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00:00:02
about Descartes
00:00:04
why maps already because
00:00:07
maps are a bit of an essential of
00:00:09
French philosophy
00:00:11
it is difficult to miss it is
00:00:14
really the type of philosophers who
00:00:16
brought something thing in the way of
00:00:19
thinking he was very influential during his
00:00:22
time on European thought in
00:00:24
general and therefore talking about philosophy
00:00:27
without mentioning maps
00:00:29
is a little complicated so maps
00:00:33
if I had to define it to introduce
00:00:36
this presentation
00:00:38
I would say that he is first of all obsessed with
00:00:42
the truth obviously it is a
00:00:45
somewhat reductive formula because we cannot
00:00:47
summarize maps simply to this trait
00:00:49
of his approach
00:00:51
but it is still a very
00:00:53
important aspect of the Cartesian approach
00:00:56
the obsession with the truth then what do
00:00:58
I call the obsession with the truth
00:01:00
all philosophers have the obsession with the
00:01:02
truth in a certain way that is
00:01:03
behind that the principle the philosopher
00:01:05
is the one who seeks this truth who
00:01:07
want to achieve at all costs except that
00:01:10
in Descartes it will take a
00:01:12
fairly radical form, that is to say that
00:01:14
cards afraid that it is of making a mistake
00:01:17
of being in the error of being in the false
00:01:20
will go to the point of questioning
00:01:22
everything he thinks he knows and according to him this
00:01:25
is the basis of the
00:01:28
philosophical approach, namely to
00:01:30
question everything
00:01:33
we believe to be true, therefore our beliefs
00:01:35
our prejudices our impressions
00:01:37
then you should know that maps he was
00:01:40
a philosopher but he was also a
00:01:42
scientist he was a mathematician
00:01:44
is a physicist so he is someone
00:01:46
who did not separate philosophy from the
00:01:50
field of research in general
00:01:51
and Moreover, this separation between
00:01:53
philosophy and the sciences
00:01:54
really asserted itself in the 19th
00:01:57
century because until now we
00:01:59
reconciled philosophy very well with
00:02:01
the sciences or in any case we did
00:02:04
not put them into rivalry or
00:02:05
competition, therefore,
00:02:07
strong cards of his scientific method
00:02:10
will decide to apply it to the song of
00:02:12
truth in the fields of
00:02:13
philosophical knowledge is what he will notice
00:02:16
is that we are all filled
00:02:19
with false ideas these false ideas
00:02:21
we are not not totally responsible
00:02:23
it is not simply the mark of
00:02:26
natural ignorance or stupidity of
00:02:29
man no it is really a whole bunch
00:02:31
of factors which add up and which
00:02:34
cause us to regularly fall into
00:02:36
error so he will give some
00:02:37
examples
00:02:38
he will talk about the teaching of
00:02:40
the education that we received from
00:02:41
the education so cards will
00:02:44
mention the fact that it can happen
00:02:46
whenever we learn things that
00:02:48
are not completely conform to reality
00:02:50
and you know very well because you
00:02:52
went to school just like me can
00:02:54
since the time when you went to school
00:02:56
there are things that have been revisited
00:02:59
there are things that have been corrected
00:03:01
in what we could learn it
00:03:03
obviously concerns the entire field of
00:03:05
history obviously because
00:03:07
history is a science in
00:03:09
perpetual evolution in perpetual rewriting
00:03:11
but even in the field of sciences
00:03:13
there are things which were considered
00:03:15
valid there are still twenty or
00:03:16
thirty years since they are no longer
00:03:17
today so school textbooks
00:03:20
have evolved and it is true that we can sometimes
00:03:22
learn things during our
00:03:24
childhood which will prove to be false
00:03:26
later so it is not only the education
00:03:30
that cards indict
00:03:32
there is also what cards call
00:03:34
opinion and opinion is a
00:03:37
bit like everyone's idea, an idea that
00:03:39
has no real basis or of
00:03:42
