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Russian
00:00:04
bloodiest and most terrible of all00:00:06
an entire civilization blown apart00:00:27
there are 700 million chinese today00:00:30
one quarter of the human race00:00:32
and they are taught to hate00:00:35
their growing power as the world's00:00:36
greatest threat to peace and life00:00:41
50 years of torment bred madness00:00:45
to deal with madness we must understand00:00:47
its roots see china's revolution through00:00:50
the eyes of those who were there00:00:53
for seven pivotal years author historian00:00:56
theodore white lived in china knew the00:00:58
men who now control her destiny with him00:01:02
we shall look back at a century of00:01:04
tragedy00:01:17
so00:01:30
for 18 years we of the west have been00:01:33
excluded from china00:01:35
we can pace along this barbed wire00:01:37
border at hong kong and try to squint00:01:39
inside00:01:40
or strain out sounds00:01:42
but all we hear is echo of disaster past00:01:45
and present00:01:50
when we ask why there is no other book00:01:53
of answers but the history of this00:01:55
century00:01:56
for both of us chinese and westerners00:01:59
have shared the blunders that00:02:00
transformed our greatest friend in asia00:02:03
into our greatest enemy00:02:05
theodore h what a call those of us who00:02:07
lived in china in the crisis that could00:02:09
remember it all so differently so close00:02:12
they were in friendship to us00:02:14
fingertip close00:02:16
and now their fists are bald in anger00:02:20
they were looking for some entry into00:02:22
the modern world00:02:24
and nothing in their ancient culture00:02:26
could give them any guide to the00:02:28
turbulence they found00:02:30
now could we help them00:02:32
it was a quest00:02:34
a 50-year search for some new kind of00:02:37
government some new form of order00:02:41
and in the end they moved00:02:43
from tyranny to tyranny00:02:46
from the tyranny of confucius and the00:02:48
manchu emperors to the tyranny of00:02:50
communism and mao00:02:52
and in between00:02:54
we have only fitful glimpses of what00:02:56
happened snatches of photography so00:02:58
tantalizingly incomplete00:03:01
to explain what happened00:03:03
it all began in mystery00:03:05
and goes on today in mystery00:03:11
for 2 000 years we tried to read this00:03:14
chinese mystery00:03:16
but read it for book of myths00:03:18
entrancing age-old myths00:03:21
brought back by travelers from beyond00:03:23
the mountain walls of asia where they00:03:25
had found a land of changeless wonders00:03:34
a strange serenity of spirit graced its00:03:37
hills with beauties00:03:38
bridges arched across the rivers as much00:03:41
to soothe the eye as help the wayfarer00:03:47
the silent shriek of violence and art00:03:50
might catch attention00:03:51
but that was echo of an anger we did not00:03:54
fathom00:03:57
the same mythical serenity rested on all00:04:00
the fields of this land of peasants00:04:02
a biblical rhythm carrying men from00:04:05
sowing to harvest00:04:06
from birth to death in apparent00:04:09
contentment00:04:11
the old myth held that china had solved00:04:14
the great secret of government00:04:16
confucius half god half sage had taught00:04:20
order and duty00:04:22
these make government00:04:24
each man fixed in place bound in00:04:27
obedience to those above00:04:29
as those above were bound in obedience00:04:31
to the will of heaven00:04:33
the emperor they called the son of00:04:35
heaven ginza because only he interpreted00:04:38
the will of heaven in his land00:04:42
for 1500 miles ran the great wall00:04:46
sealing in a nation so proud it knew00:04:48
itself only as jung guo the central00:04:51
kingdom00:04:52
all other men barbarians00:04:55
two thousand years behind this wall00:04:58
proud china knew herself invulnerable00:05:03
for centuries china let barbarian00:05:06
westerners dock only at canton to buy00:05:09
her precious silks her porcelain her tea00:05:12
to pay for these englishmen introduced00:05:14
opium from india00:05:16
by 1830 this trade was booming00:05:19
china protested burned the opium and the00:05:23
bark of english warships as war broke00:05:25
out in 1839 first shattered myths of00:05:28
chinese power00:05:30
the result defeat disaster00:05:35
aboard a british warship in 1842 came00:05:38
humiliation00:05:39
with china forced by treaty to yield00:05:41
hong kong outright and open four more00:05:44
coastal cities to british merchants and00:05:46
their opium00:05:48
where britain led others followed00:05:51
rival powers raced each other to carve00:05:53
proud china as spoils00:05:55
english french americans germans00:05:58
russians demanded privileges colonies00:06:00
concessions00:06:02
in 60 years had won the right to govern00:06:04
try punish chinese in their own land00:06:12
in china's capital p king where from00:06:15
these ancient altars countless emperors00:06:17
had sought the mandate of heaven the00:06:19
myth of heavenly rule persisted still00:06:23
but deep within the palaces where00:06:25
china's manchu emperors reigned by 190000:06:28
that myth too was dead00:06:31
for here ruled china's evil spirit the00:06:34
empress dowager cersei a manchu00:06:36
concubine bed mate to an emperor for00:06:39
whom she had produced an heir00:06:41
a woman with a gift of malice00:06:43
said to have poisoned her own son upon00:06:45
his throne00:06:46
installed her infant nephew as emperor00:06:49
killed his mother and then imprisoned00:06:51
him in 189800:06:54
an ignorant woman but unchallenged ruler00:06:57
of the empire00:06:58
her court a whispering of ladies in00:07:00
waiting and eunuch favorites00:07:03
chief among them eunuch lillian ying as00:07:06
depraved as she00:07:08
when told china needed ships to fight00:07:10
the foreigners they used naval00:07:11
appropriations to build a marble00:07:14
pleasure boat in a nearby lake00:07:17
only one conviction bound her to her00:07:19
people00:07:20
hatred of the contemptuous foreigner who00:07:22
tramped her land00:07:25
a thousand villages deep in china00:07:27
mirrored her primitive hatred of the00:07:29
foreign devil00:07:31
moreover their passions had found flag00:07:34
and leaders as a secret brotherhood the00:07:36
boxers began to flourish00:07:38
kill the white man burn his mission said00:07:40
the boxers claiming magic charms could00:07:43
make their bodies impervious to western00:07:45
bullets00:07:46
with the empress consent in early 190000:07:49
they began to kill00:07:52
one of america's greek novelists then a00:07:54
missionary child was at the time in00:07:56
china miss pearl buck recalls the00:07:59
impressive had issued an edict that all00:08:02
white people were to be killed and many00:08:04
had been killed especially in the north00:08:06
in shandong where men women and children00:08:08
missionaries and business people too00:08:10
had been killed but we were so fortunate00:08:13
because we lived in the province of john00:08:15
sioux and we had a very good viceroy an00:08:18
intelligent man and he knew that it was00:08:20
folly for the old empress to think that00:08:23
she could gain anything by killing the00:08:25
missionaries and the business people00:08:27
because there would be terrible00:08:29
retribution and so he was so courageous00:08:32
as to insert a negative00:08:35
and no00:08:36
a knot00:08:37
into their imperial edict so that it00:08:40
read we were not to be killed00:08:43
and that's what saved our lives00:08:46
here at peaking within these massive00:08:48
walls for almost two months three00:08:51
thousand foreigners and christian00:08:53
converts gathered under siege to fight00:08:55
for life00:08:56
their sandbagged embassies are bastioned00:08:58
against boxer fanatics00:09:01
from around the world navies rush troops00:09:03
to raise the siege00:09:05
britons americans russians french00:09:08
germans japanese raced with field guns00:09:11
and modern rifles those bullets no boxer00:09:14
magic could resist00:09:17
victory was swift punishment ruthless00:09:25
north to south foreign force patrolled00:09:28
the country00:09:29
japanese soldiers began to explore00:09:31
china's wealth and covet more00:09:36
in the shadow of peking's mighty00:09:38
ramparts american soldiers tasted war on00:09:41
asia's mainland for the first time00:09:43
and frolicked china forever humbled00:10:00
foreign diplomats and generals debated00:10:02
china's fate00:10:03
this land of endless villages crowding00:10:06
each other against the skyline was it00:10:08
really a nation or only a geographical00:10:11
expression00:10:12
these peasants was their recent outburst00:10:15
of passion of passing madness or00:10:17
something deeper00:10:19
their government smashed still they00:10:21
toiled as they had for centuries and the00:10:23
