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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:06
[applause]00:00:08
[music]00:00:21
earth is the only planet of the solar system known to us,00:00:26
but its life is amazing and the00:00:29
diverse number of species of living00:00:31
organisms existing on our planet is00:00:34
so great that scientists still00:00:37
cannot say with certainty the00:00:39
exact figure; according to the most conservative estimates,00:00:41
it is 14 million but do we know what00:00:45
all representatives of the animal and00:00:48
plant world on earth have in common on our00:00:52
planet? They have in common that they grow, they00:00:57
have developed, they are alive, they eat, I don’t breathe,00:01:02
of course, energy, they00:01:06
grow, breathe and reproduce, all00:01:11
representatives of the biosphere of our planet,00:01:13
be it a primitive ciliate, a slipper,00:01:15
or a field man. What a mouse or garden00:01:18
repo has in common is that they are all made up00:01:21
of cells, the cell is the most unique00:01:25
creation of nature, the00:01:27
fundamental matrix of all life on00:01:30
the planet earth, how it is structured, how it00:01:33
works, why it gets sick, how it fights00:01:36
other people’s cells, how it00:01:38
repairs itself, maintains itself, and why it00:01:41
kills itself, let’s talk about it in a new00:01:45
fascinating scientific shone00:01:51
[music]00:01:58
life on our planet in all its00:02:01
diversity arose from00:02:02
one single living cell; there is the00:02:06
very first cell, it even has the name of00:02:09
onion, an abbreviation from English and all00:02:13
life began at a certain moment when00:02:14
the very first cross appeared was it00:02:16
on our planet this is a kind of question, like00:02:20
when,00:02:21
but it’s not completely clear exactly it all00:02:23
started with one cell, then it00:02:25
divided, it became two, then 4, and00:02:27
this can be traced00:02:28
evolutionarily; there, based on many00:02:30
signs, the first living beings00:02:33
appeared on our planet about 400:02:35
billion years ago ago, these were00:02:38
primitive single-celled organisms, they00:02:41
reigned unchallenged on earth for00:02:43
2 billion years, and then some of them00:02:47
began to unite into a community; this00:02:50
was a kind of preparation for the00:02:52
emergence of multicellular organisms;00:02:55
at first, the first multicellular creatures00:02:57
were more like colonies of a00:03:00
community of independent cells00:03:02
working for the common good00:03:04
than a single one the organism,00:03:08
while each cell retained its00:03:10
status as an independent living system, the ancestors of00:03:15
all living organisms on our planet, from00:03:18
primitive single-celled creatures to00:03:20
complex multicellular ones, are similar to each00:03:23
other and this is proof of the single00:03:26
origin of life on earth,00:03:29
all cells are almost identical, they are structured00:03:31
inside, they have the same processes00:03:33
processes00:03:34
today, these truths seem very00:03:36
simple,00:03:37
but in fact, scientists have00:03:40
spent almost two hundred years searching for them. The first00:03:44
fundamental discovery about the structure of00:03:46
the cell was made back in the 19th century00:03:52
[music]00:03:54
one day two young scientists,00:03:56
Mathias, were found and the doors van sat00:04:00
in the university cafeteria for00:04:02
afternoon coffee,00:04:04
they worked in the same laboratory, but00:04:06
everyone did their own thing.00:04:08
Schleiden was a botanist as much as Van Yu. So00:04:12
Schleiden00:04:13
told his colleagues about his00:04:15
research on plant cells. Van00:04:17
listened to him00:04:18
and didn’t believe his ears, because he had just00:04:21
observed exactly the same structure of cells,00:04:24
but in animal tissues, perhaps it was at00:04:27
this very moment that what in00:04:30
science is called the insight of the hoses was given the00:04:35
hose, they realized that the structure of all living00:04:38
tissues, be it a plant or an animal, this00:04:42
conversation between two young scientists in the cafeteria of the00:04:45
University of Berlin I had very00:04:47
important consequences for history, because00:04:50
essentially it was with it began the formation of the00:04:52
new science of00:04:53
cytology, cytology from the Greek word00:04:58
sitos cell and logos, the doctrine is the science00:05:01
that studies living cells,00:05:03
their structure and functioning and all00:05:06
processes of the cell cycle,00:05:08
all representatives of the biosphere of our00:05:11
planet can be divided into two00:05:13
