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Russian
00:00:01
[music]00:00:15
colleagues Hello, last time we were with00:00:18
you stopped at December '4100:00:21
When00:00:22
Japan decided to attack00:00:25
United States of America respectively00:00:28
the Sino-Japanese war became part of00:00:30
World War II and theater for Japan00:00:33
military actions that were previously in00:00:36
generally limited to China00:00:37
expanded many times at least00:00:40
see kilometers to everything00:00:41
Pacific peace began a war on00:00:43
The Pacific Ocean itself is more or less00:00:46
we can see the exposition on the map How00:00:48
see it basically at that moment00:00:50
represented colonies00:00:53
western states of Great Britain00:00:55
France Holland United States here00:00:58
in fact, this is what became the main thing00:01:01
what is the content of the war for Japan?00:01:06
As for China, it is natural00:01:08
was still a big problem00:01:11
supply since we talked00:01:13
that the territories it controls00:01:15
were in the depths of the continent in the depths00:01:17
Southern southwest whale and proper00:01:20
saying even before that00:01:22
supply was very difficult and without00:01:27
the Chingaishi army barely has any outside help00:01:30
could I00:01:31
maintain combat effectiveness for a long time because00:01:34
what is the actual industry in these00:01:37
regions of China in general there are practically no00:01:39
it was I must say that since about 3800:01:42
United States of America00:01:45
offered to supply the USSR00:01:47
than Kaishi with American cargo00:01:50
Northern route That is, through Kazakhstan and00:01:52
Sindin was denied this. Therefore00:01:55
the main supply route in the beginning was00:01:58
Vietnam Gennadyevskaya railway00:02:00
this road from Hanoi to Cumin which00:02:03
was built by the French00:02:05
colonial authorities from 1904 to 191000:02:08
year but July 16, 1940 movement00:02:11
along this road it was on demand00:02:14
Japanese authorities00:02:15
and then stopped00:02:18
main supply route for Chinese00:02:21
the army became the so-called Burmese00:02:23
road that connected East India00:02:26
and Western China However, at the end of December00:02:29
Japanese began in 194100:02:31
invasion of Burma 7 March 194200:02:33
year palrangun I must say that in00:02:37
took part in the defense of Burma00:02:39
there were about chinese units there00:02:41
95,000 is yours more than actually00:02:43
British troops under the command00:02:45
General Login about 40,000 of them00:02:49
was during Japanese during00:02:51
Japanese invasion was killed or earlier00:02:54
The rest went to India there00:02:56
fought the Japanese under their own00:02:59
command00:03:02
after00:03:05
the Japanese established themselves in Burma they00:03:07
tried to attack00:03:10
Yunan is China's westernmost province00:03:13
May 42 they were pretty quickly00:03:17
stopped first of all actually00:03:19
United armies and strongly00:03:23
such a strong blow to the rear is not00:03:25
it worked out but nevertheless until the autumn of winter00:03:27
forty-three West Yunani00:03:29
was under the control of Japanese troops and00:03:32
land routes of communication with Eastern00:03:34
India didn’t exist, they had to be invented00:03:37
new Therefore00:03:39
The main supply route was air00:03:43
through the Eastern Himalayas and this was called00:03:46
zahump or hillock Because the pass itself00:03:50
here through these high Himalayan mountains00:03:52
it was very heavy and many cars00:03:54
actually there00:03:58
carrion believe that to maintain00:04:00
combat effectiveness in the army needs to be inserted00:04:02
about 7.5 thousand tons of cargo per month00:04:05
it was possible this level was achieved00:04:08
only By August 43 But besides00:04:10
10 thousand tons were already needed when00:04:13
it must be said right away that more than 9000:04:15
percent in at least 42 44 years00:04:18
more than 90 percent of these cargoes went to00:04:20
needs actually00:04:21
American aviation which was00:04:23
stationed in the territory00:04:24
controlling the puppy ishi and00:04:28
carried out bombing raids00:04:30
to Japan which started on April 1800:04:33
forty-two years actually00:04:35
was a very important function of China Yes00:04:38
provide these airfields from which00:04:40
you could uh fly and bomb Japan and00:04:44
Taiwan total00:04:48
and about 685 thousand tons were transported00:04:53
cargo, more than half of which is fuel00:04:55
and more than 33 thousand people at one time or another00:04:57
side from December 1, 43 to August 31, 4500:05:01
156 thousand 977 flights were made in the year00:05:04
while there were more than 500 aircraft00:05:07
lost of which 81 were simply missing00:05:09
without a trace and actually never they00:05:11
were not found because of these very00:05:14
treacherous weather conditions of the eastern Himalayas00:05:17
according to the tension of this air bridge and00:05:20
supply density at that time in00:05:23
the history of mankind has no equal00:05:24
had and will surpass was in 1948-4900:05:28
when the allies supplied hmm ah00:05:32
blocked by Soviet troops00:05:34
West Berlin and by the way00:05:36
bridge that allowed Western00:05:39
Berlin was commanded to survive this blockade00:05:41
the same General Turner as who00:05:43
actually commanded these hillocks00:05:45
So they were the same people00:05:48
it started almost immediately00:05:51
construction of a new highway through00:05:53
northern Burma from December 43 to00:05:56
March 45 gradually ousted the Japanese00:05:59
the so-called ice road kunming or00:06:02
stillwell road in honor of american00:06:03
general who was very big00:06:05
supporter of its construction because he00:06:07
I thought that in general we could rely on airplanes00:06:09
not worth it But it was only completed towards the end00:06:11
'44 and even then it went through her00:06:14
much less cargo than over the hill00:06:16
for example in July forty-fifth according to it00:06:19
6,000 tons arrived in China against00:06:20
seventy-one thousand tons which00:06:22
brought by plane and somewhat less00:06:26
it is known that it was also activated00:06:28
delivery via Tibet00:06:30
in the traditional way, that is00:06:32
caravanamikov is pretty good00:06:34
described by Pierre Goulard in his books00:06:37
Forgotten kingdom and he writes that here00:06:41
these deliveries are for a short time00:06:43
provided incredible prosperity00:06:45
in fact, the entire region and parts00:06:48
it's June because these are the caravans00:06:52
from India through you to Yunan they went to00:06:55
Of course this is in very large quantities00:06:57
there were even smaller volumes than what we had00:06:59
you were considered before but not about00:07:02
It’s also useful to say them, as I have already00:07:04
said the advisor causing PWM and00:07:07
commander00:07:08
So this is our Lido road, and here it is00:07:13
Means00:07:14
advisor cause Shay commander00:07:17
American troops in India00:07:18
Burmese Chinese theater of war00:07:21
actions this emblem of this00:07:22
theater of war 42 to forty00:07:24
the fourth year was General Josel00:07:26
who actually did a lot00:07:29
For00:07:30
China's defenses in this regard were00:07:33
quite heavy this is often explained00:07:35
because they say the Chon regime of course was00:07:37
so totalitarian and corrupt00:07:39
I didn't really like the style00:07:41
everything was a little more complicated there because00:07:43
first of all I wanted completely00:07:44
control Chinese troops and00:07:46
actually command them in many ways00:07:48
instead of00:07:49
and even if not, he really wanted it to00:07:51
they somehow attacked the Japanese00:07:53
because in general it seemed necessary00:07:55
for a common cause, but Chinkaishi is the maximum00:07:59
sabotaged tried00:08:01
defend Yes, play defensively in general00:08:03
basically don't waste too much energy and00:08:06
wait until the Americans themselves win00:08:07
the Japanese that, in principle, from some point00:08:09
quite a view00:08:12
reasonable and in the end this is theirs00:08:16
mutual understanding led to the fact that if00:08:19
at the beginning the American team did not count00:08:21
what exactly is the Chinese theater of war00:08:23
actions will be the main and actual00:08:24
such a land company against the Japanese00:08:27
will be the main one pretty quickly00:08:30
it became clear that00:08:32
after all, the main theater will be00:08:35
Pacific And Chinese will be like this00:08:37
secondary because to provide there00:08:39
good troop control active00:08:42
offensive In general, so and uh and not00:08:45
it worked out but in general the situation was00:08:50
favorable for Chinese troops in00:08:52
September-October 41 Then at the end00:08:54
December 41 the Japanese are quite active00:08:58
advanced on Chanshavka on Annino to00:09:00
mid-January 42 is an offensive00:09:02
choked, they only moved forward00:09:04
Break through Chinese defenses 35 kilometers00:09:06
failed00:09:07
major Jasun operation which was00:09:10
started Japanese by the Japanese in May 42 for00:09:13
destruction of American airfields and00:09:16
search for downed American pilots a-a00:09:19
had only limited success00:09:21
the Japanese moved into the clan practically not00:09:23
managed in September '4200:09:25
retreated back but really retreating00:09:27
destroyed almost everything that was on00:09:30
those territories that they left and00:09:32
here for example I acted sadly00:09:34
the famous unit 731 which00:09:38
sprayed there00:09:40
causative agents pathogens of cholera type00:09:43
dysentery is believed to be caused by this00:09:46
died before00:09:48
700 actual Japanese soldiers and up to 25000:09:52
thousands of civilians, most of them00:09:54
it was the poorest who suffered who could not00:09:57
leave these pre-front zones first00:09:59
just another unfortunate tank which00:10:01
live on boats and accordingly00:10:04
it was special for them to do00:10:05
nowhere, among them the losses were very00:10:09
large and about 16 million people00:10:12
during this operation it means they fled from00:10:15
their native places and became refugees00:10:17
fled to the area of controlled women00:10:19
Kaishi Well, of course it means much more00:10:24
good defense much more help00:10:26
which came from the Americans00:10:29
Chinkaishi helped actually that00:10:32
the Japanese were now fighting in China for the second time00:10:35
queue yes that is still00:10:36
the main ground units remained00:10:38
Japanese, but for example almost all00:10:41
aviation was removed from the Chinese front00:10:43
transferred to the Pacific Ocean where the events00:10:46
the Japanese were much more active there00:10:51
absent for some time00:10:53
the American fleet accompanied00:10:56
luck by the spring of 42 they were captured00:11:00
Burma Philippines they Pali in May 42 and00:11:04
80 thousand American surrendered00:11:07
Malaya soldier imposed Union on Siamese Thailand00:11:11
captured main islands of Indonesia00:11:14
there was a struggle for New Guinea, that is00:11:17
almost all of this Ostrovny00:11:18
the colonial world was subjugated by the Japanese00:11:21
I must say that in most cases00:11:23
truly local population Like00:11:25
expected to meet quite a few Japanese00:11:27
welcome as liberators of the deviant00:11:29
dominion and in some places even00:11:33
local activists organized00:11:35
about the Japanese Armed Forces for example00:11:37
at the head00:11:39
Burma's independence became the first00:11:43
General Secretary of the Burma Puppet Party00:11:46
and Father Ji who is like this now00:11:48
democracy in Myanmar in Indonesia with00:11:52
the Japanese collaborated with appropriately who00:11:54
then became the father of the Indonesian00:11:56
Independence but quite quickly00:12:00
the arrogance of the Japanese is obvious and their reluctance00:12:03
give to local activists00:12:05
the real power of these readiness is only00:12:07
to the puppet government as well as00:12:09
started quite quickly00:12:12
merciless requisitions for which00:12:14
the Japanese were forced to go because00:12:16
that they could not supply such00:12:18
vast territory properly00:12:19
troops led to the fact that they became00:12:23
Be disappointed and for example he is the same00:12:25
himself already at the end of the forty-third year00:12:27
began negotiations with the British about00:12:29
cooperation and means finding together00:12:31
Japanese wrestling's symbolic pinnacle00:12:35
the political power of the Japanese became00:12:37
passed fifth on November 6, 194300:12:40
year in Tokyo conference of the countries of the Great00:12:43
East Asia which united00:12:46
state so-called spheres with00:12:48
Great Britain's Greater East Asia00:12:51
It was attended by representatives of Japan00:12:53
Burma Manchuria China government 1B00:12:56
naturally Thailand Philippines and even00:12:59
India represented India00:13:01
subhaz chandra the boss who was00:13:05
an opponent but at the same time an ally00:13:08
Mahatma Gandhi disagreed with him00:13:11
was more radical in his belief that it was necessary00:13:12
to fight with arms against the British00:13:14
dominion and does not mean non-resistance00:13:18
twice he headed the Indian00:13:21
National Congress and in '4300:13:24
headed the Provisional Government00:13:26
free india national army00:13:28
it was based occupied by the Japanese and00:13:30
Singapore, but in general it’s obvious that this is it00:13:33
Great Eastern Co-Prosperity Sphere00:13:35
Asia Declaration was adopted00:13:36
regarding what is right here00:13:38
now new ones will be built00:13:40
a just world without white supremacy00:13:42
person and so on It was like this00:13:44
an alternative to the collective uh West but00:13:48
But actually00:13:50
the situation was not nearly as good as00:13:52
the Japanese tried to show it to America00:13:55
recovered from the defeat very quickly00:13:57
chorus Harbor And even more so like you and me00:13:59
saw00:14:01
managed to save the aircraft carriers were not damaged00:14:05
who actually decided in this war00:14:07
almost everyone And after that they started00:14:09
build up forces in the Pacific quite quickly00:14:11
ocean 4 June 7, forty-second year through00:14:15
six months after the first Japanese arbor00:14:17
fleet largely due to the successful00:14:19
breaking the Japanese code, but not even hacking00:14:21
they guessed by what code00:14:25
designated Midway and it turned out00:14:28
risky assumption but it turned out00:14:30
that they were right under Anatoly00:14:32
Bear is Western00:14:35
northwest hawaii japanese00:14:38
the fleet was defeated the Japanese lost four00:14:41
aircraft carriers out of the six that they had on00:14:43
that moment and two heavy cruisers 24800:14:46
aircraft of the order00:14:48
100 thousand people versus 300 Americans00:14:51
and these were all just the most00:14:53
trained both pilots and crews00:14:56
ships and00:14:59
basically restore these losses00:15:02
the Japanese no longer succeeded in full00:15:05
Japan, the scale of the defeat was00:15:06
classified newspapers wrote about the victory00:15:08
even in the army they believed that the general fleet was all00:15:10
ok but actually after that00:15:12
Allied superiority grew00:15:14
more obvious00:15:18
war losses japanese economy00:15:21
In general, I couldn’t make up for it until the Japanese00:15:23
built three aircraft carriers by the summer of '4400:15:26
year, the United States commissioned 24 aircraft carriers from00:15:29