three great river valleys falling from00:10:25
the heights of central asia to shape00:10:27
their country00:10:29
in the north manchuria and the valley of00:10:31
the yellow river cradled one kind of00:10:33
chinese for whom peking the manchu00:10:35
capital was their center00:10:39
here dry northern wheatlands rolled over00:10:41
an unknown treasure store of minerals00:10:44
which russia and japan both sought00:10:49
in the center the valley of the mighty00:10:51
yangtze with its key cities shanghai00:10:54
nan king hang kao zhong king00:10:58
where british and american power turned00:11:00
the wheels of industry oiled the way of00:11:02
commerce00:11:05
in the south the third valley the west00:11:08
river flowing by canton to empty at hong00:11:10
kong in the sea00:11:13
in the steaming southland peasants00:11:15
stooped in patties to plant rice and00:11:18
spoke a dialect no peking chinese could00:11:20
even faintly comprehend00:11:24
the coastal cities where most westerners00:11:27
lived squirmed with jostling people00:11:30
animal energy humans used as beasts in00:11:33
street and field00:11:39
most still wore pigtails forced on them00:11:42
a symbol of submission to the manchu00:11:44
dynasty and its son of heaven00:11:47
but within the old forbidden city there00:11:50
was no government no son of heaven00:11:52
the aging empress dowager her spirit00:11:55
broken by the box of war00:11:57
lingered dying until 1908 and then for00:12:01
all intents and purposes the throne was00:12:03
empty say for an infant of three years00:12:06
install to sit in it00:12:08
and then it vanished00:12:12
simply vanished00:12:13
the manchu dynasty disappeared00:12:16
overnight nothing like this has ever00:12:18
happened in all history00:12:20
two thousand years of tradition the00:12:22
whole structure of the imperial00:12:25
confusion00:12:26
political thought dissolving to dust00:12:30
the chinese give it a name and a date00:12:32
they call it00:12:34
double ten the date being october 1000:12:37
1911 when a riot occurred in the yankee00:12:39
valley which they couldn't suppress and00:12:42
five weeks later00:12:45
the regime had disappeared the dynasty00:12:47
overthrown never to reappear again in00:12:49
history00:12:51
and out of this turbulence00:12:53
there emerge00:12:54
two types of asian lead00:12:57
arch symbols00:12:59
the man of guns00:13:01
and the man of ideas00:13:04
and these two types the gunman and the00:13:06
dreamer00:13:07
have perplexed00:13:09
all our efforts in asia for the 50 years00:13:11
since00:13:12
and they still perplex and haunt all our00:13:15
policy even today00:13:18
in asian politics gunmen rise first00:13:21
general yuen shikai seized power at00:13:23
peaking turned loose lesser generals to00:13:26
ransack provinces00:13:28
briefly he gathered a puppet assembly00:13:30
imported an american professor to write00:13:32
a constitution for a republic00:13:34
but old ways were easier returning to00:13:37
confucian order in 1915 yuan named00:13:40
himself emperor and six months later00:13:43
died00:13:45
his rival son yat-sen was the man of00:13:48
dreams00:13:49
the dream of china powerful free of00:13:52
emperors and foreigners made him from00:13:54
his youth a revolutionary00:13:56
students teachers merchants meeting in00:13:59
such secret headquarters joined his00:14:01
conspiracy00:14:03
on postcards he scrawled a rising sun00:14:06
emblem of a new flag someday to be00:14:09
for 20 years he planned destruction of00:14:12
the manchu tyrants to see his dreams00:14:14
betrayed by yuen shekai00:14:19
but his ideas were catching fire00:14:21
in 1919 students throbbing to his fiery00:14:24
message sick of chaos furious at foreign00:14:27
pillage angered by japan's demands for00:14:30
more of china filled the streets with00:14:32
protest riots but students had no guns00:14:35
ideas no armies00:14:41
armies belonged to warlord generals the00:14:43
heirs of yuen shikai00:14:45
power and force were theirs whether00:14:48
trained to fight with manchu broadsword00:14:50
or equipped with secondhand artillery00:14:53
laughable to europeans in china such00:14:56
troops struck terror their purpose00:14:58
simple to rule by killing00:15:02
for 15 years a dozen regional overlords00:15:06
subdivided morselled out provinces to00:15:08
lesser feudal warlords by the score00:15:13
warlord armies came in all shapes and00:15:15
weaponries as colorful as such grotesque00:15:18
commanders as giant zhang song zhang of00:15:21
legendary sexual appetite00:15:24
yen00:15:26
the treacherous drug addict00:15:30
lover of flowers and gardens00:15:33
they never thought if it rained they00:15:35
thought it was foolish00:15:37
to go out in the rain and fight so if it00:15:39
was a rainy day you were quite safe and00:15:40
comfortable and then of course they all00:15:43
usually began at a certain time they00:15:45
seldom began before 10 o'clock after00:15:47
everybody got his good breakfast and all00:15:49
that they always took off for lunch00:15:52
and00:15:53
then uh by sunset doesn't matter how hot00:15:56
the battle had been when the sun set00:15:58
everything stopped and quieted down for00:16:00
the night so we would get a good night's00:16:02
sleep and be ready to fight the next day00:16:06
china watched such troops in shame00:16:09
craving order knowing sorrow00:16:12
overlord in manchuria was zhang zolin00:16:15
beginning life a common bandit this00:16:17
scheming marshal had learned to mock all00:16:20
chinese law00:16:21
flout all patriotic need00:16:23
bribed by japanese industrialists00:16:26
protected by their garrisons his00:16:28
soldiers let the japanese aliens exploit00:16:31
this northern treasure land at will00:16:36
even the best of warlords fung yuchang00:16:39
the christian general who baptized00:16:41
soldiers with a fire hose insisting00:16:43
cleanliness is next to godliness groped00:16:46
in vain to find a spark to unify his00:16:49
nation00:16:51
in every valley town and village men00:16:53
trembled at the sight of warlord00:16:55
soldiers00:16:57
death came by twitch of trigger in gusts00:16:59
of senseless cruelty00:17:02
and life became so cheap that death00:17:04
itself became a spectacle00:17:12
children growing up became a newer to00:17:14
violence a culture of scholars00:17:17
transformed by killing00:17:25
in flight from warlords drought and00:17:27
taxes from lut and ravine00:17:30
refugees knew that only in the colonies00:17:32
and concessions of hated foreigners00:17:34
could they seek safety00:17:36
here00:17:37
beggars for their bread00:17:39
they might find mercy00:17:43
a former state department officer ernest00:17:46
price remembers china in the mid-20s00:17:49
we hit the00:17:51
country at a time of terrific heat wave00:17:55
and at the same time drought in the00:17:56
great valleys as our train pulled00:17:59
through this area little boys00:18:02
at the stations would come out00:18:04
pot-bellied spindle-legged and holding00:18:07
out their hands and saying00:18:10
please master please00:18:12
we were horrified00:18:15
we never seen anything like it00:18:17
and one of our uh00:18:19
legation officials said now boys i want00:18:22
to tell you something don't let this get00:18:24
under your skin this sort of thing00:18:26
you're going to see a lot more of it in00:18:28
china00:18:35
in the western enclaves of the coast00:18:37
life for foreigners went on unchanged00:18:41
here the skyline walled from passing00:18:43
tourists the site of chinese anguish00:18:46
while permanent expatriates returned00:18:48
each afternoon to homes of splendor00:18:51
where countless servants made for master00:18:53
and his missy lady a sunlit way of life00:18:56
old china hands still mourn00:19:07
from shanghai foreigners controlled most00:19:09
chinese industries mines mills and00:19:12
railways00:19:13
they set her tariffs collected taxes00:19:16
prosperity rested as it always had on00:19:19
foreign guns and gun boats within whose00:19:21
shelter western pleasures undisturbed00:19:24
rolled on00:19:26
at racehorses and at resorts chinese00:19:29
appeared as always servants only00:19:33
at western clubs the tinkle of ice and00:19:35
cocktails rose above the muffled sound00:19:37
of warlord guns outside00:19:42
yet even in shanghai if one listened one00:19:46
could hear another note00:19:47
in the streets students were calling for00:19:50
revolt00:19:51
middle-class youngsters yet their00:19:53
message caught the year of workers too00:19:56
by 1925 a ferment unsettled every major00:19:59
city00:20:02
symbol of all protest was sanyat sen who00:20:05
called on china to slay the dragon of00:20:07
imperialism00:20:09
slowly through the early 1920s sun00:20:12
yat-sen had somehow built a government00:20:14
won a tiny southern foothold at canton00:20:17