large groups: plants and animal00:05:16
cells of plants are called plant00:05:19
cells of animals regardless of whether it is an00:05:22
insect or a bird reptile or an00:05:24
elephant fish or a human animal clap00:05:28
but do00:05:31
plant and animal cells differ from each other, it00:05:34
seems to me, no, they were no different,00:05:38
probably different,00:05:40
I think no, but all created from the same00:05:43
cells,00:05:44
I think the structure is probably it00:05:45
Animals still have more complex ancestors than00:05:47
plants, different organelles, the main part of them is the00:05:51
ribosome, the00:05:53
membrane, the nucleus, the same organelles, they are00:05:57
different. I think it’s equally interesting that00:06:01
we perceive plants and animals as00:06:03
very different organisms, but00:06:06
from the point of view of cell structure, they are00:06:09
much more similar than to spill, but also the00:06:12
chemical nature and most of the00:06:15
processes at the molecular level in00:06:17
animals and plant branches are very00:06:20
similar00:06:21
one of the significant differences between00:06:23
plant and animal cells is the form a00:06:28
characteristic feature of plant cells00:06:30
from the presence of a cell wall this is not a part of00:06:33
the cell this is a structure that the cell00:06:35
creates00:06:36
from the outside it is like a spacesuit quite00:06:38
rigid and00:06:39
due to the presence of plant cell walls they00:06:41
have some form of some kind of00:06:44
strength the cell wall00:06:47
allows plant cells to maintain a00:06:50
rectangular shape,00:06:51
it is no coincidence that at one time a professor at the00:06:53
University of London, a00:06:55
famous experimental physicist,00:06:57
natural scientist and inventor, Robert00:07:00
Hooke was the first to see plant00:07:03
cells under a microscope compared them with00:07:05
bee honeycombs and gave them the name00:07:07
celila, which translated from Latin meant00:07:11
compartment;00:07:12
animal cells do not have such a wall,00:07:16
so in shape they resemble00:07:18
anything from a branched bush00:07:21
to a disk, while the shape is preserved no matter what00:07:23
external influence is00:07:26
exerted on the tissue00:07:27
of the cell spreads does not stretch does not00:07:31
flatten why the00:07:35
Russian biologist Nikolai Koltsov tried to find the answer to this question00:07:38
in 1903, private associate professor at00:07:43
Moscow University Nikolai00:07:45
Konstantin Koltsov put forward the idea that00:07:48
inside every living cell there are certain00:07:51
solid components that form a00:07:53
frame and allow the cells to maintain00:07:56
their shape00:07:57
the more developed the frame is the more the00:08:00
shape of the cell00:08:01
differs from the sphere, the idea of a ring was00:08:05
picked up and developed in the thirties by the00:08:07
French scientist embryologists field in the00:08:10
inter boron, he proposed the term00:08:13
cytoskeleton of the cell00:08:14
[music] it is00:08:17
now already known that the representation of a00:08:19
ring-solid frame00:08:21
and the conclusions of Robert's screw and the rigid00:08:23
skeleton of flowers were mistakenly solid components00:08:26
exist in a living cell, but they are not the00:08:29
same as bones; the skeletons of any00:08:31
vertebrate animal, including00:08:34
humans; a person has formed a00:08:38
skeleton of youth; a number of bones00:08:42
have formed; and with this, he lives with00:08:45
these bones; and a cell has a very00:08:48
dynamic skeleton, it would seem that to00:08:51
ensure strength there must be something00:08:53
constant and stable, but it’s not like that. The00:08:55
elements of the cytoskeleton are constantly in00:08:58
motion and constantly not just00:09:01
moving, they are assembled and00:09:03
disassembled depending on what the00:09:06
cells need. It’s also interesting that a person has00:09:09
1 skeleton, but a cell has three different ones. and they00:09:14
work in ensemble to together00:09:17
provide everything necessary for the cell in00:09:20
terms of maintaining shape, movement,00:09:23
intracellular transport, the cells of all00:09:27
plants, all animals including humans,00:09:29
consist of three main parts, the00:09:32
cytoplasm membrane and the nucleus,00:09:34
but do we know which of these parts of the00:09:36
cell and the most important nucleus00:09:41
I I think everything was important00:09:44
because a cell without these three00:09:46
components cannot exist,00:09:48
the nucleus, but it00:09:51
seems to me that they all00:09:53
interact like this, without00:09:55
this without any part,00:09:58
the formation that carries the nucleus, that carries this, they work one without00:10:03
