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00:00:10

One of the long-standing questions in cosmology

00:00:12

concerns the origin of the universe and whether

00:00:15

it was always approximately the same

00:00:17

in all directions. This is what

00:00:20

cosmologists call isotropic because

00:00:22

today on the largest scales

00:00:24

the Universe looks very similar in all

00:00:27

directions with approximately the same

00:00:29

properties, but was it always like this? What

00:00:33

happened 13.8 billion years ago

00:00:37

answer something happened Of course we do

00:00:41

n’t know this for sure yet But we already

00:00:43

have a certain amount of knowledge about the

00:00:45

cosmology of gravity and quantum

00:00:48

mechanics to create models that

00:00:51

have every chance of capturing at least

00:00:54

part of the truth and today we’ll talk about

00:00:57

chaos No not on earth but in the Universe, but

00:01:00

how could chaos give birth to the Universe?

00:01:02

Let’s try to delve deeper into this question and

00:01:05

find the answer. It’s interesting that this is a fairly

00:01:07

old idea going back to the edge of the world to the

00:01:10

ancient philosopher Lucretius, who lived

00:01:13

BC and was conceptualized already in the 18th century by the

00:01:16

philosopher David Hume and also

00:01:18

physicist Ludwik Boltzmann in the 19th century;

00:01:21

moreover, even in Greek mythology,

00:01:24

it was believed that the Universe arose from

00:01:26

chaos; in fact, the word chaos itself

00:01:29

comes from the Greek word

00:01:30

meaning Abyss is an emptiness devoid of

00:01:34

any features, often represented as a

00:01:36

kind of ocean, for example, in Babylonian and

00:01:40

Japanese mythologies, the same Motif

00:01:42

can be traced in the ancient Egyptian

00:01:44

Polynesian myths and even the beliefs of

00:01:47

May. This is quite interesting because at

00:01:50

that time people were probably jumping over

00:01:52

fire in the deer school calling for rain, but

00:01:55

nevertheless it is a fact, yes. As we have seen,

00:01:58

people of different eras had the idea

00:02:00

that the early Cosmos was a

00:02:02

chaotic mixture that over time,

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somehow it was ordered

00:02:08

Hello Today, when science has gone far

00:02:10

ahead, this ancient episode of the Universe

00:02:12

is called the program of chaotic

00:02:15

cosmology, but first, let’s look a little

00:02:18

What does a disordered mixture mean?

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What does Chaos mean in general? And for this,

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let’s give a simple visual example with a

00:02:25

pendulum, what happens to it when we

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set it in motion Yes, it begins

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to oscillate, we gradually reduce

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the amplitude and after some time the pendulum

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stops. Where did the energy of

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the pendulum go? It was correctly taken away by cunning

00:02:41

air molecules. But why doesn’t the

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opposite happen? Why can’t lazy molecules

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get together and give energy

00:02:48

to the pendulum again? The answer is simple: consumption of the world

00:02:52

khasu is a fundamental

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property of nature, that is, the directed

00:02:56

movement of pendulum particles turns into the

00:02:59

chaotic movement of air molecules,

00:03:01

just as the directed flow of water will sooner

00:03:04

or later turn into a chaotic jet

00:03:06

with turbulent and intertwining

00:03:10

flows of physics to measure

00:03:13

chaos, they use a quantity

00:03:15

called the entropy of the system, the more

00:03:18

entropy the less ordered the system is the

00:03:20

state of equilibrium entropy

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is maximum

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Boltzmann in the 19th century proved

00:03:27

a theorem that states that in a closed

00:03:30

system entropy always

00:03:32

increases over time, for example Let's take a

00:03:35

balloon with helium, place it in the corner of

00:03:38

the room Then it bursts, the gas after

00:03:42

a while will spread throughout the

00:03:44

room filling it evenly in this

00:03:46

way, the entropy of the gas increases to

00:03:49

a maximum and No matter how much we wait, the gels will

00:03:51

never Gather back into the Sphere In the

00:03:54

corner of the room This speaks of the irreversibility of

00:03:57

processes in our world, but Let's

00:04:00

take a look at each ball separately

00:04:01

The fact is that for each ball we

00:04:04

we can find out the accuracy of its speed and

00:04:07

coordinates, as well as the force acting on it

00:04:10

from Newton’s second law, we can

00:04:13

find out the acceleration and motion of each

00:04:15

individual particle, and if we turn

00:04:17

back time, the law will not change its shape.