different different classes and what about00:15:32
qualities as I already said of people who00:15:35
there were changes lost In general there are more of them00:15:39
there was nowhere to take it from because00:15:41
preparation which00:15:44
the Japanese training rules00:15:46
followed they demanded very much00:15:47
time and time already If they were no longer there00:15:51
in August 42 the Japanese fleet suffered heavy00:15:55
defeat in Eastern Solomon00:15:56
islands in October 42nd islands in00:15:58
Santa Cruz and in general after that on00:16:00
in fact, defeat in the war was00:16:03
a matter of time and only exceptional00:16:06
the tenacity of the Japanese soldiers who00:16:09
gnaw on each island as if it were the last00:16:11
In general, it allowed all this to drag out even more00:16:14
for several years in fact00:16:16
let's dissolve everything was already clear00:16:18
it cannot be said that the Japanese did not win00:16:20
victories for example00:16:21
in the battle of the island of Sava he guessed the channel00:16:24
Broken Islands 9 August 4200:16:27
the Japanese sank four and damaged one00:16:29
American heavy cruiser00:16:31
prevented American landings00:16:32
having lost 58 people against more than00:16:35
Americans have thousands but have a common vector00:16:38
I didn’t change it because I decided everything and00:16:40
economics And in economics, naturally00:16:42
the Japanese have no relationship with the United States00:16:45
could not possibly00:16:48
dress00:16:50
I must say that for China too00:16:54
it turned out to be very profitable to be in general00:16:56
part00:16:57
anti-Hitler in this case, rather yes00:17:00
anti-Japanese coalition from the point of view00:17:03
in general the level of representation and level00:17:05
meetings that China has now become00:17:08
available 1 Jan 42 representative00:17:12
China signed the United Nations Declaration00:17:14
Nations that provided for recognition00:17:17
after the war, China's status was one of00:17:20
four great powers permanent members00:17:22
UN Security Council and that means Well,00:17:25
probably even back in 193800:17:27
if only there was one like this00:17:29
the idea was discussed, let's instead of the League00:17:31
Nations we will do something like this Where00:17:33
there will be several countries, the most important ones00:17:36
It is unlikely that China could seriously00:17:37
claim a place there right here00:17:39
being right by the right companies00:17:42
it was offered to him and00:17:45
actually China As you know00:17:48
permanent member of the Security Council00:17:50
still 11 January 43 China00:17:55
signed an agreement with Great Britain on00:17:57
the latter's renunciation of rights and to00:17:58
territoriality in China00:18:00
this was soon confirmed by everyone else00:18:03
powers that agreed to00:18:05
termination of unequal00:18:07
concession contracts were abandoned00:18:09
consular jurisdiction00:18:11
[music]00:18:13
extraterritoriality and so on That is00:18:15
This is what I fought with medicine for00:18:17
why in many ways was Sinhai00:18:19
revolution Here it is at last at forty00:18:21
the third year it happened again if00:18:23
If it weren't for World War II, who knows when?00:18:26
if this happened then it's interesting what00:18:29
two days before, January 9, forty00:18:31
third year Perhaps it was done00:18:33
with a pawn just to get ahead00:18:35
Chinkaishi uh the regime declared war00:18:39
allies and signed a similar agreement00:18:42
with Japan according to which the Japanese00:18:46
accordingly, in fact English is00:18:48
American who were captured00:18:50
Japanese and French Italian00:18:52
concessions came under control00:18:54
sore throat and accordingly also00:18:55
became Chinese territories00:18:58
Chinese property and00:18:59
It’s interesting that upon signing this00:19:03
agreements in onzinweim had even more00:19:05
directly practical00:19:07
practical00:19:09
immediate result because00:19:11
actually Chinkaishi received all this software00:19:14
all this property only after00:19:15
victories in '45 Which means the regime00:19:18
Van Zens immediately established his control00:19:20
over all these territories in November 4300:19:24
year champion took part in the Cairo00:19:26
Hitler's state conference00:19:28
coalition and here it’s so wonderful00:19:30
photo We are used to this company00:19:33
it means seeing Stalin here00:19:35
it sits almost the same way00:19:39
and accordingly at this conference00:19:42
an agreement was reached that00:19:44
after the victory under the jurisdiction of China00:19:46
return Manchuria and Taiwan Korea00:19:49
after the war it was supposed to be00:19:50
independent than of course asked that00:19:52
China gave Okinawa but did not receive it00:19:57
because the00:19:58
[music]00:20:00
Roosevelt and Churchill believed that she00:20:02
rather should remain Japanese but00:20:04
demilitarized but for example00:20:07
Roosevel suggested how to take Kaishi under00:20:10
your control and patronage00:20:11
french indian china why very00:20:13
of course he refused and almost stated that00:20:15
Vietnam should also lead00:20:17
Independence and Roosevelt for it00:20:18
praised him very much, saying that it was very00:20:20
it is true that imperialism must mean from00:20:22
Southeast Asia after the war00:20:24
gradually clean out A in December 4300:20:28
the Chinese wife act which was repealed00:20:30
was in force since 1882 and prohibited00:20:34
Chinese immigration to the United States00:20:35
America is new00:20:39
was also generally quite cave-like, which means00:20:41
immigration is allowed there at 105 people per00:20:44
year in some cases for the Chinese was00:20:46
possible naturalization of receipt00:20:47
American citizenship and fully00:20:50
all restrictions were lifted only in00:20:52
sixty-fifth year but at that time in00:20:55
within the framework of general policy, so to speak00:20:56
United States immigration it was00:20:58
a very big relaxation of such an obvious00:21:01
friendly step friendly step00:21:04
towards in July '44 Chinese00:21:07
representative A was very interesting to them00:21:09
man He is in session or Dr. H kun00:21:12
who was not only a descendant of Confucius00:21:14
in the 75th generation from the Shan branch but also00:21:18
1914 he was the eldest husband of three00:21:23
sisters Sun Sunailin That is, he was his00:21:26
com yes it turns out means with00:21:29
he was the sun-cent of Chinkaishi00:21:32
businessman minister of finance00:21:35
President of the Chinese Central Bank here he is00:21:37
represented China at the brother conference in00:21:40
New Hampshire where it was adopted00:21:42
decision to create after the war00:21:44
International Monetary Fund and00:21:46
International Bank for Reconstruction and00:21:47
Development and China's quota in the IMF was00:21:50
installed in00:21:52
6.25 percent is less than Soviet00:21:55
Union but more than someone France00:21:57
for example, that is00:22:00
representation of China in the world00:22:03
community it means quite suddenly00:22:05
considering the more especially quite00:22:08
the plight of the Chinkai Shi regime00:22:10
became very noticeable and China entered00:22:13
number of great powers perhaps for the first time in00:22:16
of its history Well, if we speak exactly00:22:18
recognition Yes, it is clear that China In general00:22:20
has always been a noticeable state, but00:22:23
if we talk about international recognition00:22:24
community then it happened ah00:22:26
happened for the first time it was of course very00:22:29
important at the front everything was still without00:22:33
the Japanese lacked the strength to make big changes00:22:36
on the mainland for action00:22:37
because they are still00:22:39
spent a lot of resources on control00:22:41
over the occupied territories in00:22:44
May-June forty-three was00:22:45
repulsed Japanese advance in the west00:22:47
thin in November December 43 Japanese00:22:50
managed to occupy the city of Hunan but retain00:22:53
They were able to do it already in January forty00:22:55
fourth year went back to the original00:22:57
positions00:22:58
as for the Communist Party of China, it is00:23:02
this time I was practically in00:23:04
the truce regime is naturally not00:23:06
announced with the Japanese00:23:08
and in the forty-third year finally00:23:11
relations between Chankeshi and00:23:14
joinline and johnlai had to chongqing00:23:17
leave he returned to Yanan and ended up in00:23:20
the very height of the so-called00:23:22
style organizing company00:23:25
it’s even right to talk about correction00:23:26
customs, that is, about correction00:23:28
means old habits about correction00:23:32
customs Yes it was so huge00:23:36
party purge company that started00:23:38
prepare Since May '41 and launched00:23:41
was in the forty-second uh hmm end of the department00:23:46
public affairs, strictly speaking, and00:23:48
did a lot of this cleaning company00:23:50
believed that up to 90% of party members in00:23:53
many cells and more are draft dodgers00:23:55
it means either he considered dogmatists to be such00:23:57
supporters of the bath or empire such00:24:00
he considered Joel's supporters to be such00:24:02
uh00:24:04
who misunderstand politics00:24:06
parties in particular00:24:08
and for example they think that a Union is possible00:24:10
replace with data which is of course started00:24:12
impossible00:24:13
impossible and harmful the company went to 4400:24:18
years, according to a number of sources, even until the spring of 4500:24:21
As a result, thousands of people were expelled from00:24:24
The parties were declared sports elements00:24:27
criticized went to lvovaniye00:24:29
there were several executions there00:24:32
Although not very much and in general actually00:24:35
this was probably the main thing00:24:37
the occupation that the Communist Party was engaged in here00:24:40
throughout all these war years00:24:42
Joween Light immediately means he came under fire00:24:45
critics because he was a leader so00:24:47
so-called imperials, one of these00:24:50
harmful antipathetic biases And but he is in00:24:54
such a situation like this00:24:56
felt quite at ease in00:24:58
unlike Wang Ming who was chained00:25:00
means bed sickness and practically no00:25:03
Joelike couldn't even defend himself00:25:05
tried to defend himself, he means immediately00:25:07
got involved in it very artistically00:25:09
did disarm before the party00:25:11
according to any requirement and so on00:25:14
Once again I saw that Jou is online00:25:16
despite all his brightness, talent and00:25:18
so on he is absolutely faithful and loyal00:25:21
That's why All in all00:25:24
there seems to be serious danger to him00:25:27
did not threaten although in the winter of 43 with a letter to00:25:31
John even turned to defense00:25:34
Dimitrov who was the head of the Comintern00:25:36
because that means in Moscow they were afraid that00:25:38
maybe accidentally in the heat of this purge it means00:25:41
and gobble it up. At the same time, it must be said that00:25:43
spring 4300:25:46
The Comintern was dissolved00:25:48
in many ways00:25:50
That's why I began to feel more00:25:54
with Valga it didn’t become clear that it was a hand00:25:56
Moscow, which was previously in00:25:58
Comintern was maximally embodied00:26:02
it weakens and actually it is possible00:26:04
build the kind of party he wants and00:26:07
in general it really was Moscow00:26:09
I have to come to terms with this if before00:26:11
you and I saw that in the twenties00:26:15
in the thirties Moscow was planned00:26:16
make the Chinese Communist Party like this00:26:18
an obedient instrument, it became clear here00:26:20
that it develops on its own and it is possible00:26:23
it just means trying somehow00:26:25
influence but directly lead00:26:28
Communist Party of China Moscow opportunities00:26:31
didn't have it at all00:26:34
online not only easily recognized his00:26:39
mistakes and therefore praised Mao Ztong as00:26:42
a brilliant leader, but that also means he turned on00:26:44
immediately into the company of criticism of his opponents00:26:48
March 20, 1943 lo-fu lost his post00:26:52
General Secretary of the Party the post itself was generally00:26:54
eliminated and a new post introduced00:26:55
party chairman who took over from Mao00:26:57
Zedong and actually here forty-third00:26:59
years before his death at 76 he posted this00:27:01
never left ah-and as for00:27:05
Wang Ming then he was expelled from00:27:07
standing committee of politburos forty00:27:09
fourth year and there is a flight bureau00:27:11
Moscow didn’t even stand up for him00:27:14
at the level of Dimitrov in 194500:27:17
dealt with legal issues00:27:19
construction00:27:20
was one of the creators of the first00:27:22
Constitution of the People's Republic of China in the year fifty-six00:27:23
went to Moscow as it turned out Well left00:27:27
to be treated as it turned out forever More00:27:30
he didn’t return to China for 60-70 of them00:27:33
wrote a lot criticizing Mauism and so on00:27:35
then I was sick a little like iron00:27:38
very few people were allowed to see him wearing a mask00:27:41
to contact and apparently until the last Moscow00:27:44
I assumed that if something happened it might00:27:46
maybe it will be such a spare trump card00:27:48
the card in the fight means00:27:52
it ended up in '7400:27:54
he died and was buried on Novodevichy00:27:56
cemetery in general such a story is quite00:27:58
sad00:27:59
if you return to the front, then from April to00:28:03
December '44 Japanese00:28:06
who have been accumulating reserves for quite a long time00:28:09
made an attempt to achieve a radical00:28:12
improving the situation in the Chinese theater00:28:14
military operations and carried out a very large00:28:17
ground operation which was called00:28:20
that means operations number one and the goal was00:28:23
connect the railways of the three main00:28:25
regions where Japanese are in China00:28:27
controlled the Beijing Ukrainian and00:28:30
means Guangzhou00:28:32
because if before that basically00:28:35
the Japanese used the sea route00:28:38
now the sea route due to failure on00:28:40
Pacific theater of operations00:28:41
became practically not using00:28:44
not unusable and here it is00:28:46
Chinese railways should have00:28:49
this situation for Japan is somewhat00:28:51
improve Well, naturally also tasks00:28:55
was to destroy00:28:56
Chinese bases American00:28:58
bombers which are just the same00:29:00
these were the territories where they were located00:29:02
the Japanese managed to collect00:29:04
up to half a million people it was00:29:07
Japanese Manzhurian Nanjing And in general00:29:10
whatever they could find00:29:11
troops and in general Despite the fact that up to00:29:15
we've seen this for years00:29:16
almost no progress at the front00:29:18
no it was an operation, in general it was very00:29:21
successful apparently There was such an effect00:29:22
a-and the effect of surprise for example 1800:29:26
June '44 they occupied00:29:29
Changsha which before this means several00:29:31
once they tried to take it with quite large00:29:34
retreated with losses, and here she fell, the city fell00:29:37
practically without any resistance because00:29:39
that Yes, then she defended for so long00:29:42
turned out to be for the Chinese troops too00:29:45
apparently not useful00:29:47
the Japanese succeeded00:29:49
provide a railway connection between00:29:51
Beijing and Wuhan, with troops in Hainan00:29:55
the Kuomintang did not suffer the greatest losses00:29:59