the other, they probably remove the nucleus,00:10:06
maybe then the shell is the most important00:10:10
component of the cell without which it00:10:12
simply could not exist00:10:14
is not a nucleus at all, but a membrane;00:10:17
moreover, it is with the emergence of00:10:19
the membrane that the beginning of life at the00:10:23
cellular level is associated. Of course, the most00:10:26
important and fundamental step in the process of the00:10:29
emergence of life is the appearance of00:10:32
membrane-bounded compartments in00:10:35
which the reactions00:10:37
that are characteristic of the vital activity of00:10:39
living organisms proceeded in a00:10:43
limited volume, this gives, firstly,00:10:46
the peculiarity that the living separates itself00:10:49
from the nonliving and, with the help of a membrane,00:10:52
firstly concentrates the necessary molecules in a00:10:55
limited space,00:10:56
intensifies metabolic processes,00:10:59
some synthetic processes,00:11:01
and on the other side of the membrane they control00:11:04
information and energy and other00:11:08
flows between the cell and the external environment, the00:11:12
cell membrane is a two-layer fatty00:11:15
protein shell that protects the00:11:17
cell from damage, penetration00:11:19
ensures the exchange of substances between00:11:22
cells,00:11:23
but how does the membrane know which substances00:11:26
can be allowed in and which cannot, and00:11:29
for this it has special00:11:32
receptors00:11:33
that recognize their all00:11:37
substances necessary for the life of the cell are00:11:39
delivered by transport proteins,00:11:41
unique trucks, not every00:11:44
such truck has a special00:11:47
pass, cell membrane receptors00:11:50
scan the pass and allow the00:11:52
transport protein to deliver the cargo00:11:55
inside the cell, but how then do00:11:58
pathogenic00:12:01
bacteria and viruses penetrate into our cells, they have learned to00:12:04
fake the pass, for example, from00:12:07
viruses for this purpose, on top of its own00:12:09
protein shell, which is called the00:12:11
protein capsid, there is an additional00:12:15
super capsid shell, this super capsid is sewn from00:12:22
membrane fragments stolen from previous owners and contains a special00:12:24
fusion protein, cell membrane receptors do not00:12:28
recognize the fake00:12:30
and allow the virus into the cell, and00:12:32
sometimes the virus is helped to penetrate the00:12:35
cell00:12:36
their own surface proteins of the membrane,00:12:39
they enter into a criminal conspiracy with00:12:41
fusion proteins and open the00:12:44
gates of happiness to the virus; in most00:12:47
cases, the security guard’s membrane cannot be00:12:50
bribed or deceived, and00:12:53
if mechanical damage occurs to the00:12:56
protective shell of the cell, the membrane00:12:59
begins to repair itself; imagine a00:13:02
hole in the fence00:13:03
that tightens by itself in00:13:08
1972, the American scientist00:13:10
Jonathan Singer and Garth Nichols00:13:13
built a model of the liquid mosaic00:13:15
structure of00:13:16
cell membranes. According to this model,00:13:19
proteins cover the membrane not with a continuous00:13:22
layer, but with peculiar flaps of different00:13:25
thicknesses, and the composition can be00:13:29
imagined as a kind of00:13:32
elastic bag filled with a semi-liquid00:13:35
mass of cytoplasm. the cytoplasm contains00:13:38
proteins, mineral salts, lipids and00:13:40
polysaccharides, that is, the same complex00:13:43
of fats, proteins and carbohydrates that we00:13:46
call the basis of a balanced00:13:48
diet; in its chemical composition,00:13:51
the cytoplasm is similar to the nutrient00:13:54
medium in which life once originated00:13:56
on our planet; all these00:13:59
chemicals are00:14:01
produced by the cell both for one’s own00:14:03
nutritional needs, construction of repairs for00:14:06
energy production, and for other00:14:08
cells of tissues and organs for the benefit of the entire00:14:11
cellular community of the body, I think a00:14:16
cell can be compared to such a huge00:14:18
huge00:14:21
full-cycle plant00:14:22
where they import something very simple, I don’t00:14:24
know, coal and oxygen they pump up and at00:14:27
the output something is very complicated; there are a bunch of00:14:29
different types of products and there are00:14:31
erections of this plant, the foreman from the00:14:34
right color, our voltage has dropped, we00:14:37
need more electricity from enough00:14:39
hands in the edit so urgently increase the00:14:41
amount of fuel burned hour00:14:44
oxygen pump up no question we need more00:14:47
energy00:14:48
from another workshop there, resorting to it,00:14:50
