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видеоурок Борьба Москвы и Твери в первой четверти XIVв. Рус...

история России 10 класс Борьба Москвы и Твери в первой четв...

00:00:08

hello today's topic is the

00:00:12

struggle of Moscow doors in the 14th century,

00:00:15

in fact, this is the question of how

00:00:18

Moscow became the capital and why it became the

00:00:20

capital now for us a common thing in the 14th

00:00:24

century everything was completely unobvious

00:00:26

and if the police of our country dreamed up a little, it

00:00:30

could be a door or

00:00:32

Vilnius

00:00:33

Already in the 15th and 16th centuries, when foreigners

00:00:36

came to Russia, they called this

00:00:38

country Muscovy and its people Muscovites,

00:00:42

well, a comparative example with the Ukrainian

00:00:44

Moskal as a designation of Russian, if you

00:00:47

fantasize, again, we could

00:00:49

not be Muscovites but vi rechi or,

00:00:52

rightly, us if we form this word from the

00:00:55

old name of the city of Vilnius, but

00:00:58

it happened otherwise, Moscow became the capital,

00:01:00

in fact, about how this happened, I

00:01:03

will now talk about

00:01:06

the beginning of the 14th century, Moscow was quite a

00:01:08

small and insignificant town, but

00:01:10

like Tver, well, of course, I

00:01:13

’m exaggerating not so small not

00:01:15

so insignificant

00:01:17

they were small towns before the Mongol invasion

00:01:19

after the Mongol invasion they rose

00:01:22

like mushrooms after the rain large old

00:01:25

famous cities such as kiev

00:01:27

vladimir suffered greatly their

00:01:29

importance decreased tver moscow nizhny

00:01:33

novgorod yaroslavl kostroma the time has come for

00:01:35

these new cities, in fact these

00:01:38

territories were quite sparsely

00:01:39

populated for centuries then on the 12th the main

00:01:42

population was concentrated in the south in the

00:01:45

Kiev region on the Dnieper, but gradually

00:01:47

began to move to the never deserted

00:01:49

northeast, the princes there became

00:01:52

stronger, they had more subjects,

00:01:54

more money in the treasury, more warriors, the center

00:01:58

moved to the former outskirts from the south to the

00:02:01

north. East

00:02:02

at the beginning of the 14th century, the most powerful

00:02:05

princes turned out to be the princes of Tver and the

00:02:07

princes of Moscow, by the way, they were

00:02:11

relatives and quite close; the history of

00:02:13

further bloody dramatic

00:02:15

difficult relationships about which I will

00:02:17

talk is the history of the relations between cousins,

00:02:20

nephews and morons, both of

00:02:23

them came from the same person

00:02:25

whom you know very well, Alexander

00:02:28

Yaroslavich, nicknamed Nevsky, who was the

00:02:31

Grand Duke of Vladimir after the

00:02:33

Mongol conquest,

00:02:35

respectively, his sons, his grandchildren, his

00:02:38

descendants ruled in the main principalities of the

00:02:40

north-east of Russia and in Moscow and Tver,

00:02:43

so they fought among themselves for

00:02:46

power

00:02:48

should not forget that the main force of

00:02:50

Russia then was the horde, the

00:02:52

Horde khans were in charge of everything

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for real, no jokes, this means that

00:02:58

no Russian prince could become a

00:02:59

full-fledged prince to gain power over

00:03:02

his people, the final real

00:03:04

princely power without sanctions from the horde, it

00:03:07

was necessary to go to the horde at the headquarters of the

00:03:10

great khan bow to him, establish a

00:03:12

special personal relationship with him, this

00:03:15

made it possible to bypass their

00:03:16

rival, both the Moscow and

00:03:19

Tver princes did this, but with some difference

00:03:22

what this difference was, we now find out at

00:03:26

the beginning of the 14th century, Moscow was ruled by Prince Yuri

00:03:31

Yuri, who was the grandson of Alexander

00:03:33

Yaroslavich Nevsky, the doors of his uncle

00:03:36

Mikhail, there was a struggle between them for the label,

00:03:38

at first Mikhail had the label, but in

00:03:43

1318 there was an infection in which the

00:03:45

Moscow army was defeated by 2 speeches,

00:03:48

misfortune for Tver, the wife of

00:03:51

Prince Yuri was captured, the fact is that it was the

00:03:54

sister of the Horde Khan Uzbek their own and

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Konchak Orthodox baptism Agathia

00:04:00

length she died and naturally the Tver

00:04:03

prince Mikhail was summoned to

00:04:05

investigate the horde he was accused of

00:04:08

poisoning this woman and executed

00:04:13

the label moved to Moscow but not for long

00:04:15

soon the Uzbek Khan took it away from Prince Yuri

00:04:18

and again gave it to the door in

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1325 Prince Yuri dies he was

