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Russian
00:00:05
[music]00:00:10
having gone through the trials of troubled times,00:00:13
having survived a civil war and foreign00:00:16
intervention, Russia was regaining its00:00:20
strength at the beginning of the 17th century, the00:00:24
Romanov Dynasty was established on the Moscow throne,00:00:26
if Mikhail Fedorovich was the elected00:00:30
king, then his descendants were the hereditary00:00:33
monarchs; they were faced with new tasks00:00:37
to return the Lost territories to build a00:00:40
modern army and the fleet00:00:43
will break through an exit to the seas and again make00:00:46
Russia a powerful power; on this00:00:50
path, the country will undergo painful00:00:52
reforms; its inhabitants will have to change their00:00:55
way of life and their usual way of life; as00:00:59
a result, the old Muscovite kingdom00:01:01
will turn into one of the strongest world00:01:04
states; the00:01:05
Russian Empire00:01:08
[music]00:01:30
Tsarevich Alexei from childhood spent a lot of00:01:33
time reading church books but00:01:36
gladly indulged in other00:01:38
hobbies, such as falconry, his00:01:42
contemplative mindset did not prevent him from00:01:44
thoroughly delving into state affairs;00:01:49
having ascended the throne at the age of 16, the young tsar00:01:52
began to carry out military reform00:01:55
Alexei Mikhailovich understood that he00:01:58
would have to fight a lot00:02:04
[music ]00:02:05
traditional Russian local cavalry00:02:07
was formed and serving people of nobles and00:02:11
boyars' children were obliged to come00:02:14
to war at the tsar's call and00:02:17
provided themselves with weapons and servants as00:02:20
fighting serfs; however, over time,00:02:23
such regiments and the old system became00:02:25
less and less effective. Russia needed a00:02:29
new type of00:02:31
disciplined army and trained according to a00:02:33
single plan, such regiments of a foreign00:02:37
system began to appear under Tsar00:02:39
Mikhail Romanov, now relying on00:02:42
his father’s experience, Alexey Mikhailovich sharply00:02:45
increased their number00:02:50
in 1663, the Russian army00:02:54
included 55 soldier regiments of the new00:02:57
system with fifty-sixty00:03:00
thousand soldiers, the number of riders, heavy00:03:03
cavalry, armored in lattes and helmets and00:03:06
Armed with muskets, carbines and00:03:08
pistols there were about 18 thousand00:03:11
people,00:03:12
much smaller, no more than 100000:03:15
people, the number of light00:03:17
cavalry was military labor was paid00:03:19
very highly; privates received a salary of00:03:22
about 5 rubles per year; colonels up to 50 A;00:03:27
generals up to 100 rubles per year; a00:03:30
small house in Moscow cost about 1000:03:33
rubles since the maintenance of the regiments of the00:03:35
new system was burdensome for the00:03:38
treasury in Peacetime, they were often00:03:41
disbanded00:03:45
than time, in the neighborhood of the Muscovite00:03:48
kingdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, events took place00:03:52
that would soon lead to00:03:54
colossal consequences in the center of these00:03:57
events00:04:01
for many years he faithfully served the00:04:03
Polish king But soon everything00:04:06
changed the00:04:09
Polish elders gave away Chaplinsky had00:04:11
long hated Khmelnitsky One day,00:04:15
when the Cossack was not at home, Chiplinsky00:04:18
attacked his farm Subat,00:04:21
plundering the estate Chiplinsky00:04:24
beat Khmelnitsky's son to death and took with him00:04:26
his non-venture wife Elena The00:04:29
Cossack colonel went to court for00:04:32
justice didn’t achieve it Then he00:04:35
turned to the king himself Vladislav00:04:38
answered the Cossack You have your saber00:04:43
before the duel never came Khmelnitsky was00:04:46
accused of conspiracy And thrown into prison00:04:49
when he was released he remembered the king’s advice with00:04:53
one saber you really won’t achieve And when00:04:56
there were many sabers00:05:01
Bogdan Khmelnitsky became hetman, that is, the00:05:04
head of the Zaporozhye Cossack army and00:05:07
began the Uprising against the Polish00:05:09
nobility, they00:05:13
took away fertile Lands from the Cossacks and00:05:17
the courts always sided with00:05:19
the gentry, because the Orthodox population of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth00:05:21
was deprived of most00:05:24
political rights for00:05:28
several years, the Cossacks of Bogdan00:05:31
Khmelnytsky fought shares with their00:05:33
oppressors,00:05:34
at first they inflicted on the Polish troops00:05:37
several defeats then came a00:05:40
series of failures, Hetman Khmelnitsky understood that00:05:44
he could not do without the help of a strong ally for the00:05:47
sixth year. He sent a00:05:50
message to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with a00:05:53
request to accept the Cossacks as his00:05:56
citizenship. The00:06:08
