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asmr

своими руками

как сделать

Ампервольтомметр

авометр

вольтметр

омметр

измерительный прибор

микроамперметр

самоделка

тестер

мультиметр

полевой транзистор

электронный вольтметр

гигаомы

входное сопротивление

советский мультиметр

измеритель

стрелочный прибор

аналоговый прибор

карманный прибор

00:00:04

hardness and others, I have a slight

00:00:07

cold here, I should have talked about this device a

00:00:10

long time ago and

00:00:12

promised it, but that inspiration was not there, then

00:00:16

some other

00:00:19

reviews and repairs seemed relevant, and then I forgot about it,

00:00:21

this field volt meter in every sense,

00:00:24

that is, it was designed for work in

00:00:27

field conditions and is made on field-effect

00:00:30

transistors,

00:00:31

so the title of the video is doubly justified; it

00:00:35

served me faithfully for more than a

00:00:37

dozen years, at least two, and even

00:00:42

now it’s not abandoned; I love it; or if

00:00:44

the switchmen use it, the measurement result

00:00:48

is perceived as more clearly and does not

00:00:51

need to be translated digital readings in the “

00:00:53

many” category, you never know what’s normal here, a

00:00:58

quick glance at the scale and everything is immediately

00:01:00

clear;

00:01:01

besides, in case of malfunctions associated

00:01:05

with voltage surges in the

00:01:07

switch circuit, there is no competition at all;

00:01:09

it reflects any kind of fluctuations

00:01:13

much more clearly when I did it, and it

00:01:16

was mid-90 -x digital

00:01:18

pocket multimeters could already be

00:01:21

bought, but for my tasks they did not

00:01:24

suit me; they were expensive and inconvenient for

00:01:28

me, but now I do not use them often,

00:01:31

mainly when shooting video or when

00:01:34

increased accuracy is needed,

00:01:36

for example, when developing measuring

00:01:39

power supply equipment,

00:01:40

especially this modest one looks like a

00:01:42

professional million volt meter, I am

00:01:44

pleased with his four-wire method of

00:01:47

measurement, dear

00:01:49

dog, this guy asked

00:01:52

me if not fire and water, he touched hundreds of

00:01:55

apartments accurately and survived several falls, including

00:01:58

on a concrete floor, the

00:02:01

fact is that while repairing TVs, I

00:02:04

had to install antenna cables as well in the

00:02:06

entrances to ring in search of loss of

00:02:08

signal on the box were right under

00:02:11

the ceiling, that’s where he fell, heartbroken,

00:02:16

on the ceiling, bad time, as it turned out,

00:02:21

fortunately, he fell without me, it was

00:02:22

I who injured him, and his body was only

00:02:26

cracked,

00:02:27

the head turned out to be strong, it turned out

00:02:30

even though there was a frame hanging on guy wires but it is

00:02:35

kept from lateral and axial displacement by

00:02:38

rigid stops,

00:02:40

so the guy wires don’t tear

00:02:43

onto the body. I glued it with dichloroethane

00:02:47

mainly in the corners, it’s liquid and

00:02:50

the gap spilled, then I had to hold it, plus for

00:02:53

a while the plastic dissolves

00:02:55

and securely grabs, but I also

00:02:59

fused the wire staples in some places

00:03:01

with a soldering iron and then just

00:03:05

wrapped them around it tape around the perimeter in many

00:03:09

layers and it stopped cracking from falls,

00:03:13

by the way, it’s also the plastic from which I

00:03:16

made the body of my player,

00:03:18

which everyone liked so much,

00:03:21

so I’ll tell you that this device

00:03:23

deserves no less respect when

00:03:26

designing the device and I achieved

00:03:29

minimal dimensions but not to the detriment a

00:03:32

set of all the functions necessary for this client,

00:03:35

before that I didn’t have to

00:03:38

carry my own for repairs and the prize,

00:03:41

although it was considered

00:03:43

small-sized at that time, it didn’t seem so to

00:03:47

me, every extra centimeter counted, I

00:03:50

went further to calls, I walked lightly,

00:03:54

racially, all the devices were in my pockets and

00:03:57

year it was dashing,

00:04:00

it happened to walk along dark alleys and

00:04:02

there were kind people in them, and it was also decided to

00:04:06

tempt him with a diplomatic suitcase,

00:04:09

he could not only be privatized for 1

00:04:13

charisma, cleaned up, but there was no

00:04:17

point in changing miniaturization, not only in

00:04:19

this, but also in reducing weight, for example, as

00:04:21

well as the convenience of

00:04:24

working often I had to in

00:04:27

cramped conditions with an ignition table,

00:04:30

even the soldering iron was difficult to fit, I have already

00:04:35

shown some of the devices in my pockets,

00:04:37

here are the packages you can see if

00:04:39

anyone hasn’t seen it, and so it can be considered a

00:04:41

continuation of the topic

00:04:43

despite its modest appearance, it has very

00:04:46

decent characteristics, what is it worth,

00:04:49

for example, the input resistance of a

00:04:50

voltmeter is from tens megaohm to

00:04:54

infinity

00:04:55

of the meter an interesting feature

00:04:58

is the absence of a zero adjustment regulator

00:05:00

all is not needed here the

00:05:03

measurement accuracy is almost independent of battery voltage It is

00:05:08

also interesting that the meter does not have a

00:05:11

logarithmic but a linear scale and zero

00:05:14

on the left,

00:05:16

so for reading resistance

00:05:19

it became possible to use the

00:05:21

voltmeter scale at heads of this size,

00:05:23

this is important instead of for the resistance scale, there is

00:05:27

no longer left on top;

