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Russian
00:00:01
[music]00:01:08
Well, let's start 21 minutes, it seems,00:01:12
Good evening, that means Today we are00:01:16
finishing this extragalactic part, we are00:01:18
slowly moving on to cosmology in the00:01:20
second half of the pair And next time00:01:22
we have two pairs We are agreeing on00:01:25
cosmology and accordingly 2400:01:28
are arranging a class00:01:31
I will ask you00:01:33
Please tell your colleagues this can00:01:39
be useful Well, it’s useful for me And it’s00:01:41
useful for you next time people00:01:43
came to the maximum00:01:45
Well, firstly, I’m interested to see00:01:47
when there are a lot of you, and00:01:50
secondly,00:01:52
look at what the reason is, it’s more00:01:54
practical,00:01:55
it means Thanks to Vsevolod, the lecture00:01:58
is being laid out, but the00:02:00
last lecture should be posted right away, he’s00:02:03
obviously won’t be able to00:02:05
and therefore And she will have a lot of everything on the00:02:08
test. Well, that is, no, there will be a decent00:02:10
number of tasks from the last two pairs.00:02:12
Therefore, so that people do not find themselves in a situation,00:02:14
someone can quite rightly00:02:16
assume that they will all look at the video00:02:18
Well, there, except for the first two lectures and this is00:02:21
kind of normal and good. I don’t argue with00:02:23
this, but they won’t watch the last lecture before the test00:02:25
on video; they just won’t have time to do it.00:02:28
And that’s why they can run00:02:31
into some pretty difficult assignments. Well,00:02:34
for me, at least,00:02:35
so I would suggest you tell00:02:39
your colleagues why I mean, they00:02:41
’ll see this video in a week. It’s good if as00:02:45
many people as possible come00:02:48
and, accordingly, if there are any00:02:51
questions about the test, as usual, you can00:02:54
ask me now and at the next00:02:56
lecture, when a lot of people come there, I’ll do00:02:58
something too I answer well, all this00:03:01
is clear then let’s move on to the00:03:04
electronic part, which means last time we00:03:07
started talking about extraclactic00:03:09
astronomy, today we are finishing we00:03:11
said that00:03:13
from the point of view of matter,00:03:17
dark matter dominates, the00:03:19
fundamental difference is that00:03:21
although dark energy generally dominates,00:03:24
dark energy cannot be collected in00:03:26
a heap, that is, it acts in the Universe But00:03:29
even two and a half forces, let00:03:32
’s say, there would be no dark energy00:03:35
at all, so we thought 25 years ago, but00:03:39
not all But most people don’t00:03:41
have any dark energy.00:03:43
So, our Universe at the beginning began00:03:46
to expand, we and a little bit with you00:03:48
next time, and this time we’ll talk about00:03:50
why00:03:51
we also have counteracting forces00:03:54
of gravity, that is, matter tries to00:03:56
gather together under the influence of its00:03:57
own gravity and resists00:03:59
this expansion. That is, all structures00:04:01
in the Universe grow in spite of the expansion of00:04:04
the Universe; these are two main00:04:06
opposing forces, especially in the00:04:08
first half of the life of the Universe, now00:04:10
there is still dark energy, which00:04:12
additionally leads to the effect of such,00:04:14
if you want, repulsion, in fact,00:04:16
it’s not exactly repulsion of00:04:20
objects from each other, of course, but the00:04:23
Metric of the Universe is changing in such a way00:04:26
that the expansion proceeds at an increasingly faster pace and,00:04:29
accordingly, against the background of this00:04:31
accelerating expansion continue to00:04:34
grow the structure at the beginning I repeat there00:04:36
was no accelerated expansion of the structure00:04:38
growing now they also continue to grow00:04:40
this makes it difficult accordingly00:04:44
this structure is something that consists of a00:04:47
substance of ordinary and dark00:04:49
ordinary substance It has such good00:04:52
deseptic characteristics, that is, it knows00:04:54
how to cool down it can00:04:55
get rid of effectively moment of00:04:58
rotation and therefore can form00:05:00
compact structures like you and me,00:05:03
dark matter, due to the weak00:05:06
interaction between particles,00:05:08
cannot do this, therefore dark matter00:05:11
does not dominate within the physics00:05:14
department of the city of Moscow, planet Earth of00:05:18
the Solar System and even the disk of the Galaxy is00:05:23
more complex. Of course there is a rotation curve there the00:05:26
contribution of dark matter is large in00:05:28
the central parts, well,00:05:31
dark matter itself does not dominate, but on00:05:33
large scales, starting from the scale of the00:05:35
full size of the Galaxy, dark00:05:37
matter dominates, so this skeleton of00:05:40
the Universe is the result of numerical00:05:41
modeling with a very large scale,00:05:44
this segment is 125 megaparsecs Well,00:05:48
that is, there approximately half a billion00:05:49
light years in a ruble, on this00:05:52
scale, structures are mainly composed of00:05:54
dark matter, and when the00:05:57
first00:05:59
computer simulations were carried out to model the00:06:01
formation of a large-scale structure,00:06:04
in essence, we can say that they considered00:06:06
dark matter as one, not that they forgot about the00:06:09
ordinary ones, just ordinary dark ones were put00:06:11
in one pile and did not reach the00:06:13
scale where the role of00:06:15
ordinary matter becomes important when, firstly,00:06:18
very compact structures can arise And00:06:20
secondly, when these contact structures00:06:22
give feedback, ordinary matter00:06:24
can form stars, it can00:06:25
trigger the work of quasars and all this00:06:27
injects energy back stars00:06:29
explode alone00:06:31
Stellar winds, quasars emit a lot and00:06:35
can also launch such a wind, there are00:06:36
powerful jets there and this affects the00:06:40
scale of the00:06:41
inner part of the Galaxy, let’s say, but00:06:44
on such large scales00:06:46
dark matter dominates and let me remind you that it is very00:06:48
important that dark matter could begin to00:06:51
create this structure early because it00:06:53
does not participates in electromagnetic00:06:55
interaction, and in the era of radiation dominance,00:07:01
dark matter could already create00:07:03
compact structures, and therefore, when00:07:05
ordinary matter also received this00:07:07
opportunity after the era of combination,00:07:10
ordinary matter turned out to be00:07:12
unable to when there are only small00:07:13
fluctuations, the fluctuations were already quite00:07:15
large because they this time00:07:17
they have grown in dark matter and for the00:07:20
last time I will repeat this skeleton of00:07:22
the Universe mainly consists of dark00:07:25
matter, such large areas are a cluster of00:07:28
galaxies, the matter continues to flow along the fibers in a00:07:30
cluster of galaxies,00:07:33
that is, today a cluster of00:07:35
galaxies are those objects that00:07:36
continue to form. Is it possible to00:07:39
see this skeleton People are trying very hard in the Universe,00:07:43
for this they need to learn to see dark00:07:45
matter at least by indirect methods But00:07:47
this is the first result This is quite a00:07:49
long time ago 10 years ago This is the first00:07:51
rib from the first bone from this00:07:54
skeleton of the Universe that they managed to00:07:56
see a00:07:57
cluster of galaxies and the contours can be00:08:01
seen here the contours show00:08:03
the distribution mass, no matter what it is00:08:07
created by. Because these contours00:08:08
are built according to the effect of weak00:08:10
gravitational lensing, that is, they00:08:12
generally describe the curvature of00:08:13
space in this area. Well, since00:08:16
we are within the framework of the assumption that00:08:18