Zaporozhye army under the protection of the00:06:11
Russian state to discuss00:06:14
further actions the Cossack elders00:06:17
gathered for a military council or radul00:06:25
[music]00:06:28
Khmelnitsky told the elders the00:06:31
Cossacks could not cope alone, they could00:06:34
ask for help from the Turkish Sultan or the00:06:37
Crimean Khan, but would the00:06:40
Orthodox Cossacks00:06:44
want to surrender again to the will of the Polish00:06:47
King and continue to endure oppression. Before the00:06:50
hetman’s speech had even died down,00:06:54
unanimous cries of00:06:58
Valin for the Moscow Orthodox Tsar swept across the square00:07:06
after the Pereyaslavl Rada of the population of the00:07:09
Cossack region took the oath of00:07:11
allegiance to Alexei Mikhailovich, and he00:07:14
promised to protect the Cossacks. By this time, the00:07:17
military reform was basically00:07:19
completed, the sovereign was confident the00:07:22
renewed Russian army is ready00:07:24
to confront the Polish-Lithuanian00:07:26
state00:07:28
Alexei Mikhailovich had a chance00:07:31
to complete what the great00:07:33
Moscow princes from the Rurik family began to00:07:36
unite all Russian lands around Moscow,00:07:39
including those that were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth00:07:44
[music]00:07:50
before the start of the military campaign Alexei00:07:53
Mikhailovich00:07:58
300 years ago Sergius Radonezh00:08:01
blessed Dmitry Donskoy here for the00:08:04
Battle of Kulikovo,00:08:07
now the Russian Tsar asked the Lord to00:08:10
strengthen his strength and courage00:08:13
Alexei Mikhailovich had to do what00:08:16
his father had failed to return.00:08:19
Smolensk, lost during the years of unrest under the00:08:21
rule of Moscow,00:08:27
attempts to take Smolensk by attack00:08:30
ended in failure Looking at how00:08:33
Russian warriors were dying the sovereign gave00:08:36
the order to withdraw the troops and prepare for a00:08:39
protracted siege;00:08:40
the enemy was waiting for reinforcements. However,00:08:43
news soon came that the00:08:45
army of the Lithuanian Herman Jan, which was coming to the rescue, was00:08:49
defeated;00:08:51
more to count was in the fall of00:08:54
1654, the garrison surrendered; the00:09:03
defenders of the fortress opened the gates and00:09:06
laid down the banners in front of Alexei00:09:08
Mikhailovich; he did not become a student of the00:09:11
defeated city voivode, together with a00:09:15
detachment of Poles, He allowed the peaceful man to leave,00:09:18
but most of the Smolensk00:09:24
indigenous Smolensk people welcomed Alexei00:09:27
Mikhailovich as their savior.00:09:29
Smolensk, the center of the ancient Russian00:09:32
principality, returned forever to00:09:35
Russia. The00:09:41
first triumph of the Russian army00:09:44
was followed by new successes,00:09:46
fighting side by side with the Cossacks of Bogdan00:09:49
Khmelnitsky, the tsarist troops recaptured the00:09:52
ancient Russians. the cities of00:09:54
Dorogobuzh Mstislavl Polotsk Mogilev and00:09:58
Gomel later you fire Klov Vitebsk and00:10:02
Minsk the situation of the Polish Lithuanian army00:10:05
was catastrophic in the summer of00:10:08
1655 the tsarist regiments dealt a00:10:12
new blow to it on its head, defeating the main00:10:14
forces of the opponents in the battle of Oshmyany00:10:17
then the capital of the Grand00:10:20
Duchy of Lithuania capitulated, the city of Vilna,00:10:23
it seemed Russia held a convincing00:10:26
victory and the war can be considered over00:10:29
However, this was only the beginning00:10:32
[music]00:10:36
Alexey Mikhailovich loved chess from his youth,00:10:39
he devoted himself to this hobby with00:10:42
real passion and easily00:10:45
beat his opponents, just like on the00:10:48
chessboard on the battlefields, the sovereign was00:10:51
lucky by00:10:54
concluding a profitable Truce with the00:10:57
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Alexey Mikhailovich decided to00:11:00
open a Second Front to return the Lands00:11:03
that Sweden traded with Russia during the years00:11:05
of unrest. The00:11:07
Tsarist army, tested in battles with the00:11:10
Lithuanians and Poles, went00:11:12
north.00:11:17
The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war justified the00:11:20
wildest expectations. The Tsar’s regiments00:11:23
took the cities of Dinoburk and Copenhausen,00:11:26
then the coat of arms fell under the Russian onslaught.00:11:30
the city was founded by Yaroslav the Wise and00:11:34
formerly bore the name Yuryev the fortress surrendered to00:11:42
all military efforts it turned out unsuccessfully00:11:45
the forces of the Russian army began to cut and the00:11:49
military potential of Sweden was too00:11:52
great during the protracted war Russia was00:11:55
forced to become all conquests00:11:58
[music]00:12:03
the most difficult times the sovereign found00:12:06
solace in in the society of his wife, Maria00:12:09
Miloslavskaya was not considered an equal to the00:12:11