from Japanese attacks and from attacks00:30:01
peasant detachments who took revenge00:30:04
Kuomintang for the flood of '38 and for00:30:07
voice 42 43 which was largely caused by00:30:10
because the commandant’s authorities did not reduce00:30:12
grain requisition standards despite00:30:15
harvest00:30:16
the Japanese also managed to achieve00:30:19
control over the railway between00:30:22
Wuhan and Guangxi destroy the bases00:30:24
American Air Force in Hunan and go to00:30:27
the city of Liu Jou on the border with French00:30:30
that is, Japanese00:30:32
and the British units that were held here00:30:35
defense were forced to retreat to Burma00:30:40
All in all00:30:43
national evolutionary army which00:30:44
they helped so much and there was so much00:30:47
cargo brought showed itself in general00:30:49
pretty bad but not everywhere00:30:52
exceptions for example in the city of Hanyang in00:30:56
Hunan 17,000th Chinese corps00:30:58
lasted from late June to early August00:31:01
47 days versus about 110 thousand00:31:04
the Japanese lost the attackers there killed and00:31:08
At least 19 thousand people were wounded and00:31:11
the Chinese-Chinese corps in the end00:31:12
3,000 remained and they were all almost00:31:14
head to head00:31:17
there were such examples too, but otherwise00:31:20
there was nothing special to brag about00:31:22
as part of the Japanese offensive Of course00:31:24
lost up to half a million soldiers against00:31:26
100,000 means the loss of the Japanese, and this00:31:29
were the best the most prepared well00:31:32
Armed units which, by the way, later00:31:34
he really missed the civil war00:31:36
moreover, it was greatly undermined00:31:39
reputation in the west because everything00:31:43
they began to write more What does our mean00:31:45
ally is just some asian00:31:47
king yes corrupt dictator00:31:50
who is not capable of correct00:31:52
establish management00:31:54
incapable of teaching properly And in general00:31:58
organize troops Despite the fact that00:32:00
he is supplied with everything necessary, but00:32:02
less still worthy of rebuffing Japan00:32:05
he can't provide it by the way00:32:08
then it interfered perhaps even more00:32:10
in contrast, in the summer of '4400:32:15
American mission arrived in Yanan00:32:17
the communist capital it was a mission00:32:20
led by Colonel David00:32:22
barrel they worked there until spring00:32:23
'47 and they first00:32:26
rated the preparation extremely highly00:32:28
and the fighting spirit of communists00:32:31
Armed Forces00:32:32
in this contrast with Komendanovskaya00:32:34
The Minsk people really liked everything there00:32:36
and in many ways fell under the spell00:32:39
in fact, there are only a few of them there00:32:40
promoted and generally said their own00:32:44
reports assessed the communists as00:32:46
much healthier democratic00:32:48
Patriotic means movement than this00:32:50
rotten to the point of view they have later00:32:54
almost everyone during00:32:55
anti-communist company in00:32:57
The United States had problems with00:32:58
service because they were all suspected of00:33:00
what do they mean they became secret00:33:02
Communists in some cases apparently do this00:33:04
it was true with this operation number00:33:07
one was the last Japanese victory at00:33:09
the mainland moreover the railway from00:33:13
Hunan to Guangxi that's the southern part00:33:15
constantly stopped due to00:33:17
American airwaves regarding bass00:33:21
American bombers00:33:23
The bombing of Japan stopped after00:33:25
this operation won't be long soon00:33:27
Americans equipped new airfields00:33:29
in the Mariana Islands and Ouda00:33:32
resumed in November 4400:33:35
consequences of injury 39 when on him00:33:38
assassinated in Hanoi by agents of the Ganges Mindan00:33:41
Wang Ding-wei died in a Japanese hospital00:33:44
basically he's on time Yes because00:33:47
he was buried with great honors in00:33:50
nanjing next to unitsen but after the end00:33:52
war, naturally his body was from there00:33:54
pulled out burned grave destroyed but in00:33:57
in general, he managed to die himself, it’s in his00:33:59
situations00:34:00
great luck00:34:03
from April 1 to June 22, 1945 lasted00:34:07
Americans landing on oceanar first00:34:09
almost a Japanese island proper though00:34:12
kinov of course quite Japan much00:34:14
more degree of Japan than everyone else00:34:16
islands on which they landed00:34:18
Americans before and it was like this00:34:21
absolute reference00:34:23
from on Earth this is a place where there is just more00:34:25
total recorded And so Kamikaze then00:34:28
there are suicide pilots who00:34:29
sent their planes to American00:34:32
ships during during the Okinawan00:34:38
About half of the battle died00:34:39
GOST RVO population is about 150 thousand00:34:42
about 75 thousand Japanese soldiers00:34:46
Americans lost 12,500 killed 15300:34:50
tanks 28 ships 763 aircraft and in general00:34:54
I was scared to imagine the price00:34:56
will have to pay and how many people00:34:57
will die on both sides If there is a speech00:35:00
go about landing on the actual main00:35:01
Japanese islands00:35:04
so of course00:35:06
was quite big00:35:08
company because to make sure00:35:11
The Soviet Union is that but we also need00:35:13
to enter the war against Japan, recall00:35:15
that all this time between the Soviet Union00:35:17
and Japan had a neutrality pact00:35:19
which both sides00:35:21
Both sides complied and back in the spring00:35:25
For 45 years the Japanese were hoping for something to happen00:35:29
mediation of the Soviet Union and was carried out00:35:32
quite active correspondence which00:35:34
Means00:35:35
I was calculating the options as if it were possible00:35:38
this neutrality of the Soviet Union00:35:39
use to get out00:35:41
wars are in a slightly better position than00:35:43
otherwise, but this did not happen, but on April 500:35:47
forty-five Soviet Union in00:35:49
unilaterally denoted the pact00:35:51
neutrality with Japan00:35:54
July 26, 194500:35:57
and the USA UK China accepted this00:36:01
called the Znamsky Declaration00:36:02
which demanded that Japan immediately00:36:05
unconditional surrender but Japan00:36:06
there was no answer to this on August 600:36:11
45 the atomic bomb was dropped on00:36:14
Hiroshima and American President Truman00:36:18
demanded Japan accordingly00:36:19
capitulate promising otherwise continuation00:36:22
in the same spirit on the evening of August 800:36:25
The USSR joined the Potsdam00:36:28
declaration declared war on Japan and this00:36:31
it was not a random date because back in00:36:34
Yalta00:36:35
Stalin promised to go to war with00:36:37
Japan no later than three months00:36:39
after the victory over Germany on May 800:36:41
Means00:36:43
August 8th was exactly 3 months ago00:36:46
and actually in the first hours of August 900:36:49
The Soviet offensive began in00:36:52
Manchuria00:36:53
on the morning of August 9 A few hours later00:36:56
after the start of the fighting in Manchuria there was00:36:58
the Nagasaki bomb dropped after which 1000:37:00
August imperial government00:37:02
decided to adopt three civil00:37:04
declarations of surrender what it was about00:37:06
communicated to the powers through mediation00:37:08
according to my Swedish ambassador00:37:11
preparations for surrender began 1400:37:14
August, all troops were given the order00:37:17
stop resisting and start00:37:18
giving up means Chinese American00:37:20
To British and so on forces on 15 August00:37:24
Emperor Hirohito spoke on the radio00:37:27
was the first performance of Japanese00:37:29
Emperor on the radio for the first time00:37:31
his subjects heard his voice and00:37:33
because he spoke very00:37:35
classical Japanese then in general00:37:38
the bulk understood little00:37:40
understood something that he actually wanted00:37:42
say And I must say that on the night of the 14th00:37:45
On August 15, a group of officers tried00:37:47
carry out a military coup in order to00:37:48
to prevent capitulation but they00:37:50
nothing worked out00:37:53
Despite the fact that in total there are already 1000:37:56
August it was clear that surrender was00:37:58
a question of a few days in Manchuria about00:38:01
all these days continued to be fierce00:38:03
battles council troops advanced from 12 to 1600:38:06
August there was a Battle for Mudandyan where00:38:09
both sides suffered heavy losses00:38:12
approximately half of the entire company's losses00:38:14
it was necessary for this battle 1600:38:17
August came to the Quantong army00:38:18
order to surrender a number of units00:38:21
resisted a little longer 1900:38:23
August, Soviet troops landed in00:38:26
Harbin on August 20, Soviet troops00:38:28
entered Changchun mgten on August 2200:38:31
Troops landed in Isha not actually00:38:33
speaking plus or minus the Manchurian Company00:38:35
ended00:38:37
Soviet troops during the operation00:38:39
The Japanese lost from 9 to 12 thousand killed00:38:43
from 22 thousand to 84 means 22000 Japanese00:38:47
data 84 Soviet and of course00:38:50
speaking of Soviet losses is very difficult00:38:52
forget that there are many of these parts00:38:54
were transferred to Manchuria from Berlin00:38:58
that is, people in general seemed already00:38:59
finished the war and survived, yes, but here’s another thing00:39:03
1200:39:04
died there, although in general it’s probably possible00:39:07
this could have been avoided in many ways00:39:10
between 560 and 70 and 760 were captured00:39:15
thousands of Japanese soldiers because00:39:17
actually surrendered to the Soviet troops00:39:19
largest Japanese land army00:39:21
the so-called quanton army00:39:23
She was the millionth one at her best00:39:25
means years00:39:27
in captivity they are mostly Japanese00:39:30
prisoners of war mainly built Bam and00:39:33
from 60 to 347 thousand according to various estimates00:39:37
the bulk died in Soviet captivity00:39:40
returned to Japan in 47-48 last00:39:43
group sent in December fifty00:39:45
sixth but there were a few who00:39:46
returned only in the nineties or00:39:49
remained Soviet territory00:39:52
here, in fact, is just one of00:39:54
groups of Japanese prisoners of war00:39:56
returning home00:39:59
August 16, 194500:40:03
Pui learned about the surrender of Japan And by the way00:40:07
then he learned about the bombings00:40:09
Hiroshima and Nagasaki before that told them about it00:40:12
didn't report00:40:14
leaving his wives and relatives he flew to00:40:19
mukden where the plane was supposed to pick them up00:40:22
and take him to Japan but the plane was there00:40:24
Soviet just put Soviet there00:40:26
landing and they were captured00:40:30
accordingly, Soviet captivity was00:40:31
delivered to Chita Then moved to00:40:34
Khabarovsk was kept in a camp00:40:36
high-ranking prisoners of war00:40:38
participated as a witness in00:40:40
Tokyo war crimes trial00:40:42
On July 31, 2010 it was transferred to the Chinese00:40:46
People's Republic placed in Pushmana00:40:48
prison for war criminals00:40:49
layoffs during the Korean War00:40:51
moved away from for some time00:40:53
front to Harbin00:40:55
in fifty-nine it was recognized00:40:57
reformed and freed, and this one00:41:00
a case when Judging by his recollections00:41:03
he really is such a practice00:41:07
brainwashing in his case turned out to be00:41:10
it's fantastically effective00:41:12
Indeed, in prison, not only that00:41:13
I hated myself and therefore blamed myself00:41:15
himself for everything that Manchuria did and in00:41:19
the Japanese too, but he also became00:41:21
absolutely orthodox Marxist and not00:41:24
was probably more loyal and more00:41:27
pro-communist person in everything00:41:29
communist China I even think that00:41:31
little judon doubted more than00:41:32
as a matter of fact, Pui A after prison in00:41:36
released in fifty-nine00:41:38
settled in Beijing First he swept00:41:41
there is a tearing story in the street00:41:44
the first day of work he got lost and didn’t00:41:47
could not navigate the city and that means00:41:49
I asked passers-by for directions, saying that00:41:51
here My name is PUE I am a former emperor00:41:53
China, can you tell me how to get there?00:41:55
Then he worked as a gardener in00:41:58
Beijing Botanical Garden in 196000:42:00
published a book of memories first00:42:03
half of my life which is written in00:42:05
collaboration Yes '64 came out00:42:08
expanded edition complete edition Without00:42:10
banknotes were released only in 200700:42:12
unfortunately Russian translation only00:42:13
half the book and actually this00:42:16
first edition incomplete00:42:19
very interesting by the way where he writes00:42:22
about my childhood and youth, but the second00:42:24
half of it is about how he’s just like that00:42:26
loyal to communist China like him00:42:28
will never be able to buy all his wines with00:42:31
April sixty-four became00:42:33
deputy of the people's political00:42:35
China's sixty advisory council00:42:37
in the sixth year John Line hid it in00:42:40
a special residence means under protection00:42:42
so that he and he won't get to him00:42:45
died in sixty-seven from cancer00:42:48
liver was cremated and buried at00:42:50
cemetery baba ushani such a cemetery00:42:51
revolutionaries in western Beijing00:42:54
ninety-five Let's move it00:42:56
ashes to the imperial cemetery00:42:58
medical emperors this means00:43:00
Western graves are so-called00:43:03
as for his family, everything happened00:43:06
in different ways for example his00:43:11
Empress Wang Jun's first wife00:43:14
there was which actually Here he is, flying away to00:43:18
Mugden left she was captured and in the summer00:43:22
46 years old died in prison In division in00:43:26
terrible conditions and terrible torment00:43:29
topium withdrawal she's addicted00:43:32
to opium after 31 years when when means with00:43:36
got into a fight with her and began to ignore her00:43:37
stopped talking to her then there00:43:39
in general So he married to piss her off00:43:42
in general, of course she started00:43:44
severe depression that lasted00:43:46
almost to the end this one is enough00:43:48
unhappy life, her remains were lost and00:43:52
symbolically she was in 200600:43:55
comb in Western Tsim graves00:43:58
I didn’t marry my second wife at the same time00:44:03
when im on Van Jum he got divorced at 3100:44:05
I got married for the third time at 3700:44:09
means to00:44:10
inject your wife but your wife died Tiffa at 4200:44:15
the last marriage in such an imperial00:44:18
guise00:44:19
concluded in forty-three it was00:44:22
Chinese student Liuting who was00:44:25
15 years old here she is in the photo00:44:27
Separately, she was captured along with Van00:44:30
Juna was actually a witness to it00:44:32
death left prison on the forty-sixth00:44:33
worked in a textile factory00:44:36
fifty-five visited and in00:44:38
prison in fifty-seven00:44:40
divorced him, she died in00:44:42
2001 relatively recently the last00:44:45
once and got married in sixty-second00:44:47
year on his nurse and actually00:44:49
it was she who buried him in00:44:51
imperial graves in ninety-five00:44:52
year there were no children and00:44:56
after his death formally head of the house00:45:00
singyuro you could call him the younger one00:45:03
brother phude who was brought up in00:45:06
Japan and was married to Saga Hiru Dalya00:45:08
relatives of Emperor Hirohita at 4500:45:11
he also fell into Soviet captivity00:45:13
it means he was in the fushu camp, not either00:45:17