00:04:25

hacked to death in the horde by his own

00:04:26

cousin of Tver, Prince Dmitry,

00:04:29

menacing eyes, in this way he avenged the

00:04:32

death of his father, Prince Mikhail,

00:04:35

hulk, as it is not difficult to guess,

00:04:37

Dmitry’s execution, but he acted very

00:04:40

wisely by giving the label to his brother, the worldly

00:04:43

prince Alexander, so the label

00:04:46

again ended up in Tyra, now I can

00:04:48

triumph, but not for long after two years,

00:04:51

new bloody events took place

00:04:53

that for a long time established the advantage of

00:04:56

Moscow,

00:04:58

it was so in the twenty-seventh year

00:05:00

the Baskaks arrived at the door and with the attic

00:05:03

who were collecting tribute, the usual so-

00:05:05

called exit, they collected tribute from the

00:05:08

entire population, including since

00:05:10

they pressed the door and in other cities with a

00:05:13

cavalry detachment that happened and violence and

00:05:15

robberies and clashes with local

00:05:18

residents, this happened and this time

00:05:20

they tried to take the mare from a certain de oca at a trade in the market,

00:05:23

he shouted

00:05:26

the men of Tver, don’t give me up, a

00:05:29

massacre began, the mountain transferred all the

00:05:31

tribute collectors and the prince, according to some sources,

00:05:34

took their side could he would have apologized

00:05:37

to the horde of Osvaldo Rihanna, he did not

00:05:39

do this, as a result, a punitive raid was launched on Tver,

00:05:45

Russian princes took part in it, including the Khan, forced the

00:05:49

new Moscow prince

00:05:51

Ivan, known to us by his nickname Leta, to go to Tver,

00:05:55

before telling what

00:05:57

happened in Tver and how Ivan noted in

00:06:01

this campaign and what happened next, a few

00:06:03

words in general about this remarkable

00:06:05

man in various respects

00:06:08

is that Ivan actually had no

00:06:10

chance of becoming a ruler, but this can be

00:06:12

said to be a pure accident, the fact is

00:06:15

that he was the fourth son of

00:06:17

his father’s fourth son the fourth

00:06:20

son could not become a prince

00:06:22

under practically any circumstances,

00:06:23

but only if the

00:06:25

three previous ones left the arena, which happens rarely, well, this is what

00:06:28

actually happened: two older

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brothers died without heirs, and Prince

00:06:35

Yuri, the very first of the brothers, was killed by

00:06:38

Dmitry Varda, as I already said so

00:06:41

Thus, the situation is truly Shakespearean,

00:06:43

on the one hand, Dmitry killed his brother,

00:06:47

on the other hand, he opened the way to

00:06:51

power for him, and this man, not very young at

00:06:53

that time, has already shown what

00:06:56

he is capable of;

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the situation is quite ambiguous, on the

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one hand, he is going with the Horde

00:07:03

to Tver, well as a forced person

00:07:05

who was forced to participate in this

00:07:07

campaign, on the other hand, it turns out that

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he is going partly like an avenger for his

00:07:12

murdered brother, the situation is really, as

00:07:15

I said, Shakespearean, staying clean in this

00:07:18

situation was quite difficult in

00:07:22

general when we are talking about Ivan and the

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Moscow and Tver princes, the question about

00:07:27

moral purity is quite

00:07:28

serious and historians have quite

00:07:32

different opinions about who Ivan was, some consider him a

00:07:35

wise noble man, a real

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ruler who thought about his land about the

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people, others consider this person a

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rather cynical, calculating, tough,

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unpleasant person, one way or another, we

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live in a country that in many ways was created by

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his hands and these hands were probably

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really not very frequent, but

00:07:56

look first, he, together with the Horde,

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smashes the door, and Prince Alexander, alas,

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flees the city and hides in Pskov and

00:08:06

stays there for some time;

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he was not able to sit there; now he was

00:08:12

defeated, suffered great serious

00:08:15

losses and the most important thing is that the label again

00:08:17

passes to Moscow, that is, to Prince Ivan;

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moreover, Ivan enters with the horde in a

00:08:24

sufficiently trusting and relationship,

00:08:26

namely, he has become comfortable with the Khan that

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now he is Prince Ivan Ivan of Moscow

00:08:32

will collect the train exit from Moscow from

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other Russian cities, this means that

00:08:40

he essentially becomes a mediator between the

00:08:42

Russians and the horde in this matter there are

00:08:46

positive sides for Russia and

00:08:49

very unpleasant sides, but look

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firstly on the one hand and the races

