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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:01
[music]00:00:03
[applause]00:00:04
[music]00:00:11
according to anthropologists, modern00:00:13
man, or as he is also called homo00:00:15
sapiens, was formed about 200 thousand00:00:18
years ago, by this time the more ancient00:00:21
species of the genus homo had already mastered making00:00:23
tools from stone, hunting with stakes,00:00:25
spears, using fire, despite00:00:28
the fact that thanks to a large developed00:00:30
brain, functional hands,00:00:32
combined with upright posture and the already00:00:34
mentioned tools of labor,00:00:36
our ancestors stood out from the00:00:37
rest of the animal world00:00:39
iq way of life was similar to the steel00:00:41
fauna, no matter how strange it may sound, but00:00:43
approximately 95 percent of the time of00:00:45
the existence of our species was the basis of it00:00:48
life activity was hunting and00:00:49
gathering, accompanied by a semi-00:00:51
nomadic lifestyle, by and large,00:00:54
despite the fact that fangs replaced compartments00:00:56
with stone tips and people,00:00:58
thanks to speech, could effectively00:01:00
exchange information during the00:01:02
Paleolithic period, people were rather just00:01:04
one of the types of fairly effective00:01:06
predators, while if you look at00:01:08
Eskimos, some Australian00:01:10
African tribes, it becomes obvious00:01:12
that in this state of00:01:13
hunter-gatherers, humanity00:01:16
could exist to this day and perhaps even for the00:01:18
coming millions of years, however,00:01:21
about 11 thousand years ago, people made a00:01:23
discovery that divided all history00:01:25
into before and after00:01:26
and also laid the foundation for future00:01:28
civilizations At this time, in the Middle00:01:31
East, the earth was born; in fact, the00:01:32
Neolithic revolution took place; the00:01:35
consequences of the transition to a productive00:01:37
economy were colossally important; the00:01:39
result became settled life; the00:01:41
need for constant00:01:42
movement for herds of animals disappeared; this, in00:01:45
turn, gave impetus to construction;00:01:47
structures made of poles of skins00:01:50
are replaced by dugouts and half-dugouts;00:01:51
adobe dwellings00:01:53
appear settlements and cities, the00:01:55
need to store and00:01:58
prepare food leads a person to00:02:00
make ceramic dishes, since00:02:02
baked clay is perfectly preserved00:02:05
and its forms and ornaments reflect the00:02:07
cultural traditions of a particular00:02:08
people; ceramics is an important00:02:10
source of information for archaeologists;00:02:13
agriculture itself created a surplus00:02:15
product, that is people begin to get00:02:17
more food, we don’t regret it, they need it for life,00:02:19
seeing this fact, some members of society00:02:22
realize that they can get this00:02:24
product for themselves, thereby freeing themselves from00:02:26
tedious work in the fields, while it00:02:28
becomes obvious that you can collect the surplus00:02:31
not only from your own settlement, but also from00:02:33
neighboring farmers, of course they00:02:36
especially wanted to share the hard-earned00:02:37
grain and the surplus was not considered00:02:40
half from this day on and you will00:02:43
give it away, however, there was probably a00:02:47
principle at work according to which you either share00:02:49
the harvest for such a roof with your own00:02:51
or you will have to share it with strangers and how00:02:54
the latter will behave how much they take00:02:56
it is unknown, however, some of these00:02:59
Neolithic brothers were more successful than00:03:01
the rest and whether they have large territories under their00:03:04
own right to command the lands, and00:03:06
in other words, to collect surplus00:03:08
product,00:03:09
they secure it by inheritance and the very00:03:15
first00:03:19
subsequently controlled territories00:03:21
become huge00:03:22
and the collection of surplus gave rise to the need for00:03:25
vision of some00:03:26
reporting documentation for which is why writing was created00:03:29
for the word the oldest00:03:31
text that has reached us, about00:03:34
5000 years old,00:03:35
tells exactly how many jugs00:03:37
in baskets of bales Denmark collected from00:03:39
controlled lands, however, the topic of this00:03:41
video is such a phenomenon as civilization,00:03:44
despite the fact that this term is00:03:46
quite complex interpretations00:03:48
in simple words, civilization can be00:03:50
described as a state with a00:03:52
city or cities, that is, large00:03:55