Moscow Tsar; she came from an00:12:14
humble family. Moreover, she was00:12:16
five years older than her husband. However, Alexei Mikhailovich00:12:19
loved her immensely; the queen donated a lot00:12:22
to the needs of the sick and the eternal; and00:12:26
in wartime, she allocated funds for the00:12:28
construction of hospitals;00:12:30
during the years of marriage, Miloslavskaya gave husband has00:12:34
13 children among them the future Russian tsars00:12:38
Fedor III Ivan IV and also Tsarevna Sophia00:12:42
[music]00:12:49
meanwhile Bogdan Khmelnitsky harbored a00:12:52
grudge against Alexei Mikhailovich his00:12:54
representatives were not invited to00:12:57
negotiations with the Poles the hetman wanted to00:12:59
continue the fight against the gentry,00:13:02
even if separately from the Russian tsar for00:13:05
health reasons Khmelnitsky was deteriorating,00:13:08
feeling the approach of death, he bequeathed to be00:13:11
buried in the Ilyinsky church of00:13:13
his farm next to his son Timofey00:13:21
after the death of Bogdan Khmelnitsky00:13:23
The Cossacks split One part00:13:26
adhered to the oath given to the Russian Tsar,00:13:29
the other sought an Union until the slippery00:13:32
king then with the Crimean Khan the00:13:35
Russian-Polish war resumed in00:13:39
1659 Tsarist the army suffered a00:13:42
major defeat near Konotop A00:13:46
year later, another one under the wonderful However, Alexei00:13:50
Mikhailovich did not lose his presence of mind in00:13:54
1663, the Polish king John II00:13:58
Casimir was defeated in a general battle00:14:01
near the village of Pirogovka Although the battles continued for another 400:14:05
years, the defeat of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a00:14:08
foregone conclusion by the00:14:12
result of the Russian-Polish war became the00:14:15
Androsov Truce. According to its00:14:18
terms, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth returned00:14:20
Smolensk Chernigov to00:14:23
Novgorod-Seversky to Russia and also transferred the00:14:25
entire left-bank Ukraine or Little Russia, the00:14:29
traditions of Cossack self-government were preserved here00:14:32
and the highest00:14:35
official was the hetman of the Zaporozhye army,00:14:38
therefore the territory of the Left-Bank Ukraine was00:14:41
also called the hetmanate. In addition,00:14:45
control was transferred to Kiev. in00:14:49
1686, Russia concluded an00:14:53
eternal peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth within the framework of which the00:14:56
Moscow government bought Kiev00:14:58
for 146 thousand rubles,00:15:03
and in the meantime, small detachments of Cossacks and00:15:06
Streltsov moved far to the east,00:15:08
bringing the local population to the oath to the tsar00:15:11
and clouding them with a tanya esak, Russian00:15:15
sailors on sail-forts Kochakh ships00:15:18
explored the Arctic Ocean in00:15:22
1648 Cossack Semyon Kizhnev discovered the00:15:25
strait separating Asia from North00:15:28
America set up the Anadyr Ostrog and00:15:32
began the annexation of Chukotka to Russia00:15:35
Erofey Khabarov conquered vast lands00:15:38
along the Amur River It was in the middle of the 16th century that00:15:42
Russian explorers founded00:15:44
cities such as Krasnoyarsk Bratsk Yakutsk00:15:48
Okhotsk Chita and Irkutsk Everywhere in Siberia the00:15:52
axes of Russians were knocking Carpenters00:15:54
erecting the walls of fortresses and00:15:57
Orthodox churches00:16:00
when Alexei Mikhailovich turned 40,00:16:03
he was beset by grief his beloved wife died00:16:07
after a difficult birth for two years, the sovereign00:16:10
grassed me and then remarried his00:16:15
chosen one Natalya Naryshkina came00:16:17
from a family of small landed nobles, she00:16:21
conquered Tsar's lively character, cordial00:16:23
demeanor and breadth of outlook.00:16:30
However, their happiness was short-lived. In the fifth00:16:33
year of marriage, Alexei Mikhailovich died00:16:36
of illness at the age of 46. He remained00:16:40
in history under the title Clementissimus. Which00:16:44
in Latin means the quietest00:16:46
or most merciful; many contemporaries00:16:50
remembered the sovereign as a00:16:52
calm, self-possessed man the author of church00:16:55
hymns and the founder of the first00:16:58
professional theater in Russia, but few00:17:02
Russian rulers managed to accomplish00:17:05
as much as Alexei Mikhailovich;00:17:08
he returned the00:17:11
Western Russian lands to the rule of Moscow and annexed the00:17:13
left bank part of Little Russia; he launched the00:17:17
construction of defensive structures00:17:19
on the southern borders of the Muscovite kingdom,00:17:21
protecting it from attacks The Crimean Khans00:17:25
presented several rebellions, including those that00:17:28
covered a vast territory, the point of00:17:31
Stepan Razin. In addition, he carried out a00:17:34
large-scale church reform and00:17:37
established a supporting code, the most complete00:17:41
