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00:00:11
hello today we are with you and we
00:00:16
are discussing the next topic, which
00:00:19
is dedicated to a
00:00:20
very
00:00:23
rich
00:00:26
type
00:00:28
of organisms that are distinguished by the
00:00:31
greatest possible species
00:00:33
diversity among all living
00:00:37
organisms on our planet, it’s
00:00:40
a pity, of course, that we devote
00:00:45
only one single hour to this,
00:00:48
one single activity, these animals are
00:00:54
absolutely diverse and
00:00:57
are present in all
00:00:59
exclusively biotopes, with the exception of
00:01:02
probably marine ones, but in all other
00:01:06
terrestrial subordinate habitats
00:01:09
they are present very, very widely;
00:01:13
this is a natural insect
00:01:18
for insects to whistle on a certain
00:01:23
structure plan, and now we will concentrate a little
00:01:26
on the point that
00:01:29
concerns their actual morphology, there
00:01:32
are several points which are
00:01:37
very clear, very tough, which you need to
00:01:41
imagine and
00:01:46
those moments that you
00:01:49
need to
00:01:53
understand,
00:01:55
firstly, the
00:01:58
very structure of the body of insects, you
00:02:03
know well, it consists of a head, thorax,
00:02:07
abdomen, a
00:02:08
very simple point, but all these elements
00:02:13
are the result of the fusion of
00:02:17
all other
00:02:20
segments that they inherited from their ancestor
00:02:24
you are formed from annelids and therefore
00:02:29
each of these elements, each of these
00:02:34
parts of the body carries several
00:02:39
structures that
00:02:43
differ from all the others,
00:02:46
but if we
00:02:48
slowly disassemble them all,
00:02:51
we take the first
00:02:54
segment of the body and so the head it bears that
00:03:00
insects have
00:03:03
mouthparts this is a complex structure
00:03:06
now we don’t let's move on then there are the
00:03:10
actual
00:03:11
eyes simple fa reticulate plaza and the
00:03:16
antenna one way or another the main capsule
00:03:20
is obtained by an element that consists of
00:03:23
several
00:03:24
segments
00:03:26
which includes itself from ancestors and forms
00:03:30
from annelids I emphasize
00:03:33
several
00:03:36
initial segments
00:03:39
then comes the
00:03:43
chest itself, the so-called and abdomen,
00:03:49
most of all the emphasis in school course
00:03:52
is done but in fact you we are loading,
00:03:57
if we now look at the very
00:04:01
chest of the insects themselves,
00:04:05
you see there are three clearly defined
00:04:10
elements three segments 1 2 and 3
00:04:15
1 does not carry wings 2 carries the front wing
00:04:22
3 carries the rear wing
00:04:26
but each of them carries with these
00:04:30
walking limbs, you know very well
00:04:34
that the characteristic of insects
00:04:37
is that they have three pairs of
00:04:42
walking limbs, in most
00:04:46
cases they have 2 pairs of cry, but these wings
00:04:51
are located on which segments of the
00:04:54
chest on the second and third,
00:04:58
that is, it turns out that in this case the
00:05:03
front wing
00:05:06
has its
00:05:07
own local origin, only the 2nd
00:05:11
thoracic segment and the hind wing only the 3rd
00:05:16
thoracic segment,
00:05:19
who can now
00:05:22
whoever is present with us answer which
00:05:26
of the insects this rule
00:05:29
is not observed and which has only 2 pairs of
00:05:34
wings,
00:05:36
but while we are waiting for an answer, we continue
00:05:39
further
00:05:40
[music]
00:05:41
abdomen unlike all other
00:05:45
Chinese, the legs for insects are
00:05:49
of the nature that the abdomen
00:05:52
is, in general, the container for all
00:05:56
other organs of their
00:05:59
body part, these are the
00:06:04
digestive and respiratory and reproductive
00:06:11
segments, their number can vary
00:06:15
from 1 to 11, but in the most developed ones
00:06:23
it is reduced to 6 or 5 segments it
00:06:28
contracts,
00:06:31
so Elizabeth
00:06:36
asks us a bee,
00:06:45
that is,
00:06:47
the question
00:06:51
is about who
00:06:55
retains
00:06:57
only
00:06:59
1 let’s say or 2
00:07:06
thoracic
00:07:10
segment in
00:07:12
their body and
00:07:18
performs the function of movement,
00:07:29
well,
00:07:38
as for the limbs, the most important
00:07:42
point
00:07:44
associated with their peculiarity of movement
00:07:48
for
00:07:50
these animals In principle, insects are
00:07:55
characterized by a very serious restructuring of
00:07:59
the limb, which is a
00:08:03
system of levers and
00:08:07
these levers
00:08:11
provide a very
00:08:16
harmonious and smooth degree of
00:08:19
movement of these animals,
00:08:21
but if you
00:08:25
consider the
00:08:27
method of movement of
00:08:29
any insects in principle, it doesn’t matter how
00:08:32
they move, then maybe
00:08:33
cockroaches can suffer
00:08:36
they are characterized by the presence of the
00:08:39
following elements, this is the so-called
00:08:42
coke
00:08:44
or coxa,
00:08:47
why coke is mentioned, this is an
00:08:51
obligatory element that comes up
00:08:54
from our previous topic, in fact,
00:08:57
remember how the sebaceous glands in
00:09:01
crustaceans, yes,
00:09:07
these are the excretory organs that lie
00:09:13
near the
00:09:15
limbs of these animals,
00:09:18
well, this is the Latin name then comes
00:09:22
virt bow thigh shin pubis and the actual
00:09:28
cuttings of the leg itself
00:09:34
here it is necessary to note
00:09:37
such a small moment of
00:09:41
coke or basin or vert and virt bow
00:09:45
together they form a single whole
00:09:49
which is formed by a
00:09:53
small let’s say movable joint
00:09:57
which ensures the overall mobility of the
00:10:01
thigh itself of the next element
00:10:04
in the limb of these insects
00:10:08
than
00:10:10
the more mobile
00:10:13
this element is, the more mobile the
00:10:18
thigh itself of certain insects,
00:10:23
stake and leg will be, depending on what kind of
00:10:28
insect it is, what kind of species it is, it
00:10:33
can also change very much, but it is also
00:10:36
responsible for the
00:10:39
process of
00:10:42
adaptation to specific conditions,
00:10:45
but for example, for example, for
00:10:51
insects that collect pollen, the
00:10:57
collecting apparatus can be modified; for those insects
00:11:00
that capture prey, it
00:11:03
changes into a captivating one.
00:11:06
Now we are actually talking about this and we will talk about this.
