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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:02
Now there are an incredible number of these animals living in the world,00:00:05
as many as 24 billion00:00:10
individuals. I’m not talking about insects or00:00:14
other invertebrates, but higher00:00:16
warm-blooded animals, you will be surprised. But00:00:19
these are chickens. Judging by the size of the population, these00:00:23
birds can be called the most successful00:00:26
animals on the planet, at least00:00:29
extinction like many inhabitants of the00:00:32
wild they are definitely not in danger; these small-sized00:00:35
birds live next to us for00:00:38
thousands or even tens of thousands of years; they00:00:41
supply humanity with meat and eggs,00:00:44
thereby saving us from hunger; chickens and00:00:49
other poultry generally have many00:00:51
services to humanity. That is why00:00:54
we awarded the title of animals00:00:58
that changed00:00:59
the world00:01:01
[music]00:01:08
[music]00:01:13
would you like to have your own pet00:01:17
dinosaur, not a predatory tyrannosaurus of course00:01:20
or a giant diplodocus, but a small00:01:23
safe one,00:01:25
you will be surprised, but many of you00:01:28
are already owners of such dinosaurs,00:01:31
after all, a canary or a budgie00:01:34
living in cages And any other00:01:36
birds It’s not easy descendants of giants who00:01:39
roamed the earth in the Jurassic and Cretaceous00:01:43
periods And the real theropod00:01:46
dinosaurs only greatly reduced00:01:51
In general, correctly Yes,00:01:54
birds can be considered00:01:56
specialized and advanced group of00:01:59
dinosaurs, let’s say so, that is, in any00:02:01
case,00:02:02
that there00:02:08
was a relationship between birds and dinosaurs it was generally clear since the00:02:11
19th century, but the degree of this relationship was00:02:14
really underestimated a little.00:02:16
Now, according to all00:02:19
the research, yes, birds00:02:22
can indeed be considered simply an advanced group of00:02:24
dinosaurs00:02:25
[music]00:02:26
Since those ancient times, birds have of course changed a lot00:02:30
in appearance, but even so, birds are00:02:33
quite ancient and a respected class of the00:02:36
animal world, they appeared on the planet00:02:39
when there were no traces of mammals, and it00:02:43
is believed that in Nizhny Milu the birds were00:02:48
already quite a diverse species; they00:02:50
were quite real, the most00:02:52
Confucianist Chinese. That is, these00:02:55
were already birds at all00:03:01
by the time when in the vastness of Africa00:03:05
Homo sapiens appeared; birds have already00:03:08
occupied their niche in natural00:03:10
diversity, but our acquaintance with them did not00:03:14
begin, of course, with attempts at00:03:16
domestication. But with hunting, wild birds00:03:21
still remain the object of hunting.00:03:24
Some species of birds were hunted so00:03:27
diligently by humans that they were completely exterminated,00:03:31
unfortunately for the protection of animals. we began00:03:34
to think quite recently00:03:36
[music]00:03:37
analysis of food waste located00:03:40
next to the sites of ancient man00:03:42
proves that our ancestors began to00:03:45
hunt birds much earlier than large00:03:47
animals, and already at that time the birds themselves,00:03:50
without suspecting it, began to change our00:03:53
human world because in order to00:03:55
successfully to hunt birds for humans00:03:57
to improve the tools of their hunt,00:04:00
first primitive throwing00:04:02
shells appeared, special ground stones,00:04:05
then prototypes of darts and spears, and at the00:04:08
later stages, guns with00:04:10
bowstrings, but then, unfortunately,00:04:13
hunting methods became so perfect that00:04:16
many birds were simply exterminated by the00:04:19
Maori who arrived in New Zealand from the00:04:21
islands of Polynesia Armed only with00:04:23
stone axes and spears, in just00:04:26
200 years they exterminated Moa, a giant00:04:29
flightless bird whose height was more than00:04:32
2.5 m; it knocked out all the epionyses in Madagascar;00:04:35
