09:07

we have adrenergic receptors

00:09:08

and norepinephrine will act

00:09:11

precisely on it, adrenergic

00:09:15

receptors are divided into several types,

00:09:19

there are alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 and

00:09:26

beta 2 adrenergic receptors regarding the

00:09:29

work of adrenergic receptors, their location

00:09:31

on we will talk about individual organs and tissues

00:09:33

in the next video,

00:09:35

in this case we are talking about dragging,

00:09:37

that is, what does this mean in one

00:09:40

case, norepinephrine can excite

00:09:42

adv-1 adrenergic receptors, in another case,

00:09:44

alpha 2, in the third, British in the fourth,

00:09:46

beta 2, that is, it will work

00:09:49

approximately like this in this way and now

00:09:51

the most important thing in the case when we talked about

00:09:54

folders is preganglionic fibers and it is

00:09:57

up in cholinergic receptors that

00:09:59

we have here

00:10:01

in haren the receptor that is located on the

00:10:05

ganglia is an

00:10:06

ion tropic by us these adrenergic receptors, that

00:10:10

is, the adrenergic receptors

00:10:12

are metabo tropic, they work

00:10:14

somewhat differently that is, in this

00:10:16

case, it doesn’t happen directly, it doesn’t happen

00:10:19

directly, activation of a

00:10:20

specific channel does not happen and the

00:10:22

triggering of certain

00:10:24

electrolytes, this can happen, but

00:10:26

it won’t happen immediately, not in

00:10:28

response to a neurotransmitter directly,

00:10:31

some specific

00:10:32

scart can happen again. we will talk about projects in the

00:10:34

next video,

00:10:35

now taking into account the fact that the

00:10:39

postganglionic sympathetic nerve

00:10:41

fiber is the main

00:10:43

neurotransmitter releasing norepinephrine,

00:10:46

then this sympathetic nerve fiber

00:10:49

is adrenergic adrenergic

00:10:52

because it can release

00:10:54

adrenaline and norepinephrine,

00:10:58

now we have one exception,

00:11:04

studying the following, there is another

00:11:13

type postganglionic sympathetic

00:11:15

nerve fiber

00:11:16

this way or let's draw it completely

00:11:19

imagine this we have again the

00:11:22

spinal cord cross section here

00:11:27

we have in attacks our lateral poisons from

00:11:31

it the preganglionic fibers

00:11:33

are switched and now

00:11:36

the ganglion and in this case the ganglion

00:11:42

namely the postganglionic sympathetic

00:11:45

nerve fiber as organs and

00:11:47

vectors it will

00:11:50

innervate or activate sweat

00:11:54

glands, that is, imagine we have

00:11:57

sweat glands,

00:11:59

but now what is the exception here in this

00:12:01

case, these

00:12:04

postganglionic sympathetic nerve

00:12:06

fibers as neurotransmitters

00:12:08

release from

00:12:09

steel choline and interact given

00:12:13

acetylcholine will be in this case with

00:12:15

emma choline receptors not son halen rice

00:12:18

m x receptors that is, therefore in this

00:12:22

case when you talk about the

00:12:24

innervation of the sweat glands sweat glands

00:12:29

when you talk about the innervation of the sweat

00:12:31

glands postganglionic sympathetic

00:12:34

nerve fiber in this case is

00:12:36

ali energetic cholinergic

00:12:40

because as a neurotransmitter

00:12:43

postganglionic the sympathetic nerve

00:12:45

fiber releases acetylcholine, this

00:12:48

fiber is parasympathetic,

00:12:51

it is precisely sympathetic because

00:12:53

look where exactly it

00:12:55

starts with Connor nova fibers, that is,

00:12:59

everything comes from the area of the lateral horns,

00:13:02

that is, it is all sympathetic nervous

00:13:04

steam, but the fibers in this case, the

00:13:06

postganglionic fibers will be

00:13:09

cholinergic releasing choline and

00:13:11

preganglionic fibers is also

00:13:15

cholinergic, also releasing

00:13:17

acetylcholine in this case and this

00:13:18

acetylcholine will also act on

00:13:20

n cholinergic receptors, that is, as we

00:13:23

said and colin receptor in this

00:13:25

case is a tropic ion emma choline

00:13:28

receptor this is exactly m3 choline recipe

00:13:31

is not that more detailed this is

00:13:36

how our sympathetic

00:13:39

nervous system works in relation to

00:13:43

then with iron now why is this an

00:13:47

exception let's quickly

00:13:49

briefly talk about the parasympathetic

00:13:52

nervous system imagine this

00:13:54

preganglionic sprinkle

00:13:57

parasympathetic nervous window I'm sorry

00:13:58

preganglionic

00:14:00

parasympathetic nervous

00:14:01

window the beginning is taken preganglionic

00:14:04

parasympathetic fibers in a completely

00:14:06

different place We’ll talk about this in the

00:14:09

next videos too,

00:14:10

but now here is the most important thing:

00:14:12

preganglionic sympathetic, not a single

00:14:14

fiber bursts, releases

00:14:16

acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter,

00:14:20

we also have parasympathetic ganglia

00:14:23

for the sympathetic, not guests, also on the

00:14:27

channel there are halen receptors and

00:14:29

postganglionic parasympathetic

00:14:32

nerve fibers as well releases

00:14:35

acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter and

00:14:38

this acetylcholine will also

00:14:40

act on its organs on its

00:14:46

organs

00:14:47

which will be ignored in this

00:14:49

case, here also on the organs there will be

00:14:51

specific tracks on the

00:14:54

receptors of these cholinergic receptors will

00:14:57

be m choline receptors there are

00:15:00

three types of m cholinergic receptors

00:15:02

m1 m2 m3

00:15:06

that is, these are all choline receptors of the

00:15:09

parasympathetic nervous system,

00:15:10

in this case, with gambi, the anal

00:15:13

fiber is cholinergic, in

00:15:14

this case, late Leonardo, the fiber of the

00:15:17

parasympathetic nervous system

00:15:18

is energetic, that is, this is all time

00:15:21

simpatico, this is all time simpatico,

00:15:23

but this is all we have receptors of the

00:15:27

parasympathetic nervous system but in

00:15:30

this case, when we are talking specifically about the

00:15:33

work of the sweat glands, the sweat glands are

00:15:35

innervated by the fibers of the sympathetic

00:15:38

nervous system,

00:15:39

but the innervation occurs precisely on the

00:15:43

cholinergic receptors, that is, this is the Allen

00:15:46

receptor that is usually

00:15:47

innervated by the parasympathetic nervous

00:15:50

system, but in this case it is simpatico

00:15:52

I understand a little, as if muddy, the power of

00:15:55

something - as quickly

00:15:58

as it is, this is

00:16:01

exactly the same and practically the only

00:16:03

exception to the work of the sympathetic

00:16:05

nervous system, that is, in 90 percent of

00:16:07

cases, the postganglionic

00:16:09

sympathetic nerve fiber

00:16:11

serves as the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and

00:16:13

therefore you will call that given for

00:16:16

example fiber this fiber is

00:16:19

adrenergic sympathetic

00:16:21

adrenergic we act it has its

00:16:23

own corresponding adrenergic

00:16:25

receptors in this case

00:16:27

postganglionic fibers is

00:16:29

sympathetic but it is cholinergic

00:16:32

acetylcholine is released and

00:16:34

therefore also acts on cholinergic receptors

00:16:37

so be sure to keep this in mind this is

00:16:40

all simpatico for those who pass as

00:16:42

hydrogen specific exams this is usually

00:16:44

stitched often, that is,

00:16:48

the question may be a little confusing, but

00:16:52

now let’s talk directly about the

00:16:54

ganglia themselves about their location, where