00:11:16
Insects are characterized by a huge number of
00:11:19
modifications of their own limbs,
00:11:21
and
00:11:23
here in which they are presented, they are
00:11:26
much larger than those that
00:11:30
even presented in the school course, but
00:11:34
one way or another, we now
00:11:39
focused on what, well, for example,
00:11:45
figure number b to,
00:11:49
pay attention to what it
00:11:53
turns out that the coxa, the thigh, relative to
00:11:58
what we saw, is
00:12:02
relatively straight, neatly
00:12:06
very much modified into a digging
00:12:09
limb and
00:12:12
accordingly, it can be characteristic
00:12:15
only of all insects that
00:12:18
carry out some kind of general activity,
00:12:21
who could it be, it could be the
00:12:24
larvae of some insects, for example,
00:12:28
cicadas, or for example, there
00:12:32
could be
00:12:34
representatives of
00:12:36
various kinds of beetles; their beetles
00:12:42
could also have such limbs in
00:12:46
order to dig a passage to the surface in
00:12:51
order to
00:12:53
get out of
00:12:56
the environment where the larva itself lives,
00:13:01
then
00:13:03
under the letter v
00:13:06
there is the
00:13:08
following type of type of modified limbs,
00:13:11
this is an exciting limb, it is more
00:13:15
characteristic of
00:13:17
insects that are predators, who
00:13:21
could it be, for example, mantises,
00:13:25
by the way,
00:13:27
these same mantises and
00:13:30
although they are not mentioned in the school course, it’s
00:13:33
very offensive to some extent, but they
00:13:38
have settled on the
00:13:41
territory of our Belarus for more than 10 years and are now
00:13:45
present in our fauna. A
00:13:49
good example is
00:13:53
ye’ve,
00:13:56
pay attention,
00:13:58
this is a collective limb, but a
00:14:02
collective limb, this is
00:14:04
characteristic only of a small number of a
00:14:07
group of insects and so the rules are
00:14:11
hymenoptera insects, which are
00:14:14
characterized by the fact that they have a foot, you
00:14:18
can clearly see, have additional
00:14:22
teapots that allow you to collect
00:14:27
pollen and nectar from the
00:14:30
plants that these insects visit,
00:14:34
therefore,
00:14:36
as a result,
00:14:39
this is characteristic only of those socks
00:14:42
that carry out the process of
00:14:46
effective dusting, that is, this will be
00:14:49
such a case
00:14:51
bees are bumblebees and bees,
00:14:57
but in our fauna, in principle, bees
00:15:01
illuminate, we do
00:15:04
not mention
00:15:07
another of the
00:15:10
serious types of formations is,
00:15:14
for example,
00:15:18
under the letter d
00:15:22
which you see, this is a
00:15:24
paw, so called a hook, it is a
00:15:33
structure that should
00:15:36
hook some
00:15:39
structural element of another of an animal,
00:15:42
as a rule, this is what will be this will be
00:15:45
hair, it is a property most of all for
00:15:50
insects that are parasites,
00:15:55
well, of course, these are primarily lice and
00:16:04
some parasitic creatures, under
00:16:08
the number there
00:16:10
is a
00:16:12
structural element that very well
00:16:16
also reflects the general structure of the
00:16:23
limbs of these insects, which are
00:16:27
responsible for movement in the aquatic environment and
00:16:33
therefore it has a
00:16:37
very large number of additional
00:16:41
elements of these small
00:16:45
scales that
00:16:48
create an additional plane for
00:16:51
swimming in the water column. Well, of course, this
00:16:56
will be characteristic of various kinds of
00:16:59
aquatic beetles and
00:17:02
water valves, but first of all, aquatic
00:17:06
beetles,
00:17:09
classic examples that are mentioned
00:17:12
in the school course
00:17:17
can be seen in this very
00:17:20
photograph and
00:17:22
so a
00:17:24
modification of the
00:17:33
structure of the
00:17:36
limbs, for example, characteristic of
00:17:40
straight wings, for example, for the
00:17:44
same grasshopper, and the grasshopper
00:17:47
that is indicated here is the sulfur
00:17:52
blacksmith that lives, well, in fact,
00:17:58
in our fanny itself, the
00:18:02
next element is
00:18:05
burrowing limbs
00:18:08
the transformation of which is also typical for the
00:18:10
wings of insects, but which
00:18:14
we can see in the example of this
00:18:16
very ben betke,
00:18:20
here it is also necessary to immediately note
00:18:24
one very important point
00:18:30
if there are types of snake limbs,
00:18:34
they never cover all the limbs
00:18:38
of insects, they cover only either,
00:18:42
for example, the front or for example, the back one,
00:18:45
but
00:18:51
you can never see everything exactly the same way,
00:18:55
but these examples, the
00:19:00
next example
00:19:02
is the grasping limbs, which is
00:19:06
characteristic of, for example, a praying mantis and
00:19:09
characteristic of
00:19:11
some
00:19:12
covered with a toe,
00:19:15
which are also found in
00:19:18
our fauna,
00:19:23
by the way, such a small question about mantises
00:19:27
in our country, does it
00:19:28
occur to me or not? the
00:19:37
type
00:19:38
of limb is a
00:19:43
pinching limb or attached or attached
00:19:46
to a limb which is characteristic of
00:19:50
animal parasites for
00:19:53
insect parasites, but for example, for
00:19:57
their ears they develop a
00:20:03
characteristic structure that allows
00:20:06
them to pinch hair,
00:20:08
yes there is,
00:20:17
so Elizaveta Arina
00:20:21
Ekaterina is absolutely correct, yes they say
00:20:24
that they are present in our fauna and
00:20:29
you saw them, by the way, the
00:20:34
mantises themselves in
00:20:42
Belarus,
00:20:58
well, Katya Lisa
00:21:03
wrote that they saw them,
00:21:06
but personally, I didn’t actually see them,
00:21:12
but really
00:21:16
no, the mantises have already spread quite widely,
00:21:20
but if we now
00:21:23
stop a little about
00:21:27
zoology and
00:21:30
move a little further
00:21:35
Arina too yes, that’s right, if you haven’t seen
00:21:40
one, he knows, but if we move on,
00:21:44
there is a small point that
00:21:48
concerns the deck in connection with changes in
00:21:52
environmental conditions,
00:21:54
well, in particular,
00:21:56
in connection with global warming,
00:21:59
these same insects, but in particular
00:22:03
mantises, they are beginning to slowly
00:22:06
move
00:22:09
[music]
00:22:10
to the north due to the fact that the
00:22:14
general environmental conditions are
00:22:18
comfortable enough for them so that they
00:22:21
can
00:22:22
expand their range and
00:22:28
so
00:22:29
[music]
00:22:33
actually the limbs themselves,
00:22:38
we
00:22:40
mentioned that yes, the
00:22:43
characteristic that captures the limbs
00:22:46
is acceptable for mantises, but there is another
00:22:50
type of limb that is characteristic only for
00:22:53
insects and there, for example, the press with everyone
00:22:56
on the limbs, but on other limbs they attached themselves to a
00:23:02
rather unique
00:23:05
example that is characteristic only of, for example,
00:23:09
beetles,
00:23:12
water, any and
00:23:18
other aquatic
00:23:20
inhabitants, well, as a
00:23:24
rule, these are
00:23:27
representatives of the family children, traces of the so-
00:23:30
called quicksand xxi, that is, it is either
00:23:33
plum oz and either water Anything
00:23:36
that is characteristic in this regard is that characteristic suckers
00:23:42
are formed on their forelimbs,
00:23:44
but these suckers are
00:23:47
characteristic exclusively only of the males of
00:23:53
these families. Well, why is the
00:23:57
answer actually obvious, all
00:24:02
because both males and females live in the aquatic
00:24:06
environment, they have a shaft of someone and a
00:24:10
smooth surface bodies
00:24:13
therefore, in order to gain a foothold on the
00:24:16
surface of the body in the process of
00:24:18
mating, males develop these
00:24:22
same attachments or
00:24:25
structures
00:24:27
that are characteristic, but most of all among the
00:24:31
representatives of our fauna,
00:24:34
swimmer beetles, the
00:24:41