00:05:30

only a 2 linear scale is placed, a multiple of three for

00:05:33

convenient counting when going to the

00:05:35

construction limit; the prize in this regard

00:05:38

loses on the limits with

00:05:43

fives and tens; it must be calculated on a

00:05:47

scale that is 25 then there is a need to divide

00:05:50

or rather multiply by two screws for 2

00:05:53

tons 4 this is an inconvenient

00:05:56

rock which by 10 belongs to the variable

00:05:59

it is not linear taking into account the drop on the

00:06:01

diodes

00:06:03

to measure the current during repairs there I have

00:06:07

never had the need so I

00:06:10

introduce this function in court but I don’t Although

00:06:14

it’s not difficult to do,

00:06:16

I added this function to the circuit, we’ll look at it later, I’ll

00:06:21

say right away that the magnetic system of

00:06:23

the head is 50 microamps, and the

00:06:25

scale and body from the head act as an

00:06:29

ampere joke shunt, of course, at the

00:06:33

school for which at 30 each division I

00:06:37

drew on stationary ones digital

00:06:39

voltmeter,

00:06:40

so it turned out to be more accurate;

00:06:43

linearity is even better than the

00:06:45

factory scale by 10; the

00:06:48

fact is that the magnetic

00:06:51

field strength throughout the photo frame has a

00:06:54

small scatter; the

00:06:57

accuracy class of the head device depends on this; or

00:07:00

rather, the homemade rotary switch

00:07:02

is not fixed to simplify

00:07:06

the design; the

00:07:07

twister itself is made from a screw

00:07:10

clamp from the beams of the line to the TV scanner

00:07:14

will pct

00:07:15

all the excess plastic I cut off the excess

00:07:20

iron of the screw and turned it into their sides for a

00:07:23

slotted screwdriver, you

00:07:26

got such a nice

00:07:28

twist, of course you are wondering why

00:07:31

I wrote it so smoothly,

00:07:33

even though I already said in a couple of my types of

00:07:36

frannies how I do this but not everyone saw it,

00:07:39

so I repeat, in the

00:07:41

90s, such a cooperative line

00:07:45

sent by mail sets of translated

00:07:48

fonts on various topics, in

00:07:51

this case, I have God and

00:07:55

even symbols

00:07:58

are the theme of the parade of

00:08:03

tape recorder equipment, here you see rewinds and

00:08:06

recordings-playbacks and

00:08:09

black and white and Russian and Latin these

00:08:13

sheets and strips of aphorisms for convenience,

00:08:16

here you click and notepads on the letter

00:08:19

please,

00:08:24

even ready-made words change

00:08:29

why so I’m not releasing now, I tried

00:08:33

to find it and I couldn’t find it

00:08:37

if anyone knows, seeing these are now

00:08:39

being made, write in the comments I I wish I could order one for myself, they

00:08:47

all run out

00:08:50

here, of course, accept it, it’s applicable, and there’s

00:08:54

a lot of unnecessary stuff

00:08:55

that you can see even from the measuring equipment,

00:08:58

the words are

00:09:02

comfortable knocking,

00:09:05

so you apply it to the front panel and

00:09:09

enter the letters with a ballpoint pen, after

00:09:13

that they are separated from the

00:09:16

base,

00:09:18

they are covered with

00:09:20

wax, in my opinion,

00:09:23

then everything remains protect this with varnish

00:09:26

or, as I did in this case, with tape

00:09:33

[music] now

00:09:40

I have more or less recovered

00:09:43

stupid and became so we can

00:09:46

continue all the white symbols belong to the

00:09:50

meter mode and all the black ones to the voltmeter mode the

00:09:55

black divisions between the white numbers are

00:09:58

also a transition but voltmeter, that is,

00:10:01

just turn the

00:10:04

switch pointer to 1 o’clock and we are

00:10:07

already in multimeter mode;