settlements with separate00:03:56
administrative and religious00:03:58
centers, writing is also an important component,00:04:00
but which00:04:03
civilization is the most ancient,00:04:05
looking ahead to China, which is00:04:07
mentioned in several previous00:04:08
videos, although it claims to be the00:04:11
oldest extant civilizations before us are00:04:13
not directly among the three00:04:15
most ancient, if a modern00:04:17
researcher found himself on a planet similar to Earth00:04:19
where humanity was still00:04:21
in the stage of savagery, he would have no problem00:04:23
pointing out the places where the future civilization will arise,00:04:25
first of all, he would00:04:28
pay attention to the territory00:04:29
located south of the 40th parallel northern00:04:32
latitude, where large00:04:35
rivers are located that have the ability to overflow very noticeably,00:04:37
so one can talk for a long time about the00:04:39
fertile black soils of Europe,00:04:41
however, they do not allow using00:04:44
primitive agricultural methods00:04:46
to collect several harvests per season,00:04:48
and crops can even be defeated by frost,00:04:50
according to the research of Professor Leshkovo00:04:53
from the 11th to the 16th centuries famine due to crop failure00:04:56
occurred on the territory of Russia on average00:04:59
every 13 years; famine as a00:05:01
phenomenon associated with crop failure was completely00:05:03
defeated only in the 20th century in central00:05:06
and western Europe, despite the00:05:08
milder climate, each generation also00:05:10
faced serious crop failures several times in its life the00:05:12
same00:05:14
crusades, in addition to lofty00:05:16
religious goals, set the task of seizing the00:05:19
fertile lands of the Middle East where the00:05:21
knights created entire states with00:05:24
it is worth noting that agriculture came to00:05:26
Europe 1000 years after its00:05:27
appearance between the first farmers of the00:05:30
Middle East and its arrival in the00:05:32
Balkans about 3000 years ago and in the West and00:05:35
agriculture falls into central Europe, and00:05:38
after 4000 years, Europe was very00:05:41
attractive during the Ice Age as a00:05:43
habitat for gregarious herbivores,00:05:46
however, with the advent of the Great Ages and the00:05:48
extinction of the mammoth fauna, the00:05:50
attractiveness of this territory00:05:52
decreased in our days, if we00:05:55
ignore the work factor, we can talk about00:05:56
some migration of residents of Sochi or00:05:58
Krasnodar to the north does not happen more often,00:06:01
on the contrary, all ancient civilizations00:06:03
were located in the south, however, the laurels of the00:06:07
most ancient belong to the Sumerians who lived in the00:06:09
territory of present-day Iraq,00:06:10
and this word is also called the00:06:13
fertile crescent, every year the00:06:15
rivers flooded fertilized the soil,00:06:17
this was a very important process so00:06:19
representatives of the later European00:06:21
Trypillian archaeological culture00:06:23
were forced several decades to00:06:25
abandon their settlements and look for a new00:06:28
habitat due to the depletion of the00:06:30
soil in the surrounding area, even when the00:06:33
forest was burned, as a result of which the zala acts as a00:06:35
fertilizer; the soil with continuous00:06:38
use is depleted in a maximum of00:06:40
five to seven years and sometimes even in 23 years,00:06:42
while it takes00:06:45
about ten twelve years to restore it. Alice, for about half a00:06:47
century, there are00:06:48
many articles on the Internet devoted to00:06:50
this or that ancient civilization,00:06:52
often they are based on the dating of a00:06:55
particular settlement or artifact,00:06:57
but here it is worth understanding that the same00:06:59
settlements that can be with00:07:00
the caveat that cities arose a00:07:03
very long time ago, the same Jericho is about00:07:05
10,000 years old on the territory of modern00:07:08
Turkey there are temple complexes00:07:10
about 12 thousand years old, also about 9,00000:07:13
years ago writing appeared about that,00:07:15
that is, people learned to express this or00:07:18
that idea with a certain graphic00:07:20
symbol, and even in Europe there are the00:07:22
same Vinca signs, about 6000 years old,00:07:25
but the first real writing00:07:27
was the Sumerian cuneiform that appeared five and a half thousand00:07:29
years ago,00:07:31
while the first cuneiform has a connection with the00:07:34
Egyptian vultures that appeared a little later;00:07:36
by the way, the Sumerians themselves00:07:38