next feature
00:24:45
for insects is that they
00:24:49
develop organs of locomotion,
00:24:51
aerial locomotion is wings,
00:24:55
what
00:24:58
wings actually are, table he on they arose as
00:25:04
respiratory organs in fact and
00:25:08
one of the evidence and in principle
00:25:13
[music]
00:25:14
about the main points why
00:25:18
zoologists biologists paleontologists think so
00:25:22
is that the
00:25:24
wings of all insects themselves are modern
00:25:28
these are veins between which a
00:25:34
very thin chitinous
00:25:37
membrane is stretched, that is, in fact, it
00:25:41
turns out that the dead chitin is not zero
00:25:44
tissue between which there is
00:25:47
exactly the same dead chitin zero
00:25:50
plate, but
00:25:54
why are these respiratory organs? The fact is that
00:25:58
in the process when they are formed even
00:26:01
Now in any larvae in any young
00:26:07
insect organisms, when they just emerge from
00:26:10
their
00:26:12
pupal stage, when they just unfold, they
00:26:16
have
00:26:18
living normal tracheas there that
00:26:24
unfold their
00:26:28
wings, and
00:26:30
as soon as they
00:26:34
unfold, they freeze
00:26:38
and
00:26:39
form the
00:26:42
coral plate itself,
00:26:46
in
00:26:52
those animals that a long time ago
00:26:55
naturally
00:26:58
these wings became extinct, the obvious role was played by
00:27:04
organs of gas exchange because it is
00:27:07
purely a mechanical calculation for an
00:27:12
insect of this size to
00:27:15
fly 40 to 50 centimeters and
00:27:20
have such plastic it is absolutely
00:27:23
unrealistic but for gas exchange this is quite
00:27:28
obviously an important organ
00:27:32
but it has lost this one of its own function and
00:27:35
acquired a slightly different one related to
00:27:38
flight, what
00:27:41
is characteristic of insects is that they
00:27:45
form
00:27:47
very veins, which are the
00:27:52
flattening and
00:27:55
thickening of
00:27:57
their
00:28:03
respiratory organs,
00:28:08
they are very strongly hit by Ravana, and no
00:28:15
matter what
00:28:17
insect we take, in fact, it
00:28:21
turns out that
00:28:23
each subsequent vein is
00:28:26
sufficiently thicker than the
00:28:30
descending ones, but in this case
00:28:34
let’s say you don’t need to remember all this
00:28:38
for you,
00:28:39
that’s where the flax is medially radial and so
00:28:44
on, but the basic principle itself is
00:28:48
that the veins themselves are the
00:28:53
result of the development of the trophy system,
00:28:57
they
00:29:00
are idealized by them
00:29:03
compacted and
00:29:05
are responsible for the general architectonics, that is, the
00:29:10
structure of the wing itself, they support it, the
00:29:15
wing plate itself is a
00:29:19
thin layer of chitin of
00:29:22
licensed cells
00:29:25
that stretch between these very
00:29:30
individual veins, depending on the
00:29:34
venation structure of the bison,
00:29:37
certain species are divided into groups of
00:29:42
families, orders of insects,
00:29:50
the key point in the
00:29:53
structure of the wings
00:29:54
is of course, the
00:29:57
general architectonics
00:30:01
of the
00:30:03
structure of the beetle of
00:30:05
certain insects, well, in
00:30:09
fact, now we’ll talk about it and let’s talk about the
00:30:12
first example, which is in the extreme
00:30:17
upper left corner, here is what kind of
00:30:21
object
00:30:41
the cockchafer is certainly
00:30:46
for Coleoptera, in principle, a
00:30:51
representative of this order is characterized by the fact
00:30:53
that the front wings they have completely
00:30:58
chitinous veins and
00:31:01
veins, and their
00:31:04
elements, by the way, are preserved, even in this
00:31:08
photo you can see that there
00:31:11
are some remains of the vein,
00:31:15
they perform protective functions,
00:31:18
but nothing more than the second hind wings,
00:31:22
they perform their own motor
00:31:25
function, that is, they ensure
00:31:28
the movement of the body itself insect the
00:31:32
next object is obviously a bug,
00:31:37
as you all understand,
00:31:39
which is located a little to the right, it
00:31:43
has two types of wings,
00:31:47
its front wings are semi-hard, called semi-hard, and
00:31:52
therefore it gets the name semi-
00:31:55
coleoptera, in principle, the entire order of
00:31:59
terra hymns, speaking in Latin and
00:32:03
Russian wings
00:32:07
the first wings
00:32:09
are half hard and half
00:32:12
membranous the second pair of
00:32:15
wings they have typical reposts
00:32:19
connecting with each other
00:32:22
they provide the usual movement of
00:32:26
these animals if they fly from
00:32:29
place to place
00:32:32
in the lower left
00:32:34
corner there are natural
00:32:37
representatives of the family of the
00:32:39
order Lepidoptera, what
00:32:42
is characteristic of them is that their wings
00:32:46
covered with scales
00:32:50
most of all, these very small scales
00:32:54
play a function
00:32:57
not
00:32:59
related to flight, but more related to
00:33:05
[music]
00:33:08
finding the
00:33:09
same species in the
00:33:12
process of
00:33:25
sexual
00:33:26
mating between
00:33:30
different individuals but the breeding season,
00:33:43
although it is also necessary and necessary to note
00:33:47
that for many of the Lepidoptera it is characteristic
00:33:51
and
00:33:52
camouflage coloring of their
00:33:57
wings, but depending on which side
00:34:00
you look at,
00:34:01
if we look at the example in this
00:34:04
example
00:34:06
from the outer surface,
00:34:09
then
00:34:11
this coloring is more typical for
00:34:16
processes
00:34:17
[music]
00:34:20
associated with reproduction so that
00:34:22
individuals of their own species
00:34:24
are discovered by representatives of exactly the same
00:34:28
species, but if you look the so-called
00:34:32
from under is called
00:34:36
lepidus by tarologists,
00:34:38
that is, with folded wings, they
00:34:42
perform the function of
00:34:45
protective
00:34:47
coloring because they have a
00:34:50
completely different color from what we
00:34:55
can now see, on the contrary, they have a
00:34:58
camouflage color,
00:35:01
well, one way or another, in the vast
00:35:05
majority of cases,
00:35:07
lepidopterans have paint that is designed
00:35:10
to recognize individuals of its own species, and finally,
00:35:15
in the extreme
00:35:18
lower right corner there is a
00:35:21
representative of the
00:35:23
order Diptera;
00:35:26
this is a centipede mosquito, which has noticeably
00:35:31
slightly different adaptations to
00:35:37
existence, but in particular
00:35:40
its front wings exist normally, that
00:35:43
is, they are ordinary ones that are adapted
00:35:46
for
00:35:47
flight, but for not wings they
00:35:50
are transformed into very characteristic,
00:35:53
these small so-called
00:35:56
ground beetles,
00:35:58
these same ground beetles, the
00:36:02
ground beetles, the ground beetles,
00:36:04
perform the function of
00:36:06
balance organs in these animals,
00:36:12
how
00:36:15
important is this for dipteran insects, it’s difficult to
00:36:20
say why, for example, others
00:36:22
don’t have this, but they have it, well, for
00:36:26
example, they also have a very
00:36:30
good one for example,
00:36:32
well, you and
00:36:34
I have all
00:36:36
encountered these insects in the summer,
00:36:41
you know how mosquitoes move,
00:36:45
some other flies and what other
00:36:48
insects that give us a
00:36:51
lot of pleasure,
00:36:53
when trying to somehow destroy them,
00:37:03
they maneuver quickly enough
00:37:06
and do not allow their own to
00:37:09
somehow then the way to destroy them is one of the
00:37:14
elements, including adaptation
00:37:17
[music]
00:37:18
to attack from other living
00:37:22
organisms, including from
00:37:24
humans, that are precisely these very
00:37:27
organs of damage to the entire body, and here I go myself,
00:37:30
residents, which allow them to avoid quite
00:37:35
well
00:37:37
some then external influences from the
00:37:41
side are potential threats that
00:37:44
can also be created by humans.