this curvature is entirely due to00:08:20
some kind of mass, this means that this is the distribution00:08:24
of mass and we see that of course the cluster00:08:28
itself contains more matter than between them, but00:08:31
between them there is also a lot of matter00:08:33
and it does not manifest itself, that is,00:08:37
it does not emit, and this means that00:08:40
thanks to weak lensing it00:08:42
was possible for the first time to reveal what was00:08:44
naturally predicted by the theory00:08:47
that clusters of galaxies are connected00:08:51
such fibers, filaments, channels like00:08:55
me Name in which dark00:08:57
matter dominates, ordinary matter is also there00:08:59
in the form of such a warm gas that gives00:09:02
very little radiation does not form stars,00:09:04
so you see it is quite difficult, in00:09:07
principle, you can detect its00:09:08
presence not now so in the future00:09:11
But in general the distribution the masses by00:09:14
the lead are determined quite well; the00:09:16
same structures can exist between00:09:18
galaxies, but they are less pronounced. Therefore,00:09:21
in this work five years00:09:24
ago, people went a slightly different00:09:26
way, they took several00:09:31
pairs of galaxies under a hundred, in my opinion it was not00:09:34
written00:09:35
there, there was a park of galaxies for about a hundred for00:09:38
each individual pair00:09:43
I apologize for each individual pair to00:09:46
draw out by weak lensing This00:09:48
fiber does not work, but by summing up00:09:50
the results00:09:51
it is possible to achieve the desired result, that00:09:55
is, again the distribution of00:09:56
mass is shown and it is clear that the Galaxies are connected by00:10:00
such filaments that are not visible from00:10:04
direct observations of electromagnetic00:10:06
waves nothing there is not detected, but00:10:08
when you process00:10:11
data on a large number of00:10:13
galaxies, then such a thing shows up00:10:16
well. So there are a00:10:19
huge number of hypotheses about what dark matter could be. That00:10:21
is, you can read a whole course about it and00:10:24
maybe in cosmology departments people00:10:25
do this, we have it in our cosmology departments00:10:28
Directly super specialists on these00:10:32
issues at the beginning It’s easier to say than it can’t be the00:10:35
very first thing that people understood, but00:10:37
somewhere in the 90s it can’t be00:10:40
baryons of any kind. That is, it can’t00:10:43
be there; there’s dust, compact remnants of stars00:10:47
that it can’t be can't be there00:10:50
hot warm cold any gas00:10:53
ordinary matter we throw out the00:10:55
next step throws out everything that is in the00:10:58
standard model of particle physics00:11:00
so the most popular00:11:03
models for describing dark matter are00:11:07
particles not included in the standard model00:11:11
particles that can be00:11:13
naturally produced in the early universe00:11:17
and particles such that they do not participate00:11:20
at least so clearly and well in00:11:23
electromagnetic interaction, by the way, it is00:11:25
not necessary that they do not00:11:27
participate at all. For example, Xiaomi are00:11:29
candidates for particles of removable matter,00:11:32
axions can interact with a00:11:34
magnetic field, there is a wonderful00:11:35
Primakov effect,00:11:36
but it’s just a very weak00:11:38
interaction here weak means not00:11:40
intense, not like weak nuclear, but00:11:43
there are other Models there have been the00:11:46
most popular for a long time And maybe now there00:11:48
was a neutralin model, that is, we are talking00:11:51
about neutral super partners of ordinary00:11:54
particles And neutralin is not a separate00:11:57
superposition particle, be that as it00:11:59
may, if it some00:12:01
particles You can take a specific00:12:04
hypothesis and see what is predicted00:12:06
for this particle See Can you00:12:09
somehow detect the presence of00:12:11
these particles of the main ideas two or00:12:13
particles interact with themselves in00:12:16
space or with ordinary matter in00:12:18
space and you observe what -these effects00:12:21
That is, these are astronomical00:12:22
detection methods or you catch particles00:12:25
right in the laboratory, that is, you observe00:12:28
some laboratory processes associated00:12:30
with the interaction of particles of dark00:12:32
matter with ordinary matter; the detector,00:12:36
respectively, if we are talking about00:12:39
astronomical methods, the most00:12:41
popular is the search for annihilation00:12:44
in many models00:12:46
particles of dark matter, particles can00:12:49
annihilate each other, but for00:12:52
this it is not necessary that they have a00:12:53
positive and negative charge there. As00:12:55
you understand, there are no zones that perfectly00:12:56
annihilate each other, they are00:12:58
particles themselves, and at the same time normal00:13:02
quanta of electromagnetic radiation are born and in00:13:06
most popular models00:13:09
it turns out that the energy of these banks00:13:12
falls into the gamma range, which is00:13:14
good, even because there are00:13:16
not so many sources in the gamma range. And therefore there is00:13:19
hope of detecting extra00:13:21
gamma radiation, which cannot be00:13:22
explained by anything else. Where to look. So,00:13:25
first of all, you need to look where there is more00:13:27
darkness substances because the probability of00:13:30
interaction of particles is proportional to the00:13:31
square of their density,00:13:34
respectively, you can look at the center of00:13:36
our galaxy in the center of00:13:38
some nearby galaxies or look for a common00:13:41
intercom, this is a simulation of a00:13:43
large-scale structure, a general background from the00:13:45
entire Universe, you can look for an extra homophone in00:13:48
this way people do it all the time00:13:50
and with enviable00:13:56
irregularly but with such repeating00:13:59
frequency, results appear00:14:01
when people00:14:03
claim that they see a gamma signal00:14:07
which, in their opinion, is not explained within the00:14:10
framework of standard astrophysical00:14:12
models, as a rule, it all00:14:13
resolves after more or less00:14:16
time, resolves in rare cases00:14:18
due to the fact that people check the00:14:22
analysis itself and find there are errors. That is, there is00:14:24
simply no extra signal, but more often it00:14:27
resolves because it is possible to find00:14:29
astrophysical candidates for the creation of00:14:32
this extra gamma radiation,00:14:35
respectively, if we leave aside00:14:39
such indirect astronomical00:14:42
searches, that is, direct laboratory00:14:45
searches about LX, I won’t talk about there was00:14:48
Hope, but nothing there have not been found and are unlikely to be00:14:52
found associated with dark matter,00:14:53
but there are a large number of underground00:14:55
laboratories, this is an abstract picture at00:14:58
first glance, this is a diagram of an underground00:15:01
laboratory Grand sasa This is the mountains00:15:03
from above And this is a plan of a00:15:05
complex of halls and tunnels under the mountain in00:15:09
order to be shielded from the background of00:15:11
external particles accordingly, there are00:15:14
several large halls where there is a wide00:15:16
variety of equipment, the00:15:18
operation of which requires such00:15:20
powerful protection from cosmic rays, and in00:15:24
such laboratories Granzasa is not00:15:26
the only one00:15:27
in such laboratories there is quite a00:15:29
lot there, there are about a dozen detectors in the world00:15:31
that search for particles of00:15:34
removable matter using different methods, a00:15:36
noticeable part of these experiments00:15:40
is that people want to00:15:43
observe the scattering of particles of dark00:15:45
matter; they must be quite00:15:46
massive; scattered particles of dark00:15:49
matter on the00:15:50
substance of the detector;00:15:52
