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Video tags
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Russian
00:00:01
[music]00:00:43
World War II in color00:00:52
the defense of Britain00:00:54
June 22, 1940 Britain was left00:00:59
alone by the Nazis France surrendered and00:01:02
Prime Minister Winston Churchill could00:01:03
only call for resistance we00:01:06
will fight on the beaches on the airfields00:01:09
in the fields and in the streets we will fight00:01:12
on the hills We will never surrender00:01:22
Britain still had the resources of00:01:25
its vast empire Canada Australia00:01:28
New Zealand South Africa India and00:01:32
the leaders of other countries00:01:33
immediately declared war on Germany00:01:36
but they were thousands of miles00:01:39
overseas and their armed forces could not00:01:41
provide real and timely assistance,00:01:46
Britain's situation seemed hopeless00:01:49
and Hitler had no doubt that00:01:51
Britain would soon try to negotiate peace,00:01:56
but Churchill quickly showed his00:01:59
determination and readiness to fight00:02:01
Nazi Germany. A00:02:07
powerful flotilla of two French00:02:09
battleships and two cruisers stood in the port of00:02:12
Mersel Beer in French North00:02:14
Africa00:02:17
if these ships had fallen into the hands of the Germans00:02:20
in then the position of the British fleet in the00:02:22
Mediterranean would become hopeless,00:02:27
so on July 3, the command of the Royal00:02:31
Navy demanded that the French00:02:33
ships either join them or00:02:36
go to a neutral port for00:02:37
internment, the French refused,00:02:40
so the British opened fire on their00:02:43
former allies00:02:51
[music]00:02:52
some of the ships were destroyed,00:02:56
others seriously damaged,00:03:00
about 1,300 French sailors were killed,00:03:08
but Churchill's toughness did not seem to00:03:11
impress Hitler. On July 19,00:03:14
he returned in triumph to Berlin, where he00:03:16
was greeted by more than a million people. On00:03:20
this day, in the Reichstag, the German00:03:21
parliament, he made a speech suggesting that00:03:23
Britain make peace;00:03:27
his proposal seemed profitable.00:03:31
Britain could preserve his Empire00:03:33
in return Hitler claimed complete00:03:35
freedom in Europe he planned to conquer the00:03:38
eastern countries to create living00:03:40
space for the German people00:03:45
but Churchill was not satisfied with this the British00:03:48
were ready to fight this would be, as he00:03:51
put it, their finest hour00:03:55
[applause]00:04:01
the nation supported Churchill’s position King00:04:04
George 6 wrote in my diary Personally, I00:04:08
feel better when we no longer00:04:09
have allies to be nice to and00:04:12
pamper,00:04:17
but it was difficult to understand how Britain00:04:20
could change the situation and win00:04:22
the war. The00:04:26
British army was able to survive Dunkirk,00:04:29
but during the evacuation it lost almost all its00:04:31
tanks, artillery and transport00:04:37
for in order to resist the powerful00:04:39
armored columns of the most fearsome00:04:42
military machine in the world, it had00:04:44
only 25 divisions left, armed00:04:46
mainly with rifles, so there was00:04:49
nothing left to do but dig in and00:04:51
wait for the enemy,00:04:55
coastal fortifications were prepared throughout Southern England and00:04:57
concrete strong points were installed00:05:03
to disorient the invaders.00:05:05
road signs00:05:10
in large open spaces were removed,00:05:12
obstacles were placed to complicate00:05:14
airborne landings for00:05:18
local defense, detachments of Volunteers were formed,00:05:20
this militia consisted of00:05:22
men for some reason, mainly due to00:05:24
age, those unfit for combat service00:05:31
by the end of June 1940, they enlisted in the militia00:05:34
Almost one and a half million00:05:36
Volunteers but there were not enough weapons for everyone00:05:41
at the same time Hitler was preparing his00:05:43
invasion plan, called00:05:45
Operation Sea Lion00:05:48
[music]00:05:53
about 20 divisions were to land00:05:56
on a wide front along the entire southern00:05:57
coast of England,00:06:03
barges were assembled throughout north-western Europe00:06:05
[music]00:06:07
they hastily re-equipped here,00:06:16
soldiers suitable for landings were trained for landings on the coast. But00:06:19
despite all of Hitler's00:06:21
strategy, those planning the sea00:06:23
lion operation were concerned. Hitler could have considered the00:06:26
salamange as another river to be00:06:28
crossed, but the British fleet00:06:31
was still the largest in the world.00:06:33
his ships were on duty in different00:06:36
parts of the planet performing combat missions,00:06:39
but the defense forces of the Royal Navy00:06:41
outnumbered the German fleet,00:06:44
the commander of the German fleet, Admiral00:06:46
Erich Reider, was not sure that00:06:48
he could maintain control of the English Channel00:06:50
long enough to transport his00:06:52
army,00:06:54
but the Germans had one with a clear00:06:56