00:37:53
As for the abdominal segments of the mind of
00:37:56
insects, everything here is quite simple,
00:38:02
as a rule, in
00:38:04
all insects
00:38:06
this abdominal segment is devoid of any
00:38:10
limbs,
00:38:12
does not have any
00:38:15
specialized appendages, but at the same time
00:38:18
can perform their unique
00:38:21
functions, one of such examples, well, for
00:38:26
example, are termites,
00:38:30
here in this photograph shows such a
00:38:36
whitish female termite
00:38:40
abdomen that ripens the eggs
00:38:44
of the next generation at the same time ripen
00:38:47
and they ripen at a very
00:38:49
phenomenal speed, well, for example, for
00:38:52
many tropical African termites, the
00:38:55
maturation rate is
00:38:58
approximately
00:38:59
one an egg in two seconds,
00:39:02
that is, you can imagine the
00:39:06
speed at which atina seku multiply
00:39:10
for some, oh
00:39:12
again, these are South African so-
00:39:16
called honey ants
00:39:18
in their abdomens, they can be very
00:39:22
swollen, hey, zombie,
00:39:24
which serves as a reserve of honey,
00:39:29
which these ants collect leaves of
00:39:34
tropical plants where
00:39:37
there are
00:39:40
various kinds of insect wings, but
00:39:44
first of all,
00:39:53
another feature of these insects
00:39:57
in general is that their salivary
00:40:02
glands in
00:40:04
insects in general, the salivary glands are
00:40:08
the only ones that
00:40:10
secrete
00:40:12
digestive enzymes
00:40:14
can be converted into silk
00:40:18
glands, but in some of them, of course, first
00:40:22
only in lepidoptera or butterflies, and
00:40:25
of course, in the first place is the
00:40:30
silkworm
00:40:32
or thuda silkworm;
00:40:36
their
00:40:38
silk glands are
00:40:41
modified from salivary glands and can
00:40:44
occupy up to one third of the volume of the entire
00:40:48
body; they form, in fact, this
00:40:53
very silk that forms the cocoon and
00:40:59
subsequently the one that
00:41:02
forms
00:41:05
used by humans there is
00:41:08
already silk
00:41:15
in the digestive system of insects,
00:41:18
it should be noted that there is an
00:41:22
anterior midgut and a hindgut,
00:41:26
but
00:41:30
again, the only
00:41:32
digestive glands are
00:41:35
only the
00:41:37
salivary glands
00:41:39
no se como there are no more salivary glands
00:41:45
or any other glands that would
00:41:48
secrete a digestive enzyme in
00:41:50
insects
00:41:55
What is anatomically
00:42:00
very characteristic of insects is that
00:42:02
after food is absorbed, it
00:42:07
flows here, shown in green,
00:42:11
along the chest and goes straight into the abdomen, where
00:42:16
the stomach itself is located,
00:42:18
then the
00:42:22
process of
00:42:25
digestion and absorption occurs through the midgut, and then the
00:42:31
hindgut
00:42:33
secretes products that
00:42:36
are not bee Rome them, that is,
00:42:48
those substances that have not undergone a
00:42:53
processing process and
00:42:59
excrete feces in
00:43:02
some of the insects, for example, in the
00:43:08
honey bee, this is the
00:43:12
middle intestine after the stomach, it can be very large,
00:43:16
but this is due to the fact that they consume a
00:43:19
large amount of nectar and therefore,
00:43:24
as a result, they a larger area is required
00:43:27
for the absorption of these same
00:43:30
nutrients.
00:43:34
Another feature of
00:43:36
insects of some insects is
00:43:40
that after the midgut there is a small intestine and
00:43:44
then
00:43:45
[music]
00:43:48
the hind intestine
00:43:50
where the
00:43:53
reverse rep process of the Vlada sheep occurs, that is, the
00:43:56
absorption of all the water that enters the
00:43:59
body itself no se como and at the same time, for
00:44:03
example, in
00:44:06
termites, in this section of the intestine
00:44:09
there is a fairly large number of
00:44:11
symbionts that
00:44:14
ensure the destruction of cellulose,
00:44:21
which has absolutely no properties on a living
00:44:25
organism,
00:44:27
cellulose
00:44:31
can only be destroyed by bacteria; none
00:44:35
of the animal species
00:44:37
is currently known to science is
00:44:40
capable of
00:44:42
producing the enzyme
00:44:45
cellulose
00:44:49
that could destroy these same
00:44:53
enzymes, so those animals that
00:44:57
destroy or feed on, let’s say,
00:45:02
vegetation, they must always have
00:45:05
bacterial symbionts that would
00:45:09
allow them to carry out the process of
00:45:13
processing cellulose. This important
00:45:17
point, which,
00:45:19
starting from invertebrates ending with
00:45:23
vertebrates, is always
00:45:25
observed.