set of laws of the Russian kingdom, which was in00:17:43
force for many00:17:45
generations00:17:55
after Alexei Mikhailovich,00:17:58
his son from his first marriage, Fyodor, the00:18:02
young man, ascended the throne. was ill for a long time But he had a clear00:18:06
and mature mind. During the six years of his00:18:09
reign, Fedor III managed to do00:18:12
a lot of useful things for the country00:18:16
during the reign of Fedor Alekseevich in00:18:20
Russia. A general census was carried out under the00:18:23
window of the population;00:18:24
taxation was simplified; criminal00:18:28
penalties were mitigated; in particular, the cutting off of00:18:31
hands for theft under him was abolished In Moscow, the00:18:34
first permanent operating00:18:36
schools designed for many students arose;00:18:39
also, by order of the tsar, localism was abolished;00:18:42
the system of distribution of00:18:45
positions depending on the nobility of the00:18:48
family; this ancient custom hampered the00:18:51
development of the army and civil institutions.00:18:54
And after its abolition,00:18:57
it became possible to appoint people to high positions00:19:00
depending on their abilities and00:19:02
talents,00:19:04
Tsar Fedor did not live long after his00:19:07
death, the question arose as to who should pass the00:19:10
Russian throne next in00:19:13
seniority was Ivan Alekseevich, the son of00:19:15
Maria Miloslavskaya. The00:19:17
15-year-old young man suffered from a number of00:19:20
serious illnesses and00:19:22
could not rule independently, so the Boyar Duma00:19:25
chose the second00:19:27
candidate, the son of Alexei Mikhailovich from the00:19:30
marriage with Natalya Naryshkina, ten-year-old00:19:33
Peter of the00:19:36
Miloslavsky family was insulted;00:19:41
Ivan Alekseevich’s elder sister, Princess Sophia, was especially indignant; the00:19:45
confrontation between the two court clans00:19:47
coincided with the uprising of the Moscow00:19:49
Streltsy; the reason for the rebellion was the delay in00:19:52
salary. Sophia, a pouring out and00:19:56
enterprising woman, decided to take advantage of the00:19:58
discontent of the Streltsov,00:20:00
the princess spread rumors that under00:20:03
the rule of the Naryshkins they are waiting for even more00:20:06
oppression;00:20:07
moreover, the Streltsy were told that the00:20:11
legitimate sovereign Ivan Alekseevich was00:20:14
no longer alive, he was allegedly strangled by traitors00:20:19
[music]00:20:25
raging Streltsy army, sweeping away the00:20:28
guards on its way, burst into the Kremlin00:20:32
and Although Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna00:20:35
showed both heirs alive and00:20:38
well, this did not stop rebels,00:20:41
young Peter watched with horror as the00:20:44
Streltsy threw the boyar00:20:46
Mikhail Dolgorukiy onto the spears and burst into00:20:49
peace, mercilessly killing the Naryshkin supporters,00:20:57
Natalya Kirillovna herself barely managed to00:20:59
escape, but her brother was captured and00:21:02
subjected to a painful execution. The bloody00:21:05
events of the Streltsy rebellion will be remembered by00:21:08
Petro Alekseevich for the rest of his life as the00:21:13
winner from From this bloody battle,00:21:15
Princess Sophia was00:21:18
executed and the leaders of the rebellion were executed; she00:21:20
concentrated the levers of government in her hands.00:21:24
In June00:21:26
1682, Sofya Alekseevna was00:21:30
appointed regent of the two00:21:31
ruler-kings.00:21:42
Princess Sophia sought a broad00:21:44
renewal of Russian society; the00:21:47
country's first higher00:21:50
educational institution of the00:21:52
Greek Slavs was opened during her reign. -Latin Academy developed00:21:55
industry and trade Russia00:21:57
concluded an eternal peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,00:22:00
securing the left-bank Ukraine and00:22:04
also signed the Nerchinsk Treaty with00:22:06
China, which for the first time defined the border00:22:09
between the two states. In addition,00:22:12
Sophia tried to push the Tatars of the Turks away00:22:15
from the Russian borders. However,00:22:17
she made two campaigns to the Crimea did not00:22:20
bring success. In00:22:23
addition, Russia entered the Holy League. The00:22:27
Union of Christian states rebelled00:22:30
against the Ottoman Empire and its vassal, the00:22:33
Crimean Khan, trying to push the Tatars and00:22:37
Turks back from the Russian borders. Prince Vasily00:22:40
Golitsyn; favorites; assistant to Princess Sophia;00:22:48
extremely stretched out00:22:51
despite the military superiority of the00:22:53
Russian army, it was forced to00:22:56
retreat due to hunger, thirst, diseases and00:22:59
shortcomings,00:23:00
and the help of dedicated allies.00:23:05
As a result, Golitsyn’s campaigns did not bring00:23:08
success,00:23:11
while Peter Alekseevich waited00:23:14
in the wings in the country residence of the village of00:23:17