significant advantage, the number of00:06:58
Luftwaffe aircraft significantly00:07:00
exceeded the number of aircraft of the00:07:02
Royal Air Force.00:07:05
Air Field Marshal Hermann00:07:08
Goering had no doubt at all that00:07:10
he would be able to control the00:07:12
airspace above the strait during the entire00:07:14
operation sea lion. On00:07:20
July 10, the Luftwaffe began to attack00:07:23
ships in the strait00:07:25
[music]00:07:32
in response The British exhibited two of the most00:07:35
outstanding models of the new generation of00:07:37
well-armed single-engine00:07:39
monoplanes, the00:07:40
Supermarine Spitfire00:07:43
and the Hawker.00:07:46
In speed and maneuverability, the speedfire was00:07:49
slightly superior to its opponent, the00:07:51
Messerschmitt BF 109, which accompanied the00:07:54
German bombers.00:08:08
Chief Air Marshal Hugh Dowding,00:08:10
who commanded the fighter aircraft, there were00:08:13
no more than 700 fighters00:08:16
against them Germany put up 2,60000:08:19
fighters and bombers, the00:08:23
superiority of forces was on Hitler's side,00:08:26
Dowding understood that he would not be able to meet the00:08:28
Luftwaffe planes Every time they00:08:30
crossed the English Channel, so when the Germans00:08:33
began to attack British ships he did00:08:35
not react in any way00:08:37
[music]00:08:42
instead, he used planes00:08:45
only to prevent the Luftwaffe from00:08:47
establishing dominance of the00:08:49
airspace necessary for the invasion,00:08:51
so he responded only to00:08:53
massive attacks;00:08:57
fortunately the British had one of the00:08:59
most important inventions, radar,00:09:06
in the late 30s, the scientific gospels and in00:09:09
Germany they knew that objects inaccessible00:09:11
to the human eye could be detected00:09:13
by irradiating them with a radio signal,00:09:15
calculating the time during which the00:09:17
reflected signal returns,00:09:20
a team of English scientists under the00:09:22
leadership of Robert Watson began to00:09:24
develop radar as a means of00:09:26
detecting an approaching aircraft at a00:09:28
great distance,00:09:30
their work and Dowding became interested,00:09:34
he made the radar the main one element of the00:09:37
world's first integrated00:09:38
air defense system00:09:41
[music] a00:09:44
network of 21 and 90 meter radar masts00:09:48
located along the south and east00:09:50
coast of England was called the00:09:52
home circuit.00:09:55
They could detect an aircraft at a distance of00:09:58
almost 200 km indicating the distance to the target,00:10:01
direction of movement, altitude and tail00:10:04
number This information was transmitted to the00:10:06
fighter headquarters00:10:08
located at Bentley Priory near00:10:09
London00:10:12
there it was processed and a warning00:10:14
about the approaching raid was transmitted to the00:10:17
fighter control tower00:10:24
George understood the00:10:26
controllers were transmitting an alarm signal to the00:10:29
nearest RAF airfield, determining00:10:31
the required number of fighters,00:10:34
the question was whether the radar could00:10:37
to make up for the significant numerical00:10:39
superiority of the German Air Force, everyone was00:10:42
preparing for battle, which was00:10:43
called the Battle of Britain00:10:46
[music]00:10:49
from July 10, 1940, German00:10:52
planes attacked British ships in the00:10:54
English Channel00:10:55
[music]00:10:59
Commander00:11:01
Hermann Goering decided to involve the British00:11:04
Air Force in the battle,00:11:06
but the Chief Air Marshal Britain Hugh00:11:09
Dowding did not fall for this bait. He00:11:11
takes his fighters, realizing that the00:11:13
decisive battle is still ahead00:11:18
[music]00:11:22
When the first phase of the Battle of00:11:24
Britain began, the Luftwaffe had a huge00:11:26
numerical superiority, it has 1,10000:11:28
single-engine fighters versus 700 for00:11:31
the royal ones, the00:11:35
bulk of the German fighters00:11:37
were the excellent Messerschmitt00:11:40
IBF- 109e, which developed a maximum00:11:42
speed of 560 km/h,00:11:47
two thirds of the British fighters00:11:49
were Hawker Harry Kanes, mini00:11:51
high-speed ones than 109. But they were more maneuverable,00:11:56
complemented by the Supermarine Speedfire; the00:11:58
maximum speed was almost the same as that00:12:00
of 109.00:12:06
For the invasion, the Germans prepared 1,30000:12:09
Dornier do-17 Junker medium bombers.00:12:13
u88 each of which could carry00:12:17
almost 2 tons of bombs00:12:27
during the day the beginning of the main attack on the so-00:12:30
called Doomsday Goering chose August 13,00:12:38
he intended to destroy00:12:41
enemy fighters in the air as well as their00:12:43
airfields and factories where they were00:12:45
produced the00:12:50
day before, the Germans carried out00:12:52
preparatory attacks as their main goal00:12:55
there were airfields and radar towers on the South00:12:57
Coast00:12:59
[music]00:13:05
one radar on the Isle of Wight was00:13:08
disabled, several more were00:13:10