justification so it is really degree 1 of
00:03:45
knowledge opinion is a knowledge
00:03:47
which is not one in reality so
00:03:49
it is something towards which we
00:03:51
must maintain a lot of distrust and
00:03:54
This means in concrete terms that we must
00:03:56
not trust what we are going to be told,
00:03:58
we must not take everything at face value, we
00:04:00
must not accept
00:04:02
information without checking it
00:04:04
first,
00:04:05
but it does not stop there. that is to say
00:04:07
that in addition to education, in addition to the opinion
00:04:09
of the cards, it goes so far as to say that it is
00:04:13
our very constitution as
00:04:16
human beings which leads us to make
00:04:18
errors which leads us to make
00:04:19
errors which predispose us in a
00:04:21
way to deceive us
00:04:22
and the example that the cards give is
00:04:24
the example of our senses our five senses what
00:04:27
the cards show is that it
00:04:29
frequently happens that our senses
00:04:31
mislead us, that is to say that we
00:04:34
are going to see things we are going to feel
00:04:35
things we are going to hear things and we
00:04:38
are going to be mistaken about their nature on their
00:04:40
origin
00:04:41
we are going to be subjected to illusions so
00:04:44
the best known are obviously
00:04:45
optical illusions
00:04:46
the fact of seeing something something which
00:04:48
does not really exist which is not there
00:04:50
in front of us we can also talk about
00:04:52
auditory illusions such as for example
00:04:54
when we have the impression of hearing our
00:04:56
first name shouted in the street when in
00:04:58
fact no it was just an onomatopoeia
00:04:59
which vaguely resembled
00:05:01
sensory illusions, we have all
00:05:04
experienced them and we know that it is therefore
00:05:06
sometimes possible to make a mistake by having
00:05:09
a biased perception, an
00:05:12
altered perception of reality and that therefore we
00:05:15
cannot completely fully
00:05:17
rely on our senses in a process of
00:05:19
knowledge so already the starting point
00:05:22
of Descartes is still the
00:05:26
observation of all the obstacles to the
00:05:28
knowledge of the cards really insists
00:05:30
a lot on this moreover I
00:05:31
really invite you to read his book the
00:05:34
discourse of the method because it is
00:05:35
in this book that cards exposes
00:05:38
his method in the clearest way
00:05:39
in the most
00:05:41
understandable way for all and therefore in this
00:05:43
book gap decides to tell us
00:05:45
his progression that is to say that it
00:05:46
almost takes on an
00:05:47
autobiographical aspect and maps we
00:05:49
tell here are his childhood his years
00:05:52
of teaching his years of study and he
00:05:54
accumulates the elements which show that
00:05:56
knowledge is something
00:05:58
fragile and precarious which is based on
00:06:00
many false beliefs or on
00:06:03
many opinions of many
00:06:05
prejudices so this is really what drives the
00:06:08
approach of the cards, that is to say
00:06:09
cutting edge and everything that goes at one time or
00:06:12
another poses to us problem in
00:06:14
access to knowledge and the great
00:06:16
difficulty for the human beings that
00:06:17
we are is that we only have access
00:06:20
to the world through our
00:06:22
senses or our senses are doubtful our senses
00:06:25
are not reliable
00:06:27
we must be wary of what
00:06:29
our senses tell us so one of the examples that I
00:06:31
often give to illustrate this to my
00:06:33
students is
00:06:34
the example of the stick we are going to dive into a
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stream and cards tell us that
00:06:39
if we do this and we look at
00:06:41
the level of the surface of the water we will have
00:06:44
the impression that the stick and cut
00:06:46
that it is separated from itself in some
00:06:48
way which is not possible and
00:06:50
moreover it just remove the stick
00:06:53
from the water to realize that at no
00:06:54
time was it cut, yet we
00:06:56
saw it cut because at
00:06:58
that moment we were the victims of an
00:07:01
optical illusion which made us see