Preobrazhenskoe, the power of Princess Sophia00:23:21
was to end in the day of his00:23:22
coming of age In the meantime, Peter devoted his00:23:26
free time to his favorite hobby of00:23:28
military affairs,00:23:31
from the created mortgaged army, later the00:23:35
imperial guard would grow00:23:37
[music] the00:23:40
young tsar was noticed more and more often in the00:23:43
German Sloboda, the Moscow region in00:23:46
which immigrants from Western00:23:48
Europe settled, here Peter made new friends and00:23:51
became addicted to European kitchen and00:23:54
customs, became interested in science and00:23:57
technology, the00:23:59
mother of the future tsar, Natalya Kirillovna,00:24:02
believed that it was time for her son to settle down and00:24:05
chose a bride for him, a girl from an00:24:07
Ancient noble family such as00:24:10
Lopukhin, the Lopukhin family was00:24:13
numerous and its representatives were00:24:16
popular in the Streltsy troops, the tsarina00:24:19
hoped that new relatives00:24:20
would support her son in the event of a clash00:24:23
with Princess Sophia00:24:31
in January00:24:32
1689, Peter Alekseevich married00:24:37
Evdokia, this event had an important meaning00:24:40
in Russian customs: a married man00:24:43
was considered an adult;00:24:46
henceforth Peter had every right to take the00:24:49
Russian throne. However, Sophia did not00:24:52
want to part with power at her00:24:55
instigation. Rumors spread throughout the capital00:24:58
that the young tsar was going to occupy the00:25:01
Kremlin by force and kill his elder sister,00:25:03
the confrontation continued for several00:25:06
months in August. The Sagittarius, who until00:25:10
that time had been Sofya Alekseevna’s faithful support,00:25:12
went over to Peter’s side; the00:25:16
bet made by Natalya Naryshkina00:25:19
was justified;00:25:23
princess Sofya had to admit00:25:25
defeat; her trusted people lost00:25:28
their posts and were removed from the capital and00:25:32
Sofya Alekseevna herself went00:25:35
to the Novodevichy Convent,00:25:40
Ivan voluntarily transferred all power to his00:25:43
younger brother. Although he remained a00:25:45
formal co-ruler of Peter until00:25:48
his death in 1696, Ivan did not00:25:52
take any part in governing the00:25:54
state; a00:25:57
new sovereign, All-Russian Peter00:26:00
Alekseevich, was established on the throne00:26:01
[music]00:26:08
Peter was a tsar whom Russia had not yet00:26:11
recognized. The energy in him drank to the brim; he00:26:15
was easy to use; he was easily00:26:17
inspired by the most daring ideas.00:26:20
However, the sovereign did not immediately come to the idea of a complete reconstruction of00:26:23
Russian life;00:26:27
at first, he considered the main task of00:26:30
the country to be a war for access to the Black Sea. the00:26:34
main enemies of the Ottoman Empire and the00:26:37
Crimean Khanate, the construction of a mushroom flakyria began at the newly built00:26:40
Voronezh shipyard.00:26:42
Soon00:26:46
she set off on her first voyage00:26:52
instead of the campaigns to the Crimea that00:26:54
Princess Sophia had undertaken. Peter decided to00:26:58
capture the Turkish fortress of Azov half a century00:27:01
ago during the reign of Mikhail00:27:03
Fedorovich, the Don Cossacks00:27:06
held Azov for several years but According to the tsar's00:27:09
order, they were forced to surrender it by electric shock00:27:13
in May 1696, a forty thousand-strong Russian00:27:19
army besieged Azov and the Voronezh00:27:22
flotilla blocked the fortress from the sea, the00:27:24
Turks surrendered. However,00:27:28
Russia never received access to the Black Sea. The00:27:31
Kerch Strait remained under the control of the00:27:34
Ottoman Empire to fight such a00:27:37
powerful enemy at Russia had neither00:27:40
the strength nor a full-fledged fleet,00:27:42
after a decade and a half, Azov had to be00:27:46
returned by electric shock.00:27:50
Peter drew strength from communicating with friends in00:27:54
war and work, but his family life00:27:57
was not very successful00:28:05
in his relationships.00:28:12
Peter regretted.00:28:18
In March 1697, a00:28:23
great embassy headed by Russian00:28:25
Tsar, he traveled abroad incognito under the00:28:29
immuratnik Peter Mikhailov, the00:28:35
official tasks of the Grand Embassy00:28:37
were to find allies for a new war with the00:28:40
Ottoman Empire. And although this goal00:28:43
was never achieved, Peter extracted00:28:46
something more from his trip while diplomats were00:28:50
deciding issues of international politics,00:28:52
the Tsar tried on himself The European way00:28:55
of life, he visited museums and taverns,00:28:58
fortresses and factories, sailed on a boat along the00:29:02
canals of Amsterdam, admired the00:29:04
fireworks, but most importantly, Peter greedily00:29:08
filled in the gaps in education,00:29:13
realizing that Russia needed a00:29:15
modern army and navy.00:29:18
He studied artillery in Prussia,00:29:21