ringed by hostile warlords00:20:20
by 1924 the aging revolutionary had00:20:23
learned ideas and guns must go together00:20:27
ideas he hammered into three principles00:20:29
called san minjui00:20:31
first nationalism next democracy00:20:34
then socialism00:20:36
to his nationalist party the guamindan00:20:39
he now insists to conquer china they00:20:41
must fight to throw the warlords and00:20:43
imperialists out00:20:45
they will get guns for he has found them00:20:48
spurned by the west in 1923 he tells the00:20:51
new york times we have lost hope of help00:20:54
from america england france00:20:56
the only country that shows any sign of00:20:58
helping us in the south is the soviet00:21:00
government of russia00:21:02
flatly this report concludes the00:21:04
prevailing foreign estimate of dr sun00:21:07
has been that he is a dreamer and00:21:09
therefore dangerous00:21:11
arch symbol of russian help is michael00:21:13
boriden veteran agent of the common turn00:21:16
who brings the guidance of the00:21:17
bolsheviks to sons dreaming00:21:20
counseling scheming urging the mentor00:21:23
communist becomes an all-pervasive00:21:24
influence and uses sannyasen to let the00:21:27
tiny chinese communist party 430 members00:21:31
joined sun's nationalists00:21:34
sun gathers new style chinese officers00:21:37
to fight for country not for luke00:21:39
of these his favorite is chiang kai-shek00:21:42
said hastily to russia for training jung00:21:45
soon returns directs the huampo military00:21:47
academy at canton where patriots are00:21:50
trained by russians to officer armies00:21:52
that will give the dream fresh muscle00:21:56
some scholars say that at this point the00:21:59
chinese leader recoiled at communism00:22:01
prepared to break with russia00:22:03
but no one knows for in march 1925 death00:22:07
cuts across the revolution00:22:09
sun dies of cancer mandarins scholars00:22:13
warlords soldiers file by his beer in00:22:16
homage00:22:17
all claim his message as their legacy00:22:19
scuffle for his metal00:22:23
a year's turmoil thrusts up the air00:22:26
sun yat-sen's soldier favorite chiang00:22:29
kai-shek00:22:30
at 38 he sees his leadership at canton00:22:33
headquarters of the guamin dan00:22:35
this man is known to westerners only as00:22:37
a fiery nationalist and revolutionary00:22:41
as he mobilizes under sun's new flag all00:22:44
china waits for him to strike against00:22:46
the warlords00:22:48
july 9 1926 bay far marched north00:22:54
against young slim divisions are00:22:55
marshaled half a million warlord troops00:22:58
a political earthquake runs the land for00:23:01
these are soldiers of a different kind00:23:04
fighting for a cause and country they00:23:06
storm through villages and fields00:23:08
victorious as much by spirit as by guns00:23:17
accompanied by boredom a russian staff00:23:19
their wives jon's headquarters pushes00:23:22
north by train00:23:26
a forward fan of young revolutionaries00:23:28
nationalist and communist alike precedes00:23:31
the troops calling to arms peasants and00:23:33
workers who surged to join the banners00:23:36
of the new day dawning00:23:38
among them then unnoticed is a communist00:23:40
intellectual mao zedong then 3300:23:44
directing scores of peasant agitators to00:23:46
summon fury for the revolution00:23:53
the nationalist revolution moves its00:23:55
capital there00:23:56
and then exultantly raids the british00:23:58
concession burns down foreign buildings00:24:01
tears down foreign flags00:24:07
the tide rolls on from hang cow down the00:24:09
river00:24:10
in april chiang kai-shek has reached00:24:12
mankind00:24:14
and then a pause00:24:15
john waits00:24:20
up river in hang kao left-wing leaders00:24:23
of the guam indong no longer trust their00:24:25
army's leader at the front00:24:27
boradon is urging get rid of zhang00:24:29
kai-shek00:24:30
in four short years the communists have00:24:32
grown to 60 000 members00:24:35
they urge the left-wing nationalists00:24:37
no revolution is complete until peasants00:24:40
own their land workers their factories00:24:44
jung disagreed00:24:46
scholars of chinese history still debate00:24:48
with enormous fury exactly what happened00:24:51
next and why00:24:53
but i think it's the classic00:24:55
revolutionary question00:24:58
who gets power00:24:59
to whom the fruits of victory00:25:02
no one knows what went on in chiang00:25:03
kai-shek's mind but i think uh one thing00:25:05
must have been clear to him00:25:07
either they were going to get him or he00:25:09
was going to get them00:25:12
and he wasn't about to be dismissed the00:25:14
way sun yat-sen had been dismissed from00:25:16
power by warlords so often it was a00:25:19
question of who would strike first00:25:21
and he struck first00:25:23
april 12 1927 in shanghai was the night00:25:27
of terror as young's troops rounded up00:25:30
and butchered hundreds of communists00:25:33
students union leaders anybody they00:25:35
suspected and when the day rose00:25:37
he was in complete control of all the00:25:39
lower yangtze valley and after that for00:25:41
months and months through 192700:25:44
it becomes a great big bloody boiling00:25:46
stew as left-wing and right-wing00:25:48
fighting warlords get into the act and00:25:50
communists try to stage uprisings and it00:25:53
all00:25:54
ends it00:25:56
ends in tragedy00:25:58
because for so long this country torn00:26:00
apart had waited for a government to00:26:02
give it unity and dignity it expected so00:26:04
much of this revolution00:26:06
and now they found that revolutionaries00:26:08
can be butchers too and this long00:26:11
tormented quest00:26:13
for a new order was to end in this00:26:16
squalor00:26:17
and it ended finally in december00:26:20
1927 in canton when on orders from the00:26:23
common turn the communist attempted to00:26:25
stage a massive uprising and seize that00:26:27
industrial city and the guamandang00:26:29
struck back with counter terror00:26:32
professor earl swisher witnessed the00:26:33
event00:26:34
the the nationalist forces came in on00:26:37
tuesday afternoon there was fighting and00:26:40
burning of parts of the city during the00:26:42
night and then the mop up came on00:26:46
wednesday morning00:26:48
after the coup had lasted only about 4800:26:52
hours00:26:53
identification of communists was a very00:26:56
simple matter they had00:26:58
wrapped red kerchiefs around their necks00:27:02
to identify them as communists and when00:27:05
the00:27:06
coup collapsed00:27:08
these were00:27:09
hardly stripped off00:27:11
to remove the identification but in the00:27:15
rather humid climate the00:27:17
red scarves left marks on their necks00:27:21
and so that a communist was anyone with00:27:24
a red neck the00:27:27
destruction of communists was a very00:27:29
simple process of rounding up everyone00:27:32
with a red stain on his neck00:27:35
and executing00:27:39
some thought communism in china forever00:27:41
quenched00:27:42
but mao zedong did not00:27:45
he had escaped and watched in hiding00:27:47
he would return to fight another day00:27:54
in the cities of the yangtze children00:27:56
and teachers businessmen and soldiers00:27:58
pulsed to zhang's call00:28:00
to north south and east warlords still00:28:03
ring him round but the winds of fortune00:28:05
favor his expansion00:28:08
may i introduce to the audience00:28:11
the president of the national government00:28:13
of the republic of china00:28:16
simon clinicia00:28:18
long live the three people's principles00:28:24
long live the revolutionary spirit of00:28:26
the nationalist00:28:28
china fresh new face enters his life the00:28:32
beautiful mailing song sister of madame00:28:34
sanyat sen american trained wildly00:28:37
educated00:28:39
zhang takes her hand in marriage00:28:41
she is to be a major shaping influence00:28:43
in all his future thinking00:28:50
by 1929 zhang has built a majestic00:28:53
mausoleum for sun yet sen at his new00:28:55
capital nan king00:28:57
there the body of the hero is brought00:29:00
pearl buck remembers that day00:29:02
john keyshek came in and roused great00:29:05
hopes and everyone i remember the first00:29:07
time i ever saw him was at the funeral00:29:09
of sun yatsen four years after sun00:29:11
yatsen died his embalm body was brought00:29:15
to nan king to be buried in a great new00:29:17
tomb on the mountain there00:29:20
the first time i saw him00:29:22
face to face a very striking man with00:29:25
very striking bold black eyes00:29:29
and he he had a presence00:29:32
and i think that he might have been a00:29:33
great first emperor00:29:35
if there had been a throne to sit upon00:29:38
that was the tragedy that the very00:29:40
structure of government was destroyed00:29:43
by the revolution00:29:44