copernis is considered the00:04:39
largest land bird that ever00:04:40
lived on the planet; with a height of 3 m, it weighed00:04:44
almost half a ton, but their size did not save these00:04:47
giants from extermination. The last00:04:50
epernis was killed in the 17th century. At the same time, in the00:04:54
17th century, the dodo, a00:04:57
relative of the pigeon the size of an adult00:05:00
Goose, became extinct in Mauritius. More recently, a little over a hundred00:05:04
years ago, American hunters00:05:06
exterminated the entire population of the passenger00:05:09
pigeon00:05:11
and the dodo. both Piornis and the Passenger Pigeon00:05:16
could become excellent00:05:18
poultry; they were all quite00:05:21
peaceful and easy to keep, but now00:05:25
this is impossible; we have exterminated these neighbors on the planet.00:05:28
But the ancestor of chickens was lucky;00:05:33
ancient people who lived in Southeast Asia00:05:36
noticed small birds scurrying among the00:05:40
bushes and decided get to know them00:05:43
better these birds knew how to fly, but did00:05:46
it reluctantly, preferring to hide in00:05:50
dense thickets, they also equipped00:05:53
their nests which laid tasty00:05:56
and nutritious eggs wild ancestors of chickens00:06:00
still live in the places of their original00:06:02
habitat00:06:04
children bank chickens they actually But00:06:08
they are there in they live in southeast Asia in India00:06:10
and they have a cockerel with a harem of00:06:15
several females and he carefully00:06:18
guards both the harem and his territory and the00:06:22
first thing a person paid attention to was the00:06:24
appearance of the cockerels are00:06:27
beautiful the cockerels are elegant and the fact that00:06:32
they are cocky then there are in00:06:34
appearance and fighting qualities, and therefore the very00:06:39
first breeds were, oddly enough,00:06:41
fighting.00:06:43
Yes, this is surprising, but the very first00:06:46
chickens were actually domesticated for00:06:50
entertainment, they were for the purpose of obtaining meat00:06:53
in the north of Thailand, near the city of Chang Mai,00:06:57
archaeologists found several human00:07:00
settlements that are older five00:07:04
years old And in them there are almost complete remains of00:07:08
chickens or remains with traces of the teeth of00:07:11
domestic dogs but not humans, and at that00:07:14
site and in other places drawings were found that00:07:18
depict00:07:21
cockfights. Apparently our ancestors were very00:07:25
gambling people. Cockfights are popular00:07:28
in Thailand and are still Since about 500000:07:32
years ago, fighting breeds appeared, and00:07:35
if we look at them, of course they are already00:07:38
very different from modern ones, in00:07:41
any case, fighting breeds are of course00:07:44
different from the banker's kulitsa, they are00:07:46
larger, they are so tall,00:07:49
long-legged, lean,00:07:52
muscular, and selection has reduced to a minimum00:07:56
what they can do in battle suffer and begin to00:07:59
prevent the rooster from fighting minimum00:08:02
comb minimum turnover that is, the00:08:04
wild one had more00:08:09
entertainment with entertainment, but hunger and00:08:12
deficiency of protein food have always been00:08:15
problems for our ancestors, so00:08:17
about 4000 years ago, people00:08:22
noticed that chickens not only00:08:24
fight well, but also have very00:08:27
tasty meat and, moreover,00:08:31
they reproduce well in captivity, so people00:08:33
began to breed fat chickens that were not mature, but00:08:38
the man noticed that, in general, there was not00:08:43
much meat, but it was tasty, and he began00:08:46
to select, and I must say that the selection was00:08:50
amazingly effective00:08:52
if they started with a kilogram of live meat00:08:56
then modern meat breeds But00:08:59
here we have the Cochin, it weighs about 5 kg as an00:09:02
adult bird, there is Brama00:09:08
in Southeast Asia and00:09:12
several species of galliformes lived and still live,00:09:14
for example, peacocks and Argus pheasants, but00:09:19
ancient man chose not00:09:22