damaged but within a couple of hours they were00:13:13
working again00:13:16
Goering did not believe that radars would play a00:13:18
significant role in this battle because of00:13:20
this repeated attack on them did not00:13:22
were carried out00:13:23
and he seriously miscalculated00:13:26
[music] the00:13:29
morning of Doomsday turned out to be cloudy,00:13:31
so the main attack was postponed for00:13:33
several hours00:13:35
when the attack began, the radars gave00:13:38
timely warning00:13:40
[music]00:13:42
in contact tower m planes five00:13:45
kilometers to the southwest00:13:47
[music]00:13:52
nevertheless, most00:13:55
fighter airfields were attacked00:14:01
But by the end of the day they were all functioning normally00:14:05
[music]00:14:09
The Luftwaffe lost 46 aircraft, the British00:14:13
only 1300:14:17
[music]00:14:23
the most powerful Luftwaffe attack of the entire battle00:14:26
was scheduled for August 1500:14:29
[music]00:14:38
waves of well-guarded German00:14:41
bombers made their way to the00:14:43
Royal airfields The00:14:48
RAF fighter force was00:14:50
so overloaded that day that00:14:52
some pilots flew 7 missions00:14:57
by the end of the attack, about 9000:15:00
German aircraft were shot down, the British lost00:15:02
42 fighters00:15:05
[music]00:15:11
over the next few days00:15:13
the battle continued with the same fury,00:15:16
both sides were exhausted to the00:15:20
limits tried to change the pilots, giving00:15:23
them a rest But he simply didn’t have enough of them.00:15:27
Many of them went into battle for00:15:29
only 10 hours of flying time.00:15:35
The Luftwaffe also suffered losses; their pilots00:15:39
were shocked and demoralized by the00:15:40
vitality of the British;00:15:44
it seemed that the British fighters00:15:47
had already been waiting for them00:15:48
[music]00:15:53
for 12 days continuous battle, the00:15:56
losses of the British grew and then almost00:15:58
equaled the losses of the Germans, the00:16:01
Royal Air Force was close to death00:16:05
[music]00:16:07
to increase the pressure, Goering began to bomb00:16:09
enemy positions at night.00:16:13
But this decision led to an unexpected00:16:15
result on the night of August 24, a flight of00:16:19
Henkel bombers lost00:16:21
their route and began to bomb London00:16:24
[ music]00:16:32
[music]00:16:34
This was the first attack on a civilian00:16:36
target00:16:38
the following night 81 British00:16:41
bombers responded with a raid on Berlin00:16:54
Hitler became furious and demanded a00:16:56
massive retaliatory strike00:17:05
this happened on the evening of September 700:17:09
German bombers attacked the00:17:11
London Docks and surrounding00:17:13
areas00:17:15
more than 450 people died thousands of houses00:17:20
were destroyed00:17:23
But this was Goering's second big mistake00:17:30
by diverting his focus from the fighter airfields00:17:33
at a time when it was already00:17:35
on the brink, he gave it the respite it00:17:38
needed if Goering had continued00:17:41
to bomb the airfields the fighters would not have been00:17:43
able to continue to defend the skies00:17:47
then on September 15 the English radar00:17:50
was discovered the next squadron flew00:17:52
to London the00:17:55
first wave and 100 bombers and00:17:58
400 fighters were stopped00:18:00
the battle took place all along the coast00:18:07
[music]00:18:09
in the middle of the day another 15000:18:11
bombers continued the attack00:18:16
that day Winston Churchill was at the00:18:19
headquarters of fighter aviation00:18:20
when he heard the controllers asking for00:18:23
reinforcements He asked the neighboring groups00:18:25
what other reserves we have, they00:18:28
told him none00:18:33
[music]00:18:43
but it became obvious that the Luftwaffe00:18:45
could not take control of the00:18:47
airspace and on September 17 Hitler00:18:50
suspended Operation Sea Lion The00:18:54
Battle of Britain was not over yet, it had00:18:56
died down Hitler began to try another00:18:59
tactics00:19:03
by October 5 daytime raids stopped00:19:05
the Germans concentrated their efforts on00:19:08
night bombing of English cities the00:19:12
so-called Blitzkrieg began00:19:16
until November 12 London was attacked00:19:19
every night with the exception of just one00:19:22
November 10 Coventry city center was00:19:25
practically wiped off the face of the earth00:19:28
[music] The00:19:33
Blitzkrieg continued until 1941 years and the00:19:37
last significant attack on London00:19:39
was carried out on the night of May 10,00:19:43
these bombings took the lives of more than 5000:19:47
thousand citizens but no one doubted that00:19:50
Britain would survive00:19:55
[music]00:19:57
Victory in the Battle of Britain brought00:19:59
great relief to all the people, pilots00:20:02
from all over the empire as well as00:20:04
countries occupied by the Nazis such as Poland and00:20:06
Czechoslovakia joined the ranks of the Royal00:20:08
Air Force Churchill expressed the gratitude of the whole00:20:12
nation as never before in the history of00:20:15
human conflict had00:20:17
so many been so indebted to so00:20:20