so that there wasn't a government and he00:29:46
had to begin that government from the00:29:48
bottom00:29:49
and he didn't understand government he00:29:51
was a soldier00:29:53
and he didn't know how to make a00:29:55
government and he was had plenty of00:29:57
advisers most of them young phds in the00:30:00
united states very impractical and00:30:02
idealistic00:30:03
and they didn't know how to make a00:30:04
government and all the time he had the00:30:06
communists to fight and he also had the00:30:08
japanese threatening00:30:10
it was a very difficult situation i'm00:30:12
never inclined to to blame him00:30:17
to westernize this soldier's rule seems00:30:19
like the first firm government of china00:30:22
in many years00:30:24
zhang too was changing for his wife as00:30:26
much american in thought as chinese00:30:29
leads him to see the united states as00:30:31
friend a source of loans and help00:30:36
as new railways stretch their tracks00:30:38
across the country the new guamindang00:30:40
order zhang has brought begins to offer00:30:43
comfort and luxuries to the cities he00:30:44
controls00:30:46
industry booms production soars00:30:49
engineers and young industrialists find00:30:52
for the first time careers opening to00:30:54
modern talents00:30:57
universities flourish parade their00:30:59
graduates full of hope00:31:04
in cities department stores begin to00:31:06
offer chinese taste of every modern ware00:31:10
modern dress takes subtle hold on00:31:12
chinese fashion00:31:13
while rich chinese in centers like00:31:15
shanghai begin enjoying privileges until00:31:18
now saved for foreigners00:31:58
but the primordial appeal of chinese00:32:00
nationalism is changing asian politics00:32:03
even in manchuria the call of patriotism00:32:06
twinges the conscience of warlord jiang00:32:08
sulin00:32:10
causing him to flout his japanese00:32:11
protectors00:32:13
traveling by rail in summer 192800:32:16
zhang sulin meets his death00:32:18
a japanese plot blasting him to bits00:32:21
punishes him for what they call his00:32:23
treachery00:32:26
his son young marshal zhang zhu young00:32:28
succeeds to power in manchuria this00:32:31
junior warlord knows he must serve japan00:32:34
as puppet or go with nationalism00:32:37
he chooses john00:32:40
in japan this switch sets off alarm00:32:44
military men control japan00:32:46
they mobilize they must strike soon00:32:49
they know if zhang extends his sway to00:32:52
vast manchuria if china's 400 million00:32:55
people unify that they must certainly00:32:57
lose the asian mainland00:33:01
september 18th 193100:33:03
attack begins which marshal zhang soo00:33:05
young's warlord soldiers cannot stop00:33:08
and zhang00:33:09
is powerless to help00:33:13
striking simultaneously at half a dozen00:33:15
different points the soldiers of japan00:33:18
seize towns and rails00:33:19
by spring of 32 they hold all manchuria00:33:23
rename it00:33:25
a puppet state at their command00:33:36
rage sweeps china generals exhort their00:33:39
troops to stand by for the counter-blow00:33:41
demand a war of national resistance to00:33:44
japan right now00:33:49
for zhang the problem pinches his foot00:33:52
soldier armies may be stronger than old00:33:54
warlord armies yet they lack tanks have00:33:57
old artillery are just beginning to00:33:59
understand the airplane00:34:01
he knows they cannot match the modern00:34:03
weapons of japan00:34:05
not only that he leads a nation still00:34:07
divided00:34:08
the communists struck down for good in00:34:11
1927 have somehow swelled by 32 to major00:34:15
force again00:34:17
it was as if a ghost had risen from the00:34:19
dead00:34:20
when mao had fled in 27 with his00:34:22
thousand communists he was already00:34:24
disgusted with bharadine and clumsy00:34:26
russian doctrine he felt00:34:28
the key to revolution asia lay in the00:34:31
peasants of the countryside00:34:33
not the big city proletariat00:34:36
eighty percent of all china's peasants00:34:38
lived in bleak and filthy villages00:34:42
treated like brutes imprisoned by00:34:44
officials landlords alone sharks and00:34:47
mao's idea was simple00:34:49
turn the hidden peasant anger00:34:52
against the local gentry the local rich00:34:54
as well as the unknown foreigner00:34:57
let terror claim revenge by stealth and00:34:59
knight use00:35:00
pitchfork guns knives grenades00:35:05
give guns to anger00:35:07
under this idea he created this black00:35:09
miracle of his the doctrine of partisan00:35:11
warfare divide the land among the00:35:13
landless00:35:14
rip out roads bridges railways so that00:35:18
formal armies will have to00:35:20
slog on foot dissolving garrisons bog00:35:23
down transform the countryside into a00:35:26
total environment of hate that woman00:35:29
children everyone00:35:30
not be afraid to die00:35:33
was political warfare raised to the nth00:35:35
degree and by 193200:35:38
he controlled a good chunk of the two00:35:40
provinces of hunan and jiangxi00:35:43
and claim the loyalty of nine million00:35:44
people00:35:47
zhang insists he cannot resist japan00:35:49
unless he first has crushed this enemy00:35:51
within00:35:54
from 1930 to 1935 he drives his troops00:35:58
to fight00:35:59
his narrow military politics sees only00:36:01
one solution00:36:03
force must root out mao's ideas with00:36:05
bayonets with communism no compromise00:36:09
year after year this civil war goes on00:36:12
as expedition after expedition grinds00:36:14
into failure in peasant ambiscade00:36:16
guerrilla war00:36:25
an american newsreel of the early 1930s00:36:27
innocently reports this nameless civil00:36:30
war00:36:32
trouble china turns on the enemy within00:36:33
her gates these bombing planes of the00:36:36
nanking government get ready to attack00:36:37
the rebel strongholds in kyangsai00:36:39
contact00:36:51
high over the mountains movie tone flies00:36:52
with the air forces of president kiang00:36:54
chai shek this is an actual bombing raid00:36:56
and as we cite the first of the rebel00:36:58
villages we commence the attack00:37:04
shanghai check is making desperate00:37:06
efforts to unite the various provinces00:37:08
of china many of which are torn by00:37:09
internal dissension and if he can't do00:37:11
it one way he tries another including00:37:13
bombs00:37:19
china far east land of ancient culture00:37:21
land of bloodshed rebellion and war00:37:26
by 1934 zhang has forged a blockhouse00:37:29
ring around mao's communists00:37:31
and squeezing ever tighter feels certain00:37:34
they are trapped00:37:37
in one of the most amazing episodes in00:37:39
history as joey's they ooze dogging into00:37:42
thai bands they oozed through his00:37:45
fingers00:37:46
in october 3400:37:48
90 000 men and women set out00:37:50
not just an army but government an idea00:37:53
carrying all their records with them on00:37:54
these little yo-yo sticks on what they00:37:56
called the long march00:37:59
it's a thousand-mile trek they made from00:38:02
jiangxi and hunan00:38:04
south to guayjo and up to the guajillo00:38:06
plateau and up across the foothills of00:38:09
tibet and then down again out of the00:38:11
mountains down into00:38:13
shenzhen where in these dry and00:38:15
wind-swept hills they made their base 9000:38:19
000 had set out they arrived a year00:38:21
later in october 193500:38:24
20 000 left and there they were to dig00:38:27
in00:38:28
this is how westerners saw them in these00:38:30
yellow baron hills were00:38:32
calling peasants to their cars they00:38:34
finally fended off00:38:36
jung's pursuit00:38:39
in 1936 however mao's line changes00:38:43
he calls for unity against japan00:38:46
rich and poor must stand together an end00:38:49
to civil war00:38:50
nationalist communist warlord all must00:38:53
stand as brothers against the alien00:38:55
threat00:38:56
this new line appeals to millions but00:38:58
not00:39:01
his inner councils and his generals00:39:02
persist00:39:03
final mop-up of the communists must00:39:05
still go on entrusted now to friendly00:39:08
war oils in the north00:39:10
yet mysteriously this final mop-up00:39:13
stalls the most important front against00:39:15
the communists is held by soldiers of00:39:18
manchuria driven out by japanese these00:39:21
homesick troops have little stomach for00:39:23
killing other chinese00:39:25
led by young marshal zhang00:39:27
they itch to tackle japanese00:39:32
in december 1936 zhang flies off to see00:39:35
the young marshal in sienna to flog him00:39:38
on to sterner effort00:39:40
in sienna however communists have00:39:43
convinced the young marshal that civil00:39:44
war must stop00:39:47
then that happens00:39:49
one of those episodes that sound as if00:39:51
they were written in the book of make00:39:52
believe and again we have no photographs00:39:54