them, namely chickens, for domestication00:09:25
If we talk about the process of00:09:28
domestic domination in Russian, then people, of course, have00:09:30
always been interested in some useful00:09:32
product that can be obtained from an00:09:33
animal. If we talk about birds, then00:09:35
we can use the example of the organism that00:09:38
we now call chicken to understand what00:09:40
properties and characteristics00:09:42
people were initially interested in. First of all, this00:09:44
fairly high productivity of eggs,00:09:46
for example, that is, the same ancestral00:09:49
species of modern chicken lays00:09:52
somewhere around 10-15 during one fold; for00:09:55
comparison, some Argus, which00:09:57
still exists under natural conditions,00:09:58
lays somewhere around 2-3 hours maximum00:10:02
[music] the00:10:06
first experiments in the selection of chickens began and00:10:11
man had to rid his00:10:13
pets of those qualities that he00:10:16
valued so much. Initially, masturbation and00:10:19
aggressiveness was00:10:22
one of the complicating aspects of this00:10:25
phenomenon associated with the fairly high00:10:27
aggressiveness of chickens within the group.00:10:29
Surely everyone who visited their grandmother in the00:10:31
village saw what could happen in the chicken coop00:10:32
do whatever they want, that is, there are fights,00:10:34
smoke with each other with a rooster in a00:10:37
chaotic disorder,00:10:39
today's chickens are of course much more00:10:42
peaceful compared to their wild00:10:45
ancestors. Although the large fighting rooster00:10:49
still considers himself the master and00:10:51
protector of the females, he guards his harem00:10:54
like a real knight if he make him angry,00:10:58
then he will undoubtedly attack any00:11:01
opponent, no matter how00:11:04
large he is, but chickens living in00:11:07
poultry farms are freed from such00:11:09
instincts;00:11:11
modern poultry farming, one of the00:11:13
directions for breeding new breeds is00:11:16
reducing the aggressiveness of the created00:11:17
objects so that in the conditions of00:11:19
modern poultry farms they sit close to00:11:21
each other then there is, for example, on the00:11:24
area of one student desk somewhere on00:11:26
average 14-15 chickens sitting and00:11:29
the vessel exists quite peacefully because00:11:32
during the lecture they specifically00:11:34
suppressed various forms of behavior00:11:35
associated with pecking at their own kind,00:11:38
for example00:11:40
[music]00:11:42
So the first chickens were domesticated in Asia00:11:46
is Thailand Myanmar Southern China And00:11:51
from there they began their victorious march00:11:54
across the planet, pretty soon the chickens00:11:58
ended up in India from where they migrated to the00:12:01
Middle East and then came to Europe.00:12:05
Now they have conquered all the continents00:12:08
except perhaps Antarctica, the chicken generally00:12:12
turned out to be a bird that is convenient to take with00:12:15
you when traveling, she is little susceptible to00:12:18
stress, without any problems, she gets used to a00:12:21
new place and grows very quickly,00:12:24
gaining weight, the person has made a selection for the00:12:28
speed of growth, mostly we eat,00:12:31
most often not adults. We eat00:12:34
broiler chickens. So in 7-8 months they00:12:37
grow up to two kilograms then there is00:12:39
twice as much as the original bank account00:12:42
and, accordingly, it is quickly profitable and00:12:45
tasty,00:12:47
even if at the new place of settlement the00:12:50
number of chickens turned out to be00:12:52
too small at first to slaughter them for00:12:55
meat, a person could always take00:12:58
for food only part of the eggs that the chickens lay00:13:03
and as for the number of eggs00:13:06
Selection also turned out to be amazingly effective: they00:13:08
started from 10-12, one clutch per year,00:13:12
modern egg-laying ones, here we have a00:13:14
Minorca Cockerel and a hen, on average00:13:17
200-260 and the record values are about 365,00:13:22
that is, one person per day also00:13:27
increased the initial number of eggs by an order of magnitude by 20 times It00:13:34