and shipbuilding in Holland00:29:23
at the same time. the tsar purchased new military00:29:27
industrial equipment and recruited00:29:30
foreign specialists into the Russian service00:29:35
[music]00:29:44
However, the tsar had to interrupt his00:29:46
Journey; alarming news came from Moscow; the00:29:49
Sagittarius rebelled again. For a00:29:53
long time there had been rumors throughout Russia that00:29:56
Peter had renounced Orthodoxy or even00:29:59
died in Europe and here are four Streltsy00:30:02
regiments, severely offended by the unfair00:30:06
attitude of the authorities, went to the capital, it00:30:09
was rumored that the Streltsy00:30:11
commanders had a secret idea of00:30:13
elevating Princess Sophia to the throne,00:30:17
the uprising was suppressed even before00:30:20
Peter’s arrival, but when the Tsar returned to Moscow, he00:30:24
subjected all its participants to cruel00:30:27
torture and execution, and his elder sister ordered00:30:30
to tonsure the essence of Princess Sophia00:30:34
Alekseevna after some time, the00:30:36
Tsar's wife Evdokia divided it and for00:30:43
several months the00:30:46
corpses of the executed Sagittarius hung on Red Square, the Tsar00:30:49
forbade their removal, let everyone see00:30:52
what happens to those who dare to00:30:54
rebel,00:30:55
mercilessly parting with the Moscow00:30:58
antiquity, Peter began to change the very00:31:01
foundations of Russian Life and began with the00:31:04
appearance of his subjects, he ordered the boyars00:31:07
to shave their beards; he replaced long-00:31:10
skirted women's caftan sundresses with00:31:12
European clothes; he introduced00:31:15
social evenings with wine and dancing of the00:31:18
Assembly. But this was only the beginning of an00:31:21
extensive program of Peter's reforms00:31:25
as part of the reform of the state00:31:28
structure. Peter replaced the boyar Duma with an00:31:32
advisory one. the senate body, which00:31:35
included his Companions, regardless of their00:31:38
nobility, instead of an extensive system of00:31:41
orders, established collegiums on the Swedish model,00:31:44
on the basis of which ministries would later be00:31:47
created by order of00:31:50
Peter, many young nobles00:31:52
went to study abroad and00:31:55
recruitment was introduced in the Russian army. In00:31:58
addition, the most important consequence00:32:01
The Great Embassy was the reorientation of00:32:04
foreign policy from the Southern Black Sea00:32:07
direction to the Northern Baltic.00:32:13
By the beginning of the 18th century, Russia had00:32:17
huge reserves of export goods but did00:32:21
not have its own ports in the Baltic and00:32:24
therefore remained dependent on00:32:26
European merchants in the near00:32:29
future, the country could turn into a00:32:32
raw materials colony of the West in order to00:32:35
prevent of such an Exodus, Peter declared the00:32:38
priority task to be access to the00:32:40
Baltic Sea in 1700, he declared00:32:45
war on the powerful Northern neighbor of00:32:48
Sweden, the advanced units of the Russian army00:32:51
besieged the Swedish fortress of Narva.00:32:56
However, the army of the Swedish king Charles00:32:59
12 appeared under the walls of the fortress earlier00:33:02
than expected, with the first blow it00:33:06
broke through the Russian front and secured00:33:08
victory00:33:09
from the battlefield Mercenaries officers, some00:33:13
of them went over to the side of the enemy, rushed about in horror00:33:17
Soldiers Recruits were00:33:20
trampled into the mud by the Swedish cavalry00:33:39
Although the first battle of the Northern War00:33:42
ended in defeat, Peter did not lose heart,00:33:46
having taken tough measures to strengthen00:33:49
army discipline, he made a bet to00:33:52
restore the artillery lost near Narva, an00:33:56
important defense order was received by the Tula00:33:59
Gunsmith Nikita Demidov, the tsar gave him the00:34:02
management of the lands of ore deposits00:34:06
and factories in the Urals Nikita Demidov his00:34:09
heirs built many new00:34:12
factories and became leading suppliers,00:34:16
this was the beginning of the heyday of the Ural00:34:19
industry,00:34:23
having won a victory at Narva, Charles the00:34:26
Twelfth did not develop the success, he00:34:28
greatly underestimated the Russian sovereign in the00:34:32
shortest possible time Peter formed a00:34:34
combat-ready and excellent armed00:34:37
army that was not inferior to the troops of the00:34:39
Swedish king,00:34:41
soon the Russian Generals inflicted00:34:43
a number of sensitive defeats on the enemy,00:34:46
capturing Marenburg Niyan chance00:34:49
note Burg, the former Russian fortress Oreshek,00:34:53
which henceforth received the name00:34:55
Shlisselburg city key And in 1704, the00:34:59
Russian army took revenge after the Second00:35:03
siege and assault Narva surrendered and its inhabitants00:35:06
swore allegiance to Peter00:35:11
on the conquered lands at the confluence00:35:14