few00:20:23
but for Hitler it was just an00:20:26
unpleasant delay00:20:29
he was convinced that Britain would never00:20:32
become serious threat to his army00:20:34
so he took up Eastern Europe00:20:37
Britain was given the opportunity00:20:39
to recover in a very short time00:20:41
to fight back the enemy but for this00:20:43
Churchill needed help00:20:49
[music]00:20:55
Britain could win the battle for her00:20:58
country but still She remained very00:21:00
vulnerable00:21:02
[music]00:21:06
every night the fascist Blitzkrieg00:21:09
collapsed on its cities00:21:11
[music]00:21:16
its sea supply routes were constantly00:21:19
under attack00:21:23
Churchill needed more help00:21:27
and only one side could provide it00:21:32
United States of America00:21:41
USA00:21:46
America had enormous00:21:48
human resources and00:21:50
unsurpassed Industrial power00:21:53
but the people of the United States were strongly00:21:56
opposed to once again00:21:57
get involved in the European war00:22:01
a survey conducted in July 194000:22:03
showed that only eight percent of00:22:05
Americans agreed to fight the00:22:10
indestructible Churchill influenced00:22:12
US President Franklin Delano00:22:14
Roosevelt00:22:15
[music]00:22:16
Roosevelt had long respected Churchill for his00:22:19
open anti-Nazi views, they were both00:22:22
interested in naval affairs00:22:24
in 1917 Roosevelt was Deputy00:22:27
Secretary of the Navy after00:22:30
taking the post of President Roosevelt continued to00:22:33
maintain relations with Churchill,00:22:36
correspondence began between them and Churchill00:22:38
signed up as a former naval00:22:40
figure,00:22:41
despite his good-natured image,00:22:44
Roosevelt had no illusions00:22:46
that sooner or later Germany would drag00:22:48
America into the war, so he decided00:22:50
to change the public opinion of Americans00:22:53
I am a pacifist00:22:55
but I believe that you and I together will do everything00:23:00
to protect and preserve our science,00:23:02
our culture, American freedom00:23:06
and our Civilization00:23:12
[music]00:23:13
[applause]00:23:18
in July of forty he received00:23:20
consent for a significant expansion of the00:23:22
navy including the00:23:24
construction of six large battleships and a00:23:26
new class of aircraft carriers00:23:28
[music] a00:23:32
month later, Congress agreed that the00:23:35
National Guard and other reserves00:23:37
be called up to active duty00:23:39
for one year00:23:41
and in September a large00:23:44
expansion of the00:23:45
150,000-strong US Army was agreed upon with a limited00:23:48
number of draftees chosen by00:23:50
lottery the00:23:52
first number pulled out by the Secretary of00:23:54
Defense is the number 158.00:24:05
In the same month, Roosevelt announced an00:24:07
agreement under which the United States supplied00:24:09
Britain with 50 destroyers from the First00:24:12
World War in exchange for a 99-year lease of bases00:24:15
on the island of Newfoundland and the Caribbean00:24:17
islands of the00:24:20
British fleet, which was in dire need of00:24:22
protection capable of fighting00:24:24
submarines began to take these destroyers00:24:26
literally a few days after the00:24:27
signing of the agreement,00:24:30
obvious evidence that00:24:32
Roosevelt was winning comfortably was00:24:34
obtained in the presidential elections in00:24:36
November 1940, when he clearly defeated the00:24:39
isolationist Wilson Willkie, receiving 2700:24:42
million votes to 2200:24:48
at the end of the year, Roosevelt addressed the00:24:50
American people highlighting four00:24:51
important principles of Freedom which he00:24:54
believed were under threat and00:24:56
which Britain fought to defend00:24:57
[music]00:24:59
Freedom of speech and religion and00:25:03
freedom from want and fear00:25:05
[applause]00:25:07
to protect these Freedoms the United00:25:10
States had to become the arsenal of00:25:12
democracy in other words to arm00:25:14
Britain we we will send you more and00:25:17
more ships and planes, tanks and00:25:20
guns, this is our intention and our promises00:25:25
[applause]00:25:28
but some Americans steadily00:25:31
opposed British aid00:25:34
[music]00:25:37
One of the most ardent opponents was the00:25:39
US Ambassador to London Joseph Kennedy, the father of the00:25:42
future President John F. Kennedy, a00:25:46
businessman from A Bostonian of Irish00:25:48
descent who made his fortune00:25:49
smuggling alcohol during00:25:51
Prohibition, Kennedy hated the British00:25:54
and took every opportunity to00:25:57
declare that they would soon be forced to00:25:58
surrender00:26:02
despite Kennedy's schadenfreude.00:26:04
More and more Americans admired the courage00:26:06
shown by the British during the00:26:08
Blitzkrieg00:26:09
[music]00:26:14
broadcast by London studios CBS in00:26:17
features prepared by00:26:18
correspondent Adam Murrow helped00:26:20
change public opinion00:26:22
[music]00:26:26
London speaks I remember Sunday00:26:30
evening December 29th it was like all00:26:33
other winter evenings the first00:26:35