would not be an exaggeration to say that00:13:37
it was the chicken that saved humanity from the00:13:40
threat of famine. For ancient man, this00:13:44
threat was serious; hunting did not always turn00:13:47
out to be successful; crops could have been00:13:50
destroyed by drought or an invasion of locusts;00:13:54
goats; cows and sheep; animals are of course00:13:58
wonderful, but they take too long to00:14:01
gain weight;00:14:04
hand for many countries, Chicken00:14:08
is still a guarantee00:14:10
of food security, and by00:14:13
concluding an alliance with our ancestors, chicken00:14:16
contributed to a real cultural00:14:19
revolution,00:14:20
of course, the domestication of not only birds.00:14:23
But in general, the phenomenon of dominance itself00:14:25
played a tremendous role in the00:14:30
development of human civilization; this is00:14:32
due primarily to the fact that00:14:34
humanity is gradually began to move00:14:36
from nomadic forms of existence to the cassion,00:14:39
and actually at the same time the00:14:41
so-called conditionally00:14:43
agrarian revolution begins when a person00:14:44
switches to agriculture, of course,00:14:47
in order to live in one place it is necessary to00:14:49
always have00:14:51
some kind of resources readily available. Well, in particular, food ones,00:14:53
that’s the actual breeding of those the same birds00:14:56
contributed to the fact that humans were00:14:58
products,00:14:59
you will be surprised, but the humble chicken00:15:03
was noted even in the advancement of00:15:06
Academic science Charles Darwin, the author of the00:15:09
theory of evolution, dedicated00:15:13
several chapters of his work to the domestic chicken; a variety of00:15:16
domestic animals and plants,00:15:19
not only Darwin but also our distant00:15:23
ancestors treated the chicken with respect,00:15:26
perhaps Not a single animal has been00:15:29
dedicated to so many myths and beliefs in the00:15:33
mythology of many peoples. The rooster is a00:15:36
symbol of the sun and its cry marks not00:15:39
only the beginning of a new day, but also the victory of the forces of00:15:42
good over the forces of evil. The first to00:15:45
assign this status to the rooster were the inhabitants of the00:15:47
Hindustan Peninsula, who, wandering around00:15:50
Eurasia, brought their mythology and00:15:52
other peoples But the ancient Greeks,00:15:55
on the contrary, considered it00:15:56
connected with the underworld.00:15:59
Well, in Greece, the rooster symbolized the00:16:01
victory of life. The egg over death is one of the00:16:05
main Easter symbols of Christianity,00:16:07
according to ancient legend, Mary Magdalene,00:16:09
announcing to the emperor Tiberius about the00:16:12
resurrection of Christ, presented him with the00:16:14
first Easter egg, the emperor00:16:16
doubted the resurrection and said that00:16:19
it is as difficult to believe as it is that a00:16:21
white egg can turn red. Legend00:16:25
has it that before you could finish00:16:27
this phrase, the egg turned red00:16:31
[music]00:16:33
We respect the chicken not only because00:16:36
it saved us from hunger now many00:16:40
breeds of chickens have become truly00:16:43
pets and live next to us so00:16:47
that people can admire the beauty of00:16:50
these wonderful birds.00:16:53
Well, as usual, there is something for the soul, in addition to00:16:58
practical breeds like most00:17:01
domestic animals and decorative breeds,00:17:04
they are also very different, there is a Phoenix rooster00:17:07
there are chickens with a five-meter tail00:17:11
whose feathers are more like wool,00:17:13
we have two bandages and glasses.00:17:16
They are small, they are also quite00:17:18
elegant, with more exotic ones, we have a00:17:21
paduan, he has such a lush crest on00:17:26
his head, we note that artificial selection00:17:29
is unnatural selection it suits the needs00:17:31
of a person,00:17:33
such a crest on the head, the rooster pays with a00:17:35
cerebral hernia. Have00:17:38
you heard how the rooster sings, it doesn’t crow, but it00:17:42
actually sings, now we have such an00:17:45
