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технология

класс

металлы

способы

обработки

00:00:03

[music]

00:00:20

hello guys in previous

00:00:23

classes we talked to you about

00:00:28

plywood wood chipboard and

00:00:29

wood fiber

00:00:30

materials today we will talk about

00:00:33

metals with the periodic table of

00:00:36

chemical elements Dmitry Ivanovich

00:00:38

Mendeleev discovered in

00:00:40

1869 all known

00:00:44

metals are listed in group 11 of this table

00:00:46

located copper, silver, gold and

00:00:50

iron, which will be discussed today in

00:00:53

group 8 and in the fourth period from the

00:00:56

technology course, grade 5, and you know that

00:00:58

metals are

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structural materials with a

00:01:02

number of unique properties thanks to

00:01:04

which they have become firmly established in our lives;

00:01:07

metals are used for the manufacture of

00:01:08

production tools and objects

00:01:10

consumption from some metals they make

00:01:13

machine parts and mechanisms, others

00:01:16

are used for the production of aircraft and

00:01:18

dishes from others they create

00:01:22

jewelry for the

00:01:24

production of pipes, electrical wires,

00:01:27

copper musical instruments, the creation of

00:01:30

artistic products using the embossing technique, an

00:01:33

indispensable material is copper

00:01:41

[music]

00:01:43

[applause]

00:01:46

scope of application of metals and alloys

00:01:49

determined by their properties, pure

00:01:52

metals are used infrequently due to the complexity of production;

00:01:54

usually, in

00:01:57

the manufacture of products, alloys

00:01:59

obtained on their basis are used; the

00:02:01

current level of development of science and

00:02:04

technology makes it possible to create alloys with

00:02:07

specified properties;

00:02:08

in modern industry,

00:02:11

over 10,000 different metals and their

00:02:15

alloys are used; many types of metals and alloys can be

00:02:18

determined by external signs of color and

00:02:21

luster; most metals have a

00:02:24

grayish-silver color scheme, with the

00:02:27

exception of gold, which is yellow in color;

00:02:29

copper and copper alloys are

00:02:32

orange-red; the table

00:02:35

shows the colors of the most

00:02:37

common alloys and metals in industry and everyday life;

00:02:41

often the product is made of a single

00:02:45

metal, covered a thin layer of another

00:02:48

more suitable in properties, for example,

00:02:51

steel sheets used for

00:02:53

the manufacture of roofs are covered with a layer of zinc;

00:02:56

this combination allows not only

00:02:59

to preserve the high strength and hardness of

00:03:01

the sheet but also to protect it from aggressive

00:03:04

environmental influences

00:03:10

[music]

00:03:13

[applause]

00:03:15

all metals and alloys

00:03:17

can be divided into 2 groups black and

00:03:20

non-ferrous the first group includes iron

00:03:24

steel cast iron the second all other

00:03:27

metals and alloys

00:03:28

copper brass and bronze

00:03:31

aluminum gold silver and so on

00:03:34

one of the most important metals used

00:03:37

in modern technology is iron

00:03:39

due to its low strength in its pure form

00:03:43

it is rarely used

00:03:46

Alloys of iron with carbon are widely used:

00:03:50

cast iron and steel

00:03:52

alloys containing more than two percent

00:03:55

carbon refer to what we cast iron is

00:03:58

used mainly for the

00:03:59

manufacture of

00:04:00

machine tool bases in the production of parts of

00:04:03

architectural structures, fences, sculptures, an

00:04:07

alloy containing less than two percent

00:04:10

carbon is called steel

00:04:15

[music]

00:04:18

[applause]

00:04:20

steel by their purpose is divided into

00:04:23

two main groups:

00:04:25

tool and structural

00:04:28

tool steel is the main

00:04:31

material for the manufacture of various

00:04:33

tools drills knocked down files the

00:04:37

carbon content in such steel

00:04:39

is 1.6 to 1.4 percent

00:04:45

this composition ensures the

00:04:47

strength and hardness of the tool

00:04:50

which is sufficient for processing

00:04:52

various materials

00:04:54

consider examples from the table: a

00:04:57

plumber's hammer is made of

00:04:59

steel u7 and carbon in the alloy composition up to

00:05:04

0.74

00:05:05

percent a drill is made of steel

00:05:09

u10 and carbon in it up to 1 whole and 9

00:05:13

hundredths of a percent

00:05:15

steel containing carbon in the amount of

00:05:18

1.2 percent to 0.6 percent is called

00:05:23

structural steels, they

00:05:26

are used for the manufacture of

00:05:27

machine parts, building structures,

00:05:30

artistic forged products, such

00:05:33

steels have high technological

00:05:35

properties, are well processed with cutting

00:05:38

tools, are welded, are able

00:05:41

to change their shape

00:05:42

without collapsing, and so it is carbon that

00:05:46

is the component of steel that

00:05:49

largely determines its properties and

00:05:51

associated areas of application

00:05:57

[music]

00:06:00

[applause]