because no one invites a photographer to00:39:57
witness a kidnapping which was what00:39:58
happened next00:40:00
jung was there to urge them to fight the00:40:02
communist and on the night of december00:40:05
11th he was sleeping in a villa outside00:40:06
of town when he was awakened by gunfire00:40:09
and the young marshal and his troops00:40:10
were shooting their way into his villa00:40:12
and trying to kidnap him john was in his00:40:14
night shirt and bare feet he slipped out00:40:16
the back way tried to climb over the00:40:18
wall fell he hurt his back he lost his00:40:20
false teeth his feet were bleeding as he00:40:23
ran over the rocks00:40:24
and the young martial soldiers caught00:40:26
him and brought him back00:40:28
it sounds mad00:40:30
but that's the way china was and it got00:40:31
even madder because when they brought00:40:34
him back00:40:36
they invited the communists down from00:40:38
north chancey and on december 15th the00:40:40
communists the young marshal and zhang00:40:42
all sat down to talk the communists and00:40:44
the young marshal said to zhang kai shek00:40:45
it's time to end the civil war we must00:40:48
all unite the against the japanese00:40:50
or else they could have killed him but00:40:53
they didn't00:40:54
and jankashek agreed he would halt the00:40:56
civil war and he would form a united00:40:59
front against the japanese00:41:01
and so on christmas day00:41:03
they gave him a plane and john kai-shek00:41:05
and the young martial flew down to00:41:06
nanking to announce the civil war was00:41:08
over but young had made no promises to00:41:11
the young martial so he imprisoned him00:41:13
immediately and kept him prisoner ever00:41:15
after even to this day in exile on00:41:18
formosa00:41:20
christmas 1936 at nan king members of00:41:24
the government await their president's00:41:25
return00:41:27
in pain he hobbles out announces to the00:41:29
world a popular front of guam dong and00:41:32
communists will now united under his00:41:34
command turn to face the menace of japan00:41:38
japan's imperial tradition has however a00:41:40
cardinal rule00:41:42
always strike first00:41:49
july 1937 the war is on00:41:52
the japanese now seek total conquest not00:41:55
just another chunk of territory they00:41:58
blast the heart of china in the yangtze00:42:00
valley with shanghai first to take the00:42:02
shock00:42:06
the imperial navy shells shanghai at00:42:08
point blank range00:42:10
a century since britain first blasted00:42:12
china open00:42:13
a generation since the bloodshed of the00:42:15
boxers00:42:16
babies have grown to manhood without a00:42:18
year of peace00:42:20
for 25 years china has lived with00:42:23
warlords guns and terror00:42:25
but now it must drink deeper of the cup00:42:28
of bitterness00:42:34
nanking this morning00:42:36
head is 28th raid00:42:40
i am speaking to you00:42:42
just as the echoes00:42:44
of exploding bombs have died down00:42:48
death comes from the clear blue sky00:42:50
just as it has come to thousands of our00:42:54
innocent people throughout the length of00:42:56
our land00:43:05
november shanghai falls00:43:07
december nan king is sacked and raped00:43:10
through winter and spring 38 the00:43:12
japanese push up the yangtze destroying00:43:15
the decade-long achievement of jiang00:43:17
kai-shek ravaging the cities on which00:43:19
all future hope of nationalist china00:43:21
rests00:43:28
in the north a different vision of00:43:30
tomorrow's china guides the communists00:43:33
in a village at a mountain gulch they00:43:35
make a capital00:43:37
headquarters have paper windows00:43:39
furnishings of bamboo00:43:41
their troops are called the chinese00:43:43
eighth root army00:43:44
but the united front dissolves red00:43:47
generals ignore zhang's orders00:43:49
their strategy makes an independent war00:43:52
against japan00:43:53
in rear areas like yemen soldiers raise00:43:56
their food00:43:57
mao himself grows tobacco00:44:00
judea the red army's commander-in-chief00:44:02
holds his own cabbage patch00:44:05
peasant women spin and sew the cloth for00:44:07
uniforms00:44:08
fashioned straw sandals for the soldiers00:44:12
the mind of mao zedong sees warfare00:44:14
differently from other men00:44:16
i remember mao zedong00:44:19
saying to me that americans thought the00:44:21
communists would lose00:44:23
that they saw the communists in the00:44:25
hills of yemen walking around with straw00:44:28
sandals a ragamuffin army00:44:31
and he said that any wise european who00:44:33
had seen george washington's people at00:44:35
valley forge would have said that george00:44:37
washington was going to lose00:44:39
he said it's true he said that the00:44:41
japanese and zhang kai-shek have00:44:43
electricity airplanes tanks and we have00:44:45
nothing he said but then he said00:44:49
the british00:44:51
had all those things and george00:44:52
washington didn't have electricity and00:44:55
yet george washington won you suddenly00:44:57
realized with a start00:44:58
that made was not really sure00:45:01
of when and in what century electricity00:45:03
was introduced00:45:05
that his00:45:07
the structure of his knowledge was00:45:09
totally different from the structure of00:45:12
zhang kai-shek's and ours00:45:15
mao's knowledge of asian war however is00:45:17
unmatchable00:45:19
with these generals he lifts the00:45:21
doctrine of partisan warfare to new00:45:23
levels00:45:24
lin biao directs kangda training school00:45:27
for guerrilla leaders00:45:29
judea deploys guerrilla bands hundreds00:45:32
of miles in japan's rear00:45:35
the people are the sea says mao zedong00:45:38
gorillas are like fish who swim in the00:45:40
sea00:45:43
within a year such troops gather two00:45:45
hundred thousand peasant soldiers00:45:47
the japanese may see cities but the00:45:50
eighth route army holds all north china00:45:52
countryside about them00:45:57
in the yangtze valley however all00:45:59
through summer 38 fortress after00:46:01
fortress of zhang kaishek falls00:46:03
the japanese crunch on00:46:05
by october his last two citadels are00:46:08
doomed00:46:09
first canton then four days later hang00:46:12
kao falls00:46:14
killing prisoners spreading horror where00:46:17
they go the japanese convince themselves00:46:19
that sheer stark terror will now at last00:46:22
persuade the nationalists to quit00:46:25
the war is won00:46:29
yet still their prey eludes them from00:46:31
hang kao zhang has planned retreat00:46:34
his government is to settle at jung king00:46:37
in china's deepest mountain vastness00:46:39
sichuan00:46:42
the nationalists set out00:46:44
pack laborers salvage from the burning00:46:46
cities what few machines they can00:46:49
students haul away school libraries00:46:53
beyond the mountains lies the safety of00:46:55
the sichuan basin00:46:57
it's only entry by the cleft the yangtze00:46:59
cuts00:47:00
a steeper climb say chinese poets than00:47:02
the climb to heaven itself00:47:06
retreat continues all through winter00:47:08
expression of a will to fight that no00:47:10
disaster has diminished00:47:12
up through these gorges they pull or00:47:15
pull their boats until finally in 193900:47:18
the rear most echelon of the sad00:47:20
procession drags through00:47:28
behind they scorch a trackless belt of00:47:30
no man's land to guard these last00:47:32
interior strongholds from the japanese00:47:38
is now the wartime capital a city of00:47:41
another age almost unchanged in sight or00:47:44
smell or sound from manchu china00:47:47
and here among these backward peasants00:47:49
the government digs in00:47:53
spurning all japanese peace proposals00:47:56
the chinese brace themselves for certain00:47:58
havoc00:47:59
and in the spring of 39 it comes00:48:11
day and night the bombs continue00:48:13
yet john persists00:48:15
powerless to strike back zhang knows00:48:18
only america can help his diplomats in00:48:20
washington seek aid00:48:22
yet he has other troubles too00:48:25
it was about this time in 1941 at the00:48:28
height of the bombing that i had my00:48:29
first talk00:48:30
with john kashek about the war against00:48:32
japan and its strategy00:48:34
and at the end00:48:36
almost as an afterthought he said00:48:38
remember00:48:40
the japanese are a disease of the skin00:48:42
but the communists are a disease of the00:48:44
heart00:48:45
it seemed odd to me because at that time00:48:47
the japanese were bombing the daylights00:48:49
out of both zhang kai-shek and the00:48:51
communists both of whom were allied00:48:52
against the japanese00:48:55
but now in retrospect00:48:57
seems to me an almost prophetic remark00:49:00
almost a vision of an apocalypse to come00:49:07
those whom the gods destroy they first00:49:09
make mad00:49:11