00:10:11

this is the sensitivity switch in

00:10:13

ohmmeter mode; this is the left position; the

00:10:15

main voltage drop; we measure the

00:10:18

resistance of no more than three tens of

00:10:20

volts; and in the other two positions it is convenient to

00:10:24

check diodes and transistors; the

00:10:26

corresponding icon on the scales at the same time, a

00:10:29

drop of

00:10:32

up to 1 and up to 3 volts is displayed, respectively, so you can

00:10:35

check the dash white LEDs, I’ll

00:10:38

give you now just a demonstration of the pen,

00:10:41

insert the probes and now it’s

00:10:43

automatically turned on,

00:10:47

please the current is brightly lit, with 10

00:10:51

milliamps in

00:10:53

position 30, it now shows a

00:10:55

drop of 2, 9 volts at the

00:10:59

limit of 300 you have

00:11:02

2.6

00:11:05

further per kilo in the minds

00:11:08

two and a half volts,

00:11:10

that is, what an insignificant

00:11:13

difference at tens of kilos you have 2 and 4 at

00:11:18

hundreds of kilos then it’s already 24 practically but the ohms did

00:11:23

n’t even blink

00:11:24

here the resistance of the fingers affects 2 and

00:11:28

3 that is, you see throughout this huge

00:11:31

range of input current the voltage

00:11:34

changes,

00:11:35

it changes by a tiny amount 3 LED you

00:11:39

imagine yourself to be a very good

00:11:41

zener diode,

00:11:43

but unlike a real

00:11:45

zener diode,

00:11:46

its temperature coefficient is

00:11:48

negative, that is, if we now

00:11:50

heat the crystal,

00:11:53

the voltage will decrease, well, let’s take for

00:11:56

example tens of kiloohms we will warm up by

00:12:00

heating the negative leg

00:12:03

on it is located to and the

00:12:07

voltage drop decreases

00:12:10

but it does not heat up

00:12:14

very much,

00:12:16

that is, a good zener diode is obtained

00:12:19

and the LED is

00:12:21

hot

00:12:24

if it is connected in series with a

00:12:26

regular zener diode which has a

00:12:28

positive temperature coefficient

00:12:31

tobacco and in the center of each other will compensate

00:12:33

and

00:12:34

you will get a thermally stabilized

00:12:36

zener diode that is almost precision

00:12:40

if you combine the position of both

00:12:43

switches, you can assess the

00:12:45

state of the internal power supply,

00:12:48

just see the battery is drawn with

00:12:51

an arrow located to the right of the last

00:12:54

mark on the scale, this means the

00:12:56

power supply is fresh

00:12:58

if it is located

00:13:00

23 millimeters to the left, the

00:13:03

batteries are not the first freshness

00:13:06

and it’s advisable to replace it, isn’t it time to

00:13:09

finally take a look inside?