we’ve run out of consumables, we need to00:14:52
order it urgently, and then we’ll give a signal for the00:14:55
snowflake to be taken out. It’s a complexly00:14:58
organized structure, who works at00:15:01
this full-cycle plant, special00:15:05
workers and maintenance personnel, cells00:15:08
and permanent components, they’re called00:15:11
organelles these are vacuoles, mitochondria,00:15:15
centrioles, ribosomes, lysosomes in the00:15:18
Golgi complex and others, if we compare the cell00:15:22
of the body, then organelles and other soup00:15:25
cellular structures can be considered00:15:27
as internal organs00:15:29
that perform a variety of functions,00:15:33
ribosomes, for example, they are engaged in the synthesis of00:15:36
protein from amino acids according to the genetic00:15:38
matrix, that is, jester protein according to special00:15:42
patterns that are provided they00:15:47
need matrix RNA proteins for growth, repair,00:15:50
construction of nutrition and cell division, the00:15:53
Golgi apparatus or complex is one of the00:15:56
most important employees of the cell, this00:15:59
organelle was first described by the00:16:01
Italian scientist Camilla Golgi, but he00:16:03
himself did not understand that he had made a discovery, it00:16:08
all started with the fact that a young00:16:11
neurologist Camilla Golgi was invited00:16:13
to head a hospital for chronic00:16:15
diseases in a small Italian city,00:16:18
grass objects00:16:20
in order to somehow diversify his00:16:22
solitary life,00:16:23
Golgi equipped00:16:25
a laboratory in a small hospital kitchen and became interested in00:16:28
studying nervous tissues. In the process of00:16:32
research, he discovered a00:16:35
thin network of some kind of fibers inside the neurons,00:16:38
he decided that this complex of00:16:40
intertwined genius arises simply00:16:43
due to uneven staining of tissues.00:16:46
Only in the 50s of the 20th century after the00:16:50
invention of the electron microscope,00:16:52
scientists found out that the complex00:16:55
actually exists and serves to00:16:58
transform the sorting and transfer of00:17:01
proteins. The Golgi apparatus00:17:05
is an extremely important cellular00:17:07
structure because its main task is to00:17:10
in order to set the direction of00:17:17
movement and transportation of00:17:20
the diverse number of proteins that the00:17:24
cell synthesizes the Golgi apparatus00:17:26
actually decides who goes where and00:17:30
what he will do where proteins00:17:34
are synthesized on the ribosomes00:17:37
of the cytoplasm further, depending on00:17:41
what function this or that protein performs, he00:17:46
must decide whether it will remain00:17:48
in the cytoplasm00:17:50
and will work there or it will go00:17:53
to some special compartment and these00:17:56
could be00:17:57
lysosomes where intracellular00:18:00
digestion occurs, it could be the hand larna00:18:04
system, the endoplasmic reticulum,00:18:06
the nuclear envelope, or these proteins are00:18:09
intended for export, for example,00:18:12
bone cells synthesize the proteins necessary for00:18:14
the formation of the bone mesh, of course00:18:17
substances accordingly, they must00:18:18
produce their proteins in such a way00:18:21
that they come out of the cell outward, and the00:18:23
final purpose of00:18:27
certain proteins is determined00:18:30
precisely in the Golgi apparatus, where sorting occurs,00:18:34
as well as proteins that come out of ribosomes,00:18:39
they are not always ready for work and for00:18:44
them for many Of these,00:18:47
some stages of maturation of preparation are necessary;00:18:51
if we continue the analogy of a cell with a00:18:54
full-cycle plant, then the00:18:56
Golgi apparatus can be compared with transport to a00:18:58
sorting unit00:19:00
where various parts arrive from all00:19:03
workshops; the Golgi apparatus sticks labels on them; they are00:19:07
packaged and sent on different00:19:10
trucks to their intended destination; at the same time00:19:13
they perform the function of a because00:19:15
controlling the quality of the product, if00:19:18
some protein has been incorrectly00:19:20
modified, the Golgi apparatus is not prepared for work,00:19:22
sends it for00:19:25
processing;00:19:28
proteins rejected by the Golgi apparatus and00:19:31
other garbage that constantly00:19:33
accumulates in a living cell; the products of its00:19:36
vital activity and other waste are not00:19:38
thrown away,00:19:39
and here processing and00:19:42
disposal come into play All this waste00:19:44
is handled by special cellular00:19:46
organelles containing enzymes,00:19:49
they are called lysosomes. Lysosomes00:19:53
disassemble recyclable materials into macromolecules00:19:56