00:45:30
Another feature characteristic
00:45:33
only of insects
00:45:36
is also the presence of the so-called
00:45:39
fat body,
00:45:40
but probably not the most delicious, the drawing
00:45:48
here shows an opened larva of
00:45:51
some insect, but it is obvious that this is a
00:45:56
man of the wing and the
00:45:59
white color here
00:46:04
actually
00:46:07
shows the presence of a fat body,
00:46:11
what is a fat body, in principle,
00:46:14
these are individual cells that lie
00:46:18
in mixed cavities of the body in the mix, and the goals of
00:46:22
these animals are that they form very large
00:46:25
structures [music]
00:46:26
nude, which are clearly visible here in
00:46:31
this very
00:46:32
photograph, the
00:46:34
protection of which occurs through the general
00:46:37
metabolism of
00:46:39
all fats and proteins and carbohydrates, that is,
00:46:44
all the arga and
00:46:47
organic compounds characteristic of
00:46:50
insects,
00:46:59
in fact, it turns out that
00:47:02
for The
00:47:05
fat body is characterized by exactly the same
00:47:09
function that is characteristic of the
00:47:13
liver, for example, of vertebrates, that
00:47:17
is, the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates,
00:47:22
the storage of glycogen, the fat body also
00:47:26
saves not only fat, you are glycogen and
00:47:32
it
00:47:34
is an analogue of the liver
00:47:38
if you compare it with
00:47:41
vertebrates,
00:47:47
as for the respiratory organs in
00:47:50
insects they are presented called
00:47:54
trophies of the
00:47:56
trachea, these are individual tubes
00:47:59
that are strengthened from the inside with the help of
00:48:04
specialized
00:48:05
spiral threads,
00:48:08
they are here in the
00:48:11
picture and we have microphotographs, here they are
00:48:15
all presented, and
00:48:17
these and toning the strengthening do not
00:48:21
allow these tracheas to give way,
00:48:27
no matter what the process is,
00:48:31
well for example, due to the movement of muscles
00:48:35
from the movement of some other parts of the body,
00:48:41
collapse does not occur;
00:48:47
however, the trachea of ​​insects is characterized by
00:48:51
the following feature:
00:48:52
firstly, they are of dermal
00:48:57
origin, that is, they are
00:49:00
derivatives of the ectoderm of the outer
00:49:03
germ layer,
00:49:05
not the mesa of the normal one, not in to the normal one
00:49:10
more specifically, it is dermal, that
00:49:14
is, they consist of chitin, a single
00:49:18
structure; the
00:49:19
second feature is that
00:49:22
all trophies are
00:49:27
complex structures that are strengthened by chitin,
00:49:32
but the chitin is located, as you
00:49:36
will see, not in a
00:49:38
continuous layer until which, but only as a
00:49:45
result of the formation of certain
00:49:47
spirals of this
00:49:49
kind of
00:49:52
spiral about different structure,
00:49:56
if you can
00:50:02
display it,
00:50:07
it has a very important feature,
00:50:11
firstly, it is rigid, it never
00:50:13
allows it to
00:50:15
collapse
00:50:16
[music] with
00:50:17
this trophy, that is, the
00:50:21
air will always pass through the channels of the
00:50:25
trophy system, this is 1
00:50:29
on the other side of the country, it is quite
00:50:32
elastic because we can
00:50:36
bend in one way or another,
00:50:41
this is also a fairly important
00:50:45
adaptation for the existence of
00:50:49
insects as the
00:50:52
organism itself; the
00:50:57
third feature is that
00:51:00
individual elements of the trophy can enter
00:51:06
individual
00:51:10
insect cells, that is, literally some
00:51:13
large muscle cell, a nerve cell,
00:51:17
some other cell can receive
00:51:20
its own small the
00:51:24
trachea, where air is literally brought in,
00:51:28
which contains oxygen,
00:51:34
this turns out to be quite
00:51:37
beneficial from the point of view of
00:51:40
supplying the
00:51:44
body with
00:51:46
oxygen, but
00:51:49
here another feature arises,
00:51:55
I don’t know
00:51:58
either, please write, have you
00:52:01
seen
00:52:04
any films,
00:52:07
but first of all, films where
00:52:13
they show insects the size of a person
00:52:15
or larger,
00:52:17
this type has been seen
00:52:24
[ music]
00:52:28
well, some night, popular
00:52:30
fiction
00:52:40
or not, but if not, just write that
00:52:44
no,
00:52:45
if you have seen it, tell me that
00:52:49
you have watched such films before,
00:52:52
yes, Katya wrote that she watched it a
00:52:56
long time ago,
00:52:58
so there is a very important point, it is
00:53:02
connected precisely with this
00:53:05
circumstance. the fact
00:53:08
is that
00:53:14
air can be delivered in this way only by a very small
00:53:18
organism; the maximum size of such an
00:53:21
organism in which the trachea can function
00:53:24
is well, it’s good if it’s 10 centimeters,
00:53:27
but
00:53:28
some larger ones
00:53:31
cannot, purely from the laws of physics;
00:53:37
naturally, I myself won’t demonstrate it to you now
00:53:41
because they already exist I don’t
00:53:43
remember, but
00:53:45
in no case is it
00:53:47
possible for
00:53:51
organisms with an exoskeleton and a
00:53:54
trophy system to exist, breathing at the
00:53:59
moment,
00:54:01
I mean, given
00:54:04
our atmosphere in which we
00:54:07
live, and
00:54:10
the value of j, the acceleration of gravity of
00:54:15
9.8, is in no case possible for
00:54:19
existence organism in which we
00:54:22
could
00:54:23
transport oxygen and, in principle,
00:54:27
air through the trophy system with
00:54:31
dimensions exceeding but approximately
00:54:34
15-20 centimeters,
00:54:37
this becomes physically impossible;
00:54:42
in order to transport gases, a
00:54:46
special transmitter is required; this
00:54:50
transmitter can only be blood,
00:54:53
and blood, accordingly, is characteristic of, for
00:54:56
example, vertebrate animals or
00:54:59
some others, well, in particular, finished
00:55:02
worms, but directly how they do it, than
00:55:06
rods, well, in particular,
00:55:09
and using a trophy system, this is
00:55:12
absolutely impossible from a physical point of
00:55:15
view,
00:55:22
another feature of these organisms
00:55:26
is that the
00:55:29
aquatic larvae of these animals
00:55:33
have aquatic gills, but how do they
00:55:37
differ from
00:55:39
terrestrial aquatic gills,
00:55:43
as can be clearly seen in this
00:55:46
illustration,
00:55:47
they are absolutely closed, but they are also
00:55:51
very thin and therefore oxygen
00:55:56
penetrates very freely by diffusion
00:55:59
into the closed trophy system of these
00:56:03
larvae,
00:56:04
in particular mayfly larvae or
00:56:08
dragonfly larvae, while carbon dioxide,
00:56:11
on the contrary, diffuses freely into the aquatic
00:56:16
environment,
00:56:18
therefore, there are no special problems in them
00:56:21
due to the presence of gills; I will once again
00:56:26
emphasize this property only of the larval
00:56:29
stages of some groups of arthropods, but
00:56:34
in this case of insects,
00:56:42
as for the structural features of the
00:56:45
circulatory system in insects, it is
00:56:48
extremely simple and for the level you
00:56:51
need to remember that they
00:56:55
retain
00:56:56
[music]
00:56:59
tubular hearts that lie on
00:57:02
the abdominal oh, excuse me, on the dorsal side of
00:57:06
the abdomen,
00:57:09
this tubular heart carries small
00:57:13
holes called awns through which
00:57:16
blood penetrates into the
00:57:20
heart itself, but
00:57:29
in this case it is indicated in this
00:57:32
orange color
00:57:40
excretory system
00:57:41
as for the excretory system of
00:57:44
insects then
00:57:46
it is
00:57:48
quite simple, but it is an
00:57:52
analogue of the
00:57:55
excretory systems of,
00:57:57
in principle, all vertebrate animals,
00:58:01
in this case, here in the photograph it