and accordingly, the00:15:55
techniques of these experiments are being improved; at the beginning it00:15:58
was very popular because00:15:59
they were very expensive experiments;00:16:01
the rate was very high Well, in general, this is a00:16:04
job. It’s clear that there is a complex of00:16:05
underground laboratories, it must be00:16:07
used, there are some clear00:16:08
methods, you choose from several00:16:11
projects, there were always many that are00:16:14
better, you implement it, it’s not super00:16:16
big money, but gradually it00:16:18
comes to larger and more00:16:20
expensive installations, so probably00:16:23
the number of detectors decreases over00:16:25
time, but the quality increases,00:16:29
one of the00:16:32
last such large bursts was the00:16:35
year 17, when an00:16:40
inexplicable gamma signal from00:16:44
Andromeda was announced. Here it is, the Andromeda Nebula,00:16:47
but in the end it was possible to explain it and the00:16:51
excess of gamma00:16:53
radiation from the central part of our00:16:55
galaxy is constantly discussed here, the main candidates for00:16:58
explaining the excess are almost always00:17:00
millisecond pulsars; they are also00:17:03
sources of gamma radiation and,00:17:05
accordingly, a fairly large00:17:07
population of pulsars. This can00:17:08
explain everything, but inevitably, I would say that00:17:12
every new large00:17:14
cosmic gamma observatory is00:17:16
necessarily included in the program as an important point in the search for a00:17:19
migration signal, that is new00:17:22
large observatories should be there,00:17:23
say, an order of magnitude more sensitive than the00:17:25
previous ones, so what is interesting00:17:28
is important. It is very possible to open in gamma. And in00:17:30
gamma, two super things can be discovered: the00:17:32
annihilation of dark matter and the evaporation of00:17:34
primary blacks.00:17:36
Accordingly, these tasks are00:17:38
necessarily included. Although of course they are00:17:41
impossible to some extent make them00:17:43
the main ones because most likely they wo00:17:45
n’t find anything But fortunately there are a lot of gamma sources00:17:48
And therefore there are always a lot of main tasks00:17:50
You have a huge number of00:17:53
different objects of interesting physicists that00:17:55
are interesting to study, so the gamma-ray00:17:58
observatory is not launched for this purpose,00:17:59
please, first of all, to00:18:01
discover the00:18:03
annihilation signal or the signal from00:18:06
final stages of evaporation of black holes But00:18:08
this, of course, is always very attractive,00:18:11
perhaps00:18:13
good. So let’s summarize some results00:18:16
about dark matter. So,00:18:20
dark matter manifests itself on the00:18:24
scale of the Galaxy cluster; individual00:18:26
galaxies; based00:18:27
on the results of lensing, we see the00:18:31
distribution of mass up to the00:18:34
mass between galaxy clusters;00:18:38
dark matter is an extremely important00:18:41
ingredient modeling the growth of the00:18:42
large-scale structure of the Universe and00:18:45
finally, we have00:18:48
different methods for estimating the total density of00:18:51
the Universe, but for example,00:18:53
we estimate the total density thanks to data on the cosmic00:19:01
microwave background radiation, we can limit the share of baryonic matter by nucleosynthesis and we are left with an00:19:03
inexplicable piece, and then this is dark00:19:07
matter and the beauty is that that all this00:19:09
together is perfectly explained by one00:19:11
hypothesis, I repeat, that we have one00:19:14
type of dark matter, this could be 100:19:17
type of00:19:20
very stable or00:19:23
very stable or very00:19:25
stable elementary particles, the theory00:19:28
predicts the existence of a whole00:19:30
set of such particles, there is plenty to00:19:32
choose from, therefore I would say that00:19:36
[music] a00:19:37
huge complex of various00:19:39
observational data over time. Only00:19:42
more and more strongly testifies in00:19:45
favor of the fact that the dark00:19:46
matter hypothesis is the best, but at the same time It00:19:49
remains a hypothesis, the hypothesis is not00:19:50
the only one, there is a competitor,00:19:52
accordingly, what we hope for.00:19:55
First of all, I would said that first of00:19:58
all, on the detection of the results of00:20:01
annihilation, it could be excess00:20:03
gamma radiation, it could be personal00:20:04
antiparticles as a result of annihilation, they are not00:20:07
necessarily just born, you can00:20:09
have a couple of particles of antiparticles and an00:20:12
excess of antiparticles can also be00:20:14
explained by this, it was a00:20:16
wonderful job, I don’t remember 10 years00:20:19
ago probably at the first lectures I00:20:21
talked about this experiment, this is00:20:23
Pamela’s experiment,00:20:26
we observed them, in particular, positrons in00:20:30
cosmic rays,00:20:32
it was on a small satellite, resource00:20:35
D as an additional load,00:20:36
the satellite is needed for something completely different, and they00:20:39
discovered an excess of positrons, this00:20:41
simply caused a flurry of publications, I don’t know00:20:44
there are a hundred in a week something like that00:20:47
because it could be00:20:49
explained in particular by dark matter and00:20:53
it was extremely interesting and the search for an00:20:55
antiparticle is one of the clear00:20:57
opportunities to also detect an extra00:21:00
animation signal and in this sense00:21:02
it relates to the evaporation of black matter but00:21:06
positrons were successfully explained Although not00:21:09
completely, that is, there is no final00:21:10
confirmation. But it turns out that this is00:21:12
very successfully explained by the work of00:21:14
pulsars.00:21:15
As you remember, when00:21:17
a radio pulsar operates, first of all it does00:21:19
not emit radiation, but the parent00:21:21
wind of particles and basically these are00:21:24
electron positrons, respectively,00:21:27
extra electronics, it is difficult to find them and there are so00:21:29
many of them it’s easy to find extra positrons00:21:31
because there are few of them, so I00:21:35
think this will happen earlier, but reliable00:21:37
registration of dark matter particles is,00:21:39
of course, laboratory registration, so00:21:41
even if there are very reliable data on00:21:45
registration of the migration signal,00:21:48
nevertheless, laboratory experiments will not only00:21:50
not stop, but on the contrary, they may00:21:52
begin carry out more intensively00:21:54
because the range of parameters will narrow,00:21:56
the disk will become clear,00:21:57
well,00:22:00
let's move on, let's00:22:02
look again, let's see,00:22:06
let's see00:22:08
This is a rather old video00:22:10
showing the growth of a cluster of galaxies, a00:22:15
group of galaxies is better to say These are not00:22:18
clusters, in fact, the formation of large00:22:20
Galaxy and its satellites00:22:22
on the left, the results were of modern00:22:24
modeling00:22:26
The Galaxy is being formed as a result of the00:22:27
merger of a large number of dark heads, that00:22:31
is, all that you see in this00:22:33
picture, by and large, this dark00:22:34
matter, in fact, I repeat, there are00:22:38
5/6 of dark matter, 1/6 of ordinary00:22:41
matter, but ordinary matter here00:22:43
behaves the same way as dark matter00:22:45
doesn’t manifest itself in any way, but it was necessary to move on and in the00:22:49
last 10 or so years people have00:22:52
made very big steps in this00:22:54
direction, the00:22:55
first large such program, there were00:22:57
several of them in the world, now00:22:59
there was a program and the idea was00:23:03
that you carry out modeling for a very00:23:06
large volume, that is one that is00:23:09
already quite homogeneous The Universe is00:23:12
heterogeneous on a small scale Yes, somewhere00:23:14