00:07:03
reality differently than what it
00:07:05
really is and in many cases it will
00:07:06
start from this type of example
00:07:09
to conclude that we should
00:07:11
never trust our senses and
00:07:14
that we must never trust
00:07:15
our opinions so
00:07:17
Descartes' approach is an approach of
00:07:19
radical distrust with regard to everything which can
00:07:22
be a source of errors, not what
00:07:25
has been demonstrated to be an
00:07:27
error but to everything that can be
00:07:29
and what can be
00:07:31
potentially necessary many cards
00:07:33
will say that everything can be potentially
00:07:35
necessary everything that has not been verified
00:07:37
everything that has not been demonstrated
00:07:39
cannot be taken as true and if we
00:07:41
cannot take something as true
00:07:43
we must consider it as potentially
00:07:45
false which means that cards
00:07:48
will start from the observation that all our
00:07:50
knowledge being marked with the seal of
00:07:52
fragility
00:07:53
we must suspend all our beliefs
00:07:55
all our knowledge all our
00:07:57
opinions the time to reconstruct knowledge
00:08:00
on solid foundations
00:08:01
so this approach is often called
00:08:04
the method of methodical doubt but
00:08:07
also of radical or even hyperbolic doubt
00:08:10
so why hyperbolic because
00:08:12
obviously it is an exaggeration of the
00:08:14
part of descartes at no time of the
00:08:16
cards does not really think that everything
00:08:19
we think can be false at no
00:08:20
time do they seriously consider it
00:08:22
and moreover he himself says that the
00:08:24
time to rebuild our knowledge
00:08:26
on solid foundations
00:08:27
we must necessarily function with our
00:08:29
old beliefs we are obliged to
00:08:31
make do with it we are not going to suddenly withdraw from the
00:08:33
world and never position ourselves
00:08:36
therefore it will preserve what we call
00:08:38
morality by provision, that is to say
00:08:40
morality that we temporarily keep the
00:08:43
time to check if it was founded
00:08:44
or not if she was just
00:08:46
so proud or not so cards will
00:08:48
start to doubt he will doubt what he
00:08:50
sees he will doubt what he hears he
00:08:52
will doubt what he thinks he knows and he
00:08:55
will go so far as to doubt himself what
00:08:57
the cards mean is that if
00:09:00
my senses are doubtful, that is to say if I
00:09:02
must distrust them 'it is possible
00:09:04
if there is the slightest chance that he could
00:09:07
deceive me that means that I
00:09:09
cannot be absolutely certain of my
00:09:11
existence
00:09:12
in any case of my corporeal existence
00:09:14
because of my corporeal existence I
00:09:17
have the knowledge that through
00:09:18
birth, that is to
00:09:20
say that I can see myself, I can
00:09:22
feel myself, I can hear myself, but all this
00:09:24
remains in the realm of
00:09:26
sensory experience and like
00:09:28
sensory and doubtful experience, definitely
00:09:30
doubtful, I do not cannot rely on
00:09:32
it to deduce my existence therefore
00:09:35
cards will postulate that I cannot
00:09:37
affirm that I exist I must doubt
00:09:40
my existence as I must doubt
00:09:42
everything which comes from my senses
00:09:44
everything which comes from the belief or
00:09:46
opinions of all those of whom I
00:09:47
cannot have absolute certainty a
00:09:50
certainty which is based on a
00:09:51
complete verification on an
00:09:54
absolute demonstration therefore cards
00:09:56
it's a bit the philosophy of
00:09:58
paranoia it's starting from the principle that
00:10:01
because an error is possible even if
00:10:03
it is a ridiculously low percentage
00:10:06
and well the risk exists and if the risk
00:10:09
exists we do not take this risk
00:10:11
we could say that cards are
00:10:13
the one who doubted to be sure
00:10:17
because by doubting everyone he is sure of
00:10:19
never making a mistake he is sure of
00:10:21
never being taken advantage of
00:10:22
so it is quite ironic in the end to
00:10:24
say that it is perhaps the
00:10:27
philosopher who has attached the most
00:10:29
value to of importance to the notion of