00:58:04
is shown as an example of a cockroach, here is the
00:58:08
intestine, the
00:58:13
middle intestine of
00:58:15
the cockroach, then there is
00:58:19
the hind intestine, and in between, don’t be so
00:58:24
yellow, the
00:58:26
smallest tubes are actually
00:58:29
malpighs you vessels that perform the
00:58:32
excretory function,
00:58:34
they lie in the same way
00:58:37
as shown, but this
00:58:41
very figure also
00:58:43
performs the function of excretion, and
00:58:48
now a little bit more
00:58:52
detail about the
00:58:55
excretory system
00:58:58
in principle,
00:59:01
well, by the way, today I spent
00:59:05
hours with the first-
00:59:09
year students analyzing the excretory system system,
00:59:12
including, among other topics, the
00:59:16
excretory system of annelids, and
00:59:20
now let’s get a little bit into the
00:59:23
excretory system of insects; the general
00:59:26
principle of operation is, in fact, in all
00:59:30
excretory systems that arise in the
00:59:32
animal kingdom,
00:59:34
it is absolutely the same,
00:59:38
exactly the same as in the excretory
00:59:43
systems of
00:59:46
humans, if you remember
00:59:50
what are the two processes,
00:59:53
my question is what are the two
00:59:56
processes that determine the work of the excretory
01:00:00
systems, well, let’s say in humans, let’s do this, but this
01:00:05
will be absolutely true for all
01:00:07
other animals. Who can write now?
01:00:24
These are universal processes,
01:00:29
let’s say, and
01:00:33
standard ones, and
01:00:37
they have been
01:00:39
in annelids since their inception
01:00:43
they do not
01:00:46
change at all, including for
01:00:49
vertebrates, including humans; they are
01:00:51
preserved in our kidneys; in our
01:00:56
body, exactly the same
01:00:59
principle occurs that at one time arose and is
01:01:02
characteristic of personal worms or
01:01:05
insects or mollusks;
01:01:12
Katerina correctly wrote reabsorption
01:01:16
but the
01:01:17
reabsorption process must be
01:01:20
preceded by
01:01:22
which stage of which process
01:01:28
[music]
01:01:36
again, Katerina wrote absolutely correctly
01:01:39
filtration the
01:01:42
filtration process what is the
01:01:47
general principle of operation of the
01:01:51
whole, highlight all excretory systems,
01:01:55
it doesn’t matter whether it’s a vertebrate or an
01:01:59
invertebrate animal,
01:02:02
look
01:02:04
at this diagram,
01:02:06
this shows the front intestine middle
01:02:10
hindgut so well oriented so
01:02:13
please excuse me the mouse is a
01:02:16
little
01:02:18
capricious
01:02:23
so it
01:02:26
started better and lead so look the
01:02:29
malpighs will be sucked out and
01:02:32
what happens is a small peak vessel
01:02:35
that lies on the border of the middle and
01:02:39
hindgut so I praised the fly it’s how
01:02:51
various kinds of compounds begin to stand out here that is,
01:02:54
there is a process of filtration or
01:02:57
ultrafiltration as they also call it
01:03:00
[music]
01:03:05
not really, let’s say so the fundamental
01:03:09
point,
01:03:11
well, they last just like that and
01:03:14
so the volpine will be sucked out and it and but
01:03:19
in particular it is shown here if uric
01:03:22
acid
01:03:23
sodium water but also what other compounds
01:03:30
are released here including metabolic products of
01:03:34
various kinds and products of nitrogen
01:03:36
metabolism, well, in particular, ammonia,
01:03:40
they are released in large quantities, and
01:03:43
here again, so-
01:03:48
called threshold substances are also released,
01:03:52
well, in particular, this will be
01:03:56
glucose,
01:03:58
amino acids, vitamins
01:04:00
and
01:04:03
various kinds, and he and
01:04:05
they end up in these Malpighs into the vessels they
01:04:08
end up here and begin to slowly
01:04:19
flow through these very vessels, but
01:04:22
of course it is not profitable for the body
01:04:27
to get rid of water from ions from
01:04:34
amino acids, vitamins or some
01:04:38
other compounds, they need to be kept for themselves,
01:04:40
so the lower parts of the Malpighs
01:04:44
vessels they begin the process, that’s what
01:04:49
he described and Katerina for the first time
01:04:55
reabsorb, that is, absorb
01:04:59
back those substances that are necessary in
01:05:03
sufficient quantities, and this process
01:05:06
takes place both
01:05:09
inside the
01:05:11
lower parts of the malpighi vessels and
01:05:15
also from the hindgut of insects,
01:05:19
including that is, it turns out that they
01:05:23
reabsorb all the necessary substances water and he
01:05:28
and
01:05:29
some compounds,
01:05:31
glucose, amino acids and other simpler
01:05:35
compounds in order to preserve them,
01:05:38
just as this process occurs in the
01:05:44
nephron in
01:05:47
mammals, which are understood using the
01:05:49
example of a person, well,
01:05:52
Katerina, apparently, very accurately
01:05:56
points out
01:05:58
these very moments, that is, everything
01:06:02
the necessary substances are retained but unnecessary
01:06:06
substances are primarily metabolites excess
01:06:09
water excess salts it comes out
01:06:15
directly from the
01:06:18
digestive system itself in these
01:06:22
organisms
01:06:25
again
01:06:27
[music]
01:06:28
such a moment arises
01:06:32
the concept of so-called
01:06:34
threshold non-threshold substances
01:06:38
if the concentration of, for
01:06:41
example, glucose is too high,
01:06:45
that is, the body absorbed
01:06:48
too many carbohydrates
01:06:50
from food, then they will naturally be
01:06:54
excreted;
01:06:58
they have a certain threshold, that
01:07:02
is, let’s say conditionally the concentration, well,
01:07:05
let’s say it doesn’t matter what the figure is,
01:07:08
let’s say 100 milligrams per milliliter,
01:07:13
it is stored; everything above this
01:07:17
concentration is excreted; this
01:07:21
way the body gets rid of unnecessary
01:07:25
metabolites which would create
01:07:28
problems for the
01:07:30
general metabolism of a given
01:07:33
organism,
01:07:36
here is the general principle of operation of the
01:07:41
excretory system, it repeats
01:07:45
the principle of operation, well, let’s say nephrons in
01:07:48
humans,
01:07:54
as for the characteristics of the nervous
01:07:56
system in
01:08:01
insects, it is a
01:08:06
nervous system that they
01:08:09
inherited from
01:08:12
whom, of course annelids with
01:08:17
which they are
01:08:19
very strict, in principle, they have a lot in
01:08:23
common and
01:08:26
therefore they are characterized by a
01:08:29
brain that consists of three
01:08:35
interconnected ganglia
01:08:38
name about cerebrum data king b30
01:08:43
cerebrum in no case need to be
01:08:45
memorized, just know what the general
01:08:49
brain is which is responsible for
01:08:51
controlling
01:08:53
complex behavior
01:08:55
in these animals and insects,
01:08:58
its lower part is the
01:09:01
sub-pharyngeal ganglion, which consists of the
01:09:05
monty boulevard maxi larna shaft of the
01:09:08
ideal ganglion, but now we will simplify it all
01:09:12
and say this is the basement of the successful
01:09:15
ganglion, which innervates,
01:09:18
that is, ensures a
01:09:21
normal life and the activity of the
01:09:23
organs of their
01:09:29
oral apparatus and
01:09:32
subsequently each subsequent pair of
01:09:36
ganglia that lies in each segment
01:09:41
is the result of the fusion of the
01:09:44
right one or its ganglia and
01:09:50
are responsible for the innervation of the
01:09:53
limbs in a given segment of the
01:09:57
wings, if any, or
01:10:01
some other parts of the body
01:10:04
or otherwise,
01:10:06
this pair of ganglia always merges in insects,
01:10:09
unlike annelids,
01:10:12
and therefore their nervous system is
01:10:16
called the
01:10:17
ventral nerve
01:10:20
cord.