bombers appeared over London at00:26:37
about half past seven00:26:41
soon flames began to burst from the upper floor windows00:26:47
Hitler once boasted about me will wipe out00:26:50
cities from the face of the earth That's what he00:26:53
meant00:26:54
[music]00:27:00
Inspired by the election victory in00:27:02
January 1940, Roosevelt presented00:27:05
his so-called bill to Alain Liese00:27:14
The United States will supply weapons and00:27:16
raw materials to England and China who were still00:27:19
desperately fighting the Japanese invasion00:27:21
Payment will be made later00:27:24
[ music]00:27:30
Roosevelt explained landless00:27:33
as a man gives his neighbor a watering hose00:27:36
to put out a fire00:27:38
and he is not thinking about gratitude right now.00:27:42
Roosevelt showed caution, he00:27:45
decided that if America entered the war,00:27:46
then, unlike 1917, it would go to00:27:50
it with a reliable defense industry00:27:54
on this preparation America's war was not00:27:56
over Roosevelt The mystery gave the00:27:58
army command permission00:28:00
to discuss with the British a general strategy00:28:02
in case America entered the war00:28:04
[music] in00:28:06
April 1941 he was00:28:09
confident enough in himself to take the next00:28:12
step and help Britain at sea he00:28:14
significantly expanded the American00:28:16
zone security in which00:28:18
US warships00:28:26
in May the US Army established its bases in00:28:29
Greenland and in July the US Marine Corps00:28:32
departed to replace the British00:28:33
garrison that was guarding the harbor from00:28:35
invading German ships00:28:40
[music] the00:28:43
US Navy also allocated a00:28:45
limited number of ships to00:28:47
escort ships to the main image of00:28:49
American transporting goods00:28:51
under Lend-Lease00:28:54
[music]00:28:55
Hitler gave clear instructions to his00:28:58
submarines not to sink American00:29:00
ships because he did not want to drag the United States into00:29:02
the war, but a collision could not be avoided. On00:29:08
September 4, 1941, an English plane00:29:13
attacked a German submarine00:29:16
[music]00:29:19
the Germans decided that the attack was carried out by the00:29:21
American00:29:23
destroyer Greer, who was nearby, and they launched a torpedo at it00:29:27
[music]00:29:28
Greer responded with depth charges, a00:29:31
battle took place that lasted three hours,00:29:40
not a single ship was sunk, but the00:29:42
tension grew On00:29:46
November 17, the US destroyer Kearny, while00:29:49
convoying off the coast of Iceland, was00:29:51
hit by a torpedo00:29:52
[music ]00:29:55
the commander of the submarine claimed that there00:29:57
was a mistake, that he fired at the00:30:00
English ship but the kerne was in the00:30:03
path of the torpedo.00:30:05
However, 11 American sailors were killed and00:30:08
the destroyer was barely able to return to00:30:10
Portrejavik.00:30:13
Roosevelt protested. The American00:30:16
press went wild, but the00:30:18
US public continued to oppose entry into00:30:21
the war00:30:24
several weeks later. at the end of00:30:27
1941 the situation changed dramatically00:30:29
literally in a day,00:30:34
but all this time Britain continued to00:30:37
fight alone,00:30:41
fortunately it had amazing00:30:44
weapons [music]00:30:52
[music]00:30:55
this house is similar to other English00:30:58
estates only a little unkempt,00:31:02
but Blachley Park then kept a secret00:31:05
thanks to which it was possible to radically00:31:07
change the course of the Second World00:31:08
War00:31:10
because it was there that Britain worked00:31:13
on deciphering top-secret German00:31:15
codes00:31:19
[applause]00:31:21
mid-30s the entire German army00:31:24
intelligence used standard equipment to encrypt transmitted00:31:26
information, a00:31:28
encryption machine better00:31:31
known as00:31:33
Enigma,00:31:41
it was developed in the early00:31:43
twenties for businessmen so that they could00:31:45
keep business correspondence secret00:31:51
power came from a battery00:31:53
encoded messages were transmitted in00:31:55
Morse code and the receiving side00:31:57
deciphered and with the help of another Enigma machine00:32:02
the most important element of the machine were three00:32:05
rotors installed for encoding So the00:32:07
transmitted messages could00:32:09
only be deciphered by another machine with00:32:11
such With the same settings, the00:32:14
rotors had to be replaced and00:32:16
installed differently,00:32:20
as a result, any encoded letter00:32:22
could be read in one of 15000:32:25
million ways, given the00:32:28
almost infinite number of00:32:30
settings and the frequency of their changes.00:32:32
It is not surprising that throughout00:32:34
the war, the German leadership was00:32:36
confident that Enigma could not be decoded; the00:32:42
Poles were the first to undertake an attempt00:32:45
to solve this insoluble riddle.00:32:51
They knew about the existence of Enigma machines and00:32:54
gathered a group of leading mathematicians to00:32:56
crack it.00:32:58