of the Baltic Sea. Peter I in 170300:35:18
founded the Peter and Paul Fortress and00:35:22
Gemini00:35:24
St. Petersburg00:35:25
swampy marshy area open to the00:35:28
cold Baltic wind, was not well00:35:30
suited for the construction of a new00:35:33
capital. However, the sovereign believed that00:35:35
it was here that he should be located along00:35:38
which he would directly connect Russia with00:35:40
Europe, sparing no expense or the lives00:35:43
of his subjects00:35:46
[music]00:35:50
by 1704, the Russian army recaptured00:35:55
most of the southern coast of the00:35:57
Gulf of Finland from Sweden in response In the summer of 1708, a00:36:02
huge Swedish army led by00:36:05
King Charles 12 set out on a campaign against00:36:08
Moscow. The city was hastily preparing for00:36:11
defense in the west of the country,00:36:13
new fortifications were being erected. Meanwhile, Charles the00:36:17
Twelfth decided to turn to00:36:18
Little Russia, uniting with the Cossacks of the00:36:21
hetman of the Zaporozhye army, Ivan Mazepa,00:36:25
who promised the king help with troops. and00:36:28
supplies, Mazepa’s betrayal did not bring him either00:36:31
Glory or power. The00:36:33
vast majority of the Cossacks remained00:36:35
loyal to Russia and Peter the First in the battle00:36:39
of the village of Lesnoy, the Russian army managed to00:36:42
defeat the00:36:45
Swedish general Living sent to the twelfth corps of Charles, the00:36:49
Swedes were left without ammunition, reserves00:36:52
and equipment from the attack on Moscow and00:36:56
had to abandon the decisive hour of the battle was00:36:59
inexorably approaching00:37:03
in recent years, Peter mobilized,00:37:06
trained and armed a new army, he was00:37:09
confident in the numerical superiority of his00:37:11
infantry with cavalry and especially artillery,00:37:15
but the excitement did not recede The Swedish army00:37:19
was considered the best in Europe And00:37:21
legends were made of its invincibility to00:37:24
inspire Soldiers and officers Peter00:37:28
turned the Hour came to them with a speech00:37:30
that will decide the fate of the00:37:34
Fatherland and you should not think that00:37:37
you are fighting for Peter but for the state00:37:40
Peter handed over his mouth for the Fatherland00:37:45
for our Orthodox faith and the church00:37:49
[music] the00:37:53
very first minutes of the Battle of Poltava00:37:56
showed the undivided dominance of00:37:58
Russian artillery thick you00:38:01
covered the battlefield with gunpowder, the Russian cannons non-00:38:05
stop poured grapeshot, punching00:38:07
gaps in the ranks of the Swedish infantry and00:38:09
cavalry, in a few hours the enemy00:38:12
failed to capture the Russian00:38:14
fortifications, many died,00:38:17
and then the royal regiments lined up and00:38:24
came together in a bloody bayonet00:38:26
fight, but the Swedes were never able to00:38:29
break through dense formation of Russian troops,00:38:31
thanks to skillfully carried out mobilization,00:38:34
Peter received an overwhelming numerical superiority near Poltava,00:38:40
finally the soldiers of Charles the Twelfth00:38:43
trampled and rushed into scattered By 1100:38:47
o'clock in the morning, the Swedish army, the most powerful00:38:51
military force in Europe, was completely00:38:53
defeated,00:38:55
celebrating this unheard-of victory, Peter00:38:58
invited captured Swedish generals into his tent00:39:01
He raised the cup for them as from00:39:05
his teachers in the art of war, one00:39:08
of the captives Count Piper answered well,00:39:12
the living thanked their teachers00:39:18
Northern War reform 100 or The country is00:39:21
very expensive; many peasants00:39:24
were cut off from the economy; they were killed00:39:27
in battles; they were maimed; the tax premium00:39:30
increased; therefore, the Peter's Epoch00:39:33
was marked by numerous riots and00:39:35
uprisings, the00:39:37
largest of them broke out in the00:39:39
Lower Volga region in 1705.00:39:43
Astrakhan became the capital of the rebellion. A00:39:45
huge region actually broke away00:39:48
from Russia and turned into an00:39:50
independent state with its own00:39:52
army and government of the Cossack circle00:39:56
only eight months after the start of00:39:59
the Uprising, it was suppressed by the outstanding00:40:02
commander of the Petrine era, the hero00:40:05
of Poltava battle Boris Sheremetyev00:40:08
[music]00:40:12
it was Sheremetyev who at one time noticed00:40:16
among the Swedish prisoners the lively girl00:40:19
Martha from Kovronskaya for six months she was listed00:40:22
as a laundress with the field marshal and then00:40:25
went to Peter’s favorite Alexander00:40:27
Menshikov Where the Tsar himself drew attention to her00:40:30
Katerina, that’s what Peter began to call00:40:34
his Martha became the sovereign a faithful00:40:37
friend00:40:38
like no one else, she understood Peter and created an00:40:41
almost homely comfort for the tsar, who had previously00:40:44