01:10:27
If you look at this profile,
01:10:31
for example, for
01:10:33
some of the
01:10:38
dipterous insects, you can see the
01:10:41
brain of a good one, isn’t this where the
01:10:44
rest of the ganglia of their
01:10:48
connections lie here? Thus,
01:10:51
along the entire
01:10:54
body,
01:10:58
the only point that needs to be
01:11:01
noted is that some
01:11:05
insects with complex forms of
01:11:08
behavior are
01:11:09
characterized by the presence of
01:11:11
special structures in the brain,
01:11:15
which are shown here in the profile
01:11:18
in the figure, they are called
01:11:21
mushroom bodies and
01:11:23
are responsible for some complex forms of
01:11:26
behavior are
01:11:27
intense, well, most of all, they are, of course,
01:11:31
characteristic of centuries for hymenoptera
01:11:34
insects for wasps of bees and
01:11:38
bumblebees
01:11:42
and some other insects associated with
01:11:47
their social way of life,
01:12:17
as for us, we have a small
01:12:40
good everything seems to be in the mood as
01:12:43
for the sensory organs for insects
01:12:47
character yes and
01:12:48
in in general, a
01:12:51
standard set of
01:12:53
organs that is characteristic of
01:12:57
invertebrate animals, but there are
01:13:00
certain
01:13:04
unique
01:13:06
structures of their own, in particular one of these
01:13:09
is the so-called timp anal
01:13:12
organs, these are organs of hearing that are
01:13:16
characteristic of
01:13:19
various kinds of orthopteran insects, well,
01:13:22
first of all, these are grasshoppers,
01:13:25
crickets, fillies,
01:13:29
what do they represent themselves, these
01:13:32
banal organ is a well-developed
01:13:37
membrane, which is shown here in the
01:13:41
illustration itself,
01:13:51
which lies, for example, in grasshoppers, you
01:13:55
probably know
01:13:57
in the area of ​​the knee, due to which sometimes there are
01:14:03
such jokes asking how one
01:14:07
listens, grasshoppers listen with
01:14:11
their feet, yes, indeed, this is how
01:14:16
they have the hearing organs
01:14:18
the developed ones are located on the limbs,
01:14:23
this is actually a membrane that can be
01:14:27
likened to our
01:14:29
eardrum, but
01:14:33
they really
01:14:37
perceive the source of sound in this way,
01:14:42
this only applies to grasshoppers, for example,
01:14:46
in crickets, the banal organs are
01:14:48
located on the abdomen and
01:14:50
therefore they
01:14:53
hear, it turns out their
01:14:55
own back part of the body is
01:15:03
another a feature of insects
01:15:06
is that they have eyes,
01:15:09
but the eyes of insects are of two types;
01:15:14
in fact, the complex eyes themselves,
01:15:17
which we all see very well in
01:15:21
insects, these are complex compound eyes,
01:15:24
they consist of individual elements
01:15:28
that are
01:15:30
called omatidia,
01:15:32
that is, these are separate ocelli, but which
01:15:37
summed up
01:15:38
into one common eye, the
01:15:43
number of motifs, for example, from dragonflies
01:15:46
can reach
01:15:50
tens of thousands 10 15 20 thousand; in other
01:15:55
insects it is a little more modest 78 thousand,
01:15:59
but still the figure turns out to be
01:16:03
impressive; besides this, in addition to
01:16:07
complex cut-offs from the eyes, insects also
01:16:09
have simple eyes,
01:16:14
well, for example, like this shown
01:16:18
here in the ant here in the
01:16:21
bug
01:16:22
too here they are here in the dragonfly
01:16:27
one-two-three
01:16:30
believe me please
01:16:33
but the horsefly also
01:16:36
has these same eyes it’s just a
01:16:40
spot character you nose simple eyes and is
01:16:45
also present what is the reason for the
01:16:48
presence of simple eyes in the presence of
01:16:51
complex ones in general, even in the 21st century, ours has
01:16:56
absolutely not been proven and
01:16:59
is unknown, the only thing that
01:17:02
is known for sure is that simple
01:17:05
eyes make it possible to very clearly distinguish the so-
01:17:09
called polarized light from
01:17:12
ordinary lighting,
01:17:15
what is polarized light,
01:17:18
well, it’s very difficult for you and me to imagine
01:17:23
why because we You see the so-
01:17:27
called visible light
01:17:30
is polarized and this is the light that is very
01:17:34
clearly visible, for example, at the moment when
01:17:39
the sky is absolutely completely covered with
01:17:41
clouds, but at the same time
01:17:45
the direction of the light
01:17:48
rays that come from the sun is very clearly visible, you and I
01:17:51
can determine this
01:17:54
naturally, no, but an insect can
01:17:58
to this, but
01:18:02
they are, in principle, capable of seeing the
01:18:06
level of illumination that is basically
01:18:09
not available to us, not to mention the fact that, for
01:18:13
example, they see the
01:18:17
ultraviolet spectrum of illumination very well,
01:18:20
and here from us from
01:18:23
people,
01:18:28
as for the characteristics of their
01:18:32
reproduction, here it is necessary to note
01:18:35
the following
01:18:37
All insects, as well as all
01:18:40
through many, in principle, do
01:18:42
not have an
01:18:44
asexual form of reproduction; reproduction
01:18:48
is carried out only sexually; this is because the
01:18:53
second point is that in
01:18:59
insects, in the vast majority of
01:19:02
cases, cross-
01:19:05
fertilization occurs, and
01:19:07
parthenogenesis
01:19:10
occurs in some groups very
01:19:14
very often, but is not typical.