00:04:20

This means that the movement of each

00:04:23

individual ball can also be reversed; the

00:04:25

infinite state of the ball can be reversed

00:04:27

understand where it came from and how it moves,

00:04:30

but the movement of all the balls together

00:04:33

turns out to be irreversible. The

00:04:36

French mathematician Andrei

00:04:39

noticed an interesting thing for a certain type of system:

00:04:41

as a result of the evolution of

00:04:43

these systems, over time they returned

00:04:45

to their original state. Although

00:04:48

initially it seemed that they were

00:04:51

only striving towards chaos. Yes indeed the

00:04:54

gas and the ball will not come back together in one pile.

00:04:56

But what if you wait even

00:04:58

longer, what if the Ankara cycle for such a

00:05:02

system is very large. There are a whole

00:05:04

cosmological model based on the

00:05:07

hypothesis of the return of the polunkare, one of them

00:05:10

belongs to the famous mathematician

00:05:11

Penrose. In his opinion, the Universe first

00:05:14

inflates and then collapses back

00:05:17

then explodes again, inflates and

00:05:20

collapses again, repeating exactly the

00:05:22

previous cycle;

00:05:24

statistical mechanics implies

00:05:26

that, given enough time,

00:05:28

systems close to equilibrium will

00:05:31

spontaneously transition to a state with

00:05:34

lower entropy;

00:05:36

reverses the thermodynamic arrow of

00:05:38

time; it was the boatswain who long ago understood

00:05:41

that the second law of thermodynamics

00:05:43

states that entropy is closed

00:05:46

the system never happens is not an

00:05:48

absolute law for clarity

00:05:50

Let's imagine an ice cube in a glass of

00:05:53

water that is absolutely isolated from the

00:05:56

rest of the Universe our thought

00:05:59

experiment will last

00:06:01

indefinitely and By the way you are Peter Pan and

00:06:03

ignore Gravity traditional

00:06:06

thermodynamics predicts that the

00:06:08

ice cube will melt and in a few minutes we

00:06:11

we get a glass with colder water, we

00:06:14

continue to wait for quite a long time,

00:06:16

levitating above the glass and now

00:06:19

statistical mechanics predicts

00:06:21

that the ice cube will eventually

00:06:24

form again if we saw such a

00:06:26

miraculous phenomenon, we would come to the conclusion

00:06:28

that the evolution in time of the process of

00:06:30

re-forming the ice cube will be

00:06:33

with a high probability approximately equivalent

00:06:35

to the reversal of the process in time.

00:06:38

Thus, we are observing a series of

00:06:40

sequential statistically

00:06:42

unlikely events and not one

00:06:45

instantaneous very unlikely event.

00:06:48

Now let’s move this experiment to a

00:06:50

larger scale. Let’s

00:06:52

imagine that you are ready to wait almost

00:06:55

an eternity to see how something like a

00:06:57

big bang randomly

00:06:59

oscillating in empty space as this

00:07:02

would actually happen based

00:07:04

on the ice example it wouldn't be a

00:07:06

sudden detonation in which nothing

00:07:09

turns into a big bang Rather it

00:07:11

would be exactly like the observed

00:07:14

History of our Universe only

00:07:15

reproduced in reverse order like this It

00:07:18

just so happened that in the laws of physics there is

00:07:20

nothing that would distinguish between a crazy story

00:07:23

and fluctuations leading to a big compression and a

00:07:26

completely ordinary story of evolution from a

00:07:28

big bang. One is opposite to

00:07:31

the other, and after all, the fundamental laws of

00:07:33

physics do not determine the direction, so

00:07:37

we can ask the question: Does

00:07:39

such processes help explain the universe in

00:07:42

which we actually don’t live

00:07:45

very well yet and since we don’t have

00:07:47

long enough time for experimentation, such

00:07:50

reasoning is mostly in the

00:07:52

field of philosophy or do we need to look for

00:07:55

other solutions and better understand how

00:07:58

entropy works?