00:08:56

no longer go to Russia there are no clashes there are no

00:08:59

defeats there are no

00:09:01

on the other hand it turns out that Ivan

00:09:05

becomes, well, what is called now

00:09:07

collaborator collaborates with the

00:09:09

Horde,

00:09:12

collects quite a lot of money for the Horde

00:09:15

and it turns out that Ivan is known to himself

00:09:19

under the nickname Kalita when it is a

00:09:21

leather bag or a cough that was worn

00:09:24

on a belt, well, that is, money was kept there,

00:09:26

there are different interpretations of this nickname,

00:09:29

it is known that the prince was poor and loved that

00:09:33

is, he distributed silver to poor people on the

00:09:35

streets of Moscow,

00:09:36

thus luring his undoubtedly

00:09:39

numerous sins. Well, to give alms to the poor

00:09:42

army, this is, of course, a godly thing. At the

00:09:47

same time, there are rearrangements that he was

00:09:49

nicknamed for his exorbitant

00:09:52

wealth and frugality or even

00:09:54

greed. Well, what is he for? spent money,

00:09:57

including the money that was

00:09:59

actually collected from the Russians for the horde but

00:10:01

left by Ivan for himself,

00:10:03

of course, to strengthen his military

00:10:05

forces and resources, on the other hand, to

00:10:08

purchase lands, including in various

00:10:11

other principalities, thus Ivan

00:10:13

stretched out his long ones like his

00:10:16

distant ancestor Yuri's hands various other

00:10:19

lands increasing the power of Moscow and

00:10:22

finally, barely becoming a prince in the following

00:10:26

years, he began to build in the Kremlin began to

00:10:29

build stone churches one after another

00:10:32

Russia, after all, the country is wooden, as it was

00:10:35

said in one of

00:10:36

Dostoevsky's novels, it was

00:10:37

poor and there were few wooden stones,

00:10:40

it was expensive they built only temples and

00:10:43

houses of princes and the richest people from it,

00:10:46

well, for a long time

00:10:49

they built nothing from kombini; it was after the

00:10:51

Tatar invasion that

00:10:52

Ivan was so rich as a prince that he

00:10:56

again began to build stone churches;

00:11:00

unfortunately, none of them have reached us;

00:11:02

they were not built very strong under

00:11:05

Ivan the Third and this is the 15th century, these temples were already

00:11:08

pretty dilapidated, the oak logs

00:11:11

that strengthened them rotted along the walls,

00:11:14

cracks appeared on the walls, they had to be demolished, they had to be

00:11:17

dismantled and new ones built instead, which

00:11:19

can now be seen in Moscow,

00:11:21

but the very fact of the construction of these temples is

00:11:24

very remarkable, he talks about the growing

00:11:27

power and wealth of Moscow, Prince Ivan,

00:11:31

I say that they built churches, of course,

00:11:33

this corresponds to such an important

00:11:36

event as the move of the Metropolitan to Moscow.