00:10:30
truth or in any case a
00:10:33
stated ambition to reach this truth it is
00:10:36
ironic that arrived at the truth
00:10:38
thanks to doubt because for cards
00:10:41
doubt is only a tool the goal of
00:10:44
Descartes there was no doubt and
00:10:45
to doubt doubt is only an
00:10:47
instrument at the service of a method
00:10:49
it is really constitutive of a
00:10:52
method which is to eliminate any risk
00:10:54
of error so doubt will really
00:10:56
appear as a very precious tool
00:10:57
for accessing the truth
00:10:59
because at the end of Descartes' reasoning
00:11:02
there is the idea that if I can doubt
00:11:04
everything there is one thing that I
00:11:08
cannot doubt there is one thing that will
00:11:10
resist my doubt and it is not for
00:11:12
nothing that this thing is the doubt
00:11:14
itself what the cards mean
00:11:17
is that if I can doubt everything
00:11:19
it is proof that my doubt
00:11:21
exists then the doubt is it's not
00:11:24
something material it's not physical
00:11:26
doubt it's not comparable to a corporeal object
00:11:29
so we're obviously talking about
00:11:30
immaterial existence it's like saying for example
00:11:33
that a thought exists not in the sense in which
00:11:36
it would be constituted of molecules but
00:11:38
in the abstract sense in the impalpable sense
00:11:41
so if I doubt my doubt exists and what
00:11:44
is doubt there are cases that we
00:11:45
say that doubt is a form of
00:11:47
thought and therefore thought is not
00:11:50
something that I can have
00:11:51
an illusion of,
00:11:52
that is to say that as much as we can have
00:11:54
an optical illusion and see
00:11:56
something that does not really exist,
00:11:59
when we have a thought in our head
00:12:01
that thought could well be an
00:12:03
illusion that it would remain a thought
00:12:04
because the illusion of thought is
00:12:07
already thought in the same way that
00:12:09
when we dream
00:12:10
what we experience is not real but the dream
00:12:13
exists as a dream
00:12:14
it exists in as long as illusion it exists
00:12:17
as thinking so that's what
00:12:19
cards mean it's that doubt
00:12:21
and therefore by extension thinking it's
00:12:23
something I can't doubt
00:12:25
it's something I must
00:12:26
to note the existence and for cards
00:12:29
it really takes the form of an
00:12:30
evidence of an absolute evidence that is to
00:12:32
say that by some ends understand
00:12:33
the problem we will always arrive at this
00:12:35
conclusion the thought exists therefore there for
00:12:39
cards we reach really a
00:12:41
first truth that is to say that where
00:12:44
our sensory experience will
00:12:46
finally come up against a wall that is to
00:12:48
say that we will not be able to cross the
00:12:50
wall of doubt since we can always
00:12:52
doubt our perceptions can always
00:12:54
doubt our experience
00:12:55
on the other hand we cannot doubt
00:12:58
thought we cannot doubt
00:12:59
the existence of thought which
00:13:02
means for cards that if we must
00:13:05
accept that thought exists we must
00:13:08
accept that we ourselves who think we
00:13:11
exist your and this is what will give rise to the
00:13:14
famous sentence of Descartes I think
00:13:16
therefore I am that is to say if my thought
00:13:19
exists I must exist to
00:13:22
have this thought so to tell the truth I
00:13:27
am not totally agree with this
00:13:29
idea because the idea of ​​the game in the
00:13:33
sentence I think is an idea which is
00:13:36
not necessarily logical, that is to say
00:13:38
I explain to myself that the pronoun I already know
00:13:41
a linguistic bias the pronoun game
00:13:44
for example does not exist in all languages
00:13:46
the expression of individuality does
00:13:48
not exist in all languages
00:13:49
it is already a linguistic cultural bias
00:13:52
and therefore in the end
00:13:55
anthropological and philosophical say I
00:13:58
think that n there is nothing obvious and even from a
00:14:00
logical point of view we could almost
00:14:01
contest it because thought is in
00:14:03
something immaterial it is also
00:14:06
something of a form it is
00:14:07