on december 7 1941 madness seizes the00:49:14
japanese striking at pearl harbor they00:49:17
hope to force america's consent to their00:49:20
conquest of china00:49:24
now china has a mighty ally00:49:26
america's arms will soon be theirs00:49:33
geography destroys this hope00:49:35
supplies must crawl across the ocean to00:49:37
get to india then be flown to china00:49:40
across the japanese blockade00:49:43
pilots braved the topless himalayas to00:49:46
fly the hump and carry what they can00:49:48
yet average only a few thousand tons a00:49:51
month for the army of four million00:49:53
chinese soldiers00:49:55
feeding an elephant with an eye dropper00:49:56
an american veteran calls it00:49:59
discouraged chinese leaders say our00:50:02
arsenals make only 15 million bullets a00:50:04
month just four per soldier how can we00:50:07
fight00:50:09
americans discover there are other00:50:11
reasons for poor chinese morale graft in00:50:13
their armies generals corrupt00:50:16
incompetent00:50:17
the soldiers ill-shot underfed and sick00:50:21
major general frank dorn recalls his00:50:23
training mission at the time00:50:25
a visiting american general from00:50:27
washington asked me if he could see some00:50:30
chinese troops marching on the road so00:50:33
we drove out00:50:34
and the first thing we saw of course was00:50:37
that the majority majority of the trip00:50:39
men00:50:40
had dogs of one kind of description size00:50:44
anything that they could have stolen00:50:46
along the way00:50:47
on ropes on leashes on anything00:50:50
and he smiled and said here they are the00:50:53
gi's the world over00:50:55
they all love dogs and i said yes they00:50:57
certainly love these and they want to00:50:59
know what i meant by that and i said00:51:01
well this is their rations when they run00:51:03
out of rice and other food00:51:05
the dogs go into the cook pots00:51:09
commanding general for america is joseph00:51:11
stillwell a soldier's soldier his00:51:14
mission is to train a chinese army to00:51:16
strike back00:51:17
in india training thousands of chinese00:51:20
flown back across the hump stillwill00:51:22
learns to know their true ability00:51:25
but he grows bitter at their government00:51:27
which cannot nourish them00:51:28
he feels they can attack and win if led00:51:31
by honest officers insist that jung00:51:33
reorganize his army to throw00:51:35
incompetence out00:51:39
in chung king this pressure irritates00:51:41
the generalissimo he knows that victory00:51:43
is guaranteed by efforts of his allies00:51:46
his thoughts are on the aftermath of00:51:48
victory the final struggle for power yet00:51:50
to come00:51:53
a weariness of spirit seeps through his00:51:55
government00:51:56
something fades00:51:58
they wander alien through this00:52:00
anachronistic city00:52:02
the fronts are far away america's flying00:52:04
tigers guard the skies00:52:07
their background of big city life cuts00:52:09
them from direct involvement with these00:52:11
peasant people00:52:13
little luxuries little pleasures occupy00:52:15
too many mines too long exhausted by the00:52:18
years of sacrifice00:52:21
yet nonetheless the prestige of zhang's00:52:23
government grows00:52:25
foreign diplomats court his favor do him00:52:28
honor00:52:31
in 1943 at cairo's wartime summit00:52:34
conference he sits with roosevelt and00:52:36
churchill accepted now as equal of the00:52:38
great consulted on the strategy of00:52:40
global war assured of china's freedom00:52:43
china's greatness in the post-war world00:52:49
from yemen's tony hills the communists00:52:52
watch all this and brood00:52:54
unrecognized by foreign powers they know00:52:56
their strength is growing00:52:58
not foreign aid but peasant emotions00:53:00
give power00:53:03
and mao 2 is heartening like john he00:53:05
thinks beyond the war to what must00:53:07
follow00:53:08
20 years of flight and fighting have00:53:10
toughened him to hardship00:53:12
but his memory too was scarred by zhang00:53:15
by white men russians and americans00:53:17
alike00:53:19
his troops swell daily behind enemy00:53:21
lines his self-assuredness freezes to00:53:23
dogma00:53:25
he has been right so often when others00:53:26
made mistakes his truths become for00:53:29
communists a holy script00:53:32
colonel david barrett chief of the00:53:34
american military liaison team in yemen00:53:36
watched all this and recalls00:53:39
they emphasized that they had to give00:53:41
the true political training because the00:53:44
political consciousness of the peasants00:53:46
who made up the chinese communist armies00:53:48
was very low00:53:50
so therefore they said we have to give00:53:52
them political training00:53:54
i told them i said in the united states00:53:55
army we look with this disfavor on00:53:57
giving political training we think we00:53:59
should devote our00:54:00
whole time to military training well he00:54:02
said that is not the case in our army00:54:04
because we consider military training00:54:07
and political training as equally00:54:09
important and one cannot be neglected00:54:12
for the other00:54:14
judeo agrees with mao00:54:16
power is what comes out of a muzzle of a00:54:18
gun00:54:19
but ideas politics must motivate the man00:54:22
behind the gun00:54:23
a concept the nationalists only dimly00:54:25
grasp00:54:27
theodore white recalls how powerful00:54:29
communist motivation could be00:54:31
i went00:54:33
with a group of chinese nationalist00:54:35
guerrillas who were organizing00:54:37
resistance behind the japanese lines00:54:40
and00:54:41
there was a young nationalist lieutenant00:54:43
and two horsemen and myself we traveled00:54:45
behind the japanese lines for oh i'd say00:54:48
two or three days and then the japanese00:54:50
flushed us and we ran00:54:54
like mad00:54:55
and they chased us all day and by the00:54:58
time we arrived in a mountain village at00:55:00
night the horses were completely worn00:55:02
out saddle galled and their flanks00:55:04
heaving and we were as tired and just as00:55:06
scared and we asked the00:55:09
villagers to give us water and fodder00:55:12
for our horses00:55:14
and i heard the young chinese officers00:55:16
say woman shabalu jun we are of the00:55:18
eighth root army and i said to him look00:55:22
we're nationalists not 8th route army00:55:24
gorillas and he said shut up if we tell00:55:27
them we're nationalists they won't feed00:55:29
our horses or water them00:55:32
it was the first00:55:34
sense i'd ever had00:55:36
of the political grip the communists00:55:39
had acquired on the minds and the hearts00:55:42
of the people in the occupied areas00:55:46
as war wears on american aid increases00:55:48
and zhang is pleased00:55:51
reviewing the new divisions stillwell00:55:53
has trained and equipped zhang hoards00:55:55
these splendid forces they will be00:55:57
useful later00:56:00
still violently objects he wants to use00:56:03
them now against japan he has no00:56:06
interest in future civil war00:56:08
stillwell feels unless jung purifies his00:56:10
government not only is he no help in00:56:13
this war but once the war is over surely00:56:15
the communists will win00:56:18
their quarrel grows00:56:19
from washington flies a mission to heal00:56:21
the nasty breach under major general00:56:24
patrick hurley an oklahoma politician00:56:27
john sees this as more white man's00:56:29
arrogance a meddling in the politics of00:56:31
china00:56:32
no compromise is possible and still well00:56:35
as relieved of command in 194400:56:38
certain american involvement in asia00:56:40
will be long and tragic00:56:45
the world rejoices as in 194500:56:48
the japanese surrender the guns they00:56:51
hope forever still00:56:53
to sign the document of surrender aboard00:56:55
the missouri the allies america england00:56:58
russia invite japan's first victim china00:57:02
in their eyes china's only spokesman is00:57:04
zhang kai shek who sends nationalist00:57:06
generals to represent his people00:57:08
the communists are absent00:57:11
for chinese this is but the curtain to00:57:13
enact the climax yet to come and clash00:57:15
with communists00:57:19
to stop this dreadful prospect general00:57:21
patrick hurley now named ambassador00:57:24
flies off to00:57:25
he urges mao the war is over let there00:57:28
be peace let mao and zhang divide the00:57:31
country politically but unify both rival00:57:34
armies under a central government00:57:36
america will underwrite the deal00:57:38
hurley puts a plane at mao's disposal to00:57:41
explore the proposition in king00:57:46
thus mao arrives on the first plane00:57:48
flight he has ever taken00:57:50
his safety guaranteed by americans this00:57:52
is his first face-to-face contact with00:57:54
the woman00:57:56
since the killings and uprisings of 192700:58:00