spent all his time on campaigns.00:40:47
In February 1712, they got married,00:40:53
celebrating the wedding of Rear Admiral Peter00:40:56
Mikhailov. Under that name, the tsar served00:40:59
in the navy and took his wife to the00:41:02
admiralty. Where in her honor a00:41:04
sixty-gun ship was laid down00:41:09
for centuries Russia was considered a00:41:12
land power to create a00:41:14
regular navy Peter00:41:18
the Great needed a record short00:41:20
period of time in just ten years00:41:23
hundreds of ships were built and most importantly a00:41:27
system was organized for training naval00:41:29
personnel sailors navigators navigators00:41:32
officers these efforts bore fruit in00:41:37
1714, the Russian rowing flotilla in the battle of00:41:41
Cape Gangut defeated a large detachment of the00:41:44
Swedish fleet. Six years later,00:41:47
during the battle of Greenham, the Russian00:41:50
Squadron repeated the success. The Swedes lost00:41:54
four frigates and forever lost their00:41:56
undivided dominance in the Baltic. The00:42:00
Greenham victory accelerated the conclusion of a00:42:02
peace treaty between Russia and Sweden. The00:42:09
Treaty of Nystadt, which ended the00:42:12
Northern War, was signed in 1721.00:42:16
Sweden ceded to Russia a part of Karelia00:42:19
located to the north and east of00:42:22
Lake Ladoga, including the city of Vyborg,00:42:25
Ingria or Ingria, on which00:42:28
today the Leningrad region is located,00:42:30
as well as part of Eastland with the00:42:33
current Revel Talin and part of Lefland with00:42:37
Riga now the capital of Latvia, following the results of the00:42:40
Northern War, Russia was firmly entrenched00:42:43
on the Baltic shores, this00:42:46
radically changed the balance of forces in00:42:49
Europe00:42:53
[music]00:42:57
in honor of the victory, the guns of the00:43:00
Russian fleet and the Peter and Paul00:43:02
Fortress roared in St. Petersburg throughout the00:43:05
country, priests served00:43:07
thanksgiving services and the closest00:43:10
Companions solemnly announced Peter00:43:13
Alekseevich the emperor and father00:43:15
of the fatherland,00:43:17
proclaimed by Peter the first empire,00:43:19
Russia became one of the most influential00:43:23
world powers00:43:24
[music]00:43:31
[applause]00:43:37
in 1724, Peter Alekseevich for the first time in00:43:41
the history of the Romanov dynasty crowned his00:43:44
wife Catherine, two years before that00:43:48
he issued an act of succession to the throne which00:43:51
violated old customs of transfer of power,00:43:55
if previously the Russian throne passed from00:43:58
father to eldest son, now the00:44:01
reigning Monarch received the right to00:44:03
appoint as his successor anyone00:44:07
other than his wife, the00:44:09
daughters of Peter and Catherine Anna and Elizabeth born out of wedlock could claim the throne;00:44:16
however, the emperor himself died before he could00:44:19
exercise his right to choose there are00:44:26
few heirs to the royal throne. Which of the Russian rulers can00:44:28
compare with Peter the first in terms of the scale of the00:44:31
transformations carried out; he transformed the00:44:34
old Russian kingdom into a modern00:44:36
developed power without being considered victims and00:44:41
brutally suppressing any resistance.00:44:43
Peter abandoned the age-old foundations; changed the00:44:47
habits and lifestyle of his subjects;00:44:50
he built a new capital00:44:52
St. Petersburg00:44:54
created the strongest army and navy, regained00:44:58
access to the Baltic and went down in history under00:45:02
the name of Peter the Great00:45:06
[music]Description:
СОБИРАТЕЛИ ЗЕМЛИ РУССКОЙ. 4 Серия. Исторический Проект ВСЕ СЕРИИ: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkzu308QfFtZXznoifyQvi37vhQyzB9sk Описание проекта Россия — великая и уникальная страна с огромной территорией. Ее населяют более 160 народов, а земли России протянулись от Балтийского моря до Тихого океана, и когда в Калининград только приходит ночь, во Владивостоке наступает утро. Границы современной России складывались веками, от разрозненных племен и удельных княжеств — к единому и сильному государству, через войны, политические союзы, расширение территорий и борьбу за независимость. Россия стала великой благодаря тем, кто ее создавал: правителям, полководцам, первооткрывателям, нашим предкам — собирателям земли Русской. Четвертая серия В эпоху правления царя Алексея Михайловича Россия окончательно преодолела последствия Смутного времени и вернула утраченные территории. По итогам русско-польской войны под власть Москвы перешли земли Левобережной Украины, которые ранее находились под управлением Речи Посполитой. А уже спустя несколько десятилетий в истории страны начался новый этап. Благодаря реформам Петра I и победе в Северной войне со Швецией Россия вошла в круг великих держав, прочно закрепилась на Балтике и была провозглашена империей. Подписывайся на КИНОМУР:)
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