opportunity; breeders have bred a special00:17:48
breed of singing chickens with an excellent00:17:52
voice; also a separate direction is00:17:55
vocal breeds of chickens. Well, we don’t have them here00:17:57
are presented because they need to be00:17:59
listened to and not looked at outwardly, they are not so00:18:01
interesting Well, here it is clear that00:18:04
the beauty of the chicken’s singing is also valued Well, this00:18:08
direction of selection has also changed greatly, that is, it is00:18:11
clear that the original rooster also00:18:14
sang somehow, but also the vocal abilities00:18:17
were greatly changed by selection then that there are00:18:19
lovers of [ __ ] crowing, they00:18:22
get pleasure from this,00:18:24
that’s for sure, yes,00:18:27
barks are not the only birds that have become00:18:31
our allies and helpers, you’ve all00:18:35
seen city pigeons that00:18:38
swagger along the sidewalks with00:18:40
no fear of people, but there are also00:18:45
their domesticated relatives, if city00:18:48
Many people don’t like pigeons, but00:18:52
domestic pigeons are without a doubt a useful bird,00:18:55
respected since ancient times,00:19:01
the Mediterranean in00:19:03
general, the word columbarium, which in our00:19:06
kittens is most associated with other00:19:10
things, that in principle the structure of the00:19:11
columbarite is what made the columbarium with bare00:19:15
wall cells, this is the place where00:19:19
pigeons were bred Yes, they bred them for meat as times That's00:19:22
because it00:19:23
seems to you that a pigeon is not00:19:26
big enough to be raised for the purpose of00:19:29
obtaining meat, but the breeders of00:19:32
ancient times developed breeds of pigeons that00:19:35
can compete with chicken in terms of00:19:37
productivity,00:19:39
ruin it since I can00:19:41
get quite a wide00:19:43
variety of functional products from the same chicken, in00:19:46
particular if we let's divide it into some00:19:48
groups according to the genus of modern pigeons. And according to00:19:50
various estimates, there are at least 50000:19:52
breeds of pigeons; according to other sources, almost00:19:55
800. All this diversity can be00:19:57
divided into several conditional groups. The00:19:59
first group is meat pigeons, that is, a00:20:02
purposeful person introduced very00:20:04
large pigeons in order to receive00:20:07
from their meat Well, if we compare, for example,00:20:09
the weight of a pre-trial detention center pigeon, then on average it’s about 30000:20:13
grams, the weight of some King or00:20:15
Strasser or even a Roman giant, such a00:20:18
breed ranges from a kilogram to00:20:20
one and a half. Well, that is, there are five,00:20:22
maybe some even look like six times their00:20:24
mass,00:20:26
but pigeons are not only a source of food before the00:20:30
advent of the telegraph and the Internet, these00:20:33
wonderful birds served us00:20:35
by providing long-distance communication and one should not00:20:39
think that this was in some00:20:41
ancient times; carrier pigeons were00:20:44
used even during the First00:20:47
World War, that is, a little more a hundred00:20:49
years ago,00:20:51
in fact, pigeons were00:20:53
finally ousted from such00:20:58
use only with the advent of radio,00:21:00
that is, the00:21:03
telegraph could compete with nothing, and00:21:05
even so to speak, they had a whole00:21:08
number of advantages compared to Well,00:21:10
against the helpless telegraph They,00:21:11
of course, did not go and there is a well-known story00:21:14
there when, during the siege of Paris during the00:21:16
Frankish War,00:21:19
the garrison kept in touch with all parts of00:21:23
France with the help of carrier pigeons, and00:21:26
the Germans, in order to intercept these00:21:28
carrier pigeons, created00:21:30
special units of justices that00:21:33
were supposed to prevent these pigeons from being allowed into the00:21:37
new world. There is an analogue of our00:21:39
Eurasian Kurdeika, she is a distant relative.00:21:44
chicken and is similar to it in lifestyle and00:21:47
behavior, but Europeans met00:21:51