00:08:00

Yes, today we can only measure the

00:08:03

observable universe but we cannot

00:08:05

look beyond its limits. Therefore, the

00:08:08

real Universe on a larger

00:08:10

scale may well be anisotropic

00:08:13

and its inhomogeneities have long been thrown out of

00:08:16

measurement due to

00:08:18

spatial expansion, we know so little

00:08:21

about space, probably only two

00:08:23

percent.

00:08:24

The Universe is like a majestic

00:08:27

castle stretching into the sky with towers and bridges

00:08:30

thrones and halls perhaps by their king and

00:08:34

subjects But apparently humanity has never

00:08:36

emerged from the smallest

00:08:39

prison these are fortresses

00:08:40

[music]

00:08:55

[applause]

00:09:00

[music]

00:09:18

[music]

00:09:34

[music]

00:09:46

[music]

00:10:09

[music]

Description:

🔹 Тема обсуждения: __________________________________ Вселенная — не имеющее строгого определения понятие в астрономии и философии. Оно делится на две принципиально отличающиеся сущности: умозрительную (философскую) и материальную, доступную наблюдениям в настоящее время или в обозримом будущем. Если автор различает эти сущности, то, следуя традиции, первую называют Вселенной, а вторую — астрономической Вселенной или Метагалактикой (в последнее время этот термин практически вышел из употребления). 🔹 Космические детали: __________________________________ ● Поддержать Автора / Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/evilspace ● Станьте спонсором канала, и вы получите доступ к эксклюзивным бонусам. Подробнее: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-RyhIEG3is1Sfe70-dHYQw/join ● Наш Космический канал (Telegram): https://t.me/evil_space ● Группа (ВК): https://vk.com/club66650642 ● Наш ЧАТ: (Telegram) : https://t.me/ES_BRO ● Яндекс Дзен: https://dzen.ru/id/6230a14e85aee80c20310622?lang=ru 🔹 Наши Каналы: __________________________________ ● Английский - Evil space: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5V6UIg35iavcPSfWGyoajQ ● Испанский - Espacio Profundo: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCF2kQVQHIfZ86Mf5F61Z4ZA ● Немецкий - Weltraumreise: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKYBbcyXEQKjIMN3CVDz-Nw ● Хинди - ब्रह्मांड: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIpwcZnGS-QzBQn0J6QWouA ● Английский - Space Journey: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPDSPKQy1fuuFMGWmh-b9gw/featured ● Французский - Espace et Univers: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs816UJ2tVfqleBj2Qj4J3A ● Китайский - 太空旅行: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6gbB4DjSwqqzg1ZOrtVSwA ● Португальский - Viagens Espaciais: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC39eI2gIwWhgIDoD2D-r8eQ ● Испанский - Aventura Espacial: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNkE8A4aVZMwH_O-2MzHVSA 🔹 Музыка: __________________________________ https://synthwave-radio.bandcamp.com/ https://www.apple.com/itunes/ https://bleep.com/ https://www.qobuz.com/gb-en/shop https://www.wob.com/en-gb/category/media-music 🔹 Анимация: __________________________________ melodysheep: https://www.youtube.com/user/melodysheep Jeremy jozwik: https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_... Egor Demin: https://www.artstation.com/darth_biomech Darth Biomech https://www.artstation.com/darth_biomech Fish tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree Ken York of YD Visual https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Kristiityan Tavkar https://www.miragedereve.com/ Chris Holland (Mafic Studios) www.maficstudios.com LegionTech Studio https://hades9.com Kris Holland of Mafic Stufios: www.maficstudios.com Sergio Boterio https: https://www.artstation.com/sboterod Bryan Versteeg https://spacehabs.com/ Keith Carson, Jarred Eagley, Udo Schroeter, Mihail Yordanov, Misho Yordanov, Pierre Demet. Stefan Blandin. 🔹 Источники: __________________________________ https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/a-universe-out-of-chaos https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/07/18/was-our-universe-born-chaotically/?sh=46c5c0065989 https://habr.com/ru/articles/153691/ https://theoryandpractice.ru/posts/12510-chaos https://lana-artifex.livejournal.com/4219.html 🔹 Теги: __________________________________ 🔹 Автор ӏ Сотрудничество: __________________________________ Email: [email protected] / https://vk.com/id243180193

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