00:13:13

You ask a

00:13:15

couple,

00:13:17

I answer and

00:13:20

unscrew just one screw,

00:13:24

hooking it up, the

00:13:28

side is held on by the spikes

00:13:31

from it, here we see the

00:13:34

battery compartment and

00:13:37

my favorite three-dimensional installation, so

00:13:42

everything is beautiful,

00:13:45

not everyone knows this art,

00:13:48

so if If you will repeat my scheme,

00:13:51

contact the white writing company, they

00:13:54

will make the circuit board according to your drawing, and if

00:13:57

you don’t succeed, they will develop it

00:14:00

themselves and even send the parts for you if you

00:14:03

want a minimum order of 10 pieces, and if

00:14:05

you apply for the first time, they will cost

00:14:08

you free of charge pay only for

00:14:10

delivery on the website you will find all the

00:14:11

necessary information link in the description

00:14:14

but the resistor they solder is far from a

00:14:17

fairy which you will have to select

00:14:20

yourself during the setup process

00:14:23

let me show you how the

00:14:25

brightness of the LED changes depending on the

00:14:27

flowing current now 10 milliamps

00:14:30

they used an empire style

00:14:35

at 10,

00:14:36

one hundredth

00:14:39

one microampere

00:14:41

barely hangs,

00:14:44

but also 1 ten microamperes and does not

00:14:49

light up at all in the battery compartment

00:14:51

three elements of type 3a

00:14:55

the lid is held on by hooks

00:14:58

on the pins,

00:15:00

all this strengthens the structure, the

00:15:04

force of expansion is quite

00:15:06

significant here and this lid does not allow the

00:15:10

walls to move apart,

00:15:13

so it is done,

00:15:17

close

00:15:18

[music] it

00:15:19

snaps on, the use here is

00:15:22

negligible, only seven tenths of the pen

00:15:25

even if you leave the device on for

00:15:28

a week, the batteries are low, I have enough of them here for

00:15:31

years,

00:15:32

it turns on by installing the negative

00:15:35

probe in the common socket,

00:15:39

now I’ll show you

00:15:42

how it works

00:15:47

to see, of course it’s not like that - it’s simple,

00:15:51

but you can see that the spring is moving, it’s

00:15:54

located in the section of the socket,

00:15:59

you see

00:16:01

it comes into contact with the stationary

00:16:03

plate and

00:16:05

turns on the minus power,

00:16:08

like this, the pins and sockets are from Soviet

00:16:12

connectors, I don’t know how they fit in, here’s the

00:16:16

disassembled

00:16:17

spring, this is the

00:16:22

configuration the spring goes into. with

00:16:25

its base it is soldered to the

00:16:29

base of the socket and this end, when the

00:16:33

pin is inserted, the recessed

00:16:36

buzzer is retracted by about this much and

00:16:39

there you can see a

00:16:42

piece

00:16:44

in the depths, this is the common wire socket

00:16:48

in the diagram; its contacts connect the minus of the

00:16:51

battery to ground and another socket has a

00:16:56

movable the contact is + r or r x and it

00:17:01

can be called here already a contact for

00:17:03

opening, this is not dead, you can

00:17:06

watch how the contact of this

00:17:09

socket moves for opening the

00:17:12

light, the mechanics are hidden behind the parts

00:17:15

because the probability of their breakdown is extremely

00:17:19

low,

00:17:21

so I found it possible

00:17:24

to access not to open

00:17:27

it for us there there is nothing, but here is a complete

00:17:30

circuit diagram,

00:17:32

the only thing I didn’t do was the

00:17:34

socket for measuring current, I drew

00:17:37

it for those who need this function on the

00:17:39

field assembly, a bridge

00:17:42

voltmeter with switchable

00:17:43

sensitivity was made, the final value is 3

00:17:46

tenths of a volt, 1 and 3 volts, a

00:17:49

double switch, here it is when

00:17:53

installing the engine and the positive probe in the

00:17:56

first position, that is, here you

00:17:59

can measure a constant from hundredths of a

00:18:02

volt to 3 tenths, this is the

00:18:04

sensitivity of the voltmeter, but in practice it is

00:18:06

rarely needed, but here it is necessary for

00:18:08

the operation of the meter, the bridge is formed by two

00:18:13

matched resistors and a pair of

00:18:15

matched in all parameters of the dust of

00:18:17

centuries composition of the field KPS 104 assemblies, that is,

00:18:22

two field switches made on one

00:18:24

chip, this ensures high temperature

00:18:27

instability and non-criticality to the

00:18:28

value of the supply voltage if they are

00:18:31

part of the bridge; a diagonal

00:18:33

microammeter is included with additional resistors

00:18:36

in the higher ranges; the field assembly

00:18:39

forms two and drain repeaters with one

00:18:42

hundred percent final negative

00:18:43

feedback switching on their bridge

00:18:46

circuit completely eliminates the drift of zero,

00:18:49

there will be no drift even if you heat the forging with a

00:18:51

soldering iron, here it is, this assembly with a

00:18:54

gold-plated bottom, but everything about it is also

00:18:58

gold-plated, and this is like step 3 st 2 the same

00:19:01

thing; the

00:19:04

right transistor of the assembly has a gate

00:19:07

grounded input impedance of this

00:19:11

the voltmeter tends to infinity,

00:19:13

it even has a memory of the last

00:19:16

measured value, but this is only on the

00:19:18

first socket, that is, the range is up to 3

00:19:20

volts; the inserted pin on it

00:19:23

disconnects the grounding resistor r11,

00:19:26

which is part of the divider;