01:19:19
We're on the air right now, please tell us the
01:19:22
thing is parthenogenesis,
01:19:30
well, while we're waiting for answers, we'll little by little
01:19:34
continue further
01:19:36
[music]
01:19:37
in the female reproductive system of
01:19:40
insects, it is characteristic that their ovaries,
01:19:49
my mouse is still playing pranks, despite
01:19:53
everything,
01:19:59
they form the so-called gear mari,
01:20:11
in which they mature gradually eggs in
01:20:15
large quantities and
01:20:17
already in the known Alla they begin
01:20:20
to form
01:20:24
these very
01:20:26
eggs themselves, covered with a protective shell
01:20:31
due to the fact that,
01:20:34
well, if you look even at this pattern
01:20:37
in the body of a single female
01:20:40
insect, no matter what
01:20:43
it may be, a grasshopper, it can club
01:20:45
there and then a large number of eggs are ready for maturation, and
01:20:50
then the fertility of
01:20:52
insects turns out to be at a fairly
01:20:55
high level, but
01:20:57
when
01:21:00
these same
01:21:03
eggs are formed, a fairly large number of them are formed,
01:21:06
which, in general, are
01:21:09
subsequently
01:21:12
laid by the female, and
01:21:22
so wait now,
01:21:25
now I’ll try to reboot
01:21:29
then I I don’t see your answer
01:21:52
part second
01:21:55
second
01:21:59
so
01:22:01
until
01:22:05
absolutely correct so Elizaveta II
01:22:09
Arina answered absolutely
01:22:13
correctly but here let’s
01:22:17
say
01:22:19
virgin reproduction is the
01:22:23
correct term
01:22:25
same-sex I don’t know where it probably
01:22:28
occurs but it’s not entirely correct
01:22:32
why
01:22:35
because with this form of reproduction it is
01:22:39
formed eggs, but they are not
01:22:43
fertilized by sperm
01:22:46
and
01:22:49
eggs, in general, they simply develop
01:22:53
into the next organism, and in this case
01:22:57
it turns out that the next organism
01:22:59
is a genetic clone, that is,
01:23:03
complete copies of the genetic clone of the
01:23:05
previous organism of the previous
01:23:09
maternal organism, therefore
01:23:11
virgin reproduction is the most, well,
01:23:15
let’s say it’s correct in this case
01:23:21
same-sex
01:23:23
I don’t know, I’ll emphasize once again that
01:23:30
if it’s not found in textbooks, it’s not a completely
01:23:33
correct concept, not entirely, although it’s not
01:23:37
wrong, but it’s not an established term,
01:23:42
so it’s better, of course, let’s just say so,
01:23:46
not to use what
01:23:51
Katerina wrote, by the way,
01:23:54
fertilization of eggs no
01:23:57
self-repetition,
01:24:00
it should imply the fusion of
01:24:03
any
01:24:05
gametes of any cells, but
01:24:09
in this case, if they do not occur,
01:24:12
that is, one single cell
01:24:15
begins to develop into a new organism,
01:24:18
being an absolutely genetic compartment of
01:24:22
its maternal individual,
01:24:26
but in this case we are talking about
01:24:31
parthenogenesis then there is virgin
01:24:35
reproduction in Nepal, a creation, namely
01:24:39
reproduction, it is quite
01:24:41
common in some insects, but
01:24:45
in particular, for example, around aphids, it’s very
01:24:50
good, well, probably everyone knows aphids and can
01:24:56
imagine what kind of insect it is,
01:24:58
in some bugs and in
01:25:04
some other
01:25:05
insects, this is not, let’s say, a typical
01:25:10
form,
01:25:11
but it takes place and it
01:25:16
ensures the survival of some forms of
01:25:20
insects,
01:25:21
compare, let’s say, with
01:25:25
others, well,
01:25:29
in particular, in aphids, in
01:25:34
general, in principle, it
01:25:37
is that form of
01:25:40
reproduction, this is the same parthenogenesis that
01:25:43
provides them with a very
01:25:47
wide distribution
01:25:50
during the vegetative period when
01:25:53
plants grow very actively and
01:26:00
and
01:26:01
so
01:26:02
it turns out that
01:26:04
parthenogenesis is one of the forms that
01:26:08
allows you to escape for a second or
01:26:13
increase the number of
01:26:16
your descendants or escape under
01:26:19
certain
01:26:20
extreme conditions
01:26:23
from unfavorable factors, but
01:26:27
is not the leading form of
01:26:31
reproduction, although of course, again in
01:26:35
biology there are a huge
01:26:37
number of exceptions when you can
01:26:39
give examples that excuse me, there are
01:26:43
species that have genetic ports that
01:26:45
reproduce,
01:26:47
to put it mildly, for decades, this is only
01:26:50
when
01:26:53
researchers observe them, and for
01:26:56
how many millennia they
01:26:59
have reproduced on their own, who
01:27:01
knows? As
01:27:04
for
01:27:06
the formation of the eggs themselves, you see here
01:27:10
on the slide,
01:27:13
then insect eggs also have the
01:27:18
majority if it is not
01:27:21
public social forms such
01:27:24
as
01:27:25
bees and bumblebees,
01:27:28
ants and termites or some other
01:27:32
free-living ones, they have
01:27:35
various kinds of
01:27:37
external structures thanks to which
01:27:41
they are attached to the leaves, thanks to
01:27:44
which they can be
01:27:45
protected,
01:27:49
they can have various kinds of
01:27:54
chemical compounds that
01:27:56
repel potential predators and
01:28:02
that’s how it is here shown
01:28:05
again in these photographs,
01:28:08
they allow
01:28:11
insects to preserve their offspring for a
01:28:15
short period because the
01:28:18
lifespan of these eggs is generally short,
01:28:21
of course, after a few days
01:28:25
larvae emerge from them and begin
01:28:27
their own life and activity,
01:28:32
but this very shell of eggs in insects
01:28:37
has the most diverse form and
01:28:40
is also one of the forms of adaptation to the
01:28:45
environmental conditions where they live,
01:28:55
well, but at the moment we
01:28:59
have examined the main
01:29:01
positions concerning the
01:29:05
class of insects and
01:29:07
[music]
01:29:10
next time we will
01:29:13
continue to examine the topic concerning the
01:29:17
pledge,
01:29:20
join us to decide assignments and
01:29:24
see you
01:29:26
next Friday all good worthy

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