exemplary behavior even entered into00:45:18
company00:45:20
in the sixtieth year he was released in00:45:24
in the sixty-first year he was allowed00:45:25
my wife came from Japan and she left with00:45:27
him So forever and his daughter visited but in00:45:31
In the end, I decided to stay in Japan00:45:32
Where he lives now00:45:34
wow in 197800:45:37
Member of the All Chinese People's Council00:45:39
representatives was then deputy00:45:42
chairman of the affairs committee00:45:43
nationality eighty-eighth00:45:44
I even joined the presidium in the CIS00:45:48
consultant uh film Bernard00:45:51
Bertolucci The Last Emperor00:45:53
actually skip it00:45:55
and died in 94 at the age of 8700:45:59
I think that they certainly suffered enough fear00:46:01
during the Cultural Revolution but00:46:02
after all, it means not directly00:46:05
suffered, he and his wife were buried00:46:07
Simonavseyke on the site00:46:09
aisingero After him until 201500:46:14
the royal house is again purely formal00:46:16
if he thinks so, he headed the money00:46:20
Puyi's younger half-brother who00:46:23
you see he died surprisingly recently in00:46:25
2015 but really he was 97 years old00:46:28
As you can see, I changed my last name and it’s here too00:46:32
some ideas because i7 giro like00:46:35
remember this means golden heroes day00:46:37
in Chinese it is also gold00:46:39
in fact, he and his wife had the surname Dinh00:46:41
So, in general, here he rather took00:46:44
What does the translation of his wife's name mean?00:46:46
own surname in Chinese but00:46:49
So he changed his name, too, so that00:46:53
Apparently don't stand out much00:46:55
a-and he is in his forty-seventh year at school in00:46:59
Beijing founded a school in his residence00:47:02
father of Prince Chun and taught there00:47:06
until retirement in eighty-eighth00:47:09
he has three sons and two daughters00:47:12
now the actual head of the house is00:47:13
his eldest son Jin Yujang forty00:47:15
second year of birth who is a geologist and00:47:17
sixty eight to 85 worked in00:47:20
qinghai how much is this a reference to how much00:47:22
there was simply more work for the geologist here00:47:25
I mean it’s difficult to say but00:47:28
ending with means collaborators00:47:34
naturally within the framework00:47:37
Soviet invasion of China00:47:40
came under attack on the territory00:47:42
Mongolian Montagnard three Divisions00:47:45
Mongol armies were defeated in battles00:47:46
the rest went over to the enemy side00:47:48
and many Mongol officers like00:47:51
since they did it quite consciously00:47:52
because we hoped00:47:55
and then serve the matter of construction00:47:57
internal Mongolian autonomy under00:47:59
patronage of the USSR or00:48:00
patronage of the Mongolian People's Republic were hopes for00:48:03
unification of Inner Mongolia and00:48:05
actually just a Mongolia demochik Don00:48:07
ditch who was the head of Manjiang and fled to00:48:11
Beijing his children were taken by the People's Republic of China to00:48:15
In Beijing, he's well into vapeni. He lived until he was 49.00:48:18
at the beginning of forty-nine He fled and00:48:22
in August '49 he succeeded00:48:25
recreate Mongolian autonomous00:48:26
government in the western interior00:48:28
Mongolia but already in December '4900:48:30
he had to disband it again and00:48:32
flee to Mongolia which is in September00:48:34
on the tenth he was given away among others00:48:36
enemies of the People's Republic of China actually in China his son00:48:39
Dagorsuren died in the fifty-second year00:48:41
in a Mongolian prison the smoke itself is for00:48:43
Androv was born to hard labor00:48:45
Funi after his release in April 63 Lived00:48:49
under the supervision of laughter he worked as a scientist00:48:51
employee at the Chamber of History Literature00:48:53
of Inner Mongolia wrote Memoirs and00:48:56
died on May 23, sixty-six literally00:48:58
a couple of months before Probably from00:49:01
something would happen to him within00:49:02
cultural revolution But here again he00:49:04
in this regard, lucky Well, that's all lyrics A00:49:08
so if you and I go back to 1400:49:10
August 45 something like this00:49:13
looked like a front in China00:49:17
held at this moment by the Japanese here00:49:19
these are indicated by these stripes00:49:21
regions that controlled uh00:49:24
partisan detachments of companies00:49:29
respectively00:49:32
almost the same in general a lot of places00:49:35
The Japanese held their positions in00:49:39
Pacific theater of operations00:49:40
In almost all countries00:49:42
Southeast Asia since the spring of '4500:49:45
the Japanese provided00:49:47
Independence and were created about00:49:50
Japanese local governments need00:49:52
say that this is a rather important stage in00:49:54
anti-colonial bo states Although00:49:56
very many leaders in general who are00:49:59
this moment the Japanese received power00:50:00
were of course later compromised by that00:50:03
that they took power from the Japanese, but00:50:06
nevertheless, after the surrender of the troops until00:50:10
mindana began rapid advance on00:50:12
east Accepting Japanese surrender00:50:14
units 25 August troops puppy Aishe00:50:17
entered Shanghai Nanjing captured captured00:50:20
35 Japanese divisions surrendered million00:50:24
two hundred thousand prisoners, mostly They00:50:26
they were returned a few months later00:50:28
to Japan about 50 thousand mostly00:50:30
any technicians were left until the second00:50:33
half forty-six several00:50:35
tens of thousands were captured00:50:36
communists Although00:50:39
the described surrender the communists did not00:50:42
had the right to accept surrender00:50:44
Japanese units but it happened differently00:50:46
several tens of thousands fell to them00:50:47
many died there; the last ones were00:50:50
returned home in '6400:50:51
year as for the allies, then to them in00:50:55
several million Japanese were captured00:50:57
prisoners of war and about 80 thousand died00:51:01
Of these, most returned home at 4700:51:06
year00:51:07
September 200:51:09
1945 on board an American battleship00:51:13
Missouri on which, by the way, it was brought00:51:15
a flag that once fluttered on a ship00:51:17
Commander Matthew Perry in Tokyo00:51:21
acts of surrender were signed in the Gulf00:51:22
Japanese Armed Forces and Second00:51:24
world war is officially over00:51:28
the Japanese lost over 2 million in this war00:51:32
one hundred thousand to 2 million three hundred thousand00:51:34
soldiers and from 500 to 800,000 civilians00:51:37
residents, as for the Chinese, they00:51:41
lost from 3 to00:51:43
3,750,000 military personnel and from 12 to 2000:51:48
million civilians are now officially00:51:51
insists on the loss figure of 35 million00:51:55
a person, unlike for example00:51:58
Soviet Union where it has always been00:52:00
tendency to downplay losses in China00:52:03
on the contrary, every year they are not every year00:52:05
There they gradually increase especially00:52:08
in recent years When exactly00:52:12
picture of suffering means Chinese00:52:15
people because of the Japanese She seems00:52:17
most productive for everyone00:52:20
propaganda activities therefore00:52:21
The Chinese are more likely to00:52:23
exaggerate yours a little overstate00:52:26
your losses, well, plus the figures of 35 million00:52:29
it gives China the right to be called a country00:52:31
which in absolute numbers has lost00:52:33
World War II most of all a-a 95 million00:52:37
people became a result of the war00:52:39
refugees, which of course is a huge number00:52:43
but I must say that it’s Japanese00:52:46
occupation regime In general, there was nothing00:52:50
better and maybe even worse in many ways00:52:52
than the occupation regime for example00:52:54
German00:52:56
This is especially noticeable, for example in00:52:58
handling their captives00:53:01
for example, a soldier who was captured00:53:04
Nazis in Nazi Germany died with00:53:07
probability00:53:09
4%, even for Americans let's say Approximately00:53:11
1%, this did not concern naturally00:53:13
Soviet prisoners of war who died00:53:16
more than 57% of those who were captured00:53:19
Yugoslavs died in German captivity somewhere00:53:22
41%, as for Soviet captivity, then00:53:25
for example, from German prisoners of war 36% in00:53:28
They also died in Soviet captivity, that is, there00:53:30
it happened differently, but in Japanese captivity00:53:32
For00:53:34
everyone except the Chinese probability00:53:36
about 33% died, and so00:53:39
for example from Australian prisoners from00:53:42
22,000 died before the end of the war 800:53:46
thousand people as for the Chinese00:53:48
prisoners of war then everything was much worse00:53:50
because they are on Hirohita's orders00:53:53
no means legal on prisoners00:53:55
spread and00:53:57
they somehow didn’t survive for me at all00:53:59
the figure was 56 people, which means from00:54:02
Chinese prisoners of war who survived00:54:04
until the end of the war Well, that means it's just00:54:08
Apparently someone or someone was released00:54:10
who were not released No special rights00:54:12
and their chances of Survival in general00:54:14
there was practically none and apparently in00:54:17
in many ways and the plight of prisoners of war00:54:20
and the Western powers and the terrible situation00:54:23
Chinese prisoners of war it was partially00:54:26
connected not only by the cruelty of the Japanese but00:54:28
and with the fact that they are generally very bad00:54:30
economically they even dragged out this war00:54:33
own troops systematically00:54:35
were malnourished so of course prisoners of war00:54:37
feeding was also very, very difficult00:54:42
you and I we have seen that throughout00:54:45
the Japanese staged massive wars more than once00:54:49
murders like the Nanjing massacre Or00:54:52
for example, the three-count policy Also00:54:56
you can remember the famine in Vietnam in 44500:54:59
years which was caused by the Japanese00:55:01
requisitions and mobilization of men until00:55:04
construction of fortifications During00:55:05
400 people died in Vietnam this year00:55:08
thousand to 2 million people is approximately 10%00:55:10
population of the country00:55:12
Naturally, we must remember special00:55:15
Japanese army units00:55:17
unit 731 which00:55:19
stationed in Manchuria nearby00:55:21
from Khabibin they are in addition to use00:55:24
biological weapons00:55:25
bacteriological weapons at the front00:55:27
also engaged in all sorts of inhumane00:55:30
experiments00:55:32
local residents and prisoners of war00:55:34
checked the effects of frostbite00:55:36
limb amputations experienced00:55:38
The causative agents of plague and smallpox are believed to be00:55:40
only directly acts in00:55:43
within the framework of this, these experiments led to00:55:45
death of about three thousand people from00:55:47
consequences of the use of pathogens00:55:49
epidemics by specialists of this00:55:51
units killed between 200 and 40000:55:53
thousands, in contrast to, say,00:55:56
Mengele's experiments00:55:58
there is not a single survivor, not even that00:56:01
that prisoners Even those who were workers00:56:04
and all service personnel in these00:56:06
in this camp there is not a single person00:56:08
survived because when it started00:56:10
The Manchurian operation itself00:56:11
saying that everything was burned00:56:16
prisoners poisoned or shot00:56:18
many of00:56:20
specialists from this unit were00:56:23
in Soviet captivity 12 people were00:56:27
at the Khabarovsk trial in December forty00:56:30
the ninth is destined to different forties for00:56:32
the creation of patriotic weapons but in00:56:34
fifty-sixth all but two00:56:36
who died in custody00:56:38
returned to Japan it seems given00:56:40
received from them were used in00:56:42
including in the Soviet00:56:44
bacteriological weapons are the same00:56:46
employees of units 731 who00:56:49
Americans were not captured at all00:56:51
sued and also seems to be in exchange for00:56:53
information00:56:54
At the same time, it must be said that on the other hand00:56:57
hand, the cruelty of the Japanese was very00:57:01
unequal is the prince, one might say00:57:03
about Germans who are completely different00:57:04
behaved on the Eastern Front or00:57:06
for example in the West, say in France00:57:09
but here it was even more noticeable00:57:11
because00:57:13
for example if yes on the front line00:57:17
the Japanese were ready on orders00:57:19
command or simply because00:57:21
impunity sometimes destroy everything00:57:23
alive and in the most terrible ways00:57:25
in Shanghai for example00:57:27
life went on relatively as usual and00:57:30
even after 41 years Although there were00:57:33
camps were organized for the British00:57:35
Dutch American subjects00:57:37
interned at the living conditions there00:57:38
were generally relatively decent00:57:41
projects by the way there is a good film00:57:43
Steven Spielberg called00:57:45
in my opinion the red sun which is made00:57:48
just according to the diaries of the boy who00:57:50
one of these camps contained00:57:53
the contrast is especially striking00:57:57
between Japanese and German regime If00:57:59
talk about Jews because during00:58:02
war in Shanghai arrived by sea from Germany00:58:04
Eastern Europe about 18 thousand Jews00:58:07
which thus actually00:58:08
saved this destruction moreover in00:58:11
thirty-nine in Japan was even00:58:13
memorandum of desirability adopted00:58:14
bringing the Jews of Shanghai to Manchuria and00:58:17
planned almost 600 thousand people00:58:20
accept Well, of course it didn’t work out00:58:21
organize00:58:22
also about 24,000 Jews were saved from00:58:27
Holocaust on visas that were issued00:58:30
Japanese representative offices00:58:33
most of them mean getting into00:58:36
Japan then continued on its way00:58:37
but some remained, and many actually00:58:40
just stayed in Shanghai and here00:58:42
Certainly00:58:43
we need to remember a wonderful story00:58:46
Theon Sugihara who is in the thirties00:58:49
was Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs00:58:51
affairs of Manchuria in part negotiated with00:58:53
The USSR about the sale to the Russian Railways at thirty00:58:56
in the ninth year he became consul of Japan in00:58:58
Kaunas was then the capital of Lithuania and00:59:03
prescribed for Jews besides Lithuanian also00:59:06
many Polish who at this time00:59:08
fled to Lithuania from occupied by the Nazis00:59:11
Poland issued 2,139 Japanese visas, and00:59:15
the visa was for a family, so that means00:59:16
he saved about 6,000 people, and this00:59:19
was his personal initiative of the Japanese Foreign Ministry in00:59:21
this time I first ordered visas to be issued00:59:24
only for those who have 400 dollars to spend00:59:26
adult and $100 per child What00:59:28
that means don’t deal with them here later00:59:30
Social Security A since August00:59:32
On the thirty-ninth Japanese ambassadors to00:59:35
Germany Italy received00:59:37
instructions to stop sending Jews to00:59:39
Japan and the last ships00:59:42
direction in Shanghai left Europe 1800:59:44
There are especially many Augusts since the ninth year00:59:48
Theon Sugihara issued a visa after that00:59:51
how Lithuania was occupied by the Soviets00:59:53
with troops he first obtained permission00:59:56
to work at the consulate for another00:59:58
additional month and since01:00:00
Japan and the Soviet Union at that time were01:00:02
on good terms, that means it was01:00:04