00:16:58

they can be,

00:16:59

what they represent themselves, firstly, the ganglia, what they were,

00:17:02

it’s actually a cluster of neurons, that

00:17:05

is, in fact, it’s a whole nodule or

00:17:08

densely and a collection of neurons which is

00:17:13

then later released

00:17:15

or released mentally oxana which

00:17:18

we are broke is not oxana as a nerve fiber

00:17:20

which we call post Bingley anar on

00:17:23

I sympathetic and parasympathetic there is no

00:17:26

data on what we are talking about exactly about the

00:17:28

sympathetic nerve fiber now

00:17:32

there are ganglia three localizations 3-4

00:17:38

localizations you will understand what I’m talking about,

00:17:40

there are paravertebral ganglia, that

00:17:42

is, what does this mean, here we

00:17:45

have our cross-section, so I

00:17:50

apologize, here we have the

00:17:53

lateral lateral horns, which now we

00:17:57

have,

00:17:58

this is how it turns out

00:18:02

preganglionic sympathetic nerve

00:18:04

fiber does not go far from the spinal

00:18:07

cord immediately immediately we

00:18:11

switch nearby like this to the

00:18:13

ganglia and then this post gan gan gan

00:18:17

aromatic no to the fiber goes about

00:18:18

very, very, very far away from

00:18:20

the ganglion and innervates a specific organ

00:18:26

then there, she controls the lesson, the work of the

00:18:29

organs in this way, it

00:18:31

will mainly be the paravertebral ganglia

00:18:33

or the sympathetic chain, now you

00:18:36

will understand why I say when I

00:18:38

showed the picture, there are

00:18:42

also vertebral ganglia with vertebral ones,

00:18:45

that is, what is with vertebral ganglia,

00:18:46

let’s imagine it in this way in

00:18:49

exactly the same way imagine this here, for

00:18:54

example, it’s a different section of the spinal

00:18:57

cord somewhere lower or somewhere

00:18:59

higher, but let’s draw it parallel to the

00:19:03

preganglionic sympathetic nerve, the

00:19:05

fiber in this case

00:19:06

bypasses this area and switches

00:19:10

somewhere further from the area of the main

00:19:15

paravertebral ganglia, there is

00:19:19

this switch and again, to its

00:19:23

specificity,

00:19:24

that is, this is with the vertebral ganglia and

00:19:27

there is also a medulla of the

00:19:29

adrenal glands, we will return to it, that’s

00:19:33

exactly what I was talking about here, we

00:19:41

see just the same number of our

00:19:43

sympathetic chain in the middle, this is

00:19:46

our spinal cord itself and these are the lateral

00:19:53

horns of the spinal cord, we have the first

00:19:56

neuron from which the

00:19:58

preganglionic sympathetic nerve

00:20:01

fiber leaves, and here in this case the

00:20:03

preganglionic sympathetic nerve

00:20:05

fiber

00:20:06

forms its first synapse, in this

00:20:08

case this is the second one.