Marian Rezhevsky00:33:10
rotors could not decipher the transmitted00:33:13
messages.00:33:16
The solution was proposed by French intelligence00:33:19
and passed on to the Poles the materials collected by00:33:21
an agent in the encryption department of the German army;00:33:26
this was an almost complete instruction for the00:33:28
Enigma00:33:29
Poles were able to recreate Enigma and began to00:33:32
diligently decipher messages00:33:38
by July 1939 Hitler was already openly00:33:42
threatening Poland Britain France promised to00:33:45
come to the rescue everyone expected the outbreak of00:33:47
war00:33:50
[music]00:33:55
so the heads of allied intelligence00:33:58
met in Warsaw the00:34:02
British the French were amazed at the amount of00:34:04
encryption work done by the Poles00:34:06
and the Poles agreed to send two00:34:08
reconstructed nygmas to London00:34:12
two weeks after the transfer of the machines00:34:15
Germany invaded Poland00:34:24
by the time Poland surrendered to00:34:26
Germany Polish cryptographers destroyed00:34:29
all evidence of their work00:34:33
some of them were arrested and tortured but00:34:36
no one said what they were doing the00:34:45
work The Poles continued their work at the00:34:47
government code school and ciphers in00:34:50
Blachley Park in the vicinity of London,00:34:53
it was headed by Alistair Deniston,00:34:57
in order to continue the work on decoding,00:35:00
he recruited a strange team of00:35:02
mathematicians, chess players and00:35:04
crossword puzzle specialists,00:35:10
among these experts was Alan Turing,00:35:13
teachers from Cambridge, in00:35:15
1936, Turing proposed the idea of a00:35:18
universal computing machine, a00:35:19
device that he believed he00:35:22
would one day be able to solve all mathematical00:35:24
problems00:35:25
he used these ideas to develop00:35:28
deciphering machines called the00:35:30
bronze goddesses00:35:32
[music] the00:35:35
raw material came to00:35:37
Blachley from the British Wye network00:35:39
radio station wiretaps of the00:35:41
Germans who monitored and recorded conversations of the Germans00:35:47
these messages were downloaded into the bronze00:35:49
goddesses the conversion process00:35:51
continued until finding the last00:35:53
key00:35:54
[music]00:35:59
after deciphering the message, it was translated,00:36:02
analyzed and transferred to the00:36:04
appropriate service00:36:08
as soon as Winston Churchill became00:36:11
Prime Minister and learned about the work of00:36:12
Bleach Leon, he understood its extreme00:36:14
importance,00:36:19
he called the results of this work00:36:22
ultra-secret information and the word00:36:24
Ultra became the code name for the entire00:36:26
project00:36:29
dissemination of Ultra was under00:36:32
close control, the high command00:36:34
received information only00:36:36
directly related to their00:36:38
operations,00:36:42
the need to keep the source of00:36:44
information secret was so00:36:46
great that Churchill insisted that00:36:47
no action should be taken on the basis of00:36:50
ultra materials until a00:36:52
cover-up plan could be developed that could00:36:54
convince the Germans that the information came from00:36:57
other sources The00:37:02
third key element of the operation at00:37:04
Blachley, after decoding the00:37:06
data analysis, was the control of the transmission of this data,00:37:14
often Ultra provided important information about00:37:17
German plans and actions,00:37:20
messages about impending offensives and00:37:23
other intelligence data were collected in an00:37:25
extensive file cabinet,00:37:28
it was constantly searched for00:37:31
answers to important questions00:37:35
at the end of the war, Blachley decoded a large00:37:38
part of the German correspondence, almost00:37:40
immediately after its dispatch, they joked00:37:43
that the German commander, in order to receive00:37:45
an order to quickly call Blackchley,00:37:52
it was at sea that the Allies first realized00:37:55
how important it could be. The information00:37:56
received from Ultra, the00:38:00
first examples of its capabilities were00:38:02
received on June 8, 1940, the00:38:07
British aircraft carrier Glorious was covering the00:38:10
exporting convoy. Allied troops from00:38:12
Norway And at this time in Blachley they00:38:14
decoded a signal indicating that the00:38:17
German cruisers Sharn00:38:19
Horst and Heisen were approaching them.00:38:21
The message was transmitted to the headquarters of the00:38:24
Navy, but not understanding how accurate00:38:26
this information could be, they decided not to00:38:28
transmit it further00:38:30
[music]00:38:38
glorios was intercepted and scuttled by the00:38:42
British fleet learned from its mistakes00:38:45
how important this new source of information could be00:38:50
such a mistake could not be repeated again00:38:56
[music]00:39:04
Blachley also played a key role in the00:39:07
preparations for the Battle of Britain00:39:10
it provided a clear picture of the00:39:12
disposition of the Luftwaffe forces in the battle as00:39:15