He is allowed to01:00:06
when I wrote out almost round ones01:00:09
20 hours a day, he and his wife01:00:11
issued these visas when they ran out01:00:13
he began to write out forms by hand after01:00:15
the consulate is closed for several days01:00:17
continued to check out at the hotel then at01:00:20
train compartment which means refueled in01:00:22
Berlin And when the train started moving it01:00:24
passed the consulate stamp through the window01:00:26
means into the crowd that saw him off there01:00:28
and more was written out01:00:31
an unknown number of such fakes01:00:33
temple of which at least 40001:00:35
it worked, that is, people left and01:00:37
this means the visa gave the right to travel01:00:39
in transit through the USSR to Vladivostok01:00:41
from there by Japanese ships to Manchuria01:00:44
Shanghai and considering that accordingly01:00:46
Lithuania was also shortly after Poland01:00:50
occupied by Pravda already by the Soviets01:00:51
troops, then of course he saved people01:00:53
only from the fascists but also from the Soviets01:00:55
camps to a large extent because01:00:57
Certainly01:00:58
most of them especially those who01:01:00
fled from Poland hardly anything was shining01:01:04
this is relative01:01:06
interesting he is accordingly righteous01:01:09
peoples of the world and local revered Saint01:01:12
Japanese Orthodox Church since01:01:14
24 years old he converted to Orthodoxy, that’s it01:01:17
this story is absolutely amazing01:01:19
Manchuria01:01:21
in the forties there were 18 thousand Jews01:01:23
The Japanese have banned anti-Semitic newspapers01:01:26
like the newspaper our way which was01:01:28
banned in '38 and in '4301:01:30
the Russian fascist party was banned01:01:32
since 1937 a national01:01:36
Council of Jewish Communities of the Far East01:01:37
Luka weight with Abram Kaufman who01:01:40
was the represented representative01:01:41
Jewish World Security Agency01:01:43
Jewish national organization01:01:45
fund he was involved in helping those arriving and01:01:48
sending those who wish to Shanghai under his01:01:51
editor published the magazine worked01:01:53
Jewish hospital01:01:56
Kaufman was arrested by the Soviets in 194501:01:58
authorities sentenced to 25 years for01:02:01
espionage and Zionism released in 5601:02:04
sixty-one went to Israel01:02:05
where he died seventy-first01:02:08
Hitler, of course, was not at all01:02:12
dissatisfied with this behavior of his own means01:02:14
allies and constantly reminded them that01:02:19
means what needs to be done in February01:02:21
forty-three Japanese authorities01:02:23
Shanghai agreed to place the Jews in01:02:26
ghetto in the Hunku area and that means there01:02:31
foreigners had to move01:02:33
who arrived in Shanghai after thirty01:02:35
seventh year and officially it's01:02:37
it was called an area for refugees without01:02:39
citizenship May 15, 1943 means they must01:02:43
move here and about01:02:45
displaced about 10,000 people since 1801:02:48
half of them didn’t even bother to move01:02:50
there was no wall there, they didn’t move out01:02:54
Chinese activities allowed01:02:55
American Jewish Charities01:02:57
organization life there was not easy01:02:59
because I had work there01:03:01
American bombing raids01:03:03
there wasn't a bomb shelter there, what's there?01:03:05
soil water is too close but in01:03:07
Otherwise, it’s certainly not the same as the Ghetto01:03:09
like the one we think knows what's in01:03:12
this time was happening and in the west and01:03:16
I must say that Hitler even sent01:03:19
several times uh experts Yes in01:03:22
in particular he sent to Shanghai01:03:24
Josefamissinger who liquidated01:03:25
Warsaw Ghetto and with ready plans01:03:28
that they need to be loaded onto barges there01:03:31
take to the sea drown there and so on01:03:33
but the Japanese nodded politely and said nothing01:03:35
did it for what? Of course it’s worth it in general01:03:38
their01:03:39
recall01:03:42
April sixth to November forty-eighth01:03:45
International military meeting met in Tokyo01:03:48
tribune on the Far East like this01:03:49
called the Tokyo Trial after him01:03:52
decisions of 7 people, 16 were executed01:03:54
sentenced to life imprisonment01:03:57
the emperor and the imperial house was01:04:00
excluded from the list of those convicted01:04:04
partly means the terms of surrender01:04:07
many war criminals01:04:09
features of the number of senior officers01:04:11
which should have been assumed that01:04:13
must be on the horse of the defendants They are up01:04:16
didn’t make it here because many are peaceful01:04:18
either died in battle or ended their lives01:04:21
himself after the emperor's order01:04:22
surrender in China had its own process01:04:26
the main one was Nanjing, he was to death01:04:29
General Hisaune was sentenced to one of01:04:31
those responsible for the Zaangin massacre in total01:04:33
China has passed01:04:34
13% who were sentenced to death 14801:04:37
person and judge Kamura who01:04:40
commanded the Japanese army during01:04:41
campaigns01:04:43
on three I was clear of responsibility01:04:45
released by order of Chinkaishi because01:04:47
He wanted to use him as a military man01:04:49
advisor in the civil war01:04:51
some trials took place in Australia01:04:53
France Netherlands Philippines England01:04:56
USA and passed until the age of 51 in all01:04:59
984 people were executed in these trials01:05:02
475 sentenced to life imprisonment01:05:05
2944 to various prison terms more01:05:09
were sentenced to death in total01:05:10
Dutch trial 236 people01:05:12
Soviet Khabarovsk process was01:05:14
small and was not a global community01:05:17
recognized due to procedural violations01:05:18
no interrogations were published there01:05:21
in general, but he was not very good in his case01:05:22
big01:05:24
the history of the Japanese admitting their mistakes01:05:28
not simple only August 15 ninety01:05:30
fifth year Japanese01:05:32
Prime-mi-chmurayamov brought for the first time01:05:34
official apology for Japan's actions01:05:36
during the war on the same day01:05:40
apologized and repented01:05:42
The Emperor is01:05:44
However, it was in many ways like this01:05:48
say reactions to reproaches from the outside01:05:50
China and Korea01:05:52
due to the fact that the Japanese never01:05:55
admit their mistakes There were mistakes01:05:57
recognized but it didn’t have much impact because01:06:01
that the Chinese and Koreans themselves do not01:06:04
they said thank you so it started01:06:06
company that they are not enough01:06:08
sorry that's why something like this happened01:06:11
response process in 200101:06:14
Prime Minister Unitira Kozumi for the first time01:06:17
visited the Yusuponyaka Temple which is dedicated to01:06:19
and to the Japanese soldiers who died during01:06:22
World War II and this is every one01:06:26
the visit was a scandal and very so01:06:30
naturally painful to say01:06:31
was perceived in China and Korea, but it is necessary01:06:34
say that the last visit was in 201301:06:36
year Although they still say that it seems01:06:38
This is accepted practice This is not so01:06:40
yes Well, in general this is the story01:06:43
on Repentance and acceptance of this repentance01:06:45
it's still a very living wound in01:06:49
stories01:06:50
relations between China, Korea and Japan there01:06:54
unfortunately, period and in general some01:06:56
it means the last word is apparently not yet01:06:59
it will be said soon because it is01:07:02
Painful Memories and sequel01:07:04
politics now because anti-geponism01:07:07
for Chinese medialogy, for example, it is very01:07:10
an important part and01:07:12
the last 20 years are much more important01:07:15
than before for 50 years therefore01:07:18
when will this all end, unfortunately I01:07:22
I can’t tell you, but we will01:07:24
hope that everything is everything01:07:26
everyone will apologize, everyone will accept an apology01:07:28
somehow move on even though people are generally like that01:07:31
don't do it often a-a accordingly01:07:35
we are done with the Second World War01:07:38
go ahead01:07:39
August 14, 1945 was01:07:42
a treaty of friendship and union was signed01:07:45
the Chinese Republic of the USSR that is01:07:48
respectively between the conditionally darkest01:07:50
and Stalin It was an agreement on01:07:53
For 30 years China has agreed to host01:07:57
plebiscite in Mongolia which is all this01:07:59
time China considered its territory and01:08:03
accordingly did not recognize01:08:04
Independence also China agreed to01:08:08
then in distant port arturia there will be uh01:08:12
Port Arthur will be joint01:08:14
Soviet-Chinese military base closed01:08:16
for third powers in the far open01:08:19
port under joint management of the Eastern Railway and01:08:22
Southern Manchurian Railway were01:08:24
renamed to Chinese Changchun01:08:26
railway under again joint01:08:28
management and the Soviet Union was01:08:30
transferred many conceys in Manchuria01:08:33
that is, in fact, that’s what it’s like01:08:36
you know after the war uh Stalin is very01:08:39
But where did you try to get what you once had?01:08:42
belonged to the Russian Empire Yes,01:08:45
it was practically here01:08:47
is the result What would have happened if not01:08:50
was the Russo-Japanese War Yes,01:08:52
all this was returned to Soviet01:08:54
control01:08:55
in response, the USSR agreed not to interfere in01:08:59
Chinese affairs in Manchuria Mongolia01:09:02
pigs And don't support enemies at all01:09:05
than the greatest and so to speak those who fight01:09:07
with his regime promised to withdraw troops01:09:09
except for the Kwantong region and with the Chinese01:09:13
territory within three months after01:09:15
victory over Japan and apparently this01:09:18
the moment is really Stalin01:09:20
thought about what China would be like for him01:09:24
more interesting more interesting or support him01:09:25
planned to receive means China01:09:29
Communist if the newlyweds succeed01:09:31
than of course to win, and it was clear01:09:33
that this situation will have to be helped and not01:09:35
the fact that everything will work out or he01:09:38
more interesting like this01:09:39
obedient let bourgeois China01:09:41
which will give the Soviet Union privileges01:09:45
which were01:09:46
once upon a time in the Russian Empire. What does it have to do with it?01:09:50
an additional advantage was that01:09:52
other powers no longer have these privileges01:09:54
had Yes because they abandoned them01:09:56
in forty-three here is the Soviet Union01:09:58
could have them and accordingly01:10:00
get a lot of different things01:10:02
a lot of bonuses right now01:10:05
at least the end of summer in forty-fifth01:10:07
the year of Stalin has clearly not yet formed01:10:09
ideas on how best to do it and01:10:14
apparently he played not the last role01:10:17
that actually a little blown wasn’t that much01:10:21
loved as a leader in Moscow was01:10:23
it is clear that he is an independent person and01:10:25
puppet he won't accordingly01:10:26
So the question arose: Do we need him there?01:10:29
at the head of China in general01:10:32
and as for the Communist Party, finally01:10:35
war she looked very good we and01:10:38
you saw the map they controlled 1901:10:40
districts throughout the country It was approximately01:10:42
a quarter of the total area and a third of the population01:10:45
total number of armed forces under01:10:47
control of the Communist Party reached exceeded 301:10:50
million people and it was really01:10:53
actually a very good application for uh Victory01:10:56
in the civil war which01:10:58
almost inevitably had to begin01:11:02
in May-June 1945 in Yana01:11:05
the seventh congress of the Communist Party took place 6 let me remind you01:11:08
it was in 1928 in Moscow01:11:10
yes 17 years have passed it was approved01:11:13
official leadership of Autzan for the first time in01:11:16
the party charter stated that there are not enough ideas01:11:18
I thought this means the basis of activity01:11:21
party on a par with Marxism-Leninism01:11:23
at this congress they emphasize in every possible way01:11:26
that the USSR is the only ally of the Communist Party01:11:28
and loyalty to international01:11:31
communist and so on01:11:34
planned a report on01:11:37
fidelity test results01:11:39
party members, that is, the results of this01:11:41
means style correction companies but01:11:44
the report was withdrawn because this01:11:47
I didn’t want a general victorious mood01:11:49
means upsetting people01:11:51
as a platform for the party's activities01:11:54
was proposed by Mazun so-called01:11:57
new democracy, that is, a course towards01:11:59
cooperation with patriotic forces01:12:01
united front coalition government01:12:03
and the possibility of existence in China01:12:06
Socialist violently democratic01:12:08
damn for 30-50 years he assumed that01:12:11
Socialist revolution now01:12:12
can't win, so she needs to01:12:14
postponed And for later and in general they can01:12:18
this moment, strangely enough, I don’t know what01:12:20
he did not have such a huge colossus01:12:22
believed in a quick victory over01:12:25
commandant and even in the spring of 49 when we01:12:29
We'll see that it was just difficult there01:12:31
make a mistake, he still thinks someone is Victory01:12:33
Another 3-5 years at least, which means forty01:12:36
fifth he believed that 30 50 is not01:12:38
exaggeration01:12:40
in August October '4501:12:44
Join Live with Mao Zedong arrived in01:12:47
Chongqing for negotiations01:12:49
the future fate of China was signed01:12:51
the so-called 10 10 agreement or01:12:53
double tens01:12:55
according to which the commandant recognized01:12:57
the existence of the Communist Party expressed01:12:59
willingness to give the people democratic01:13:01
the right to disband the secret police01:13:02
release political prisoners01:13:05
end the period of political tutelage and01:13:07
hold parliamentary elections before this01:13:11
convene a political party conference01:13:13
strength to solve major issues01:13:14
further structure of the Chinese01:13:17
Republic in response, the Communist Party pledged to withdraw01:13:20
troops from eight regions south of the Yangtze01:13:22
who threatened the most01:13:23
according to the capital01:13:26
and also promised that her powers would not01:13:29
exceed 23 regular divisions Overall01:13:33
all this was quite consistent with the fact that01:13:36
spoke at the Congress of the Communist Party Yes,01:13:38
new democracy and harmony for the Union01:13:40
healthy political forces but01:13:43
there is no trust because too many times01:13:45
both sides have deceived each other before01:13:48
troops of Ha Mindan at the end of November 4501:13:52
CCP troops advanced to Leonid01:13:55
turn to the moment when the Truce01:13:57
installed on the tenth tenth01:13:59
came into force almost completely01:14:01
occupied territory occupied territory01:14:03
chagnon A in December forty-fifth January01:14:06
on the forty-sixth the tripartite passed01:14:09
negotiation01:14:10
organized with the participation of the United States at which01:14:13
the Communist Party was represented by Joy Lai01:14:15
it was assumed that if there was01:14:17
coalition government formed01:14:19
the same online will receive, enter a post01:14:21
vice president as representative01:14:23
companies01:14:24
in the spring of 46 he liberated the communists who01:14:27
were imprisoned for example was01:14:29
the commander of the new fourth was released01:14:31