there is Moscow where you have practically nothing00:23:19
on a large scale on the scale of hundreds of00:23:22
millions of light years let's say the Universe00:23:24
becomes homogeneous we model00:23:26
such a large scale and model it00:23:28
from primary fluctuations somewhere00:23:31
red displacement 30 from the first from the00:23:34
first ten million years of the life of00:23:36
the Universe to the present day, people did this00:23:39
50 years ago, it is important to what level you00:23:41
reach what resolution do you find the00:23:44
level you have00:23:47
n’t reached yet, but have reached the level of details00:23:50
of the Galaxy This was an important step00:23:52
modeling the chandelier They could00:23:55
simulate in their program the00:23:58
evolution of a huge number of galaxies, groups of00:24:00
galaxies, clusters of galaxies,00:24:02
superclusters of galaxies, and00:24:05
in these pictures this is shown00:24:08
accordingly, the history of00:24:12
three galaxies is shown here, time goes from left to right,00:24:15
time is scaled through00:24:18
redshift Z5 Z4 Z3 Z2 Z1 z0 this is00:24:23
our time00:24:24
Z1 says that between this00:24:28
cell the Universe stretched twice00:24:33
and, accordingly, Z5 says that00:24:35
between this and this cell the00:24:37
Universe stretched 6 times, that is, the00:24:39
coefficient Z plus 1,00:24:42
and here it is shown what00:24:45
the Galaxy really looks like in ordinary matter. That00:24:48
is, this is no longer dark matter and the00:24:51
modeling takes into account that Well, of course,00:24:53
not at the level of an individual star, but00:24:55
it is taken into account that stars are born, they00:24:58
can explode as supernovae,00:25:00
eject matter, emit energy,00:25:01
impulses into the external environment,00:25:04
quasars can be launched, that is, the00:25:06
reverse influence of matter on the00:25:09
dynamics of the formation of the Galaxy is taken into account, so00:25:11
we see How00:25:13
the appearance of the Galaxy is changing, here there is00:25:16
clearly rapid star formation, see00:25:19
no obvious bulge yet,00:25:21
many star formation regions have not stood out. Everything00:25:23
has a rather complex shape, so the00:25:25
Galaxies are slowly standing out. The00:25:27
central part, and finally it00:25:28
becomes a galaxy like this. The00:25:32
colors we see around here are not chosen randomly. this00:25:36
really corresponds to the00:25:37
visual image of galaxies, that is,00:25:40
yellow stars give such a00:25:42
blue color, if there is dust,00:25:46
it gives us redness, such, that00:25:49
is, the resolution has been brought up, this is very important00:25:51
to the resolution that the00:25:53
Hubble telescope gives for distant00:25:55
galaxies. You can compare the results of00:25:58
calculations with real galaxies00:26:01
and this, of course, was a big step forward and00:26:03
I repeat. It’s good that there are several00:26:05
such programs, they just check each00:26:07
other, here again the growth of00:26:11
several large galaxies is shown, here is a00:26:18
Galaxy that will become a disk spiral like ours. Here is a Galaxy that will become a disk one. But00:26:20
cool, and here is a Galaxy that00:26:22
will become electric Pay attention in the00:26:24
past They were all so very00:26:26
curly. Well, that00:26:29
is, you can understand how you go on the subway. And there are00:26:31
three guys sitting there,00:26:35
about 50 years old, like me, and now they are so00:26:39
neat, some may be00:26:41
partially bald, but you are not you know00:26:43
what they were like there 20 years ago,00:26:45
maybe they wore dreadlocks, Iroquois,00:26:48
something else, it was some kind of stormy00:26:50
youth, maybe it wasn’t and it was00:26:52
unlucky, but there were always galaxies00:26:54
And00:26:56
now we can better understand how this00:26:59
happens, compare it with using observations00:27:01
to correct theoretical models. That00:27:03
is, this is such a normal way00:27:05
of cognition when the result, in principle,00:27:06
is a model.00:27:08
We want to understand, we need to get this into our00:27:11
head. Or at least draw00:27:12
pictures to understand how they draw with a00:27:14
computer. But since we can’t do this right away,00:27:17
we could be wrong. then00:27:20
we need to compare with observations00:27:21
When you achieve00:27:23
ideal matching, you seem to be saying00:27:26
that at home we understand everything well, here00:27:36
you can see the beautiful results of mergers. That is, all these strange arcs and sleeves, first here, but here, too, you can see these are the results of the merger of the Galaxy with00:27:39
quite massive satellites00:27:41
incomparable in mass of the Galaxy itself but00:27:44
quite massive which give such00:27:46
beautiful large details,00:27:49
respectively, I repeat that everything can be00:27:51
calculated from primary fluctuations, that00:27:54
is, from very large scales to the00:27:55
formation of00:27:56
individual galaxies with their satellite, you00:28:00
can calculate the formation of galaxies of00:28:03
different types, that is, compare with00:28:05
observations to determine share of galaxies00:28:06
of different types,00:28:08
all the Galaxies at our moment are shown here00:28:10
as they are reproduced and chandeliers00:28:13
are disk Galaxies here all the00:28:17
spirals are shown enviable No there are00:28:20
elliptical Galaxies it is clear that there is00:28:23
no blue color here because there00:28:25
is no fresh star formation all the gas00:28:27
is in such a shape in such a00:28:29
state that the00:28:31
Jeans mass is very large and00:28:34
therefore the formation process does not proceed00:28:36
and various irregular galaxies are00:28:39
obvious results of recent mergers00:28:41
to galaxies there with some very vigorous00:28:45
star formation that ultimately show00:28:48
such an irregular structure,00:28:52
such a problem existed for a long time The00:28:55
problem of the properties of our local group of00:28:59
galaxies could not be solved combine00:29:02
the result of calculations with observational data,00:29:05
in fact, what is the problem, how does this00:29:08
bright beautiful picture differ from00:29:10
this one, here the dark matter00:29:12
in the local group of galaxies is shown, remember the00:29:14
local group, this is us, fog from Andromeda,00:29:16
big things clouds Galaxy in a00:29:17
triangle, but there are still many all sorts of00:29:19
satellites, sometimes with beautiful ones with00:29:21
rather boring names M3200:29:24
here shows dark matter if we00:29:27
saw it. But this is what it really is00:29:30
and, accordingly, two large00:29:33
Galaxies are visible, but also every little thing,00:29:35
it was really possible to show that00:29:38
in many of these dark heads the00:29:43
star formation process does not start,00:29:45
just that is, this picture it seems to be00:29:48
correct, that is, indeed, in the00:29:49
local group of galaxies there are many small00:29:51
hungers. There is ordinary matter mixed with00:29:53
dark matter, but ordinary matter does not go00:29:56
into the stage when star formation begins,00:30:01
if we do, it means that at the level of00:30:03
individual galaxies it is important that Galaxies00:30:05
interact with each other This is a00:30:07
normal process of Galaxies growing,00:30:08
merging with each other, this is a well-known00:30:11
beautiful pair of galaxies, the photo is very00:30:14
old, these are still plates from I think00:30:16
black and white, sometime in the 60s and00:30:19
seventies. And this modeling is00:30:21
also, generally speaking, quite old,00:30:22
designed specifically to show us this pair of galaxies.00:30:27
Well, this is happening approximately the following as a00:30:30
result of the interaction of galaxies,00:30:32
naturally, some part of the matter00:30:34
may be lost as a result of this,00:30:39
but in general there is an enlargement00:30:42
of the Galaxy, remember the transformation of planets00:30:44