well as the overall strategy of their commander00:39:16
Hermann Goering00:39:18
[music]00:39:21
this information convinced00:39:23
fighter commander Marshal Hugh00:39:25
Dowding that his tactic of sending00:39:27
fighters in small groups instead of00:39:29
one large one was correct; this00:39:31
tactic played a decisive role in00:39:33
maintaining the00:39:34
RAF's slight advantage over the enemy00:39:36
[music]00:39:43
until 1941 while continuing to fight00:39:47
alone Britain finally found a00:39:49
way to fight back00:39:50
[music] the00:39:53
park was ready to act the00:39:59
British made significant00:40:01
achievements they created a reliable and00:40:04
coherent system00:40:09
[music]00:40:10
the following years Ultra proved its00:40:13
vital importance The Allied victory00:40:15
[music]00:40:18
but while the Battle of Britain and the00:40:20
Blitzkrieg continued there was still a lot to be done00:40:23
[music]00:40:26
Churchill kept demanding more tangible00:40:29
results and at the beginning of 1941 it seemed to him00:40:32
that he had found a way00:40:34
to get them00:40:36
[music]00:40:52
Germany by this time controlled00:40:54
most of Western Europe but00:40:57
British Prime Minister Winston00:40:58
Churchill was not going to allow that she00:41:00
got away with00:41:05
alcohol even before the surrender of France, he was00:41:09
looking for ways to counterattack and support the00:41:11
resistance movement in the occupied00:41:13
countries00:41:20
And while the last Soldiers00:41:22
were leaving the beaches of Dunkirk, Churchill was already00:41:24
planning ahead,00:41:26
he wrote to the headquarters command demanding the00:41:28
formation of sabotage units00:41:30
capable of attacking the coast of00:41:32
occupied Europe00:41:36
Through a few days later, a recruitment of Volunteers was announced, a00:41:39
detachment of 500000:41:41
people. They were given the name Commandos in00:41:44
honor of the mobile Boer detachments that fought for three years00:41:46
with the British in South Africa at the00:41:49
beginning of the century,00:41:57
10 detachments were trained, a team of00:42:00
500 people each,00:42:03
they began to practice attacks from the sea,00:42:10
one detachment was trained in airborne00:42:12
landings and work with gliders, a00:42:16
separate parachute landing regiment was soon created on its base.00:42:24
Admiral Sir Roger Case was appointed00:42:27
head of the joint operations development department.00:42:31
Churchill instructed him to prepare00:42:33
three main raids as00:42:35
soon as the threat of an invasion of England subsided.00:42:38
One of the first tasks facing00:42:40
the case was the creation of ships capable to00:42:43
land his new troops,00:42:46
three ferries were converted into ships for00:42:48
transportation and landing of troops. On00:42:56
March 4, 1941, two Commando detachments and a00:43:01
demolition detachment landed on the00:43:03
Lofton Islands of Northern Norway,00:43:08
their main task was to destroy00:43:10
factories for processing fish oil into00:43:12
glycerin for explosives00:43:13
[music]00:43:18
The Commandos were caught The enemy was taken by surprise and00:43:20
landed without firing a single shot, an00:43:27
armed German mourning team standing in the Harbor was captured, the team00:43:30
quickly destroyed factories and tanks with00:43:32
fish oil,00:43:41
one of the officers could not resist and from the00:43:44
local post office sent a00:43:46
telegram to Hitler in Berlin with the following00:43:48
text in his recent speech. You00:43:51
seem to have said that no matter where on the00:43:53
European Continent00:43:55
English troops land, they will be met everywhere by00:43:57
German Soldiers. Well, where are they00:44:01
before the command went home00:44:03
without any losses, they captured00:44:05
about 60 Norwegian accomplices of00:44:07
the occupiers and 225 Germans00:44:11
[music]00:44:13
they took 115 Norwegians with them00:44:15
Volunteers who in England00:44:17
were supposed to join the voluntary00:44:18
Norwegian Guard00:44:20
[applause]00:44:27
The raid had a huge impact on00:44:31
public opinion and greatly encouraged00:44:33
the British.00:44:37
Well, the most important result of this00:44:39
operation could not be said out loud;00:44:40
the British captured a set of rotors for the00:44:43
Enigma machine, although the Germans threw the machine itself00:44:45
overboard captured trawler The00:44:48
crew forgot about the spare parts,00:44:52
they were supposed to provide invaluable00:44:54
assistance to the cryptographers from Blachley Park in00:44:57
solving the codes of the German fleet,00:45:00
after which four Commando detachments00:45:03
landed in the00:45:06
Norwegian port of Aksu in December 1941, where they immediately00:45:09
entered into a fierce battle, the00:45:15
Kvaksu retreat covered the small island of00:45:18
Malloy there were parts of the German artillery on it.00:45:25
They quickly surrendered, but on the other side of the00:45:27
wax a real battle broke out00:45:35
[music]00:45:43
it took several hours to00:45:45