00:19:30

there is no special meaning to the memory functions, except that it

00:19:33

is convenient to compare the voltage at different

00:19:35

points of the circuit; for example, let's measure the

00:19:38

voltage on two batteries

00:19:39

on the first

00:19:44

1.1 volts and this value remains

00:19:48

on the other

00:19:51

1.25 and the

00:19:58

readings will be stored for more than a day

00:20:00

on the first and second again the

00:20:04

difference is small but thanks to the memory and you

00:20:07

can immediately see

00:20:09

only that you can compare the voltage in the circuit

00:20:12

but the main thing The benefit of an

00:20:15

infinite input resistance is

00:20:17

that you can measure the

00:20:19

voltage in high-voltage circuits, completely

00:20:22

eliminating the shunting action of a

00:20:24

voltmeter, but for the same

00:20:26

reason the meter has made you very smart, it is

00:20:29

especially useful when checking the quality of

00:20:31

semiconductor devices, for example,

00:20:34

let's check some

00:20:35

semiconductors,

00:20:37

let's take a regular one the imported pulse

00:20:41

diode

00:20:44

deflects the arrow a little bit, this is a hundredth

00:20:48

of a microampere and this is something a

00:20:52

good diode,

00:20:54

but the Savitsky from the 522 523 series is the

00:21:00

same, a little larger volume, quite

00:21:05

functional,

00:21:07

we take

00:21:09

4007, a

00:21:11

[ __ ] diode

00:21:13

in the opposite direction, it’s already bigger here,

00:21:17

as you can see, but still a diode, of course it is

00:21:20

more powerful than the darkness crystal is larger,

00:21:22

respectively, and the leakage is

00:21:26

also good,

00:21:28

we take it

00:21:30

when 208 Soviet rectifier, the

00:21:35

opposite direction will be

00:21:37

here, because there is a significantly large leakage,

00:21:41

it is quite a powerful idiot there, about

00:21:44

an ampere, it lowers the

00:21:46

voltage, it is small,

00:21:49

but when 410 is

00:21:54

relatively high-voltage and about that

00:21:57

cold there will also be direct control, here's the

00:22:00

reverse one,

00:22:02

such a leak

00:22:05

in this one is also not bad,

00:22:10

another similar one

00:22:12

that will show

00:22:18

less here,

00:22:21

that is, from the heap, I always choose those with

00:22:24

minimal leakage, they will be more reliable

00:22:30

just about 315, common in the orange

00:22:34

case,

00:22:35

set + the collector

00:22:38

minus to and meter

00:22:46

so that is, there is a

00:22:50

small leak, but

00:22:54

if you do it like this

00:22:57

again, plus on the minute meter collector,

00:23:01

it would seem what’s the difference, but

00:23:05

what’s the difference and what’s going on, why did it

00:23:12

turn over like that, it opened, and

00:23:15

here’s why

00:23:17

because with a slight movement of the hand the

00:23:23

photodiode turns into normal and

00:23:25

then

00:23:27

the story is

00:23:30

abnormal

00:23:32

that is, it is such a universal

00:23:34

transistor, here a photodiode can

00:23:36

work, not only does it work like a

00:23:39

zener diode and like an avalanche diode,

00:23:42

but

00:23:45

it’s also a disgrace in general that he pressed such a

00:23:49

pig he came across repaired a digital

00:23:52

voltmeter there on the protection at the input there were

00:23:55

such 315 and opened the lid was starting

00:23:59

to glitch,

00:24:01

it was easy to find the reason,

00:24:05

here it came in the case, there

00:24:08

is no leakage, practically everything is the

00:24:11

tip of the

00:24:14

collector-emitter, but the yellow case

00:24:17

protects better from the opening

00:24:20

spectrum,

00:24:21

here in the gold case there is a

00:24:24

rare specimen

00:24:27

that it will show us

00:24:31

minus on the collector plus on having there

00:24:35

it’s already 301 because they’re a letter in the middle does

00:24:38

n’t show anything good

00:24:42

here in a dark green case who saw these

00:24:46

only a select few

00:24:50

so it will show this Fig 15 does

00:24:54

n’t show anything here it’s a

00:24:56

hack of tastes it was necessary to do it from the beginning

00:24:58

otherwise the poly orange ones

00:25:03

behave like that it’s ugly,

00:25:06

in a black case, who

00:25:10

has seen anything like this, no one has seen it, why is it

00:25:14

necessary in advance? No, everything is because it’s

00:25:18

not a

00:25:20

bifurcated

00:25:21

varicap transistor

00:25:23

with a common cathode in the middle,

00:25:26

I’ll put it in the middle, we’ll

00:25:31

measure its leakage,

00:25:38

it’s absent

00:25:39

from the word at all,

00:25:43

but it’s a single sea stronger to,

00:25:49

too, there is absolutely no bird,

00:25:52

unlike diodes,

00:25:57

it’s not for nothing that I put such things here in my circuit, let’s

00:26:01

continue to

00:26:04

consider the voltmeter mode

00:26:06

when the probe sticks out in this socket,

00:26:10

that is, the range with a multiplier is one, this

00:26:13

contact is open, the

00:26:15

cursing slider the switch is in

00:26:18

one of these positions then there is this

00:26:21

wire is

00:26:22

not connected to anything else except

00:26:25

to the gate of the wattmeter, this gate is reverse

00:26:29

biased

00:26:30

so this part does not interfere in any way

00:26:33

if you move the probe to the next

00:26:35

range, then the input resistance will be

00:26:38

determined by the values of these

00:26:40

resistors, that is,

00:26:42

1.1 megohm and if we move here it will be

00:26:47

11 honey here 110 good when measuring

00:26:52

voltage up to 3 volts and we have

00:26:54

infinite input resistance but

00:26:57

what if we need to measure it

00:26:58

above three volts without loading the

00:27:01

troops of the lunar chain

00:27:03

with a resistance of 1 mega you very simply

00:27:06

do not forget that we have a switch

00:27:09

sensitivity, move it here to the

00:27:12

left position according to the diagram downwards,

00:27:15

move the entire divider here into this

00:27:18

socket and look at the same voltage only

00:27:21

with an input resistance of

00:27:22

11 mega you according to the rating of the

00:27:25

divider resistors,

00:27:26

this in any case will be quite the

00:27:28

middle position of the switch,

00:27:31

measure the voltage on a 100-point scale

00:27:33

in the right, 300 volts, by the way, when

00:27:37

measuring voltage up to 300 volts, you

00:27:40

can also raise the input

00:27:41