army of men who spent time means 4101:14:34
years but unfortunately he was free01:14:36
not long on April 8 he died in a very01:14:40
strange01:14:41
plane crash with ex01:14:44
general secretary of the Communist Party and one01:14:47
of the 28 Bolsheviks, to God they are actually01:14:49
everyone was flying from Chongqing to Yanan and not01:14:52
arrived01:14:53
there were quite a lot of speculations about that01:14:56
who could benefit from this and who did not?01:14:58
whether this disaster was not accidental but01:15:01
I must say that it was generally a disaster then01:15:02
there were quite a lot For example March 1701:15:04
in forty-six a plane crashed in01:15:07
which the head of the secret police was flying01:15:09
commandan daily which by the way is towards the end01:15:12
made wars out of his bureau01:15:14
grandiose statistics investigation01:15:16
service of 100,000 people with mass01:15:18
agents about Japanese governments01:15:21
partisan units under control and so01:15:23
then from the forty-second year he headed01:15:26
also a joint US-Chinese01:15:28
intelligence so-called organization01:15:30
Chinese American technical01:15:32
cooperation and his death in which01:15:34
both in the end she and the Americans who01:15:37
there were difficult times with him01:15:39
relations, of course, greatly weakened the rank01:15:41
Kaishi and the Republic at the beginning of this01:15:44
the beginning of the Civil War01:15:46
an important factor was that Manchuria01:15:50
was completely occupied01:15:52
Soviet army01:15:54
and this meant not only control over01:15:58
territory but also what she got01:15:59
huge trophies, I repeat the Quanton01:16:02
the army was the largest and that’s a plus01:16:04
there was also the Manchurian army, that is01:16:06
they were huge military ones01:16:08
military resources September forty-fifth01:16:10
of the year01:16:11
the communists began to transfer fighters01:16:15
from North East China to01:16:17
Manchuria where there are no own01:16:19
there are practically no partisan movements01:16:20
was01:16:21
On October 31 they began to be called01:16:24
Northeast People's Autonomous01:16:26
the armies were later renamed01:16:28
northeast democratic01:16:29
a united army is everything Again01:16:31
some kind of new democracy01:16:33
them for you01:16:35
became01:16:37
about one hundred thousand people and the name01:16:39
this was chosen at the request of the Soviet01:16:41
sides so that no one can blame01:16:44
Soviet command in violation01:16:45
friendship agreement that they help01:16:47
that means it’s an antichink to the shiski forces01:16:50
some local Partisans who are on01:16:52
which the Soviet leadership01:16:53
special business No commanded it's tar01:16:56
this Olympiao army is one of the prominent01:16:59
military leaders of the Cumbardia which we01:17:01
We'll talk to you again, he was born in01:17:04
In 1907, at the skinny age of 10, he left home01:17:07
from 18 years old from 25 years old to become a party member01:17:10
graduated from the Academy of Ampu and participated in01:17:14
Northern Expedition Why Nyanchansky01:17:16
Uprisings during the Long March01:17:18
commanded the first army group01:17:19
which was in Vanguard uh01:17:22
commanded the troops in the fall of 37 in01:17:25
remember the battle during retirement, such a big one01:17:28
Victory of the Red Army troops over the Japanese01:17:31
9 to 42 represented cumbardy in Moscow in01:17:35
Comintern01:17:37
at first to these Manchu fighters01:17:41
I had to not just because I was like me01:17:43
Stalin has already said that he could not yet decide who01:17:46
he likes it more there and that’s why01:17:49
Soviet commander strictly01:17:51
they were ordered not to issue weapons to01:17:53
keep military bases away And in general01:17:55
keeping at a distance was an agreement01:17:58
such an unspoken agreement that they01:18:01
will not try to establish control01:18:03
over the cities in which the Soviets became01:18:04
garrisons focus on rural areas01:18:08
areas where by the way01:18:10
communists usually received a lot01:18:13
points in terms of popularity01:18:16
middle among the peasants because they01:18:19
everyone immediately started land reform01:18:20
land reforms was that01:18:22
land, equipment, everything was taken away from01:18:25
rich and distributed among the poor01:18:26
Naturally the rich don't like it but01:18:28
poor was much more especially after01:18:29
military China and naturally this is usual01:18:32
gave01:18:34
communists have a lot of points and01:18:37
they could, in particular, recruit recruits01:18:41
so that in general it is much more successful than01:18:44
Kaishi01:18:46
accordingly, despite the fact that01:18:49
Stalin was still thinking about this01:18:52
the ability to shift some forces to01:18:54
Manchuria was an important advantage01:18:57
Communist Party Maybe they got there earlier01:18:58
than the Gomedan troops gradually relations01:19:01
Soviet Union from a cutting01:19:03
worsened on November 5, 194501:19:05
Soviet authorities refused to land in01:19:07
Port Arthur six national divisions01:19:10
revolutionary army which were01:19:11
brought on American ships again01:19:13
referring to the agreement that Port Arthur01:19:16
closed to third countries accordingly01:19:18
had to be planted in large cities01:19:20
Manchurian landings, what in general Was01:19:22
of course a little scandalous01:19:25
The Soviet side refused to withdraw01:19:28
troops from Manchuria before01:19:30
China will withdraw United States troops01:19:32
States And there01:19:34
about 50 thousand American military personnel01:19:37
August 45th occupied the main01:19:41
reference points in HB and Shandong they are there01:19:44
accepted01:19:45
took part in surrender01:19:48
North Chinese Japanese troops and01:19:51
were there until the spring of '47 By the way01:19:55
there were several clashes between01:19:57
American military and01:19:59
Communist troops killed 1301:20:01
American soldiers in these clashes01:20:05
in addition to finding these01:20:08
troops in KhB and in Shaindun also Americans01:20:13
in general he did quite a lot for the army01:20:15
Chinkaishi were cooking01:20:17
trained soldiers and armed them in two years01:20:21
forty-five to forty-seven01:20:23
any property was transferred for 4.501:20:27
billion dollars is all of course too01:20:29
naturally caused Stalin some01:20:32
displeasure And more and more inclined him01:20:34
in favor of still putting01:20:36
we were finally satisfied with the out for Don01:20:39
acute conflict over trophies The fact is01:20:41
that everything that is in Manchuria01:20:44
belongs to the Chinese people01:20:46
The Soviet team believed that everything01:20:48
made in Manchuria by the Japanese01:20:50
the Chinese people have nothing to do with01:20:52
has and is a legitimate military man01:20:53
trophy therefore the withdrawal began01:20:55
Soviet Union with industrial01:20:56
equipment which caused several times01:20:58
official protests from01:21:00
Nanjing government01:21:02
in the winter from 45 to 46 an order was given01:21:06
transfer to Soviet commanders01:21:08
captured communist troops01:21:10
Japanese weapons and when these01:21:13
Soviet troops constituted one or another01:21:16
locality about this in advance01:21:18
reported to the communists and accordingly01:21:19
they literally within an hour after01:21:22
when the city was abandoned they occupied it01:21:24
not letting him occupy01:21:26
Kuomintang units April 28, 4601:21:30
representatives of the Communist Party were handed over01:21:32
harbin management It was a big one01:21:35
city of 700 thousand people it was the first01:21:37
major city under Communist Party rule01:21:40
say He remained under it01:21:42
control until the very end01:21:43
The Civil War was the base of such01:21:46
Manchurian01:21:48
center of the Manchu revolutionary base01:21:51
what was it called in Chinese01:21:54
Chinese historiography01:21:56
By the way, the Soviet occupation became01:21:58
the final blow to the Harbin diaspora01:22:02
some were arrested and taken to01:22:03
USSR others received Soviet01:22:06
citizenship And many of them returned too01:22:09
waited for arrest or at least a long time01:22:10
link somewhere in Central Asia Who could01:22:13
went to the States of Australia in Western01:22:15
Europe in 1964 in Harbin was 45001:22:19
Russians and 88 about 30 I think the last one01:22:23
the old lady died around 2.00001:22:25
some year actually01:22:26
that's all it ended01:22:29
The Soviet army was ultimately in01:22:31
Manchuria until May 3, 194601:22:34
after which the Soviet troops remained01:22:35
only Ponton region01:22:38
in the spring of '46, following the departing01:22:41
Soviet troops in Manchuria became01:22:43
enter A troops01:22:45
The commandant's troops began to enter and in the summer01:22:49
46 The truce was broken and01:22:52
began in the terminology of the Communist Party01:22:55
liberation war that is war01:22:57
between the Communist Party and the Mindan troops in July01:23:01
46 thrown into communist areas 11301:23:04
brigades only one million 600 thousand fighters01:23:07
the communists did what they did01:23:10
they always did well, they tried01:23:12
avoiding major battles did not waste01:23:14
strength on01:23:16
then to defend cities01:23:19
exhausted the enemy and went to the villages01:23:21
switched to partisan activities01:23:23
recruited new recruits among the peasants01:23:26
who treated them well and01:23:29
in general they succeeded almost01:23:31
not lost01:23:32
[music]01:23:34
number of troops despite the fact that01:23:36
Hamidan's army is quite strong01:23:39
decreased and often just like that01:23:41
due to the fact that some parts01:23:44
went over to the communist side01:23:47
and in March '4701:23:50
Chinkaishi managed to keep such an important01:23:53
symbolic victory of the Ga Mindan troops01:23:56
I occupied the long-standing capital01:23:58
communist China but at this time01:24:01
he no longer looked like that01:24:02
values and soon counterattacks began01:24:05
Red Army in the northeast and in01:24:07
central wound October 10, 194601:24:10
The CPC army began to be called the people's army01:24:13
liberation army of china in november 4601:24:18
of the year01:24:19
Chinkaishi who nevertheless believed that01:24:21
after all, he wins interrupted negotiations01:24:24
with a computer party in December '4601:24:26
a-a favorites constituent01:24:29
constitutional national assembly in01:24:32
Nanjing adopted a new Constitution01:24:34
joined in December01:24:36
entered into uh How to say became01:24:39
act shorter from December forty01:24:41
seventh year and in November forty-seventh01:24:44
elections to the national01:24:45
Assa for the first time since the early years01:24:48
Republic It was a huge parliament of01:24:52
three chambers The Lower House was called01:24:55
The Assembly had 2961 deputies01:24:59
1758 seats means there was U ga Mindana01:25:03
the middle house is the legislative yuan01:25:06
760 people who were also elected01:25:08
directly and Upper Control Yuan 17801:25:12
people who were elected by electors01:25:14
provinces in April 48, Chinkaishi was01:25:18
elected President of China by Parliament and01:25:22
took office on May 20, 1948. This is in01:25:26
in general, on the one hand it was kind of like this01:25:27
The end of the war and the beginning of normal01:25:30
existence of the Republic of China01:25:32
which everyone once dreamed of and seemed to01:25:33
just defeated Japan and won in China01:25:36
and everything is fine but in reality everything happened01:25:38
not very good because besides01:25:41
success to the communists Well, actually this01:25:44
was one of the reasons one of the reasons in01:25:46
the communists' problem was that01:25:49
Kuomintang control almost everywhere01:25:51
it was extremely bad especially in the north01:25:54
connected This was due to several points01:25:57
firstly, almost all the entire personnel01:26:01
Gaming Dana's reserve was made up of military personnel01:26:03
since there is no actual peaceful life01:26:05
it was almost never and the last ones Yes there01:26:07
For 13 years the war had been going on practically without01:26:10
stops therefore as military they can01:26:13
were nothing, although you and I saw that01:26:15
there were different opinions but in quality01:26:17
civil bureaucrats They are absolutely nowhere01:26:19
no good Hmm and he's almost everywhere01:26:22
Kuomintang officials were01:26:24
corrupted uh took bribes what01:26:27
As far as the north is concerned, it’s especially bad there01:26:28
it was that these Gondon bureaucrats01:26:31
were southerners in Lesnoy and, accordingly,01:26:32
besides the fact that they managed poorly01:26:35
they kept telling the northerners how01:26:36
they fought for their homeland while they were here01:26:38
that means they were the bedding of the Japanese01:26:40
In general there are also several occupiers01:26:44
somewhat annoying and uh01:26:47
naturally objectively played into the hands01:26:49
communist in the spring of '4801:26:53
Pauloyan01:26:56
in September Shandong in the spring of 48 strength01:27:00
The Noak launched an offensive in Manchuria01:27:02
in the fall, which occupied Nyan Changchun and01:27:05
was especially dramatic01:27:08
The blockade of Changchun which lasted six months01:27:11
From May to October 4801:27:13
Eventually01:27:15
was forced to surrender the best first01:27:19
army Nora and from 150-200 thousand inhabitants01:27:22
Changchun died of starvation during this01:27:24
blockade a01:27:27
on huge ones, but large ones were captured01:27:31
trophies that allowed the communists01:27:33
means even more equipment01:27:36
armies simply even the number of fighters01:27:38
Kosin '48 in Hai Yuan were surrounded01:27:42
Yan Seshan's troops number about 150 thousand01:27:45
people stayed on it until spring forty01:27:47
year nine it was one of the most01:27:49
stubborn bits in civil war loss01:27:51
Nuak amounted to 45,000 people and Antishan01:27:55
taken out by plane back in March in November01:27:59
forty-eighth January forty-nine Hmm01:28:02
The so-called01:28:05
Huai Hai company01:28:07
which allowed the communists to establish01:28:09
control of eastern China and01:28:13
in particular, it was interesting because they01:28:15
in the shortest possible time we managed to recruit our01:28:17
ranks of something like 5 million recruits from01:28:20
local peasants have such a mindan01:28:22
It didn’t work out, Christians didn’t want to join them01:28:25
This is all, of course, to the merit of land reform01:28:27
and stories about her at the same time towards the end01:28:30
January 49, the CCP armies would have occupied the pin01:28:34
And Tianjin is worth noting01:28:36
heavy fighting at Janjiak Hou where there is order01:28:39
40 thousand lost01:28:41
lost nuak01:28:43
by the beginning of '49 national01:28:47
The revolutionary army was in general01:28:48
destroyed, losing about one and a half01:28:51
millions of fighters, including almost01:28:52
all the best parts and I will repeat this in01:28:57
mostly01:28:58
losses were not killed, but losses were deserters and01:29:03
went over to the side of the Communist Party01:29:05
because there really were cases01:29:07
when almost the entire Division was transferred and01:29:10
became parts But that was of course01:29:12
a consequence of the fact that after the war and what01:29:15
of course it was not possible to organize in the country01:29:17
normal management above all 2101:29:20
January 1949, of course, I filed01:29:22