six weeks of negotiation will produce00:58:02
apparent agreement00:58:03
as john plays host to mao before00:58:05
departure00:58:07
the plans that lurk behind their smiles00:58:09
however deceive all western eyes00:58:13
for in the field a race is on00:58:15
across the land the broken japanese must00:58:18
sign defeat yield cities garrisons and00:58:21
guns but which chinese will take the00:58:23
guns and occupy the cities communist or00:58:26
nationalists00:58:30
the nationalists with all the transport00:58:32
of america at their disposal and plane00:58:34
their troops to seize the cities of the00:58:36
yangtze valley00:58:38
this ease of movement will lead them on00:58:39
to larger appetite dispersion of their00:58:42
forces up from the yangtze to seize the00:58:44
cities not only of north china but00:58:46
beyond manchuria with its vital industry00:58:49
and rails00:58:53
nor will the communists sit still00:58:55
together mao and joon like zhang decide00:58:58
the key lies in manchuria00:59:00
they choose lin biao as field commander00:59:02
to make the dash00:59:05
from yemen and north china they will00:59:07
strike east and north00:59:09
while zhang is readying troops to move00:59:11
from yangtze ports and airfields00:59:15
by foot and pack train lin biao sets out00:59:18
the russians have temporarily occupied00:59:20
manchuria by the surrender terms with00:59:22
japan00:59:24
communists expect to get from russians00:59:26
surrender japanese equipment and guns00:59:29
and hold the countryside before zhang00:59:31
arrives00:59:34
the rumble of inevitable clash causes00:59:37
america to replace hurley with general00:59:39
george marshall00:59:40
this architect of global victory is sent00:59:43
to save the peace for which so00:59:45
brilliantly he labored00:59:46
received by jiang kaishek marshall00:59:49
gropes for american solution to the00:59:51
bitter revolutionary surges of a strange00:59:54
asian nation torn by barbarisms a00:59:56
generation old01:00:00
to his chong king headquarters he01:00:02
invites a communist delegation led by01:00:04
joe and lai chief communist negotiator01:00:07
to meet with chiang kai-shek spokesman01:00:10
marshall suggests and they agreed to an01:00:13
american answer for china's groping01:00:15
search for order01:00:16
a federal government peacefully01:00:18
permitting the two parties to govern01:00:19
provinces they now hold politically01:00:22
freedom of speech permitted everywhere01:00:24
and disputes resolved by talk not guns01:00:28
in january 194601:00:31
both parties celebrate a truce with a01:00:33
handshake01:00:34
no paper truce however can mend a nation01:00:37
ripped apart by 50 years of killing01:00:41
within two months troops are on the move01:00:43
again01:00:44
each side blames the other but a hundred01:00:46
savage skirmishes now flare to01:00:48
full-scale war01:00:51
manchuria is the cockpit of the struggle01:00:54
the industry japan has built and lived01:00:56
is the greatest prize in china01:00:58
zhang's american-equipped troops sees01:01:00
all major cities to find a hollow01:01:02
triumph01:01:04
the russian occupiers have looted every01:01:06
factory before withdrawal01:01:08
ripped out sockets show where great01:01:09
machines once stood01:01:16
for now the fighting in manchuria is01:01:18
prelude to the climax of his theories01:01:20
the day when guerrilla bands group into01:01:23
formal armies and shove frontal combat01:01:25
at a weary enemy01:01:27
he fights for more than safety now01:01:29
his ambition seeks to mold all china to01:01:32
his theories01:01:34
i asked mao zedong what their policy was01:01:36
with regard to freedom of the press and01:01:38
he said they believed in absolute01:01:40
freedom of press and absolute freedom of01:01:42
speech and it wasn't going to be like01:01:43
chongqing when they won01:01:46
everybody would have the right to say01:01:47
whatever he felt it wouldn't be01:01:49
censorship the way zhang kai-shek had in01:01:51
chong king01:01:52
so uh01:01:53
i said you you really mean that and yet01:01:56
of course we mean it and i said do you01:01:58
mean that if you come to power anybody01:02:01
will be able to print anything he wants01:02:03
in a newspaper or publish any newspaper01:02:05
he wants and marjadoon said of course he01:02:07
said except for enemies of the people01:02:11
nor did he ever define01:02:12
and i was too young to ask him to define01:02:15
what he meant by enemies of the people01:02:17
obviously now it means anybody who01:02:19
disagrees with him01:02:23
in summer 46 zhang returns his01:02:26
government to nan king and once again01:02:29
has 17 years before reports the victory01:02:32
of his cause at sun yet sends mausoleum01:02:35
the fighting in the north is only01:02:37
distant thunder in the yangtze valley01:02:40
american advisers urge he sees this01:02:42
moment to win the hearts and firm the01:02:44
loyalties of his people by new01:02:46
reforms thus in nanking john convenes a01:02:50
congress to write a modern constitution01:02:53
in one last try to govern china by the01:02:55
order sunyat sen has preached01:02:57
but the thrust of all his background is01:02:59
still military01:03:01
his troops must win by force of arms01:03:04
with american arms he feels the01:03:06
communists can be crushed but his troops01:03:08
dig in to garrison rail junctions cities01:03:11
they have occupied01:03:13
american advisers insist such static01:03:16
defense is major error they say he pins01:03:18
down his best divisions where communist01:03:20
guerrillas will isolate them01:03:26
queen city of zhang's victorious china01:03:28
is restored at last to chinese rule01:03:32
all foreigners concessions wiped out01:03:35
while battle flares in the northern01:03:36
provinces shanghai seems to thrive01:03:45
the long wars dislocation has filled the01:03:48
streets with hungry refugees and01:03:49
homeless laborers01:03:51
who offer muscle energy for little more01:03:53
than rice to feed them01:03:55
but after 50 years of suffering such01:03:58
sites are almost normal01:04:03
what worries shanghai lenders most is01:04:05
this their money01:04:07
for slowly then more swiftly through 4601:04:10
and 47 the cost of distant civil war01:04:13
destroys the value and the meaning of01:04:15
these bundled paper dollars01:04:17
inflation ruins the vital middle class01:04:20
of all the cities the one great source01:04:22
of jung's political support01:04:25
novelist stephen becker remembers the01:04:27
panic years01:04:28
the inflation was heartbreaking when i01:04:30
got there in august of 1947 the exchange01:04:33
rate was 60 000 yuan to one american01:04:35
dollar and when i left in september of01:04:37
1948 it was 20 million yuan to one01:04:41
but people on relatively fixed incomes01:04:44
were just ruined01:04:45
in the summer of 1948 my wife and i had01:04:49
a continental dinner at one of01:04:50
shanghai's best hotels01:04:52
and the check came to 250 million yuan01:04:57
who lost china to the reds ignorant men01:04:59
will someday ask01:05:01
but now in 1948 sorrow scrawled its01:05:04
signature clear01:05:06
too many years of death and flight01:05:09
too many dreams betrayed01:05:11
in 50 years of barbarism a gangrene of01:05:14
the spirit has set in01:05:15
erasing pride01:05:17
and will01:05:18
and hope01:05:20
peace whisper the communists to weary01:05:22
minds peace01:05:24
an end to roaming01:05:26
now submit01:05:28
peace they say accept our mastery01:05:31
and peace01:05:35
land they say to landless peasants01:05:37
refugees01:05:38
join us they promise and the land will01:05:40
be divided01:05:42
all throughout china slipped their01:05:43
cadres calling meetings to share out the01:05:46
landlord's fields01:05:47
which soon they planned to snatch away01:05:49
again01:05:54
in summer 1948 mao makes his master move01:05:58
assault by frontal armies in manchuria01:06:01
gorilla bands emerge from hiding form up01:06:04
in full divisions equipped with captured01:06:06
tanks artillery and guns01:06:08
john's garrisons are isolated by01:06:10
ruptured railways hostile peasants01:06:13
november 1948 manchuria falls01:06:17
panic begins among the cut-off01:06:19
nationalist garrisons in north china01:06:22
surrendering by scores then thousands01:06:24
and full divisions the equipment america01:06:27
has given them falls to the reds01:06:32
to america her second homeland flies01:06:35
madame zhang kaishek in november 48 to01:06:37
make a last appeal for further help01:06:40
but harry truman has had enough01:06:42
reluctantly he tells her american01:06:44
involvement must end01:06:49
and now the nationalists pursued by01:06:51
wrath as they and years gone by did once01:06:54
pursue the communists gather it's you01:06:56
joe01:06:57
last bastion guarding access to the01:06:59