00:06:02

among non-ferrous metals, a special place is

00:06:05

occupied by copper and its alloys;

00:06:08

brass and bronze; copper has high

00:06:12

electrical conductivity; corrosion

00:06:15

resistance; ductility; therefore, it is

00:06:18

easily processed by pressure

00:06:20

by extruding from a copper sheet, you can

00:06:23

obtain complex reliefs and at the same time it is

00:06:29

difficult to process copper with cutting tools. how it is poorly

00:06:31

drilled, sharpened, processed with

00:06:33

files, one of the common

00:06:37

copper-based alloys is brass,

00:06:40

which is an alloy of copper and

00:06:43

zinc; brass is

00:06:44

well processed with cutting

00:06:46

tools;

00:06:47

it has great strength and

00:06:50

hardness, but is inferior to copper in

00:06:53

ductility; another alloy of copper

00:06:56

is bronze, which has been known to

00:06:59

mankind for a very long time how even an entire

00:07:02

era in the history of mankind is

00:07:04

called the Bronze Age; the

00:07:07

most common tin bronzes

00:07:10

are alloys of copper and tin;

00:07:12

bronze has a very important property

00:07:15

necessary for the manufacture of parts for

00:07:17

various mechanisms; it is able to

00:07:20

resist wear due to friction; copper

00:07:23

alloys have high casting

00:07:25

qualities; they are a good material

00:07:28

for casting monuments and sculptures, the

00:07:31

most common metal in

00:07:33

nature is aluminum; its strength is

00:07:38

relatively low, but as a result of

00:07:39

adding various components to it,

00:07:42

for example, silicon, magnesium, and zinc,

00:07:45

the strength of the material thus obtained

00:07:47

increases significantly;

00:07:50

aluminum has excellent

00:07:52

physical and chemical properties; it has a

00:07:55

small upward high density

00:07:57

ability good conductor of

00:07:59

electricity and heat resistance to

00:08:02

corrosion and the effects of aggressive

00:08:04

substances high ductility

00:08:07

if you compare

00:08:09

aluminum and steel billets of the same volume, it

00:08:12

turns out that the aluminum billet is

00:08:15

much lighter than steel, while the

00:08:18

strength of aluminum alloys is not inferior to

00:08:21

steel; such properties determine the

00:08:24

widespread use of aluminum in

00:08:26

aircraft construction

00:08:28

Currently, the industry

00:08:30

produces metal blanks of

00:08:32

various shapes of profiles from which, through

00:08:36

subsequent processing, the

00:08:38

necessary parts and products are made,

00:08:40

there are several groups of

00:08:43

metal profiles, sheet metal, sectional

00:08:46

pipe profiles, sheet metal,

00:08:49

depending on the thickness of the sheet, is divided into

00:08:51

foil 6,

00:08:54

thin sheet metal and thick sheet

00:08:57

metal

00:08:58

steel differ from each other from each other by the

00:09:01

amount of carbon contained in them,

00:09:04

information about this is contained in the

00:09:06

steel grade, for example,

00:09:09

high-quality structural steels have

00:09:11

grades st 30c t-40 and other

00:09:16

two-digit numbers in the steel grade indicate the

00:09:19

percentage of carbon in the

00:09:21

alloy up to hundredths of a percent, for

00:09:24

example steel and 140 contains approximately

00:09:28

0.4 percent carbon

00:09:34

[music]

00:09:37

[applause] the

00:09:40

need to produce a large

00:09:42

number of different profiles

00:09:44

is determined by the variety of shapes of

00:09:46

the parts being manufactured and the conditions

00:09:49

of use,

00:09:50

look at these profiles they

00:09:53

are found every day when we go to

00:09:55

school, walk around the city, come across

00:09:58

excursions to a factory or call not a single

00:10:01

construction of a bridge for a house or

00:10:03

communications can be done without these

00:10:05

profiles; all long steel profiles

00:10:08

are divided into profiles of the correct

00:10:11

geometric shape and shaped profiles;

00:10:13

such a bridge is made of a

00:10:16

variety of steel profiles that

00:10:18

strengthen the entire structure and do not allow it to

00:10:21

collapse

00:10:25

[music]

00:10:28

[applause]

00:10:30

by external signs It is almost

00:10:33

impossible to distinguish one grade of steel from

00:10:35

another; therefore, in the production of steel,

00:10:39

workpieces are marked with certain

00:10:41

colors; to obtain the necessary

00:10:44

information about the marking of steel,

00:10:46

special technical reference books and

00:10:48

tables are used; let's look at one such

00:10:51

table to determine the grade of steel in

00:10:54

production; all material of the workpieces is

00:10:57

specially marked or marked, for

00:10:59

example steel grade st3 is marked in

00:11:03

red and steel grade u8 is marked in blue and

00:11:07

yellow, and as

00:11:11

homework I suggest you search the Internet for

00:11:12

material about aluminum and think about how

00:11:16

aluminum is used; aircraft construction; see you

00:11:18

next time

00:11:32

[music]

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