00:11:39

The Metropolitan reminds me that this is the head of the Russian

00:11:42

Church, well, the head of not entirely

00:11:44

independent, he was subordinate to the Patriarch of

00:11:47

Constantinople, the

00:11:48

Greek Patriarch,

00:11:50

at first the Metropolitan was placed in Kiev,

00:11:53

but after the destruction of Kiev by the Mongols they

00:11:55

went to the north to Vladimir

00:11:58

in Vladimir it was much calmer than

00:12:01

in the south, but the metropolitans still went

00:12:04

to the south iv to visit their flock

00:12:08

they went as they were introduced through Moscow, so the

00:12:10

usual route of the north of Kiev went along the

00:12:14

hem of the restored Moscow

00:12:16

princes made friends with them,

00:12:19

Metropolitan Peter spent in Moscow a lot of

00:12:21

time amano died the next

00:12:25

metropolitan feognost already permanently lived in

00:12:28

moscow and acted in concert with prince

00:12:30

ivan the next metropolitan alexy

00:12:33

was generally a native Muscovite

00:12:36

this had a gigantic significance now the

00:12:39

Russians looked at the princes with different eyes

00:12:41

next to the prince stood the metropolitan and his

00:12:45

actions the actions of the prince were as if

00:12:47

approved by the authority of the church

00:12:52

as for the theognost, he played a

00:12:54

significant role in the ongoing struggle between

00:12:56

Moscow and Tver. Earlier I said that the prince

00:13:00

of Tver Alexander, after the defeat of Tver by the

00:13:02

Mongols, hid in the city of Pskov for

00:13:05

some time the khan demanded that Ivan

00:13:08

from Ivan Kalita deliver Alexander to him

00:13:12

and Ivan Kalita leaves in

00:13:16

Pskov

00:13:18

I found a skopich with an army to Pskov and were

00:13:21

together with Prince Alexander, they said

00:13:24

that they would not give him up then Ivan went to

00:13:27

extreme means, the last resort was to

00:13:31

turn to the theognost and excommunicate the ska

00:13:33

things from the church

00:13:36

diagnose the matter of what Ivan wanted from him

00:13:39

this thing which is difficult for a

00:13:41

modern person to understand, but in the Middle Ages

00:13:43

such things were quite practiced both

00:13:45

in Russia and Western Europe, both among the

00:13:48

Orthodox and Catholics, it was a

00:13:51

terrible punishment, imagine yourself, the

00:13:53

metropolitan excommunicates the city from the church for an

00:13:57

indefinite time, what does this mean

00:13:59

in the city, worship services are stopped, you cannot

00:14:03

baptize a child it is impossible to bury the deceased according to the

00:14:06

Orthodox rite, you cannot

00:14:09

marry the newlyweds, that is, life essentially

00:14:12

freezes, it is put in jeopardy, it is very important

00:14:15

this is a medieval man's thing of

00:14:16

saving his soul

00:14:20

with the help of church punishment, it was possible to

00:14:23

get almost anything from the townspeople,

00:14:25

it was possible, in fact, to take the city

00:14:27

without war without shedding any a single drop of

00:14:29

blood and

00:14:31

Alexander is not alive so that this punishment for the

00:14:34

people of Pskov would continue, he left the city and,

00:14:37

in fact, surrendered,

00:14:41

nevertheless, he surrendered, not quite that is,

00:14:44

photos to the horde, he did not go after some

00:14:46

time, entered into negotiations with the Khan,

00:14:48

Khanava temporarily forgave Alexander

00:14:51

the door returned, but still the time came

00:14:55

and the khan again demanded him in his mouth for

00:14:57

a conversation, the prince went, I know that nothing

00:15:01

good awaits him, in general, the Russian

00:15:03

chronicle says that the prince

00:15:05

voluntarily went to his death, that he

00:15:08

said so, that it was better for me to accept death than

00:15:11

Many Christian souls, together with

00:15:13

his son, the prince went to the horde and

00:15:15

there he was given a painful execution by his

00:15:18

son and they were cut down in parts,

00:15:21

as you understand, this meant another

00:15:24

blow to this rather independent

00:15:27

city of Tver, which pursued a slightly different

00:15:30

policy than Moscow, trying not to

00:15:32

succumb to the Horde’s

00:15:35

melancholy the prince was executed in the thirty-

00:15:37

ninth year, his opponent Ivan Kalita

00:15:40

died the following year,

00:15:42

1340, he died a winner, in general,

00:15:46

having beaten Tver, although the game and the struggle

00:15:49

were not over yet, what happened

00:15:52

after Ivan Kalita in Moscow, in general,

00:15:55

quite calmly, Ravil and his

00:15:57

successors were the first there was Prince Simeon the proud,

00:16:01

this prince was carried away by the plague

00:16:05

in 1353,

00:16:09

the same plague, the great plague that

00:16:11

devastated Europe in some countries in the year,

00:16:14

from a third to half of the inhabitants died,

00:16:16

having passed throughout Europe, the plague reached and

00:16:19

entire cities died out in Russia, including

00:16:23

Prince Simeon the proud son of Ivan Kalita,

00:16:26

after which after the death of Simeon,

00:16:30

Ivan the Red became a prince, Ivan the Red is famous

00:16:33

only as the father of his son, the famous

00:16:35

Prince Dmitry Donskoy,

00:16:38

but we will talk about this famous prince and his fight

00:16:41

against the horde next time,

00:16:45

so I just told you about all these

00:16:47

vicissitudes of the struggle between the Moscow and

00:16:50

Tver princes, I don’t know It’s

00:16:52

not my pleasure to clearly show why Moscow became

00:16:55

the capital, why Moscow came out ahead, I didn’t have time

00:17:00

to say that in fact

00:17:02

these cities were approximately equal to each other in

00:17:04

their economic

00:17:05

capabilities, 2 rich trading cities

00:17:08

both stood on the Volga route, the door

00:17:11

is right on the Volga Moscow stands on the

00:17:14

river of the same name, Moscow, which flows into

00:17:16

a vacuum that flows around the Volga, in a

00:17:19

sense, it’s even more convenient than being

00:17:21

right on the Volga, well, in some ways, it’s faster, it’s

00:17:25

shorter to swim,

00:17:29

and Moscow and the door could have come out on

00:17:31

top, but what played a role is what is

00:17:34

now called the human factor;

00:17:36

you’ll be quieter as you go further. here are the rules of

00:17:39

that time, don’t get into trouble with the khan,

00:17:42

fulfill all his demands, don’t fall in with

00:17:45

him, as they said in those days, that is,

00:17:48

don’t get into quarrels, that’s what the Moscow

00:17:50

princes did, they

00:17:53

behaved more quietly than the proud mountain, they rode more quietly and

00:17:58

went much further in relations with

00:18:02

Lithuania why didn't we do laundry with us I

00:18:06

'll tell you next time and in the next lesson

00:18:08

we'll meet again,

00:18:10

goodbye

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