mighty yangtze valley01:07:01
for two full months zhang's troops fight01:07:03
on01:07:04
in january cut off they must surrender01:07:07
half a million soldiers lost01:07:10
the communists pour01:07:12
south his spirit heavy burdened zhang01:07:16
resigns his leadership hoping other men01:07:18
may court the communists for better01:07:20
terms01:07:23
on april first the nationalists send01:07:25
emissaries to peking to plead with mao01:07:27
zedong01:07:29
but they have passed the point of no01:07:30
return01:07:31
no mercy say the communists the new01:07:34
mandate of heaven requires all01:07:36
nationalists to lay down arms within01:07:38
three weeks01:07:42
three weeks later to the day the01:07:44
communists uncoiled to cross the yangtze01:07:47
first target is nan king the hallowed01:07:49
capital of the guamindan01:07:54
but in that capital the will to fight01:07:56
has turned to dust no man will stand the01:07:58
ramparts abandoning positions troops01:08:01
trudge away as silent people stand and01:08:04
watch01:08:05
too many warring armies have passed this01:08:07
desolate way to make them want to fight01:08:10
for any faith or any politics01:08:17
no mainland refuge now remains01:08:19
and fleeing nationalists embark what01:08:21
troops they can to cross the ocean for01:08:23
the island of formosa01:08:27
shanghai hears the message clearly as01:08:29
foreign businessmen board up their shops01:08:32
go now go quickly for communism marches01:08:36
take what you can but flee01:08:39
in01:08:40
haste the western powers evacuate the01:08:42
city they have built01:08:43
for good and bad alike must leave01:08:46
the businessmen come for profit as well01:08:49
as missionaries come to heal must say01:08:51
goodbye01:08:53
as out the yangtze steams the last of01:08:55
western influence01:08:56
and farewell to a century01:09:02
may 2701:09:04
1949 down shanghai's princely avenues01:09:08
the pleasure boulevards of yesteryear01:09:10
rolls the victorious red tide01:09:13
in six more months all china will submit01:09:16
red star triumphant hoisted over the01:09:19
world's most ancient nation01:09:21
silently the crowds observed their01:09:23
newest conquerors01:09:28
today in 1967 the marble altars of01:09:32
peaking still beseech the will of heaven01:09:34
as always01:09:36
chinese still gather here to listen to01:09:38
the voices that interpret heaven's will01:09:53
for 18 years this man alone has tried to01:09:56
shape their thinking01:09:57
has offered them his universal truths a01:10:00
dogma changeless as confucius01:10:02
to freeze their muffled discontent and01:10:05
end their quenchless modern turbulence01:10:09
the image shown his people has been a01:10:11
teacher grandfather benign01:10:13
yet all have learned that those who01:10:15
cannot read his lessons will be crushed01:10:22
his aging mind still lusts for permanent01:10:25
strife the theme he preaches to old and01:10:27
young alike is hate01:10:30
we are small militia men fighting u.s01:10:33
imperialism01:10:34
uncle we must grow up quick01:10:37
and go to liberate taiwan01:10:45
taiwan the object of their hate we call01:10:48
formosa01:10:49
this rocky island 90 miles off the01:10:51
mainland has many meanings01:10:54
to statesmen it is the last remaining01:10:56
redoubt of the guamindang where zhang01:10:59
kai-shek with american arms has01:11:00
re-equipped an army six hundred thousand01:11:03
strong01:11:04
and dreams reconquest01:11:06
but zhang is pawn to american policy01:11:08
he cannot move these troops or fuel them01:11:11
unless america lets him do so01:11:15
now 80 zhang kai-shek bespeaks for01:11:17
mainland china another threat01:11:20
to formosa in his flight zhang has01:11:22
carried the ancient imperial museum of01:11:25
peking the treasures of 800 years of01:11:28
chinese art01:11:29
symbol of another china beauty past01:11:32
it is this echo of the past that has01:11:34
bedeviled mao who seeks erasure of all01:11:37
past01:11:38
yet how struggle goes we cannot tell01:11:42
at the american consulate in hong kong01:11:44
there are cascades mountains piles of01:11:47
translations01:11:48
that come in from the chinese01:11:51
and these are sandy gritty gravely01:11:53
little bits of information that are01:11:54
meaningless because we don't know01:11:58
who does what to who in peking we don't01:12:03
know how they think or how they make up01:12:06
their mind because no matter how hard we01:12:08
study china01:12:10
we cannot predict such a thing as the01:12:12
great leap forward in 1958 we can't01:12:15
predict such a thing as the red god01:12:18
purge of 196601:12:22
it's as if there were a struggle of sea01:12:23
monsters going on deep deep beneath the01:12:26
surface of our vision and only these01:12:28
bubbles come to the surface to tell us01:12:29
that these are terrible struggles but we01:12:32
don't know01:12:33
what they're struggling about01:12:39
today in total ignorance we strain to01:12:42
know of china as once our ancestors01:12:45
strained to peer across the mysterious01:12:47
wall01:12:48
not knowing myth from fact01:12:54
we know industry grows01:12:56
steel production swollen 10 times to 1201:12:59
million tons a year01:13:00
light industry soaring01:13:02
but what comfort it gives the people we01:13:05
cannot judge01:13:11
we know beyond this wall live people of01:13:13
dazzling historical ability01:13:20
the forefathers of these students first01:13:22
invented paper printing books gunpowder01:13:25
the clock the compass01:13:27
in 1967 they loft rockets01:13:31
in 65 they synthesized insulin01:13:34
in 64 they unlocked the atom secrets01:13:41
from behind the wall rise boastful01:13:43
statistics01:13:45
but we know that china's people hunger01:13:47
have barely survived one of the worst01:13:49
famines in all history01:13:51
that driven by communist countries01:13:54
peasants work in communes today still01:13:57
beasts of labor as their fathers were01:14:04
within these walls tyranny has tried to01:14:07
reach beyond the body to the inner01:14:09
recesses of the01:14:12
soul i woke at midnight and saw my01:14:16
little brother smiling01:14:18
i asked him why he smiled and he said01:14:21
i dreamed of chairman01:14:30
the purpose of all learning is to fathom01:14:32
what goes on in chairman mao's mind01:14:35
this mind holds all the truths that ever01:14:37
were or will be01:14:40
neither age nor place nor class has01:14:43
allowed escape from pounding the01:14:45
chanting of mao's litany and railroad01:14:47
stations in stores at work01:14:54
even those who built the wall so long01:14:56
ago must be forgotten they have been01:14:58
told01:14:59
no history but mouths01:15:02
the aging leaders who shared the hills01:15:04
of hiding 40 years ago trekked the long01:15:07
march withstood japan america the guam01:15:09
in dan must now again pass judgment on01:15:12
their revolution01:15:13
they writhe and split01:15:20
within these walls they clash01:15:23
they seek replacement for a chief whose01:15:25
triumphs make him think himself the01:15:26
voice of heaven the unit01:15:33
this is their bomb01:15:35
in ten years time there will be more01:15:39
the nightmare problem of our time shapes01:15:41
clear01:15:42
to reach the minds of mao's successors01:15:44
with reason01:15:45
before unreasoning bombs take up the01:15:48
dialogue01:15:52
it does no good to mourn the past01:15:55
we pass along a road of time which01:15:58
always turning01:16:00
never brings us back01:16:02
to the crossroads marked01:16:04
again perhaps we should never have01:16:07
disturbed the slumbering civilization of01:16:09
china01:16:10
or else wake of itself01:16:12
and reach for01:16:14
perhaps china is too vast01:16:16
to be governed by mercy01:16:19
yet if chinese mind craves order01:16:23
they must be brought to recognize they01:16:25
are the biggest factor in the world's01:16:27
disorder01:16:30
and we must untangle01:16:33
the madness of their mind01:16:36
the most difficult task in the world is01:16:38
to reach the minds of men who hate you01:16:42
we do not flinch01:16:44
from the immediate tasks01:16:46
to guard our skies01:16:48
defend our friends01:16:50
we cannot flinch01:16:52
from tomorrow's task01:16:55
to reach the mind of china we race today01:16:59
to reach the moon01:17:00
to reach that mind01:17:03
is a task of equal difficulty01:17:06
and far greater urgency01:17:53
youDescription:
National Archives and Records Administration China: The Roots of Madness National Security Council. Central Intelligence Agency. (09/18/1947 - 12/04/1981) ARC Identifier 616322 / Local Identifier 263-69. This film covers China's political history including Mao Tse-tung, the Boxer Rebellion, and the Nationalist - Communist victory.
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