something which has no no contours which has
00:14:09
no limit in the spatial sense of the term
00:14:13
and therefore identify thought with an
00:14:16
individual or in any case confuse the
00:14:19
two, i.e. consider that
00:14:21
thought necessarily needs to be incarnated
00:14:25
in an individual physics is already
00:14:27
something that we could contest,
00:14:28
moreover, that's what Nietzsche said,
00:14:30
he said that we don't have an idea,
00:14:33
it's the ideas that come to us and
00:14:35
when we have an idea in fact we makes the
00:14:37
observation we make the observation of an idea
00:14:39
which has just been introduced into us and
00:14:42
therefore we can finally say to ourselves that
00:14:45
thought is not necessarily the guarantee of
00:14:48
the existence of the individual
00:14:49
therefore it is cards it really
00:14:52
is definitely to impose on the mind
00:14:55
the evidence of our existence through
00:14:59
thought it is to say that thought
00:15:02
therefore the mind beyond individual thought
00:15:05
the mind is really the only thing
00:15:08
of which we can attest to the existence
00:15:10
it's really the only thing about
00:15:12
which we can have no doubts
00:15:13
as to the existence
00:15:14
so it's still interesting to
00:15:16
note with maps that the
00:15:19
first brick of the building that must
00:15:22
be the truth this elementary brick
00:15:24
it refers to something which for us
00:15:27
in our daily life does
00:15:30
not seem real to us in the sense that when we
00:15:33
speak of reality we tend rather
00:15:34
to refer to matter, to bodies and
00:15:36
to objects, therefore to say that the first
00:15:39
thing whose existence we are going to prove
00:15:41
is something immaterial and
00:15:43
that we are going to build all our
00:15:45
recognition from this
00:15:47
immaterial truth it is still
00:15:49
something quite paradoxical
00:15:51
still is there that cards after
00:15:53
having discovered this first truth,
00:15:55
this is how we call it the
00:15:57
first truth, that is to say the
00:15:59
mother truth of all other truths, it is
00:16:03
the truth of our existence, our
00:16:05
existence as an individual, our
00:16:07
existence as a thinking being then
00:16:10
here we touch on something which
00:16:13
seems quite important to me because we
00:16:15
in fact touch on the way in which the
00:16:18
cards influence his posterity for
00:16:20
some of the cards remains is a
00:16:23
Christian thinker and it is true that descartes
00:16:25
was a Christian philosopher he is a
00:16:27
philosopher who tried to prove
00:16:29
the existence of god
00:16:30
but for all that he is not someone
00:16:33
who made god a primary concept the
00:16:37
primary concept of descartes is
00:16:39
doubt and the concepts derived from this
00:16:41
concept of doubt are the concepts of
00:16:43
thinking about existence and individuals therefore
00:16:47
which means that from a purely religious point of view
00:16:49
from a purely Christian point of view
00:16:51
the cards are already
00:16:54
almost guilty of a heresy
00:16:56
because we must understand that
00:16:58
until the end of the Middle Ages,
00:17:00
that is to say a very short time
00:17:02
ultimately before dismissing all
00:17:04
philosophy was based on a
00:17:06
central and first idea which was god
00:17:08
therefore certainly maps is perhaps
00:17:11
not revolutionary for secularism in the
00:17:13
17th century but it is still
00:17:15
someone who dared to start a
00:17:18
philosophical treatise not starting from God
00:17:20
but starting from the individual
00:17:23
so I want to say it's still not
00:17:24
bad for the time you should know that
00:17:27
maps as a scientist
00:17:28
he was favorable to the theses of
00:17:31
Copernicus and it was when he learned that
00:17:34
Galileo had had problems
00:17:36
with his heliocentric system that
00:17:38
Descartes gave up publishing a work
00:17:41
which precisely went in the direction of
00:17:43
Copernicus
00:17:44
because he knew that it was
00:17:46
shooting himself in the foot that it was
00:17:47
condemning himself to censorship and therefore to the
00:17:50