resistance to 111 by instantly moving the

00:27:44

probe into the kilovolt socket and switching

00:27:47

the sensitivity to 0 3, that is, the lower

00:27:50

position after the

00:27:51

maximum measured voltage in the

00:27:53

last range is 3

00:27:56

kilovolts when the switch is on

00:27:58

here, according to the diagram above, the device is not

00:28:01

damaged, but so as not to get married,

00:28:04

the repairman can hold the probe carefully without

00:28:08

touching this wire, that is, in

00:28:10

this way I

00:28:12

even supplied 5 kilovolts, but this is not new,

00:28:15

no breakdowns were observed, you see,

00:28:18

I even have it additionally insulated with a

00:28:20

vinyl chloride tube from the plastic

00:28:23

case I often had to

00:28:26

measure the voltage in high-voltage

00:28:28

scanning circuits of tube color TVs and

00:28:31

even on the accelerating electrodes of picture tubes, but I did

00:28:34

n’t try to poke under the suction cup of the second anode,

00:28:37

not only the device would be damaged, but also its

00:28:40

radio mechanic I don’t advise anyone to live

00:28:44

Kolya 30 kilovolts will not seem

00:28:46

like happiness televisions are out of

00:28:49

service this 100 megawatt resistor is of this

00:28:53

type klm

00:28:55

but the tone of the vinyl chloride tube is reliably

00:28:59

isolated prepo wing 2 sockets for

00:29:03

measuring alternating voltage input

00:29:05

signal probe fabric vaulted into this socket

00:29:07

here it is, the

00:29:09

measurement limits are set only by the

00:29:12

sensitivity switch, that is,

00:29:15

30, 100 and 300 volts this is quite enough

00:29:20

for all occasions, the voltage

00:29:23

is rectified by a doubler detector,

00:29:25

give them an ector with one diode, it would lose

00:29:28

here in terms of input resistance, taking into account

00:29:31

its load resistor, which

00:29:33

would be necessary, these 410 diodes which I

00:29:36

already showed you interlinear scan

00:29:38

TV in lpt are quite

00:29:41

high-frequency and waxy In addition,

00:29:43

they have small dimensions, which is why

00:29:45

I chose them to measure alternations

00:29:48

below 10 volts, but in practice it is rarely necessary, but

00:29:51

the accuracy will no longer be there, but because

00:29:54

six tenths of a volt will drop on the diodes and the

00:29:56

readings will be slightly underestimated, such a

00:29:59

detector produces double the amplitude

00:30:01

values at the divisor r10 and r11

00:30:05

divide it by 200 and then by the root of

00:30:08

2, so the device shows the effective

00:30:11

values of the sinusoidal signal, of course

00:30:13

here the input resistance is also not

00:30:16

small, about 13 mega you r8

00:30:19

limits the charging current capacitor c1

00:30:22

c2 a p 9 discharges the capacitors after

00:30:26

disconnecting the probe c2 smooths out

00:30:29

the ripples rectified voltage,

00:30:31

you already understand what varicaps do here

00:30:34

to you 109, I already hinted to you that they work

00:30:38

as protective diodes, so I

00:30:41

designated them in the diagram as diodes; it

00:30:43

turned out experimentally that it is the

00:30:45

varicaps that have minimal reverse

00:30:48

current and have absolutely no effect,

00:30:50

but in the behind-the-column circuit their direct current circuits are

00:30:53

sufficient to protect against

00:30:55

all kinds of overloads and emergency

00:30:58

situations, so one day, tired of the

00:31:00

protracted repair, I began to measure the

00:31:03

mains voltage in ohmmeter mode, and

00:31:06

even at the limit of 30 mind, naturally

00:31:09

something banged at the bottom of this hole,

00:31:12

smoke was pouring out, it could have been

00:31:14

true, I didn’t specially as an

00:31:17

exhaust, it’s just that there used to be a socket sticking out here,

00:31:19

which one I don’t remember, maybe it

00:31:23

was an ampere rat, and the lo vult legs were

00:31:26

some kind of high, a long time ago this thing

00:31:29

happened, so after opening it turned out

00:31:31

that only one resistor burned out,

00:31:34

namely, having concealed it, after this

00:31:36

incident I installed fuse for

00:31:40

025 amperes, but here it is, it’s

00:31:43

easier to replace the fuse than to

00:31:46

accurately select a resistor at the limit and

00:31:48

300 you can connect the network safely, but

00:31:51

for no more than one second, it’s

00:31:56

almost impossible to burn it within the remaining limits, as I already said, the

00:31:58

current measuring functions are in my device

00:32:00

no, this is purely for you, I drew

00:32:03

just add one socket with a closing

00:32:06

contact, a

00:32:07

resistor of 10, respectively, on one

00:32:10

vampire the drop here will be 12 volts 5

00:32:13

switches will correspond to

00:32:15

epam with such an ammeter, for example, it is convenient

00:32:18

to check the batteries, and now about the principle of how it

00:32:20

works, the meter the measured resistor is

00:32:23

connected parallel to the input

00:32:25

a voltmeter on this transistor, a

00:32:28

stable current generator is assembled, if the circuit is simplified

00:32:30

to the limit, then the field worker

00:32:34

forms

00:32:36

a two-terminal network with so much setting resistor,

00:32:38

you see, loaded on the measured

00:32:40

resistance, here Ohm’s law is violated; the

00:32:43

current through the resistor is no longer proportional to the

00:32:47

supply voltage; therefore, the

00:32:49

voltage drop across it will be directly

00:32:51

proportional to its resistance of

00:32:53

ordinary switches and meters in this

00:32:55

place there is simply a resistor

00:32:57

in series with a microammeter that

00:32:58

measures the current in the circuit; the scale

00:33:01

turns out to be reverse and nonlinear;

00:33:04

switchable only setting resistors

00:33:06

change the current in steps of 10 times

00:33:10

maximum and a stable drain

00:33:11

is obtained at the minimum dynamic

00:33:14

range gst, that is, at the maximum

00:33:17

sensitivity of the voltmeter in the lower

00:33:19

position that is why

00:33:22

the meter has the highest accuracy in this position of

00:33:25

the switch;

00:33:27

as a basis for this switch, I

00:33:31

took a potentiometer

00:33:32

called sp3 27; in my

00:33:37

mind, I remade

00:33:40

the horseshoe for it; I threw it out instead; I installed and

00:33:44

formed a thin textolite

00:33:51

onto the slider; I soldered

00:33:54

wire antennae; the

00:33:58

xp potentiometer is one;