00:20:10

and these are exactly the ganglia we have, and

00:20:12

mind you, these ganglia are located not far

00:20:15

from the area of the spinal cord, that is,

00:20:17

once under Putin 2334 adventures, this is

00:20:20

all this is exactly what is called

00:20:23

paravertebral ganglia, in this case

00:20:26

thy1 to its corresponding segment

00:20:28

in the same area of this just his

00:20:30

paravertebral ganglia are all together,

00:20:33

these are the parameter Brian and the ganglia or there is

00:20:35

an area nearby called the

00:20:38

sympathetic chain under the sympathetic

00:20:41

chain if you read

00:20:43

the literature it means

00:20:45

paravertebral ha, that is, all this is

00:20:48

paravertebral ganglia now

00:20:50

exists with the vertebral ganglia

00:20:52

hello and armor then there is this thing

00:20:54

that I tried to explain here, that

00:20:56

is, let's take another department, for

00:20:59

example, we have no, let's

00:21:03

take it here, here again we have the

00:21:08

lateral horns, the

00:21:09

preganglionic sympathetic

00:21:11

nerve fiber, notice now in the

00:21:14

area

00:21:15

specifically in the area of the sympathetic chain,

00:21:18

no switching has occurred then

00:21:20

there is data in this area there is

00:21:24

no synapse, we do not form

00:21:26

any chain over the years, we skip

00:21:28

this region and go further further further further further

00:21:31

further forming a switch in a

00:21:36

completely different area, that is, in

00:21:37

this case the ganglion can be either

00:21:39

this area

00:21:40

or this area and the dependence however

00:21:42

the organ you want to switch and this is

00:21:45

exactly what is called 3 vertebral

00:21:47

ganglia these are those gun or which are located

00:21:50

outside the sympathetic nerve

00:21:52

chain and this is exactly the

00:21:55

data when the vertebral ganglia are precisely

00:21:57

when the vertebral ganglia can be

00:21:59

located in three areas, I repeat

00:22:03

when the vertebral ganglia can be

00:22:04

in three areas areas

00:22:06

the first is the cranial plexus, that is,

00:22:09

in another way you can call it the

00:22:12

solar plexus, this area in which

00:22:14

certain neurons can accumulate

00:22:16

in the form of bundles

00:22:17

or video nodes forms just

00:22:19

different kinds of ganglia, here

00:22:23

we are in the black we see that there are two

00:22:25

ganglia here, one ganglion can innervate

00:22:27

or control the work of the stomach, that

00:22:30

is, in this case, this is the ganglion

00:22:33

and from it goes under the ganglion of the aromatic

00:22:35

sympathetic none, okay, this is the

00:22:37

other ganglion and from it comes the

00:22:39

postganglionic sympathetic none

00:22:42

innervating fibers in this case,

00:22:44

how do we have a demon

00:22:45

duodenum, that is, the upper parts of the small

00:22:48

intestine and this with vertebral data in the

00:22:51

area of the next plexus, there are also

00:22:54

superior mesenteric plexuses and

00:22:58

inferior mesenteric plexus super risen

00:23:02

terek pixus and inferno tirex usb lexus

00:23:05

that is, in this plex we were sitting in this

00:23:07

plexus is located on several scales; in

00:23:10

this case, we see that there is a

00:23:11

supplying ganglion, depending on

00:23:13

which switching will occur there

00:23:17

and it will be integrated, but in this

00:23:19

case we see that the switching

00:23:20

occurs simultaneously, that is, these

00:23:23

subtleties of them in this case in the context of

00:23:26

physiology to know and not necessary, but specifically

00:23:28

regarding the understanding of the paravertebral

00:23:31

veins, that is, those that are located

00:23:32

here with the vertebral ganglia, which

00:23:35

is located here, you need to know,

00:23:38

but now there is a moment that

00:23:43

is quite unclear, that is, t1

00:23:50

this is for us the highest point of the

00:23:52

beginning of the first

00:23:56

with the virtual nucleus before or example

00:23:59

the correct neuron, I beg your pardon,

00:24:01

stop branevo and preganglionic

00:24:03

neuron 1, but now how

00:24:07

will we have some kind of specific

00:24:09

switching or

00:24:12

connection somewhere in the neck, that is,

00:24:16

in the cervical plexuses, how will this

00:24:17

happen, that is, what can be

00:24:21

included here? of this sympathetic chain, the

00:24:24

preganglionic nerve fiber

00:24:26

will not necessarily switch

00:24:28

at exactly one of its levels, that is, in other

00:24:30

words, there is only one, for example,

00:24:33

matata preganglionic fibers came out and

00:24:36

switched at the same level,

00:24:38

this is not this will not necessarily mean

00:24:40

that only from this level

00:24:42

can come out some specific

00:24:44