possibility of delivering his word and
00:17:51
therefore maps were anything but a
00:17:54
sort of inquisitive philosopher was
00:17:57
absolutely not a philosopher who was going to
00:17:59
cast opprobrium on a thought that did not
00:18:02
conform to dogmas so I am
00:18:04
finishing this question of the
00:18:06
influence of Descartes and I
00:18:09
would like to return to a notion very
00:18:11
important that we have outlined but in
00:18:14
my opinion really deserves that we deepen it
00:18:15
because it allows us to understand
00:18:16
many things
00:18:17
what we have seen is that cards
00:18:20
consider that thought is
00:18:23
something which has a degree of reality
00:18:26
ultimately much higher than the
00:18:28
core, that is to say that everything which is of
00:18:31
the order of matter everything which is a
00:18:32
physical object and that obviously we
00:18:36
cannot help but relate it
00:18:38
to vision what Plato had and who
00:18:41
said that our material world was
00:18:43
only a projection of a world which is the
00:18:46
world of ideas, that is to say the
00:18:49
projection of archetypes the archetypes
00:18:52
in Plato we call them
00:18:53
archetypes we call them also the
00:18:55
ideas or the essences it is very
00:18:57
difficult to define and obviously it is
00:18:59
difficult to explain what
00:19:01
the archetypes are through analogies
00:19:03
but in any case it is the idea that our
00:19:05
world before existing in a physical form
00:19:09
it exists as an idea it exists
00:19:12
as a principle a little bit if you
00:19:14
want in the same way that the law of
00:19:17
gravity pre-exists gravity what I
00:19:21
mean is that gravity is only
00:19:23
what it is that by virtue of a law which
00:19:25
governs it and indeed this law which
00:19:27
governs it we could say that it is a
00:19:29
little bit the archetype of gravity and
00:19:31
gravity would be the manifestation
00:19:34
in the physical world of this idea of
00:19:37
gravity is therefore the parallel with
00:19:39
Plato is located not only here that is
00:19:42
to say in this idea of ​​a reality
00:19:46
beyond the material world
00:19:47
therefore the intelligent reality
00:19:49
bhl the world of ideas in Plato and
00:19:51
indeed in Descartes it takes the form
00:19:53
of 'a substance what he calls a
00:19:54
substance and which is thought
00:19:56
so it's cards when we talk about
00:19:58
substances we're not necessarily talking about a
00:19:59
physical substance
00:20:00
so again it's difficult for us to
00:20:02
imagine this idea of
00:20:04
substances without making something
00:20:06
material out of them
00:20:07
but for cases it is something
00:20:08
which has as many realities in fact as the
00:20:11
physical substance that is to say that the
00:20:13
matter is what to say about the cards is
00:20:15
that we must not not reduce the notion of
00:20:17
reality to material reality
00:20:20
because what we call reality
00:20:22
is what is and what is is not
00:20:25
necessarily of a physical order
00:20:27
so there we find the dualism that we
00:20:30
already found in plato the dualism
00:20:32
between them the sensible world the
00:20:34
intelligible world that is to say between the
00:20:36
material world and the world of the spirit and is
00:20:39
found in particular in a small example
00:20:41
given by cards
00:20:42
this is the famous example of the piece of
00:20:44
wax the example of the piece of wax that
00:20:47
cards use to show that
00:20:49
everything that exists in the
00:20:50
physical world is subject to corruption is
00:20:53
subject to transformation to evolution
00:20:55
is therefore if we want to define a
00:20:58
physical object if we want it define in what
00:21:00
constitutes it deep within
00:21:02
itself at the level of its essence
00:21:04
and indeed everything that we will be able to say
00:21:06
about the piece of wax to define it
00:21:08
is in no way linked to its
00:21:10
physical characteristics
00:21:12
so it strips or tells it
00:21:14
concretely he tells us I take a
00:21:16
piece of wax it is small it is
00:21:18
rather hard it is white I will bring
00:21:21
it close to the fire and there I will see it