00:34:03

great positioning accuracy is

00:34:06

not here it is required to

00:34:09

switch from the meter to the voltmeter, as can be seen

00:34:11

from the deflection of the needle, you can see

00:34:14

it is a meter voltmeter

00:34:18

and so on

00:34:23

resistors 1 to 6 require

00:34:26

individual selection a

00:34:28

specific instance of the field radiator has a

00:34:31

large spread of the cutoff voltage

00:34:33

302 of which is in the range from 1 to 5

00:34:37

volts I selected a transistor with a

00:34:39

misfire voltage close to unity, it

00:34:41

is more useful that this is the value of the negative

00:34:44

voltage on the gate at which the

00:34:46

transistor channel is on the threshold of the

00:34:48

appearance of conductivity; we cannot replace the 302 with

00:34:52

lights; they cannot direct the gate bias;

00:35:02

I know, but what

00:35:05

you will get here is also the

00:35:07

initial drain current that matters; the

00:35:09

crystal of this transistor is designed so

00:35:12

that it has five channels connected in parallel,

00:35:14

so the initial current is

00:35:16

relatively large for the index; it is

00:35:19

normalized from 3 to 24 milliamps and

00:35:22

is measured at a drain voltage of 10

00:35:25

volts and zero on the gate when in this

00:35:28

case it will have minimal

00:35:29

resistance

00:35:30

if you apply a

00:35:33

direct voltage of more than 6

00:35:35

tenths of a volt to the gate relative to the source, the gate-source junction

00:35:38

will open and direct current will flow through it,

00:35:41

but in this sense such a

00:35:43

field switch with a transition is similar to an electron

00:35:46

tube and and the grid also has direct

00:35:48

conductivity with a positive bias; the

00:35:51

direct bias is only permissible when

00:35:53

operating in the key mode with

00:35:56

gate current limitation; in addition to the setting

00:35:59

resistors, individual selection also

00:36:01

requires resistor r19 r20; their

00:36:06

resistance depends on the

00:36:08

resistance of the head; it is possible that

00:36:10

resistors r21 and r22 will have to be selected

00:36:13

from the latter depends on the initial

00:36:15

sensitivity of the voltmeter; it is necessary to

00:36:17

ensure that at a voltage of 0-3 volts

00:36:20

at the input the needle reaches the final

00:36:23

division of the scale by selecting r21; it is necessary to

00:36:26

achieve maximum linearity of the scale in the

00:36:28

ranges of 1 and 3 volts; at the same time,

00:36:32

I adjust the sensitivity with

00:36:34

19 and 20 resistors; resistors from 10 to 14

00:36:39

must be within tolerance more than one

00:36:42

percent of the value indicated on the partition diagram by

00:36:44

selecting resistor r7, you need to

00:36:47

achieve the position of the arrow at the end

00:36:50

marks of the scale when the battery voltage is 4s per

00:36:52

volt, the rotary switch

00:36:54

should be left in the megaohm position and the

00:36:56

slider on the three, the

00:36:59

resistance of the remaining resistors is not

00:37:01

critical r 17 and 18 can have

00:37:05

standard the resistance is 51 kilo-ohms,

00:37:07

the main thing is that their difference is

00:37:09

minimal, down to tenths of

00:37:11

a percent, then when you turn on the arrow

00:37:13

will be strictly at zero after

00:37:16

setting the voltmeter, select

00:37:17

resistors on the meter, you can do this like a

00:37:21

microammeter, we set the

00:37:24

current to classify a milliamp to 1 ten

00:37:26

microamps, or by measuring exemplary ones

00:37:29

their resistors can be picked up in

00:37:31

multimeters and other measuring

00:37:33

instruments, so I also missed the

00:37:36

capacitors

00:37:38

in the center together with r15, it forms an

00:37:42

integrating circuit; it eliminates the

00:37:45

detection of impulse noise; with this

00:37:47

protective diode, the device does not respond to

00:37:50

horizontal scans operating nearby,

00:37:53

unlike the prize, which

00:37:56

rectifies impulse noise and the arrow,

00:37:58

even without connected probes,

00:38:01

tends to deviate; this posed a big

00:38:04

problem when repairing R16 and

00:38:07

C4 TVs; it prevents self-excitation and

00:38:10

drain repeaters because the

00:38:12

cascade of both grounded gates

00:38:15

and bases are prone to self-excitation;

00:38:17

let’s check the accuracy of the meter for you;

00:38:21

I have model

00:38:23

precision resistors, I hope this and 20

00:38:27

but these as

00:38:29

first by 10

00:38:36

exactly 10

00:38:39

20

00:38:40

the arrow on this range goes

00:38:43

quite slowly because it affects the

00:38:47

low resistance of the additional

00:38:49

resistor and

00:38:51

30

00:38:56

exactly thirty

00:38:58

more which bridge there are three kilos of mind

00:39:02

turning off per kilo-ohm and the

00:39:05

same precision testers

00:39:11

round

00:39:16

327 kilo-ohms is already in here on the need to

00:39:20

deny the limit

00:39:25

is equal to 27 it is

00:39:28

also that we have

00:39:31

snow legs here,

00:39:33

call the sheets

00:39:39

there, we already need to connect from here,

00:39:46

as you can see, 10 on the top scale,

00:39:52

but you tend to have a resistor that stands here in

00:39:56

this case with Tommy to 100 mega for you,

00:39:59

but of course it won’t measure it, but it

00:40:03

will show that there is such a resistance,

00:40:04

but

00:40:12

once upon a time 1 gig of this resistor

00:40:15

stuck out inside my device;