resign from the post of President01:29:25
duties of the president vice president01:29:29
friend who, by the way, commanded01:29:31
troops under Hair juan remember this01:29:33
one of the major victories at the beginning of the war01:29:36
spring '4901:29:38
The CCP armed forces liberated01:29:40
Commandant All China north of the Yangtze01:29:43
and eastern gongsu on April 21, 49 was01:29:47
crossed the Yangtze on April 23 fell to the angina01:29:51
in the early autumn of '4901:29:54
Muslim commanders surrendered in Gansu01:30:00
attempts to organize licenses01:30:03
resistance based in Guangzhou once upon a time01:30:06
suge prices and actually in Guangzhou was01:30:08
capital until October 15 forty-ninth01:30:10
the years were not successful largely because01:30:13
the person believed that Guangzhou would not succeed01:30:15
hold on we must retreat again01:30:17
Chun-teen once upon a time Yes he's used to it01:30:18
stay in the closet Tina and their disputes01:30:22
All in all01:30:24
again of course they took me hand in hand01:30:29
I am not the enemy who is at this time01:30:31
was Prime Minister 3 June 4901:30:34
tried to reconcile them but he got nothing01:30:36
it turned out in November 49 the person has not left01:30:39
retired to America in '54 Was01:30:42
deprived of installing the president and even after01:30:45
sometime in sixty-five he returned01:30:47
in the PRC and there until the age of 69 and lived where he died01:30:50
I Xiashan was prime minister until the spring of 50 when01:30:54
the rank of course returned to the Presidential01:30:56
post and then in Taiwan means he lived out01:30:58
pensioners December 7, 4901:31:04
This was the last capital01:31:06
Republic of China on the mainland means01:31:09
from October 15 to November 24 the capital was01:31:11
chun-ti us November 24 to December 701:31:13
Accordingly, Chindu flew to Taiwan01:31:16
and you have to say what to cook01:31:18
he began his retreat in Taiwan almost01:31:20
at the same time when it seemed to be at its peak01:31:23
power in the forty-eighth year there01:31:25
the main exhibits of the museums were removed01:31:27
Academic institute and universities with01:31:30
August to December 49 left from 900 to01:31:34
million one hundred thousand people for China This is01:31:36
it seems like a little but in the end01:31:39
Japanese rule of the population of Taiwan01:31:42
was 6.5 million people from01:31:44
of which 500 thousand were Japanese, that is01:31:46
here are 6 million in Taiwan one million01:31:48
came from this million about 65001:31:52
thousand were civilians according to the census 5601:31:54
year, and accordingly the fleet was withdrawn01:31:56
the capital of the Republic of China was01:31:58
Taipei was proclaimed in March 10th01:32:01
of course he again accepted the presidency01:32:03
Republic of China which maintained01:32:04
really control by this time only01:32:06
in Taiwan by several people around01:32:07
islands But by the way at the end of October 4901:32:11
Nuak tried to land on the islands01:32:14
ding-men It's about 10 km from the mainland01:32:16
and were repulsed, it became clear that01:32:18
Apparently Taiwan probably won’t be taken right away01:32:21
it will work out so it turned out later01:32:24
early 201001:32:26
Well, AK destroyed the remaining units01:32:29
commandant on the continent and successfully01:32:31
landed on Hainan Island01:32:34
latest01:32:36
history of resistance associated with01:32:40
8th Army of Nora under the command of General01:32:44
Limiya who is at the end 49 beginning01:32:47
on the fiftieth of Yunan the transition began01:32:51
Burmese border at the beginning he had01:32:54
very few fighters but then due to01:32:56
refugees expulsion mobilization of local01:32:58
the inhabitants of his force began to grow into a group01:33:01
got the name01:33:02
Communist National Army01:33:04
salvation in May of fifty-one01:33:06
He was filmed and supported by the USA and Taiwan01:33:10
managed to gather 20,000 army invaded01:33:12
in June But they were soon forced01:33:14
retreat because the enemy forces were01:33:18
much more powerful but I tried01:33:21
attempts were repeated in fifty-one01:33:24
in the summer of '51 in 195201:33:26
after that the decision was made01:33:28
to gain a foothold in the region, its people completely01:33:31
ousted the Burmese from the North and Burma01:33:34
authorities are organizations of a kind military01:33:36
states strong about a million01:33:37
man is the basis of the economy of this01:33:39
the state was naturally traditional01:33:41
for the region the cultivation and sale of opium01:33:43
which was sent mainly to01:33:45
Thailand in March 52 Burmese01:33:48
the government filed an official protest01:33:50
at the UN regarding the presence of Chinese01:33:52
troops on its territory in the spring of 5301:33:54
Commandant's troops were mainly01:33:56
evacuated to Taiwan on May 30 fifty01:33:59
on the fourth the Limist announced the official01:34:01
dissolution of his army But about 6,00001:34:03
fighters and well-armed ones01:34:05
remained and their bases were destroyed01:34:07
only in 60-61 through local efforts01:34:10
Berman army and nok in the spring of sixty01:34:13
first year01:34:15
4,500 commandant soldiers were01:34:17
evacuated to Taiwan but few01:34:19
350 to 700 hundred left they retreated01:34:23
to Thailand and Laos and in Thailand performed01:34:26
the government's task in the fight against01:34:28
local communist formations01:34:29
actually continued to produce and01:34:31
trade opium and depended almost on them01:34:33
the entire Economy of the so-called golden01:34:35
triangle is the main region01:34:36
South-East Asia's opium production01:34:40
late 80s They were given Thai01:34:42
citizenship and of course in this story I01:34:44
I can't help but notice that it's very similar01:34:46
If you remember the last decades01:34:50
history of the Ming Empire which too01:34:53
ended in Yunan too they01:34:55
tried to conquer a little bit of Burma01:34:57
then he is not the South Minsk regime01:35:00
it turned out they were destroyed, but01:35:03
ha mindana win a little bit of Burma01:35:05
it worked and they stayed there01:35:07
much longer and much more successfully than01:35:09
once Southern and Min and October 1 forty01:35:13
was nine years old in Beijing01:35:15
proclaimed the Chinese people's01:35:17
the republic is here with us01:35:19
see it means if from left to right it is01:35:22
Yu-Junk who is one of the creators01:35:25
Latin avito for Chinese01:35:27
further or Lesan Well, actually further01:35:29
understandably small reads01:35:32
Peiping was renamed Beijing and became01:35:35
capital of the People's Republic of China01:35:37
for the first time as a government01:35:39
the anthem was sung01:35:41
Mash Volunteers Which originally01:35:45
called the Anti-Manchu march01:35:47
anti-Japanese Volunteers it was01:35:49
song from the popular movie Children01:35:51
Time of Troubles filmed in Shanghai in 193501:35:54
year and this music was for the film01:35:57
ranked by Aaron Av-Shalomov who01:35:59
naturally Russian migrants and01:36:02
Jewish origin He is by the way01:36:04
Mountain Jew, in my opinion, from the eighteenth01:36:07
lived in China for a year, worked as a composer in01:36:10
In 1947 he left for the USA where he died01:36:12
in sixty-five and01:36:14
from 35 to how much before becoming01:36:18
anthem of the People's Republic of China01:36:19
the songs are very popular01:36:22
popular movie song It was in01:36:23
in particular the anthem for example 20001:36:25
loyal to the National Division01:36:27
revolutionary army01:36:28
also for the first time the flag of the People's Republic of China was raised from01:36:32
five stars and a big star here01:36:35
symbolizes the CPC its organizing role and01:36:39
small workers peasants urban small01:36:42
bourgeoisie national bourgeoisie under01:36:44
the leadership of the working class all this01:36:46
was described in the work of a small01:36:49
people to a democratic dictatorship which01:36:50
was published in June '4901:36:52
years and you see that it’s all here again01:36:56
about this people's democracy01:36:58
united front and actually even01:37:00
name of the People's Republic of China01:37:02
contains deaf signs that01:37:04
you and I were once in the title01:37:06
united front Yes united anti-Japanese01:37:08
yes, that is, at this moment it’s almost01:37:10
And without question winning the Civil War01:37:15
still formulated and formulated01:37:19
say the basic principles of Chinese01:37:21
The People's Republic from the point of view here01:37:23
this people's democracy coalition01:37:25
government and curious what else is in 525201:37:30
the year when Lefty left in Moscow01:37:33
it is recorded that Stalin pointed out to him01:37:35
convey to Mao Zedong that the victory of the CCP was01:37:38
The socialist revolution does not need it01:37:40
wait it already happened in China01:37:42
and no coalition is needed, all of you01:37:46
already won. This is certainly very01:37:47
curious because inertia sometimes01:37:50
happens to people who see01:37:52
facts from afar seem strange Yes but01:37:55
apparently for Mao Ztong this is not strange01:37:57
it seemed the next day, October 201:37:59
The Soviet Union was the first of the powers to recognize01:38:02
The PRC established diplomatic01:38:04
relations uh by the way Sergey Leonidovich01:38:06
Tikhvinsky, who was then general01:38:08
consul in Beijing and actually announced01:38:11
about this recognition died in 201801:38:16
at almost 100 years old I knew him01:38:18
So this is all very recent history.01:38:20
A01:38:22
February 14, 1950 in Moscow01:38:24
joinline was signed01:38:28
Treaty of Friendship, Union and Mutual Assistance01:38:31
between the USSR and China for 30 years and01:38:34
the main objectives of the agreement are stated there01:38:37
fight the Japanese revival01:38:39
imperialism or means aggression01:38:42
allies of Japan, which is also, of course, about01:38:44
inertia because in 5250 Japan01:38:48
it was obviously difficult already01:38:49
perceived as such an aggressor but01:38:52
no less, for them it was absolutely01:38:54
alive and believed that this was the main01:38:56
threat both in the Soviet Union and China01:38:58
at least on paper the same day01:39:00
a separate agreement was signed01:39:02
according to which it was agreed that01:39:05
China Tianchun Railway and01:39:07
Port Arthur return China December 3101:39:10
fifty-second railway01:39:13
so I left and along Port Arthur because01:39:15
the war began in Korea then stay01:39:19
was extended and the Soviet troops entered01:39:21
from where Only in May fifty-fifth01:39:24
years and you and I will take a break because01:39:27
in fact, we are already too much01:39:29
we'll talk for a long time and next time01:39:33
in a week you and I have not yet01:39:35
let's talk about Communist01:39:36
China because you and I need01:39:38
pick up some debts, namely us and01:39:41
you weren't told at all about the fact that everything01:39:43
this time from the beginning of the 20th century occurred01:39:45
on our beloved outskirts in Xinjiang01:39:48
Tibet and in external and internal01:39:50
Mongolia And even in appearance a little too01:39:52
legally she still remained part of01:39:54
China Therefore, this is exactly what we are talking about01:39:56
we'll talk to you next time, but now01:39:58
after the New Year we have just like this01:40:00
a successful milestone we will begin with you01:40:02
engage in one's own history01:40:03
People's Republic of China and in fact01:40:07
in fact Apparently it’s no longer a secret to anyone01:40:09
that the 16th lecture I planned turned out to be01:40:12
means impossible tasks and will01:40:15
noticeably more I don’t know how much yet but01:40:17
more so now I'm ready to answer01:40:20
questions if they suddenly appeared01:40:28
do we have anything on the internet or01:40:30
there is and we have excellent01:40:32
live questions are always better than in real life01:40:35
Internet01:40:38
[music]01:40:45
Thank you very much for giving me a lecture01:40:48
a few questions first about01:40:50
Greater East Asia Conference01:40:54
as far as this conference was concerned01:40:58
there were representatives of several Asian01:41:00
states to what extent these representatives01:41:03
were legitimate represented real01:41:06
strength in my country because I wanted01:41:08
just to say that at the same time already01:41:10
there were massive businesses from outside01:41:12
the Japanese and how they explained it to their01:41:16
a few things first01:41:19
after all01:41:20
everywhere except China it’s like this01:41:25
the degeneration of the Japanese regime into such01:41:27
completely inhumane, first of all, it’s even01:41:30
not quite everywhere happened where01:41:31
It happened, it’s still more like ’4301:41:33
it just became clear01:41:36
That something is bad, basically this01:41:38
it was plus or minus01:41:41
plus or minus without any special excesses that01:41:44
This concerns legitimacy in different01:41:47
in different cases it is clear to us that01:41:49
for example this very Chandra Boss who01:41:52
was a representative of Mandy he is India in any way01:41:55
didn't control He was quite prominent01:41:57
active drive of the national congress01:41:59
But it wasn't real01:42:01
government in the case of Wang Zingwei01:42:04
for example yes Well we call it01:42:07
puppet and stuff but01:42:11
at the same time, yes, he is on his territory01:42:13
somehow had some kind of power if we01:42:16
Let's say let's take Manchuria and Siam Thailand01:42:20
then it was the government that even01:42:22
Well, they were recognized internationally Yes in01:42:25
case with Thailand in general all cases with01:42:27
Manchuria there, well in particular the Soviet01:42:28
union, yes, that is, there is legitimacy here01:42:30
it's like that, but it doesn't mean that it's01:42:32
were good or fair or01:42:34
government when they should have01:42:35
be yes but many of them were with01:42:37
from a legal point of view, well, give or take01:42:39
legitimate as regards in general well01:42:42
some so to speak, it’s still01:42:46
if we talk about it, let's talk about01:42:48
representatives there Burma Philippines is01:42:51
were in general Indonesia they were Well01:42:55
notable figures of every national01:42:57
liberation movement at home and they01:42:59
represented some forces is another matter01:43:01
not many of them were then01:43:03
cooperation with01:43:04
the Japanese and were not realized, but for that01:43:07
moment some forces stood behind him01:43:09
probably even more than again01:43:12
than those who stood behind the representative01:43:15
Manchuria, which in general is practically01:43:17
did not have any of their own01:43:19
own political will01:43:21
own political resources01:43:22
so everyone should look there01:43:24
isolated case but overall it was01:43:25
so quite classic ahh01:43:28
conference means the organizer's contents01:43:33
which Well, since the organizers are01:43:36
in the end they lost their game01:43:38
they all turned out to be something like this in the end01:43:41
fake representatives of fake01:43:43
strength, but if it turned out differently then from01:43:46
some of them could grow quite01:43:49
long-lived modes Maybe, but it came out01:43:52
how come but01:43:54
in general it was not in a number of cases01:43:58
will formulate So it wasn't easy01:44:00
some actors before who just were01:44:03
chosen to represent Yes they are01:44:05