there is such a problem If you00:30:46
collide two ten-meter stones,00:30:48
they scatter into dust And if you00:30:50
collide two ten-kilometer bodies00:30:53
two such planets have already wintered, then they00:30:56
want to lose some of the matter, but they00:30:58
will collect a lot of their gravity And therefore,00:31:00
growth will continue if00:31:03
bodies with dimensions of 10,10000:31:05
thousand kilometers collide with you The planet is growing Well,00:31:07
Galaxies are also mostly growing And let us also00:31:10
remember the collision of galaxies00:31:12
can lead to the fact that00:31:16
if you will simply have an area00:31:20
filled with gas without dark matter and00:31:24
this gas can form a small00:31:25
Galaxy As a result, you will get a00:31:28
Galaxy without dark matter00:31:29
collision Galaxy one of the ways is00:31:31
the separation of ordinary matter and dark matter00:31:34
if we collide Galaxies as in the00:31:36
previous one Let's go back here for a00:31:38
second this Two normal, rather00:31:40
large Galaxies and we can expect that00:31:43
each had a supermassive Black Hole in the center00:31:46
and, accordingly, if two Galaxies00:31:48
merge, then the black holes being the most00:31:51
massive objects in the galaxy, it doesn’t matter00:31:54
that the Galaxy itself is a thousand times more00:31:55
massive, the Black Hole is still00:31:57
superior to everyone individually and they will00:32:00
descend quite effectively to the minimum of the00:32:03
total gravitational potential, that00:32:05
is, to the center. So there is an00:32:07
obvious prediction, if we see this, then we00:32:10
should see double supermassive00:32:12
black ones, and indeed we see such00:32:14
objects, we see them very differently, the right00:32:16
picture is more boring, this is the X-ray00:32:18
data, the square we clearly we see two00:32:22
central sources in this galaxy,00:32:25
they are quite powerful00:32:27
and Paddington luminosity,00:32:30
we understand that we need00:32:33
supermassive black holes to00:32:34
explain each of these sources, that00:32:36
is, the Galaxy obviously, like many00:32:38
galaxies,00:32:41
experienced a major merger with ours, as00:32:44
you remember, by the way, it’s interesting the film00:32:47
Heart of a Dog is a lot of I watched your00:32:48
two-part series well, yes, because the00:32:52
main event in my life is the main00:32:54
event of your life in the future,00:32:56
remember the fortune tellers, here we have00:32:59
the main merger in the future, the merger with the00:33:01
Andromeda nebula, but some have00:33:03
already had it, it’s very beautiful, there are two00:33:06
pairs of jets, that is, here is one center00:33:08
from where 2G it comes out Here is another center00:33:10
from where 2 Jets come out this is00:33:12
lozar 375 respectively here00:33:16
obviously we have two black holes if00:33:19
we see them so well Individually there is a00:33:22
very large distance between them and00:33:25
These black holes will not merge in the next 1000:33:29
billion years but in00:33:32
some cases it turns out differently00:33:34
and accordingly we can expect the00:33:37
merger of supermassive black holes, this is an00:33:39
important prediction because in the future it00:33:41
will be possible to observe the merger of black00:33:45
holes, the most important thing is that a powerful00:33:47
gravitational wave signal is emitted,00:33:49
the signal is emitted if you have00:33:51
two point bodies rotating suddenly around each other,00:33:54
the signal is released but doubled00:33:56
orbital purity That is, if the orbital period is00:34:01
a year, then the period of the wave will be six months00:34:07
Estimate the orbital period quite00:34:09
simply, we can00:34:11
make a very simple assessment like this, very00:34:14
childish We have00:34:24
Kepler’s law, yes you can see Turn on the light, it’s00:34:28
visible more or less but everything is simple here, you00:34:30
should know Kepler's law without me,00:34:32
respectively, at the final stages of00:34:35
the merger. You can say that the semi-major00:34:37
axis of the orbit is approximately several00:34:42
Schwarzened radii of the black hole, the00:34:44
Schlakshierd Radius is 2G per C00:34:47
square, well, and accordingly, all this00:34:50
can be put there and we will get the00:34:52
characteristic times that is, characteristic00:34:56
Let's still write00:35:00
pravitational waves at a later stage the root will be00:35:05
4 pi square Well, let me have a Black00:35:09
hole Well, okay, I'll leave the same ones,00:35:11
you can just put two of them,00:35:14
and instead I'll substitute this thing, that00:35:18
is, two m by C square in cube up to,00:35:24
well, you can try. If you put a00:35:27
mass like 10 million masses of the sun in there,00:35:30
then you will get some times there of the00:35:32
order of one month one month This is00:35:35
what we have 10 500:35:38
10 6 3 by 10 6 seconds in this spirit should00:35:42
get00:35:43
This quite long times,00:35:45
respectively, to get the00:35:47
wavelength, you multiply the speed of light by this00:35:49
time, you get a larger wavelength.00:35:51
By the way, I forgot,00:35:54
we have a doubled Orbital, which means the00:35:57
frequency is higher, the period is smaller, that is, so00:36:01
we need to add two,00:36:03
it’s clear. Yes, why is the two because of the doubled00:36:06
we move from orbital period to the00:36:09
period of the wave,00:36:12
to register such waves, large00:36:15
detectors are needed and these are space detectors,00:36:18
respectively, the00:36:20
distance between the satellites is00:36:24
several million kilometers.00:36:26
This is what it turns out to be00:36:29
somewhat 10-11 cm,00:36:34
respectively, you can00:36:36
estimate for which black holes it is00:36:40
suitable, respectively, the00:36:42
Schwartzuld radius is three kilometers00:36:44
for the masses of the sun are 3 million00:36:46
kilometers. Well, three million kilometers00:36:48
means about a million masses of the sun. Well, the00:36:53
cosmic interferometer is most00:36:55
sensitive to mergers of blacks with masses of00:36:59
about a million masses of the sun.00:37:01
Well, they will see something like 1000:37:03
million there, that is, not some kind of hard00:37:05
limit, millions characteristic value of the sun,00:37:09
but you can look for longer waves00:37:13
because there are black holes with masses of a00:37:16
billion from the sun and the main thing is not00:37:19
only their bursts, but while you have these00:37:22
black holes getting closer they still00:37:25
emit, that is, the Universe is filled with00:37:28
pairs of black holes that emit00:37:30
gravitational waves to different frequencies00:37:34
and, accordingly, you can look for this00:37:36
signal and00:37:39
the best approach to this was invented by Mikhail00:37:42
Vasilyevich Sazhin in traffic police in00:37:45
1978, the idea is this:00:37:50
if a gravitational wave passes through here,00:37:53
then here00:37:55
space time changes periodically,00:37:57
respectively, we look out through00:38:00
this distorted space time and00:38:02
external events will seem00:38:04
distorted to us, we need some very00:38:07
accurate stable external events.00:38:09
Observing which we understand that a00:38:11
gravitational wave is passing through us. In order not to be00:38:13
confused, we need to observe many00:38:15
such events throughout the sky so that it does not00:38:19
turn out that there is a problem with a00:38:21
specific source.00:38:24
a person comes to the doctor, I have such a00:38:26
problem, it’s just a nightmare, look, it00:38:29
hurts like that, it hurts like that, it hurts like that, it00:38:31
hurts, it hurts, it’s understandable That00:38:37
is, if you see everywhere Well, it’s like00:38:41
about the same effect, in reality,00:38:43
you see correlations This means that00:38:46
something is happening to you, especially if00:38:49
the objects are not connected for a reason and the idea00:38:51