00:40:18

another limit, well, it’s also not a kilovolt, and I

00:40:21

refused it

00:40:23

from 1 gig of feeling these

00:40:29

tell us that it wasn’t the first time that I

00:40:32

got such a successful design,

00:40:35

at first these sockets were here,

00:40:38

then I sealed them with electrical tape, I

00:40:43

admitted the original version

00:40:46

was a bad

00:40:49

micron 3 meters, here’s a stump I

00:40:52

had to saw off it much higher

00:40:55

somewhere, that’s why it did

00:40:59

n’t fit into the body

00:41:02

I glued a cardboard overlay here,

00:41:07

now it’s just right, I

00:41:09

even had to mill it out a little,

00:41:14

all four legs were in place, 2 of them

00:41:17

came off, the death of two, maybe it’s not bad, it

00:41:20

stands and doesn’t twitch, it’s

00:41:23

quite stable, and that’s how I

00:41:26

left it when I was repairing the TV,

00:41:29

that is, to the top you put everything on the TV like this, you can

00:41:32

clearly see the arrow is well

00:41:35

balanced in any position on 0 from

00:41:38

that now it seems to have covered everything, I do

00:41:43

n’t know

00:41:45

if anyone would want to repeat my

00:41:48

diagram

00:41:49

with such an abundance of

00:41:51

measuring instruments on the market on the website

00:41:55

case diagram for a car in the description

00:41:57

download health

00:41:59

Be that as it may, I believe that the lesson

00:42:02

in circuit design turned out to be good, and

00:42:05

as a stimulator of creative impulses,

00:42:07

this video is also intended to be

00:42:10

explained clearly, taking into account the

00:42:14

interests of beginning radio amateurs,

00:42:16

if anything remains unclear,

00:42:19

ask, I will answer

00:42:21

interesting comments,

00:42:23

I will note so goodbye, my friends, and

00:42:27

all the best to you don't get sick yet

Description:

Давно хотел о нём рассказать и вот сподобился. Бесплатный прототип печатной платы (первый заказ) и быстрое выполнение работ: https://www.pcbway.com/?from=DmitryKorzhevsky Схема здесь https://disk.yandex.ru/showcaptcha?cc=1&mt=8F16B024615AD8FBAC41B839F3F8FB7738E66F2C81AE9B18952C41453C2952D6E51631F0275A59FA71EE98ABA38E0A5CC3BF3A2D5896787277764786E5EDECD47E39B9D1EAAFEF832B4B55D6998B7A0736527B61BB025FA01A7377A6BCA38A15F014A0F9AF3459BBADFA93B72AD7233A1585&retpath=aHR0cHM6Ly9kaXNrLnlhbmRleC5ydS9pL184NEVUeUNjVmticVdBPw%2C%2C_fff63146eee618796fd4e2c36cdc3164&t=2/1704397570/41814eb159e4d2eec67ee5e728ef3ffe&u=52f6bc6f-9374bb31-e32dda27-765ed391&s=9a199feb9fe538017e6670bc2d31bb35 И здесь схема https://drive.google.com/file/d/1s1pBgUqep0H0YNlInGZtHUIDFaTj2uG5/view?usp=sharing Наклейки из букв и цифр http://alii.pub/692ikg Высокоточный МиллиомВольтметр YR1035 http://alii.pub/67u068 Магазин качественных радиодеталей https://ru.aliexpress.com/store/830031?af=125324_1&cv=32870614&cn=46s6r5kyqsdjtzos4ouyt913z2ls55bo&dp=v5_46s6r5kyqsdjtzos4ouyt913z2ls55bo&af=125324_1&cv=32870614&cn=46s6r5kyqsdjtzos4ouyt913z2ls55bo&dp=v5_46s6r5kyqsdjtzos4ouyt913z2ls55bo&afref= Не дешёвые, но на 100% качественные радиодетали https://aliexpress.ru/store/all-wholesale-products/2383059.html?af=125324_1&cv=41294315&cn=46s6r5kyly1ac0ixjbl0tvsygrn73hx6&dp=v5_46s6r5kyly1ac0ixjbl0tvsygrn73hx6&af=125324_1&cv=41294315&cn=46s6r5kyly1ac0ixjbl0tvsygrn73hx6&dp=v5_46s6r5kyly1ac0ixjbl0tvsygrn73hx6&product_id=2383059&afref= Тонкие свёрла из карбида вольфрама http://alii.pub/681ug3 Бокорезы хром-ванадиевые, качественные http://ali.pub/3h7hnb Набор точных выводных резисторов http://alii.pub/681ury Набор паяльника с жалом Т12 http://alii.pub/681v29 Дешёвый измеритель ёмкости аккумуляторов http://alii.pub/681uzj Вместо КП302Б можно попробовать BF244C, BF245C, BF256C Из комментов: MMBFJ309 с напряжением отсечки -1...-4V, или MMBFJ113 Ucut_off=-0,5..-3V В таблице параметров, на входном сопротивлении забыл приписать значок бесконечности.

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