they were some politicians Yes01:44:08
many I've been saying for a long time in I haven't01:44:12
in my opinion, that’s exactly what he’s up to01:44:13
time already upset with the Japanese But01:44:16
that's basically it01:44:17
first there forty-one forty-second01:44:20
he was probably forty-three himself01:44:21
the most prominent leader of the German01:44:22
German national liberation01:44:25
movement and then he shouldn't01:44:28
Doberman Independence they killed him there01:44:30
it means these are ultra-right but in general there01:44:34
Here she is, in general, in many ways still01:44:36
But she herself is now very noticeable01:44:39
man Well, here's the father figure Here too01:44:41
plays a very important role and many01:44:45
many politicians who are with the Japanese01:44:46
they generally did not cooperate01:44:49
the last people in their uh these very01:44:51
in the fight against01:44:53
colonialists So here you need to look01:44:56
each specific example of who is where01:44:58
participated but it’s not exactly a sham01:45:02
there is a lot of props, but not really01:45:06
Thanks, another question about surrender01:45:09
Japan is very interested in what happened in01:45:13
the emperor's speech as it was presented01:45:15
population and whether the population greeted this with01:45:19
relief or vice versa with01:45:20
disappointment that I lost and realized about01:45:22
there are quite a lot of different things01:45:24
memories regarding what is there01:45:26
there was actually even a recording it was him01:45:28
Didn't appear on the radio was recorded on01:45:29
phonograph and fans this was a recording01:45:31
played on the radio and because it is very01:45:35
beautifully formulated then after that01:45:37
there was an additional message01:45:39
in normal language you know what we are talking about01:45:41
about surrender so that there are no rivers01:45:44
Volkov so that everyone understands correctly01:45:46
carrier on reaction01:45:49
I have memories that there is some kind of crowd there01:45:52
gathered in front of the imperial palace and01:45:55
cried But those who are witnesses01:45:57
they say it's hard to say at all01:46:00
why yes, that is, it was some kind of01:46:02
so nervous01:46:04
way out but01:46:06
some of them might have been against it01:46:08
capitulation but mostly apparently people01:46:10
just kind of felt like there01:46:12
abandoned, deceived, afraid of the future01:46:14
There and so on, that is, massively01:46:18
there is, well, one can assume that if01:46:20
surrender was not declared then01:46:22
probably means Japanese01:46:26
would fight there and so on01:46:30
but in general, except for some groups there01:46:34
officers who specifically opposed01:46:36
mostly01:46:38
Apparently, after all, that is, everything is very01:46:40
We were afraid of what would happen next, but in general01:46:43
this decision was made by the Japanese and01:46:46
uh in this of course actually in01:46:49
In many ways, with this decision, the surgeon01:46:52
of course, their crimes, so to speak, in01:46:55
redeemed a lot because he simply saved01:46:57
there are a huge number of lives about this01:46:59
By the way, a wonderful film Alexander01:47:00
Sakurova which is called01:47:02
also red sun that's somehow movies01:47:05
for some reason it’s so common about Japan01:47:06
called or simply the sun I advise you01:47:10
take a look because this is it01:47:12
this story is when a person has01:47:15
opportunity means to order to die for01:47:17
the whole people knows exactly what the order is01:47:20
will be fulfilled, as if he takes upon himself01:47:22
this is all a shame and01:47:27
national humiliation as if here it is01:47:29
covers the others with himself and with this B01:47:32
generally saves people from01:47:35
otherwise any further horrors of war I will01:47:38
this of course prince can be argued and was01:47:40
a lot of opponents Well actually01:47:42
Soviet Union you always say that01:47:44
Hirohi needs to be attracted to01:47:46
responsibility In general, indeed01:47:47
I was to blame for a lot of things, but still01:47:49
less That's what he found in himself01:47:50
Hmm, sign this surrender01:47:53
that no one would have judged him if he01:47:55
it means he ordered to fight to the last01:47:59
of course it's a big deal01:48:02
Thanks for the last question about01:48:05
final part of today's lecture01:48:09
Is there any evidence01:48:11
Kai-shei planned to carry out reform01:48:14
for example land because but to me01:48:17
I got the impression that it was precisely because01:48:19
relationship with command01:48:22
peasants lost to the CCP Yes I01:48:26
I think you're right but that's why he knows01:48:28
got into something like this here01:48:29
trap because he couldn't01:48:33
carry out land reform with the same01:48:35
means like communists Well because01:48:37
as if he were not in that position when01:48:40
land reform as if by hand01:48:41
communists in many ways01:48:44
it just looked like murder01:48:47
the rich and distribution of property01:48:49
naturally of course I couldn’t do that01:48:51
not just because they did it that way01:48:53
communists because well, how would he01:48:54
represented other political forces and01:48:56
they wouldn't understand him here, but yes of course01:48:59
everything is very ripe and it so happened that01:49:02
I probably should have done it myself01:49:03
also in01:49:06
What does 24 year mean?01:49:09
proclaimed the beginning of land reform01:49:11
It’s clear this is all very overdue01:49:12
because since the times of the empire nothing has happened01:49:15
didn’t study Yes, because there was time01:49:17
civil war then war with the Japanese01:49:19
I just couldn't get my hands on it all the time01:49:20
worse worse worse worse and yes it probably should01:49:24
it was urgent to do it but here it’s just him01:49:26
was in a much less advantageous situation01:49:28
communists who could without any01:49:30
any glance means cannibalistic01:49:33
methods to do whatever they wanted because01:49:34
that they actually weren't01:49:36
government And in general they were there01:49:39
radical political force Yes, they are01:49:42
could do it quickly without any problems01:49:44
discussions and so on and besides this kind of porridge01:49:47
couldn't do it and therefore Yes indeed01:49:49
looked like So here are the important ones01:49:50
problems and he doesn't solve them01:49:52
Hard to say01:49:54
but in Taiwan itself he has land01:49:57
the reform was carried out far from immediately01:49:59
there and then we will talk about it with you01:50:00
speak01:50:03
And in general, in Taiwan it happened01:50:05
some time before opening it01:50:07
somehow I digested all this within myself and began01:50:10
engage in megamindan reforms01:50:13
regime reforms are hard to say01:50:14
how psychologically he was01:50:17
readiness for this Here in the late forties01:50:19
it feels like he's a little01:50:22
I overestimated my capabilities against the backdrop01:50:25
that Victory is really here01:50:27
finally everything happened and he was accepted01:50:29
the club means world leaders and the army01:50:33
big and so on at some point he01:50:35
a little inadequate, apparently Rated01:50:37
your strengths and01:50:39
so it seems that right then01:50:41
somehow he didn’t think it was necessary01:50:43
some sharp two women because01:50:45
everything somehow means gradually01:50:46
it is formed in Taiwan and then in general01:50:49
you have changed a lot and many reforms01:50:51
rules01:50:52
remaining at the same time actually so there01:50:55
dictator and so on but at least01:50:56
least they are already corrupt01:50:58
called That at that moment the initiative was01:51:03
intercepted01:51:04
communists who really are not01:51:07
they were corrupt01:51:09
fanatics but quite convinced01:51:11
fanatics they had a program, as it were01:51:13
which was cannibalistic but at the same time01:51:15
satisfied the majority of the population they01:51:17
quickly energetically carried out walked nothing01:51:21
I couldn't resist this, but he01:51:23
apparently hoped for a military victory But here01:51:25
it didn't happen largely because01:51:27
really his management is not01:51:30
impressed no one01:51:33
Thanks a lot01:51:37
can I ask a question because here about01:51:42
several films asked questions01:51:45
I would like to know your opinion about the film01:51:48
The last emperor is still more01:51:50
helicopter artwork01:51:53
or as a historian you see here01:51:56
reflection of the real I know it for a long time01:51:58
I watched when I was probably still there too01:52:02
such lovers of China, that's why I'm in01:52:04
Overall I liked it I haven't watched it yet01:52:06
where there until the end of the nineties and01:52:09
maybe if I rewatch it now I will01:52:11
I'll like it then, that's why I like it01:52:14
in my head he rather me, well there is some01:52:17
quantity of course cranberries How often01:52:20
It's better to eat, but overall it's01:52:23
in my opinion, you'll be more likely to be good01:52:27
firstly there is a lot of all kinds of texture01:52:28
there in general01:52:30
not much deviation from reality01:52:33
biography but also plus after all it was removed from01:52:37
like this01:52:39
with sympathy In general, it’s really01:52:42
Puyi's figure is perfect too01:52:44
psychoanalytic because human01:52:46
who has done absolutely nothing all his life01:52:48
couldn't decide and that's how it was01:52:51
someone always stands for him01:52:52
decided and of course to him01:52:55
he was also a victim of everything here01:52:57
this happening in contrast to01:52:58
surgery, it didn’t solve anything at all01:53:00
the other one was cheap and simple and didn’t mind but01:53:02
he seems about a lot of things he was not aware of01:53:04
actually they didn’t notify me, and so somehow01:53:07
Bertolucci is everything in my opinion01:53:09
quite humanely reflected Well, so01:53:13
because he was allowed to film in China01:53:14
in all these interiors and forbidden01:53:17
city and palace in Changchun Now01:53:20
By the way, I don’t think they would have allowed it either01:53:22
such eighty-seventh year01:53:23
in China So it was also possible to do more01:53:26
than now therefore this is also like this01:53:28
some luck but plus You see01:53:29
brother really was there01:53:32
consultants film So in general Well01:53:35
so I say if maybe maybe01:53:36
I'm watching it now I would somehow01:53:38
changed my mind somewhat, but in my opinion01:53:40
I think it's a good movie01:53:49
Japan01:53:53
You know, in my opinion, no, I have something about it01:53:56
haven't heard anything there at all01:53:59
reparations in that part, that is01:54:01
Germany she is there, who cares about reparations01:54:03
I paid here I haven’t heard about it maybe01:54:08
maybe I need to check somehow01:54:09
got caught anywhere in all these conditions01:54:11
surrender I came across this01:54:13
conversations I've never heard of this01:54:16
Here But01:54:21
I don’t know, I think not, but it’s worth it01:54:24
check I actually check Thanks for01:54:26
question01:54:29
What was the attitude of the Chinese towards the Japanese?01:54:31
prisoners of war to Japanese colonists01:54:33
Manchuria and whether the Chinese tried01:54:35
to take revenge on him for the atrocities that they01:54:36
committed Well01:54:39
I understand what you see with the prisoners01:54:41
it was very different those who got01:54:44
in mentality they are mostly very fast01:54:46
everyone went home everything was there01:54:48
easier those who fell into the communists01:54:51
everything was more complicated there, but in my opinion I’m talking about01:54:54
some special features01:54:56
I didn’t hear any cruelty either, that is01:54:58
they just stayed longer that's why01:54:59
more people died there as far as01:55:02
of course there were colonists there01:55:03
panic means flight01:55:06
[music]01:55:07
still Right during the war then say01:55:11
they were evicted there too01:55:13
there were naturally all sorts of01:55:17
incidents but as I understand it in general and01:55:20
In general, this can rather be compared, for example01:55:22
with eviction01:55:25
Germans, say, from East Prussia Then01:55:27
there it was01:55:30
fast hard and so on but that's it01:55:35
some kind of massacre right here I'm nowhere01:55:38
fortunately there is no mention of this anywhere01:55:41
heard I understand that it seems like01:55:42
still probably without it01:55:43
it worked out, plus or minus01:55:47
How did the people of Taiwan react to01:55:49
how she reacted to the transfer of the island to China01:55:51
to the resume of Changaishi against the background of Japanese01:55:52
board And we will talk about this in01:55:55
at the end we will have a lecture about Taiwan where01:55:57
we'll talk about this in detail. Therefore01:55:58
I won’t be here now, so I’m on my own01:56:02
be sure to select bread about this01:56:03
let's talk01:56:06
OK, thank you01:56:09
Merry Christmas to you01:56:14
[music]Description:
Двенадцатая лекция курса "История нового Китая" (https://arhe.msk.ru//?p=116370 состоялась в научно-популярном лектории центра "Архэ"(http://arhe.msk.ru) 22 декабря 2022 года. Плейлист курса: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLf8iQozIdvKgsEJLOingxgnzYoVaeG-XK Как ни странно (а может, и наоборот), превращение японо-китайской войны в часть мировой несколько облегчило положение Китайской республики — помощь союзников увеличилась, а атаки японцев, чьи основные силы вытягивала Война на Тихом океане, уже редко оказывались такими же ожесточёнными, как раньше. Можно было заняться обустройством места Китая в мире после победы — и оно обещало быть гораздо более значительным, чем до войны. Готовились к концу войны и в Яньани — партия копила силы для гражданской войны и сплачивалась (с помощью спецслужб Кан Шэна) вокруг Вождя. Гражданская война, вспыхнувшая почти сразу после завершения мировой, оказалась драматичной и исход её, кажется, был неожиданным для лидеров обеих сторон. Лектор: Дмитриев Сергей Викторович, кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник Отдела Китая ИВ РАН, заведующий сектором древней и средневековой истории Китая, доцент УНЦ «Философия Востока» Философского факультета РГГУ. [*] Поддержать наш проект можно здесь - https://new.donatepay.ru/@arhe [**] Появился еще один способ поддержать наш проект - https://boosty.to/arhe === Веб-сайт Центра "Архэ" - https://arhe.msk.ru "Архэ" в ВКонтакте - https://vk.com/kpc_arhe "Архэ Санкт-Петербург" в ВКонтакте - https://vk.com/arhe_spb "Архэ" в YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/c/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8D "Архэ" в Telegram - https://t.me/arhecenter "Архэ" в Яндекс Дзен - https://dzen.ru/arhe "Архэ" в Одноклассники - https://ok.ru/centrarhe "Архэ Детям" в YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/c/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC "АРХЭология Знаний" - https://www.youtube.com/c/%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A5%D0%AD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9 Покупка билетов на Timepad - https://arhe-events.timepad.ru/events/ Краудфандинг на Planeta.ru - https://planeta.ru/848080 Календарь мероприятий - https://arhe.msk.ru/?post_type=tribe_events Архив курсов Центра "Архэ" - https://arhe.msk.ru/?page_id=376 Поддержка нашего проекта - https://new.donatepay.ru/@arhe Почта для связи: [email protected] Телефон для связи: +7 (495) 088-92-81 ===
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