break the resistance of the main part of the00:45:47
German garrison,00:45:54
after which the team blew up several00:45:56
factories and sent eight ships to the bottom of the sea,00:46:04
these raids showed Hitler that sooner or00:46:07
late the British will try to capture00:46:09
Norway00:46:10
[music]00:46:13
so for the remaining four years of the war he00:46:15
kept about 250 thousand soldiers there, troops00:46:19
who could play a key role00:46:21
on other fronts,00:46:24
but no matter how effective the team’s raids were,00:46:27
their attacks could not00:46:29
stop the Nazis. Churchill needed00:46:31
other ways causing damage to the enemy,00:46:34
so he concentrated on helping the00:46:35
resistance movement in occupied00:46:37
countries.00:46:41
In July 1940, the00:46:44
OSO special operations department was created so that, as00:46:47
Churchill said, to set fire to all of Europe,00:46:55
he had several tasks:00:46:57
assisting in the sabotage of enemy operations,00:46:59
collecting intelligence and training00:47:02
underground forces to undermine German defenses.00:47:06
OSU concentrated its main efforts on00:47:10
France00:47:12
in order to create coordination of the work of the00:47:14
French resistance network in00:47:17
Britain, agents were trained to help them,00:47:19
radio operators and couriers were trained,00:47:24
but the difficulty was in transporting00:47:26
these groups to France,00:47:34
the British tried all the submarines,00:47:37
speed boats and fishing boats, but the00:47:42
German coast guard was not easy00:47:49
airplanes helped solve the problem and in00:47:51
August 40 a special00:47:54
unit of the Royal Air Force was created consisting of00:47:56
Whitley bombers and00:47:58
Westland Lysander short take-off and landing aircraft00:48:07
agents and equipment were either parachuted00:48:10
from bombers or00:48:11
delivered by milliscendor aircraft on00:48:18
moonlit nights to an increasing number of00:48:21
recipients groups were waiting for their appearance and at the same time00:48:23
all the resistance movements00:48:25
expanded more and more00:48:27
[music]00:48:33
but all this time they were hunted by the00:48:35
extremely sophisticated German00:48:37
counterintelligence,00:48:42
they used direction-finding00:48:44
equipment to detect underground00:48:46
radio stations of double agents. To00:48:48
infiltrate the network,00:48:51
Oso agents greatly risked their00:48:55
service life as the rule was short the slightest00:48:57
lapse of vigilance could lead them to the00:48:59
Gestapo Many were tortured and00:49:02
killed00:49:09
but Churchill was confident that the result was00:49:12
worth the sacrifice00:49:14
keeping the00:49:16
resistance alive in occupied countries00:49:18
gave hope to millions of people that00:49:20
they would eventually achieve freedom00:49:24
[music]00:49:28
British Broadcasting Corporation00:49:30
BBC also supported the hope of those who00:49:33
found themselves under German yoke00:49:39
She transmitted news in the languages of all the00:49:42
peoples of the occupied countries00:49:45
The Germans punished those who listened to this news in00:49:47
only one way by death But people00:49:50
listened to them no matter what00:49:56
also the BBC played an important role in the transmission of00:49:59
encrypted messages by the resistance group00:50:03
they always broadcast after 9 o'clock00:50:05
news00:50:11
for the peoples of occupied Europe,00:50:13
the prospect of liberation may have seemed a00:50:15
distant dream, but in mid-194100:50:19
it suddenly became more tangible00:50:23
because by this time Britain00:50:25
was no longer alone in the fight against00:50:27
fascism,00:50:31
it had a strong ally.00:50:34
But it was not the United States Churchill so00:50:37
diligently courted it was the Soviet00:50:40
Union00:50:41
[music]00:50:47
the program for the show was prepared00:50:50
by a company of groups, translated by Lev Panchikhin,00:50:53
text read by Roman AntonovichDescription:
ПОДПИСЫВАЙТЕСЬ: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE7OCO8D56DzsTXIcmKEdAA?sub_confirmation=1 ВСЕ СЕРИИ: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMrKy69Ixs4X_bYVOMugu1gZ9d5bKeuwK ОПИСАНИЕ: Вошедший в документальный сериал материал может по праву считаться золотой коллекцией редчайших архивных съемок Второй мировой войны. Благодаря новейшим технологиям колоризации, события 1939-1945 годов предстанут на вашем экране в цветном изображении. Воссоздать события тех лет также поможет сверхсовременная графика и технология радиолокационного картографирования земной поверхности. В документальный сериал вошли ранее секретные материалы, недавнее открытие доступа к которым сыграло решающую роль в заполнении многочисленных белых пятен в истории Второй мировой войны. Ссылка на видео: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5QXpWTJpHU На нашем канале Вы можете смотреть лучшие выпуски документальных фильмов и передач National Geographic channel, Discovery и других известных каналов на русском языке в HD качестве.
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