is that you can00:38:52
observe a certain number in real life,00:38:56
these are dozens of00:38:57
radio pulsars all over the sky,00:38:59
radio pulsars with a very precise time of00:39:02
arrival of the pulse. That is, as a rule,00:39:03
it is necessary for such high stability00:39:05
requires a high rotation frequency and these are00:39:09
always millisecond pulsars. That is,00:39:12
now there are several projects working, three00:39:14
are working and two are still starting to work00:39:17
European American Well, conditionally,00:39:19
this Australian one00:39:21
is starting to work Indian Chinese00:39:24
projects, in each project there are00:39:25
several dozen pulsars somehow00:39:28
scattered around the sky00:39:30
and, accordingly,00:39:34
correlated failures are observed are not observed,00:39:36
correlations are sought in the failures of the00:39:40
arrival of pulses from these pulsars if a00:39:43
gravitational wave passes, that is,00:39:45
predictions of what the distribution will look like,00:39:46
what the correlation will00:39:49
look like, that is, people know what they are looking for,00:39:52
here it is schematically shown that if we have00:39:55
space-time curved here then00:39:57
these are signals from different sources and00:40:00
they will all be somehow distorted and there will be00:40:04
some kind of correlation, this is a picture from work00:40:07
seven years ago00:40:09
and seven years ago. These three projects00:40:12
have begun to approach the sensitivity00:40:15
which already falls into an interesting00:40:17
strategic range, which means I repeat.00:40:19
They are not looking for separate bursts They are looking00:40:22
rather for gravitational wave noise00:40:24
that is emitted by a large set of00:40:27
double black holes in the Universe of double00:40:29
supermassive black holes in the Universe Well,00:40:32
since then all the groups have continued00:40:34
to work, but so far Unfortunately they have00:40:37
n’t seen anything special two years ago the00:40:40
American nanograph group announced00:40:42
that they see some kind of Signal,00:40:45
this is, respectively, data from different00:40:47
pulsars based on the deviations of their pulses And00:40:51
this is the distance between the pulses in the sky Well,00:40:54
they see some kind of correlation,00:40:56
amazingly, it is completely00:40:57
different from what is predicted for00:40:59
gravitational noise,00:41:00
the signal is not to say that it is very it is strong,00:41:03
but it is a significant signal; it is00:41:05
unknown how it is explained. Therefore,00:41:08
accordingly, people are waiting for other00:41:10
groups to reach the same level of00:41:12
sensitivity and this is apparently just00:41:15
a matter of several years, that is, apparently00:41:18
in the coming years there will be00:41:21
some clarity on this signal, this00:41:23
will be quite interesting ok So00:41:27
I have a little time left, I wanted to00:41:31
write a couple of simple examples for you on the board00:41:34
just so that you have some useful estimates00:41:36
in your heads,00:41:42
so00:41:44
let’s start with what it means, well, first of all, let00:41:48
’s estimate the mass of the Galaxy, it’s all very00:41:51
simple here we have a Galaxy00:41:53
disk And all this is immersed in a large halo; the00:41:57
characteristic size of the Gala is 10000:41:59
kiloparsecs and we know that the00:42:03
radial velocity curve somehow00:42:06
stretches to large distances up00:42:08
to these same00:42:12
kiloparsecs and the speed is about 220 by 220; it’s00:42:16
just a number easier to remember than 20000:42:22
and, accordingly, that we get00:42:24
mass in this volume, I will assume that the00:42:27
enchantingly symmetrical distribution of00:42:30
mass in this volume will be squared by R00:42:33
divided by 2G is correct00:42:37
if it is incorrect to say00:42:41
2gm by R00:42:45
so well that I end00:42:49
up with00:42:50
two and two squared by 10 is 10/700:42:56
squared 1014 correct for a radius of 10000:43:00
kilo parsecs 100 kilos is 10 in 500:43:05
parsecs this is 31 by 1018 centimeters here00:43:10
I have a deuce left here what is there 66700:43:13
by 10 minus 800:43:16
equals equals equals00:43:19
one deuce I will reduce it00:43:23
will remain a deuce 2 by 3 6 has been reduced, that00:43:28
is, these coefficients seem to be going away.00:43:30
I hope I haven’t lost the two anywhere, so all that00:43:33
remains is to collect the orders00:43:37
somewhere, there should be00:43:44
must be.00:43:46
So we are collecting the order 10-19 10 18 37 and00:43:53
another 845 1045 grams,00:43:57
this is respectively 1/ 2 by 10-12 masses of00:44:01
the sun Well, 1/2 you understand, this is such a00:44:04
value of the order of units,00:44:07
so you and I don’t really00:44:11
remember anything except the rotation curve,00:44:13
we got that the mass of the galaxy is 10-1200:44:18
masses of the sun, what else can we say?00:44:21
So here00:44:24
we have, as it were00:44:27
we have a hot gas00:44:30
and point B We will have00:44:33
about this gas gas in Gal00:44:38
let's ask a simple question What is the00:44:40
temperature of this gas00:44:42
with the temperature of this Gas Everything is clear00:44:47
because we have a system implemented00:44:52
and accordingly the00:44:55
gravitational energy is double00:44:58
the kinetic in this case thermal and00:45:01
therefore we can write that the three second00:45:04
CT we believe that this is hydrogen, all the00:45:06
particles are the same Well, it doesn’t matter to us at all00:45:08
What kind of00:45:16
GM it will be for mass, particles for size Well, if00:45:21
you want, add 1/2 to taste, this, in00:45:23
principle, is not very important and from here00:45:26
you can express the temperature here if you00:45:28
do the math, I got 2 by 10 600:45:32
cells of the00:45:34
Patsays, a mass of 10-12, which is what it is, that00:45:40
is, our galaxy is filled with00:45:43
such coronal gas, remember we00:45:45
said that the stellar medium has different00:45:47
phases, different states, and in particular, there is a00:45:50
state of coronal gas, and finally the00:45:53
last example is00:45:55
we we know that there is the Andromeda Nebula,00:45:59
we know that there is our Milky Way Galaxy00:46:02
and they are falling on each other, the00:46:05
distance between them is 770 kiloparsecs,00:46:08
which I substituted, it was interesting00:46:10
to imagine 750 kiloparsecs, it’s probably00:46:13
easier to calculate this way, let’s write 750 parsecs00:46:16
between them and they are falling on each other,00:46:20
falling on each other friend under the influence of their00:46:23
own gravity, their mass is00:46:25
approximately the same00:46:31
10-12 mass We will assume that they are00:46:34
the same and ask And when will they00:46:35
fall How long to wait, maybe you have00:46:39
some plans, then it all counts, it’s all00:46:43
fantastically simple,00:46:44
firstly, we again remember00:46:50
Kepler’s law00:46:55
and then we remember a very simple thing,00:46:58
look,00:47:00
here I have an ellipse. Yes,00:47:03
accordingly, this00:47:08
is the major axis, that is, two, and this is the00:47:11
semi-major axis00:47:14
and the ellipse is characterized by some kind of00:47:17
eccentricity. But let me be.00:47:20
Let me somewhere have a focus ellipse00:47:24
if I increase the eccentricity of the ellipse00:47:27
becomes even more elongated for me00:47:30
and the focus shifts even closer here.00:47:34
That is, I do not change00:47:36
the semi-axis of the orbit, I only change00:47:39
the eccentricity,00:47:41
it stretches me out and in the00:47:44
limit Naturally it stretches out into a00:47:46
thread like this00:47:48
Well, that is, this is a completely elongated one00:47:50
and back00:47:53
like this I have one body here, another body00:47:56
here, the second one is actually in focus00:47:58
at the moment00:48:00
and it turns out very simply that the00:48:03
time of fall00:48:05