and give back to the cell for its00:19:58
own needs, construction, repairs,00:20:01
food,00:20:02
sometimes entire00:20:05
working organelles00:20:07
and other components of the cell fall under the knife of lysosomes. This happens00:20:10
when the cell is in difficult00:20:12
conditions. and begins to starve take food and00:20:15
nowhere so you have to bite off pieces of00:20:18
yourself lysosomes00:20:23
were discovered in 1949 by Belgian00:20:27
zeptolab and biochemist Christian Market you've received a00:20:30
Nobel Prize for this discovery,00:20:33
journalists joked about this that the00:20:35
scientist was given an award for forgetfulness at the00:20:40
end of December the day before Christmas00:20:42
holidays, a microbiologist at the Catholic00:20:45
University in a puddle, Christian Rana00:20:47
Dsdiff, prepared00:20:50
several cell fractions for future work and00:20:52
put them in a laboratory freezer00:20:56
while finishing off studying the mechanism of action of the00:20:58
hormone insulin and the problem of cellular00:21:01
digestion did not bother him at all,00:21:03
although it became alive from the very moment it was00:21:06
discovered cell, scientists tried00:21:09
to understand how it is able to swallow and00:21:11
digest fairly large pieces of00:21:13
its own components00:21:16
during the holidays dsdiff happily00:21:20
forgot about the prepared preparations,00:21:22
and when he finally remembered and opened the00:21:25
freezer, with the greatest surprise00:21:27
he discovered that his cellular fractions were00:21:31
themselves smile00:21:33
scientists carefully studied the leftovers and00:21:36
found out that Of all the cellular00:21:38
components of the fraction,00:21:41
only some suspicious bubbles00:21:43
surrounded by membranes remained alive,00:21:45
and inside these bubbles there were possibly well-fed and00:21:48
satisfied00:21:49
nutrients and digestive00:21:52
enzymes, thanks to his own00:21:54
forgetfulness,00:21:55
and Duf discovered one of the most important00:21:57
cellular organelles,00:21:59
the lysosome, the largest organelle of the cell00:22:03
and the00:22:04
nucleus the nucleus occupies about a00:22:06
tenth of the volume of the cell,00:22:08
but can a cell exist without a bucket00:22:11
no, these are also not needed for sticks, apparently00:22:16
no I don’t know, this is my guess,00:22:18
yes, I think maybe there are no jets, which the leader doesn’t have, of00:22:20
course, it could be because00:22:23
bacterial cells are prokaryotes about00:22:26
carriage cells cells and they play without a nucleus, and00:22:31
this is true, not all cells of living00:22:34
organisms can boast of having a00:22:36
nucleus, I will pull some blood cells,00:22:39
erythrocytes and platelets, in the cells of the00:22:42
superficial layers of our skin, in addition,00:22:45
on earth there are a huge00:22:47
number of non-nuclear00:22:49
single-celled organisms, there are00:22:52
eukaryotes, these are nuclear organisms like you and00:22:55
me, about which there is a formed nucleus and00:22:58
there is heating, this bacterium and they do00:23:00
not have themselves as such, they have genetic00:23:02
material in the form of DNA molecules, but00:23:05
nevertheless, China, there are no prokaryotes or00:23:08
nuclear ones, the most evolutionarily ancient inhabitants of00:23:11
the planet and the most numerous, it00:23:14
only seems that tiny00:23:16
single-celled, non-nuclear bacteria and00:23:18
archaea00:23:19
a handful of dust on the body of the earth, in fact00:23:22
they make up 90 percent of the total00:23:25
biomass of the planet eukaryotes00:23:28
or nuclear these are all other living00:23:31
organisms whose cells have a00:23:33
nucleus inside each nucleus there is a small00:23:37
nucleolus00:23:38
that synthesize ribosomes well you RNA00:23:41
and various nuclear bodies in particular, the00:23:44
cajal corpuscles were discovered by the Spanish00:23:47
neuroanatomist Santiago Ramon y cajal and the00:23:51
nuclear corpuscles work in the00:23:54
wings of the nucleolus, transform00:23:56
RNA molecules, help lelka mature, but00:24:01
of course the most valuable content of the nucleus00:24:03
is the genetic material of the chromosomes,00:24:07
which are responsible for the storage and transmission of00:24:10
hereditary information, the functions of the nucleus00:24:14
as carriers of genetic information00:24:16
became clear only after the00:24:18
German anatomist Walter Fleming discovered00:24:21
mitosis - indirect00:24:24
cell division, but we will tell you how cell division occurs,00:24:28
how a cell is born and grows, how it00:24:31
works and where it gets energy for00:24:33
this work, how it eventually ages and00:24:36