00:21:22
transform it will become liquid it
00:21:25
will become darker it will melt
00:21:27
spread and therefore at the end of the day it
00:21:29
will no longer have at all the same
00:21:30
sensitive characteristics as the one it
00:21:32
had at the start. This proves for
00:21:35
cards that we cannot define a
00:21:37
physical object by its physical characteristics
00:21:40
we must defining by something else their
00:21:42
essence lies beyond matter
00:21:44
and therefore in the case of the piece of wax
00:21:46
of the cards will say since I
00:21:48
cannot define it by its color
00:21:49
since it changes
00:21:50
I cannot define it by its shape
00:21:53
since 'it also changes
00:21:54
that by which on the other hand I can define
00:21:56
the piece of wax it is by the fact
00:21:59
that it has the
00:22:00
capacity to transform itself it is almost a
00:22:03
tautology in fact as reasoning
00:22:05
it is to say that those who defines
00:22:06
any physical being it is its
00:22:08
character of being physical but in fact
00:22:11
it is more than a tautology not what
00:22:12
it simply means that we
00:22:13
cannot further define what a
00:22:16
physical body is because that everything that
00:22:18
could be said about him would be subject to
00:22:20
evolution and transformation and therefore
00:22:23
would not be an absolute truth a
00:22:25
real truth so there again in
00:22:28
Descartes as in Plato there is
00:22:30
the idea that ideas are
00:22:32
intelligible truths its eternal that they are
00:22:35
outside of time outside of space
00:22:37
and that what we call truth should
00:22:40
in reality correspond only to its
00:22:42
forms of truth that is to say to
00:22:43
eternal truths
00:22:45
then obviously it It is always
00:22:46
difficult to speak of eternal truth
00:22:49
in a physical universe since
00:22:51
precisely the physical character of
00:22:54
our universe we do not know if it is from
00:22:57
all eternity or not eh it is very
00:22:59
difficult to think even only the
00:23:01
question of the immaterial origin of
00:23:03
the non-physical origin of a
00:23:05
physical world and this is precisely
00:23:07
the question that occupies
00:23:08
metaphysicians, that is to say those who
00:23:10
try to think about what transcends the
00:23:12
physical world, therefore talking about
00:23:15
eternal truth is a little complicated
00:23:16
but for maps like for Plato in
00:23:18
the era of antiquity the ideas are
00:23:21
realities of eternal realities and
00:23:23
that moreover it is interesting to
00:23:25
compare it with those that we
00:23:27
find in the bible that is to say in the
00:23:29
beginning was the verb in these
00:23:31
Greek camps
00:23:32
the verb is logos and the logos is
00:23:36
the spirit the logos is the thought it is
00:23:40
the intellect that is to say that the logo is
00:23:42
directly related to the idea the logo is
00:23:46
the spirit the logos is the world of
00:23:48
ideas and to say that in the beginning was the
00:23:51
verb is perhaps to say that in the
00:23:54
beginning were the ideas in the
00:23:56
beginning was the spirit
00:23:57
so again at the risk of repeating myself
00:23:59
it is interesting to note that for
00:24:03
maps what will best define
00:24:05
the human being is its
00:24:07
immaterial dimension it is its
00:24:09
spiritual dimension it is its mind because
00:24:13
the mind produces thought which I cannot
00:24:15
doubt unlike the body which I
00:24:17
can doubt unlike matter matter
00:24:19
which is constantly transforming I
00:24:22
cannot doubt what is eternal in
00:24:24
less I cannot doubt of what
00:24:26
precedes and which survives matter
00:24:29
which means if we think about it that on
00:24:31
the cards what defines us best
00:24:34
is our eternity is that we
00:24:37
are beings whose reality goes well
00:24:40
beyond our existence
00:24:42
because if things of matter
00:24:45
can exist things of spirit
00:24:47
can do more that existed they
00:24:50
can be is that which is does not
00:24:55
necessarily need to exist to be in
00:24:58
the same way that we do not have
00:25:00
need to leave our homes to
00:25:03