is equal to 1/2 of the00:48:08
orbital period00:48:11
because they fall on each other under the00:48:14
influence of their own gravity, but00:48:15
consider that this body is falling on this the00:48:17
time of fall is one-half of the00:48:18
orbital period And now we00:48:20
can simply, according to Hitler’s law, calculate the00:48:21
time of fall of00:48:24
m31 on us, respectively, it will be00:48:29
1/2 of the root 4 square and the cube is M1 plus00:48:37
m2 Let’s substitute then we’ll do it00:48:41
Well, what’s two pi, I’ll get two00:48:46
that means there will be a root of00:48:50
750 cubed00:48:53
3.1 cubed00:48:57
10 to 9 because there is a kilo parsec and00:49:02
1018 cubed 254 here00:49:06
respectively 6 and 7 let by 10 minus00:49:09
8 two00:49:12
10-12 sun 10 12 2 at 10:3300:49:18
well let’s see what we have left and00:49:29
7 and 5 in a cube00:49:32
3 in a cube00:49:34
divide by 4 by 6 and 7 we collect the orders one00:49:40
two in a cube 600:49:43
plus 9 is 15 plus 54 This is 6900:49:50
69 plus 8 more 7700:49:55
77 And this is 45 Correct 77 -4500:50:01
this is 32 correct00:50:04
103200:50:07
Very good Very good that means it will be00:50:12
three pi I'll take the three out of here now00:50:16
I'll set it aside00:50:17
by seven and a half by 10-1600:50:22
And everything else is actually all00:50:25
approximate disappears Yes because it will become00:50:28
7.5 sixes will be approximately reduced from the00:50:30
construction site four It will be approximately00:50:32
reduced here Good00:50:35
well, that00:50:37
means I get about two00:50:43
and one but two with a tail of some kind00:50:48
for 10-17 and pi and you remember that in the year00:50:53
pi for 10 seventh seconds is a second one00:50:56
year is approximately equal to pi for 10 seventh00:51:00
seconds So I did it approximately00:51:05
20 billion years, about00:51:08
three I lost it, so it00:51:10
turns out when I calculated on a piece of paper00:51:14
I got 7 billion years there, but00:51:16
we got the characteristic time correctly,00:51:17
I don’t know where I lost the three,00:51:19
respectively, the time of fall. This is00:51:23
several billion years, it is our00:51:25
Galaxy on this optimistic note.00:51:28
five-minute break00:51:33
and I remind you But I hope that everyone00:51:35
present knows that the lecture00:51:38
is posted on my Xray page by00:51:41
themselves suru slash Tilda polar further00:51:44
section of the lecture Well, our course is at the top and the00:51:47
slides of all lectures are there too Well, as00:51:50
everything is uploaded video In00:51:53
each lecture I attach a direct link to00:51:55
YouTube and in my YouTube channel They are00:51:58
collected in a single playlist Well,00:52:00
accordingly, you can go through this way,00:52:03
you can go through this way, you can go directly through the channel00:52:06
As convenient for you,00:52:08
okay, and we move on to the chat to our00:52:12
final topic on cosmology of which00:52:16
we will talk for the rest of the time00:52:18
today and two pairs next time00:52:20
we will start with the fact that I may even00:52:23
repeat some things, I want to emphasize00:52:26
that00:52:27
there is, again, a huge complex of00:52:30
observational data that shows00:52:32
us the evolving universe, this is very00:52:34
important because only 100 years00:52:37
ago the00:52:38
idea of an evolving universe was00:52:41
just fantastically psychologically00:52:43
uncomfortable for many people and Einstein00:52:46
came up with the lambda term as a00:52:49
technological constant, as if dark00:52:52
energy, in order to solve this00:52:55
problem in order to make00:52:57
the universe eternal and unchanging as a whole, but00:53:00
we know that in general it is00:53:01
evolving, we have a lot of00:53:04
observational data, in particular, there are deep00:53:06
deep fields of Hubble, soon00:53:09
there will be deep fields of James Webb,00:53:14
respectively, here we can get00:53:17
to the very early history of galaxies, but with00:53:20
James Webb we will get to the00:53:22
formation of the very first00:53:24
galaxies and we can look at this00:53:28
whole picture in more detail in more detail finally00:53:30
we can zoom in again we saw00:53:32
such a picture00:53:33
these are indeed generally distant00:53:37
Galaxies and we see that their shape is far00:53:40
from what we see our surroundings00:53:43
and accordingly we can Well of course not00:53:47
for one Galaxy but we can00:53:48
build such a gallery as00:53:51
Galaxies change characteristically from time to time there from the00:53:55
first billion years of the life of the Universe to00:53:57
the present day, we can by the way compare this with the00:54:00
results of the calculation of the complex and the chandelier00:54:03
with or something similar Needles there are new00:54:06
reincarnations of the chandelier00:54:08
and we will see that is, we are we are seeing00:54:12
voucha We see that the world galaxies are changing,00:54:14
we see the era when it begins00:54:17
to form and part of the history of the Universe00:54:21
is given to us, for example, through this data,00:54:23
through the history of the formation of galaxies, we00:54:27
see How structures are formed This is00:54:29
an image of a cluster of galaxies, you see the00:54:31
effect of lensing on the cluster, that is,00:54:35
we see distant Galaxies through00:54:37
the cluster and therefore they00:54:40
appearance and I will say some very weakly But00:54:43
it is clear that in general they form into00:54:46
such a structure of00:54:48
concentric pieces of some kind00:54:52
and this, in addition to allowing us to00:54:55
determine the mass of clusters, which is important,00:54:57
allows us to study many other things and00:55:00
Observing a large number of00:55:02
galaxy clusters We nevertheless see an era00:55:05
when a cluster of galaxies is simply00:55:07
not yet formed, we see the evolution of the00:55:10
large-scale structure of the Universe and00:55:12
this picture, too, in my opinion, we saw the right00:55:16
picture, this is a thoughtful inner00:55:18
square and here there are Six galaxies00:55:20
at Redshift 5.3,00:55:23
which corresponds to approximately the first00:55:25
billion years of the life of the Universe, these00:55:28
Galaxies00:55:29
are located close to each other in00:55:32
three-dimensional space, we can00:55:34
calculate that in the future they will form a00:55:36
cluster, but at that moment the cluster is00:55:38
not there00:55:39
yet. Gravity needs to work to00:55:42
form a cluster,00:55:45
we saw this video. I don’t know whether it will work00:55:47
here or not. It won’t00:55:51
work for me. But it will work. Hurray for this00:55:54
accordingly, computer00:55:56
modeling of the formation of elements of the00:55:58
scale structure and it all begins,00:56:00
we saw z28 approximately, that is,00:56:03
the Universe was 30 times smaller00:56:04
compared to its00:56:06
modern size, but00:56:10
the size of the Cube is artificially maintained up to Otherwise, we did00:56:13
not see anything, we can00:56:16
study the formation of galaxies of clusters of00:56:20
galaxies on different scales00:56:22
to compare this with observations and00:56:25
some time ago,00:56:30
the word laniacs appeared in the vocabulary of educated people.00:56:36
This is our supercluster of galaxies. Our00:56:39
galaxy is part of the local group.00:56:53
100 thousand large galaxies are00:56:55
approximately half a billion light00:56:58
years in diameter and today00:57:01
superclusters are the largest00:57:02
structures that exist in the Universe,00:57:05
no more structures will arise, and00:57:07
moreover, if dark energy does not00:57:09
decay into anything, the surroundings of superclusters of00:57:12
galaxies will begin to fly apart over time,00:57:16
accordingly, this is an understanding of that how00:57:19
Laniakia behaves It arises from a00:57:21
complex of observational data on a00:57:24
large number of galaxies We, of course, do not00:57:26