after the anal neuron also data for the

00:24:48

vertebral nerve fiber, please, it’s simpler to

00:24:51

openly lie preganglionic

00:24:52

sympathetic nerve fiber in this

00:24:55

case, while Leonardo the sympathetic

00:24:57

nerve fiber can go up

00:24:58

the composition of the sympathetic chain and only

00:25:01

then form a switch in some area,

00:25:03

that is,

00:25:07

probably wanted, for example, here, or it

00:25:09

went higher and in this way

00:25:11

control will take place already in

00:25:13

some upper sections; this is eye control,

00:25:16

gel control,

00:25:17

control of the heart, because the heart

00:25:19

is on the controller not only from the T1 region, but

00:25:22

also from the cervical plexuses also,

00:25:27

well, that’s exactly it here in the picture on

00:25:29

the right we can see how it works,

00:25:32

picture number one, that is, here it is,

00:25:34

picture number one, it reflects exactly the

00:25:37

work of the paravertebral chains, that is,

00:25:40

this is our first nucleus went with the

00:25:44

vertebral chain went went went

00:25:46

went went what is here in this case

00:25:49

through the white the connecting branch of white

00:25:52

rose communication, the first

00:25:55

connection occurs, that is, this area

00:25:58

has a ganglion, the

00:26:01

first synapse is formed, and from here the

00:26:04

postganglionic sympathetic nerve

00:26:07

fiber goes to its effect organs, that is, conditionally,

00:26:09

if we say that this is t1 conditionally, then

00:26:12

also in this case the ganglion will be

00:26:15

be at the T1 level, that is, this all

00:26:18

happens in parallel in another case,

00:26:21

that is, this is the one I was just

00:26:23

talking about, here we have

00:26:29

anar at the ganglion on the sympathetic nerve fiber and

00:26:31

now look, it comes

00:26:34

through the

00:26:36

white ramus commune cons and now along the

00:26:39

sympathetic chain goes up goes

00:26:43

up that is, one region higher, that

00:26:46

is, this is what I tried to show here,

00:26:49

that is, what I tried to show here,

00:26:52

let's take the blue color,

00:26:54

we'll erase these things, that is, this is what it

00:26:59

was, at least for me

00:27:01

the attempt goes like this with the

00:27:04

preganglionic fibers and now, without

00:27:07

switching, it goes up the

00:27:08

sympathetic chain and forms,

00:27:10

for example, a synapse in this area,

00:27:13

this is what we see, that is,

00:27:15

conditionally, for example, we have

00:27:17

T1 and this goes, for example, higher, this is already on

00:27:21

cervical sections 6543

00:27:25

somewhere higher on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd

00:27:29

floor, by the way, the same thing can

00:27:30

happen in that

00:27:31

is, if we say in this case

00:27:34

here it started here it went but in

00:27:38

this case we see that in this

00:27:40

picture here this German, but here in the

00:27:43

picture on the left we see everything, as it were,

00:27:45

switches, all the possible switches

00:27:47

that are available, that is, it works

00:27:49

approximately the same and these are paravertebral

00:27:53

and with vertebral

00:27:56

chains, these are paravertebral and with

00:27:59

vertebral chains regarding with the

00:28:02

vertebral chain, please, please, not an

00:28:05

example of a turbine chain, an example there the edges of

00:28:06

the side dishes are the paravertebral ganglia,

00:28:08

these are the paravertebral ganglia

00:28:10

forming at one level, this power

00:28:11

has been selected over the years to form others

00:28:13

oh, that is, beyond the 1st level, it has gone up, gone

00:28:15

up now here is a switch,

00:28:18

for example, you brannigan them, that is, here

00:28:20

we go again, switching is a

00:28:25

preganglionic sympathetic

00:28:26

sympathetic nerve fiber it let's go

00:28:28

and note that it bypasses the area of the

00:28:31

sympathetic chain, that is, this is

00:28:34

all on the sympathetic chain, this is it, this is

00:28:36

how I'll paint over this sympathetic

00:28:38

chain, it bypasses this area, it goes away

00:28:42

from the spine far far

00:28:44

far away and is formed somewhere on the periphery,

00:28:48

for example, let's say in the solar

00:28:50

plexus area this is the one with the vertebral

00:28:52

mount and then the late Leonardo sympathetic nerve comes from it,

00:28:57

that is, how we see it here, it is

00:29:02

necessary to know, but now for those

00:29:05

attentive who, for example,

00:29:08

took a good look at that picture, we can see

00:29:09

this thing, this thing,

00:29:15

these are our adrenal glands as you can

00:29:18

see on the basis of the cheeks there are no

00:29:20

specific switches and now

00:29:23

let's talk in more detail, that is,

00:29:25

let's again imagine this picture:

00:29:36

this is the lateral lateral rock of the spinal cord,

00:29:41

from it we have

00:29:44

preganglionic sympathetic nerve

00:29:47

fibers and now attention attention

00:29:49

attention attention in this case

00:29:52

preganglionic sympathetic nervous

00:29:54

fiber or tears directly the

00:30:01

adrenal glands namely the adrenal glands

00:30:05

namely by directly controlling or

00:30:08

activating the adrenal medulla it

00:30:12

is the medulla not the cortical layer but the

00:30:15

medulla almost that is

00:30:16

all the adrenal medulla what

00:30:20

happens now in this case the

00:30:22

preganglionic sympathetic nerve

00:30:24

fiber releases as a

00:30:26

neurotransmitter halen in the adrenal medulla

00:30:30

is present in the medulla on the under on points there are

00:30:34

n choline receptors

00:30:36

which I perceive in this case then

00:30:38

acetylcholine is activated chrome

00:30:42

affinity cells chrome affinity cells of the

00:30:46

adrenal medulla and these are the

00:30:49

temple of Athena and the cells of the

00:30:50

adrenal medulla blood flow is no longer a

00:30:54

fiber this just a card is just an

00:30:56

arrow into the bloodstream directly releasing

00:30:59

adrenaline adrenaline and norepinephrine and

00:31:04

norepinephrine, that is, this is already happening

00:31:07

in the blood, so the adrenal glands are activated, that is,

00:31:10

everything happens, for

00:31:11

example, once again, the preganglionic

00:31:13

sympathetic nerve fiber directly

00:31:15

activates the adrenal glands, the adrenal glands, in

00:31:17

turn,

00:31:18

adrenaline is released into the blood and

00:31:20

norepinephrine in this case you say

00:31:22

that adrenaline and norepinephrine

00:31:24

they are no longer neurotransmitters

00:31:27

because this whole thing will

00:31:28

no longer occur at the synapse level

00:31:30

adrenaline and norepinephrine are already

00:31:31

hormones because they are released

00:31:34

into the blood now the ratio will be released into the blood

00:31:37

80 percent of adrenaline and

00:31:40

20 percent of adrenaline levels and this

00:31:45

will definitely be important to know, that is, in this case, the

00:31:47

medulla of the

00:31:50

adrenal glands itself

00:31:51

plays the role of a ganglion, and that is, conditionally,

00:31:53

it plays the role of a gamma; it itself takes on

00:31:56

adventures and itself

00:31:58

directly releases adrenaline and norepinephrine, that

00:32:00

is, this case, it’s correct when you

00:32:01

talk about the fingers, you wouldn’t talk

00:32:04

about any postganglionic

00:32:06

sympathetic nerve fibers, that is,

00:32:08

it will all work in this

00:32:10

way, adrenaline and norepinephrine in the blood

00:32:12

will already innervate their specific adrenergic receptors located on

00:32:15

various organs and tissues,

00:32:21

that is, those that respond to

00:32:24

norepinephrine or 30, but

00:32:27

we’ll talk about this later, well, in general, everything is

00:32:36

therefore regarding the ganglia, regarding

00:32:40

the proud, let’s briefly go through here

00:32:43

we are talking about four to, as it were, conditional

00:32:45

localizations of the ganglia, paravertebral

00:32:49

ganglia, paravertebral gun, can they be

00:32:51

located either at their own level, that

00:32:54

is, in one case secret

00:32:56

and hundred-1 she came out and somewhere at the

00:32:58

Theoden level but also switched, that is,

00:33:00

all this happened in parallel, or at

00:33:02

the level you are alone she came out and went

00:33:04

somewhere higher up somewhere in

00:33:06

area 4 that is, conditionally, yes it went

00:33:08

up then there is this delocalization 3

00:33:10

localization this is with the vertebral ganglia

00:33:12

that is, it is

00:33:13

far from the sympathetic chain that is,

00:33:15

passing through it without forming

00:33:17

any switching in any way they form

00:33:20

adventures somewhere at stake and the

00:33:21

plexuses are the upper lower plexus of the

00:33:24

mesenteric and the mize is real or some

00:33:26

kind of solar plexus or

00:33:27

-another is another plexus and here is

00:33:29

another name and 4 as if conditional this is an

00:33:32

adventure at the level of the medulla of the

00:33:34

adrenal glands that produced

00:33:36

Galina norepinephrine thank you for your attention

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