prove that we exist we know
00:25:05
that we exist
00:25:07
the fact of being does not imply
00:25:09
externalizing being and it is not
00:25:11
because we are that we are
00:25:13
obliged to make it known that we
00:25:17
we can be content to be without
00:25:21
showing ourselves without exteriorizing ourselves the spirit
00:25:26
could have been content to be
00:25:28
it could thus have continued to be to
00:25:32
be for all eternity
00:25:34
but we must believe that it needed
00:25:38
company or of an image of an image of
00:25:42
oneself
00:25:44
perhaps the mind wanted to
00:25:46
look at itself in a mirror and
00:25:50
we are its mirror we are
00:25:53
the mirror of the mind yeah and if that is
00:25:58
the case
00:25:59
bayer not Jojo

Description:

REJOIGNEZ-MOI SUR PATREON POUR ACCÉDER À MON CONTENU INÉDIT : ▶️ https://www.patreon.com/leprecepteurpodcast POUR VOUS INSCRIRE À MES COURS : ▶️ https://www.le-precepteur.fr//cours-philosophie-en-ligne TÉLÉCHARGEZ MON LIVRE "TOUS PHILOSOPHES ?" GRATUITEMENT ICI : ▶️ https://www.le-precepteur.fr/tous-philosophes SOUTENEZ-MOI : ▶️ EN SOUSCRIVANT À MA CHAÎNE : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvRgiAmogg7a_BgQ_Ftm6fA/join ▶️ SUR TIPEEE : https://en.tipeee.com/le-precepteur ▶️ SUR PATREON : https://www.patreon.com/leprecepteurpodcast ▶️ SUR PAYPAL : https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/leprecepteur ▶️ EN VISITANT MA BOUTIQUE : https://teespring.com/fr/stores/le-precepteur REJOIGNEZ-MOI : ▶️ MON SITE : https://www.le-precepteur.fr ▶️ INSTAGRAM : https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser ▶️ FACEBOOK : https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser ▶️ TWITTER : https://twitter.com/Le_Precepteur ÉCOUTEZ-MOI EN PODCAST : ▶️ SUR SPOTIFY : https://open.spotify.com/show/4Lc8Fp7QAVsILrKZ41Mtbu ▶️ SUR DEEZER : https://www.deezer.com/fr/show/2051002?deferredFl=1 ▶️ SUR APPLE PODCASTS : https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/le-pr%C3%A9cepteur/id1534272032 ▶️ SUR PODCAST ADDICT : https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/3144161 ▶️ SUR GOOGLE PODCASTS : https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkLmF1c2hhLmNvL3lBV0wzdXBKTXFQbA?ep=14 ---------------------------------- 📏 Figure de la philosophie occidentale moderne, Descartes est connu pour avoir fondé sa théorie de la connaissance sur le doute. Car c'est grâce au doute, nous dit-il, que nous accédons à cette vérité première, celle du "je pense donc je suis". Retour sur cette pensée et sur la méthode qui la sous-tend. Descartes - "Discours de la méthode" : https://www.amazon.fr/Discours-m%C3%A9thode-Rene-Descartes/dp/208139071X?__mk_fr_FR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&language=fr_FR Descartes - "Méditations métaphysiques" : https://www.amazon.fr/M%C3%A9ditations-m%C3%A9taphysiques-Ren%C3%A9-Descartes/dp/2081220008?__mk_fr_FR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&language=fr_FR Descartes - "Les Passions de l'âme" : https://www.amazon.fr/passions-l%C3%A2me-Ren%C3%A9-Descartes/dp/2080708651?__mk_fr_FR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&language=fr_FR ---------------------------------- 👨🏻‍🏫 QUI EST LE PRÉCEPTEUR ? Charles Robin est précepteur et enseignant en philosophie, français et mathématiques. Depuis plusieurs années, il accompagne des élèves de tous niveaux dans leur parcours scolaire. Ses élèves l'apprécient pour son franc parler, son sens de l'écoute et sa capacité à rendre claires des notions parfois complexes. Son projet, à terme, est de créer une école populaire autonome dans laquelle seraient valorisés les savoirs fondamentaux, les arts et l'initiative collective. ---------------------------------- 🎨 CRÉDITS : 🎼 Musique générique - Le Rapporteur : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi_GOrrbCes6bwvbsw9gBwQ 🎼 Musique de fin - Tusken - Winterrain : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_48kCuLRFQ 🎬 Animation vidéo - 6ril : https://vimeo.com/f6ril ---------------------------------- 🤝 PARTENAIRES : Réussite - Soutien scolaire : https://www.reussite-coaching.com/

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