turkeys only after the discovery of America.00:21:54
But the American Indians domesticated00:21:58
them several thousand years ago. Look00:22:01
with what an important and threatening look against the00:22:05
turkey, he also guards his harem and is not00:22:09
very happy with the fact that it is being00:22:11
filmed now, these birds00:22:14
have also spread with humans throughout the00:22:16
planet and provide food for competition in00:22:20
popularity.00:22:22
Guinea fowl are not as popular as chickens and00:22:25
turkeys, but this bird, which traces its00:22:28
origins to North Africa,00:22:30
is becoming more and more popular;00:22:34
it has tasty meat that is still valued the00:22:37
ancient Romans, by the way, its name00:22:40
guinea fowl or Caesar bird00:22:45
speaks for itself. The Romans believed that00:22:48
only emperors and patricians were worthy of eating meat. And00:22:52
today we can appreciate all the00:22:56
advantages of this poultry. The00:23:00
domestication of birds is a process that00:23:02
continues in our time, here are another00:23:06
descendants of dinosaurs who settled in00:23:09
our poultry houses just recently,00:23:12
real giants00:23:16
African ostriches are walking in this enclosure. Farmer Alexey, one00:23:21
of the Pioneers of ostrich breeding, believes that00:23:24
this bird has a great future.00:23:28
He asked such a question. I wanted something00:23:30
unusual, unusual, in the context of all00:23:34
farmers, all of agriculture, since00:23:37
on today on the00:23:40
territory of Russia the community00:23:41
probably occupies only one percent, as it were, yes, I00:23:44
understood that I have great00:23:46
chances, chances to00:23:48
show myself, if I am capable of this,00:23:51
quite serious heavy information on00:23:54
growing information00:23:56
on its breeding is very at00:23:59
least approximately 25 percent, yes,00:24:02
such world statistics,00:24:05
on Alexey’s farm there are three species of00:24:07
large birds at once. Many will think that00:24:11
they are all ostriches, but according to the scientific classification,00:24:14
only these00:24:17
African giants are classified as ostriches. South American rheas live in this enclosure;00:24:21
they are distant00:24:24
relatives of our meadow corncrakes, only00:24:28
very large ones, and here are Australian ones emo is00:24:32
also very similar to ostriches, but00:24:35
they are classified as cassowaries; all these00:24:39
birds are bred in captivity quite recently,00:24:42
but are rapidly gaining popularity00:24:45
among poultry farmers, which is not surprising, because from00:24:49
one ostrich you can get up to 75 kg of00:24:53
healthy and dietary meat, and female00:24:58
ostriches lay more than00:25:00
fifty eggs per year you will say this a little,00:25:04
but each egg weighs on average 3-3.5 kg00:25:09
from it you can cook lunch for00:25:12
eight people it will not be an easy00:25:15
snack for breakfast but real00:25:18
complete meals because ostrich eggs are00:25:21
much more nutritious and denser than00:25:24
chicken eggs00:25:25
Yes We managed to domesticate many birds and00:25:29
We will continue the story about them in other00:25:31
series, but do not forget that00:25:35
the history of poultry farming began with a00:25:38
humble wild crust without which our00:25:41
history would have been completely different, so we00:25:44
must say thank you to the chicken, an animal that00:25:48
changed the world00:25:57
[music]Description:
Животные, изменившие мир. Курица не птица? Сейчас на свете живет невероятное количество этих животных. Целых 24 миллиарда особей! Вы удивитесь, но это — куры. Судя по размеру популяции, этих птиц можно назвать самыми успешными животными планеты. По крайней мере, вымирание, как многим обитателям дикой природы, им точно не грозит... Эта небольшая по размерам птица живет рядом с нами тысячи, а то и десятки тысяч лет. Они снабжают человечество мясом и яйцами, спасая нас тем самым от голода. У кур и другой домашней птицы вообще много заслуг перед человечеством. Именно поэтому мы и удостоили их звания животных, изменивших мир!
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