took part in the creation of the 2nd most ancient00:07:41
civilization of Egypt, which partly00:07:43
absorbed the Middle Eastern culture and,00:07:46
in fact, the ancestors of the Egyptians came from the00:07:48
east of the population; the third most00:07:51
ancient is the00:07:52
Indus civilization, which arose in the area of the00:07:54
Indus River. In fact, we can say that with00:07:57
the advent of five and a half thousand years00:07:58
ago, the first writing system appeared00:08:01
and the civilization of the first cities such as00:08:04
Eridu the Sumerians built seven and a00:08:07
half thousand years ago, here it is worth00:08:09
understanding that writing until00:08:11
modern times was used00:08:12
mainly for conducting government affairs, but the00:08:15
population itself, as a rule, did not know how to00:08:17
read and write, for example, in the cultural00:08:20
center of medieval Europe, Byzantium of the 12th00:08:23
century, only one percent of the population could to00:08:25
read and write, the00:08:26
European knighthood was often not only00:08:28
illiterate, but also disdainfully00:08:30
treated this phenomenon already in modern00:08:33
times in 1875, 25 percent of00:08:37
Belgian recruits did not know how to read and write in00:08:40
Italy, this percentage exceeded half the00:08:42
actual number of those trained to read and write in the00:08:44
Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th century. 2000:08:47
centuries was about 20 percent,00:08:49
some of which are jarring that we00:08:52
use a borrowed Cyrillic alphabet00:08:53
based on the Greek language,00:08:55
however, the countries of central and western00:08:57
Europe use to write words letters00:09:00
borrowed from the Roman Latin language, the00:09:02
Latin alphabet which also goes back to the00:09:05
Greek alphabet,00:09:07
that is, by and large European00:09:09
civilization is, to a certain extent, a00:09:10
plagiarism of an older and already deceased00:09:13
ancient civilization, which in00:09:15
turn borrowed a lot, and in the00:09:17
Middle East, by the way, the history of each00:09:20
civilization had its ups and downs,00:09:22
periods of political and economic00:09:23
crises, yet00:09:26
there are no places with absolutely ideal conditions and the same droughts00:09:28
or floods00:09:30
happened everywhere from time to time, and sometimes such00:09:32
periods of decline coincided with the invasion of00:09:35
barbarians, and since this happened in an era when00:09:38
edged weapons ruled the roost, a00:09:40
charismatic leader with some military00:09:41
talents could gather00:09:44
many tribes and overthrow even large00:09:46
states, so Rome was far from00:09:48
the only00:09:49
one who fell under the blows of the barbarians, if you00:09:52
ask the question whether00:09:54
finds of new, more ancient00:09:56
civilizations can be discovered, then this is unlikely; the same00:09:59
Sumerians left behind many tons of00:10:01
archaeological finds that have been00:10:03
extracted from the ground for several centuries and00:10:05
will be extracted at least as much more00:10:08
during excavations In the library of00:10:10
Ashurbanipal, about00:10:12
thirty thousand clay tablets with00:10:14
texts were recovered; any civilization leaves00:10:17
hundreds of tons of fragments of its material00:10:18
culture,00:10:19
even the very fact of the appearance of writing among one or another00:10:21
people is very well00:10:23
reflected in archeology; during00:10:25
excavations of the same Novgorod,00:10:27
more than a thousand perry walls of letters were found,00:10:29
so when in The media write about some00:10:32
separate finds of an inscription that supposedly00:10:34
changes everything; one should be skeptical about such materials.00:10:36
From the Sumerians we00:10:39
got 6 river systems used00:10:41
to measure time and angles, and their00:10:44
mythology formed the basis of one00:10:45
religion that is popular these days; in general,00:10:48
almost every nation the ancients want to seem to00:10:51
claim political00:10:52
historical significance,00:10:54
however, they also cool down the fact that in00:10:56
most cases, truly00:10:58
freedom-loving and willful peoples do not00:11:00
found politically significant00:11:02
states, because for this, the mentality00:11:04
must have some obedience to local00:11:07
elites, since the conquest of others00:11:09
begins calmly with their own00:11:11
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В данном видео речь пойдет о самой древней цивилизации на планете, а также о том, почему она именно возникла там, где возникла.
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