dies. the00:24:37
next film in our00:24:40
series00:24:42
[music] the00:24:45
emergence of a living cell and the appearance of00:24:48
life on earth is the biggest mystery00:24:51
of nature,00:24:52
scientists have been trying for many years to simulate00:24:54
this process in the laboratory,00:24:57
so far the only thing that biologists have been able to00:25:00
grow in a test tube is nucleic00:25:03
acids and proteins, the main building00:25:05
materials of the cell, but breathe into them life has00:25:08
not yet succeeded,00:25:10
in order for these components to00:25:13
self-organize into some kind of living system, a00:25:15
membrane is needed that once00:25:18
four billion years ago separated the00:25:22
living from the non-living and grew in this00:25:25
cradle the first sprout of life, a living00:25:28
cell00:25:32
[music]00:25:45
[music]00:25:51
[music]Description:
СМОТРИМ ВСЕ В HD КАЧЕСТВЕ ТУТ 👉https://smotrim.ru/cinema 🔹Подписаться на канал Культура: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCik7MxUtSXXfT-f_78cQRfQ?sub_confirmation=1 🔹Документальные фильмы на телеканале Культура: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedoIohTkfmfVFCXxUIX_2qQk Жизнь замечательных идей "Секреты живой клетки" - Фильм 1-й. В первом фильме мы узнаем, что клетка напоминает большую и пеструю по составу семью или производственный коллектив, члены которого, называются органеллами. Научно-популярный цикл, посвященный самым значительным открытиям в области науки, техники, естествознания и медицины. Награды: Фильм "Ньютоново яблоко раздора" победил на конкурсе "ТЭФИ-2009" (Профессия) в номинации "Программа о науке". Автор: Марина Собе-Панек. Режиссер: Татьяна Малова. Другие передачи телеканала: ▫️ XX век https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpwcru7SevkLM5V61jeSyJP ▫️ 2 Верник 2 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpMmSrBnBIzMCg7YpTl97MN ▫️ Агора https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedoTZjKax2Fr17xho09ugY_Q ▫️ Белая студия https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedouaL0HYtkFhzP68wfrWVJ0 ▫️ Власть факта https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedoi329KxXh7r-2xZp7h_RMw ▫️ Главная роль https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpxXdMXXiOBrdF3OOFMk_He ▫️ Диалоги о животных https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedrxBAsgsVLP6UocdiuDiRAW ▫️ Документальные фильмы https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedoIohTkfmfVFCXxUIX_2qQk ▫️ Запечатлённое время https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedrOcVcDyE8zfSqKgpToMOeM ▫️ Игра в бисер https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedq6S9AoaC5yTG3ZHcI4cwxP ▫️ Концерты https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedqJ5zHy4FMYRFEez9ejuse6 ▫️ Легенды мирового кино https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedqPqZGs0SYwMHtMfI3DKP08 ▫️ Линия жизни https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpYptAQS7f5RZKNpUzQ6G52 ▫️ Мы - грамотеи! https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpJDBbaD2knwM9d3yd2QNbO ▫️ Наблюдатель https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedqZHvAD146yYV5Fj_JbHy41 ▫️ Новости культуры https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedqKHOK2FY3ODnjVEjpsFO0d ▫️ Пешком... https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpZljXE6XIyEusIZheJDjbZ ▫️ Полиглот https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpPPa_Vet4KhyyYHdsEE7ku ▫️ Правила жизни https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedo7TxLE4xEZws_qD_9GQzrM ▫️ Романтика романса https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpClWHzBVX5a5DHmAj3VwTw ▫️ Россия, любовь моя! https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedqT2RceHB-h6n1SNp1X7uIc ▫️ Рэгтайм, или Разорванное время https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedrOZXHZbF1m87lMw43q4L0p ▫️ Сати. Нескучная классика https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedrNlKpNxD48yhCB_g65R-MR ▫️ Смехоностальгия https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedphHWj1sSKlFFew9-AphqTX ▫️ Спектакли https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedr5f2Ewm2u-A-dji9rDJeIv ▫️ Художественные фильмы https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedo2KZOi56SRTjBVLLBy-Sdi ▫️ Цвет времени https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedqFzngqeiQVJZaifu0rde08 ▫️ Энигма https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedoZpreN1KF3axtyleml81F_ ▫️ Энциклопедия загадок https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66DIGaegedpTJtjzpQ8iBzr5Y8x9f8HI
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