see how they move,00:57:28
we can measure00:57:30
velocities along the line of sight, only00:57:34
transverse movement; we do not00:57:36
observe any00:57:37
accuracy for this is not enough. But00:57:41
nevertheless, having analyzed a large complex of00:57:43
data on these velocities we can00:57:44
reproduce how everything happens, it’s00:57:46
quite funny,00:57:49
there’s this, our cluster, and here’s the00:57:52
neighboring cluster that’s forming, that00:57:54
is, along all these trajectories there’s an00:57:56
animation of it, you can find it at this00:57:59
address, this is the work, respectively,00:58:01
September 14,00:58:05
our supercluster is being formed.00:58:08
Galaxies move along these trajectories00:58:11
everything flows here and here a00:58:14
large massive object is formed. But here everything00:58:16
flows in the other direction,00:58:18
respectively, somewhere there is00:58:19
a watershed, it looks like a system of two00:58:22
giant rivers on the continent, here it is00:58:25
somewhere here, the watershed passes00:58:27
from here, it will flow here, and from here it will flow00:58:30
here and in Laplata,00:58:32
accordingly, there are also areas where00:58:36
Galaxies seem to be close, but they will00:58:38
move in different directions and we can00:58:41
say that they already belong to different00:58:43
superclusters, but most likely in the00:58:45
future, due to the accelerated expansion of the00:58:46
Universe, they will still be separated from these clusters.00:58:49
Please note although in00:58:51
principle it’s like a00:58:54
quasi-three-dimensional picture, yes,00:58:57
and it exists, and in three degrees it can even be00:59:00
rotated, but the axes are not written in00:59:04
parsecs of light years. But in general, at00:59:06
speeds of kilometers per second,00:59:08
this is due to the fact that we still receive data00:59:10
through measurement speeds at00:59:14
large distances for a large00:59:16
number of galaxies that are00:59:17
used here, individual determination00:59:19
of distances does not work00:59:22
through some objects there, I don’t know00:59:25
the correlation of parameters, something else,00:59:27
you determine everything through speed and00:59:30
then recalculate within a00:59:31
certain model, but everything works00:59:33
quite well And in in particular, we00:59:36
are beginning to understand quite well how00:59:38
our supercluster of galaxies lives, how it grows, how it develops, we00:59:41
can go to an00:59:43
even larger scale. Let’s pay00:59:45
attention. Here it is 12 thousand kilometers per00:59:49
second, here it is already 20 thousand. That is, this is a slightly00:59:52
larger scale, this whole00:59:55
beautiful fibrous structure of the Universe is00:59:57
Well there are people who believe that it is00:59:59
fractal, in fact it’s nothing so01:00:01
simple,01:00:02
its properties differ from the classical01:00:05
fractal. But01:00:08
something formed on a small scale01:00:11
can be part of something even larger,01:00:13
that is, there are large01:00:16
density fluctuations, for example, there is such a large01:00:18
density fluctuation from a tractor Shepley01:00:21
Shepele remember we met in the Great01:00:23
Disk Curtis Shepele This is the same one01:00:28
and because somewhere Yes here the Great01:00:31
Attractor was once considered such an01:00:33
amazing mystery but there is a01:00:35
Shepley attractor he is even more a01:00:38
local group somewhere here we01:00:40
are01:00:41
accordingly here here our01:00:43
supercluster is growing, here is Perseus Pisces01:00:46
supercluster, here it is Persia Pisces, here is01:00:49
ours01:00:52
somewhere here And all this is involved in an even01:00:56
larger movement, but naturally01:00:58
if somewhere it is added somewhere it01:01:00
is decreased, that is, the area01:01:02
from which the substance flows out. There was not01:01:05
enough mass here, well and accordingly,01:01:07
its people love beautiful names. If this is a01:01:10
great attractor, then it is01:01:13
called a dipole repeller, but naturally there is01:01:14
no repulsive force,01:01:17
that is, if a brick falls on your head,01:01:19
not because the sky pushed it away;01:01:21
the sky did not accept it, but then they accidentally came out. That’s01:01:25
not how it works, but We can01:01:29
study the dynamics on this scale01:01:31
precisely through observation,01:01:34
not quite directly of course, but still01:01:37
through observation and this is important. Once01:01:41
again, here is the skeleton of the Universe01:01:44
assembled from dark matter and it is clear01:01:48
that the matter flows along the fibers to areas01:01:50
where these brighter areas are brighter also01:01:55
gravitationally interact with each01:01:57
other, so there may be some kind01:01:58
of complex large-scale movement01:02:01
and, accordingly, from the dark areas01:02:04
the matter, if there is something left there, it01:02:06
can flow away, that is, the size of the warriors01:02:09
will grow over time, these Bubbles voids01:02:13
naturally increase in the expansion of the Universe size we01:02:16
were talking about these dark01:02:17
matter fibers just now so I scrolled through01:02:19
pretty quickly this is another picture01:02:22
that we didn’t have yet01:02:24
[music] a01:02:26
fiber was discovered near a quasar01:02:30
quite distant Z2 and 3 This is several01:02:33
billion light years away from us several01:02:37
light years under 10 almost it turns out that a01:02:40
lot was discovered, a gas filament with a01:02:43
length of more than a million light01:02:45
years was discovered, that is, a Quasar cannot01:02:47
throw one out, it is too large,01:02:49
it is too large, obviously, but still01:02:52
it is an element of a large-scale01:02:54
structure for once registered by01:02:55
ordinary matter, the observations were carried out01:02:57
in the hydrogen line,01:03:03
remember that we01:03:06
we observe the01:03:08
dynamics in the chemical composition of the Universe,01:03:10
we can study the chemical evolution01:03:12
of our galaxy, identify stars there of01:03:15
different ages of different populations,01:03:18
study how the chemical composition has changed, and we can01:03:21
study the chemical composition of the gas between the01:03:25
Arctic clouds at high01:03:27
redshifts and we see that there is gas there of a01:03:32
very low-metal personality. That is, this is a01:03:34
completely separate Aspect of evolution, we01:03:36
looked at the Aspect of evolution01:03:37
associated with the formation of galaxies with01:03:40
the formation of different structures there, from01:03:42
clusters to spheres of clusters, there is01:03:43
chemical evolution. The Galaxy from this01:03:45
point of view, the Universe also appears as01:03:48
evolving people are constantly looking for01:03:51
more and more metallic01:03:53
Clouds there large redshifts01:03:55
to finally discover clouds of01:03:58
primary composition where there was no01:04:01
injection of heavy elements at all due to the01:04:04
vital activity of stars, in this case01:04:07
Z7 is already less than one billion01:04:11
years after the big bang and a01:04:14
cloud of very01:04:15
low metallicity was discovered,01:04:18
as a result we see that the entire universe01:04:21
is evolving and this very diverse01:04:23
independent data01:04:25
another piece of data is very interesting01:04:28
related to the cosmic microwave background radiation I once01:04:31
mentioned that the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation01:04:33
This is a rather dramatic01:04:35
story because it was discovered01:04:37
several times and was not recognized01:04:40
was not recognized because it looks like noise01:04:43
Well, often Well there are Noises are it doesn’t01:04:46
interfere much, let’s write down that there is such noise,01:04:51
we won’t analyze the reasons for its occurrence, but there was another interesting01:04:55
result, people discovered the radiation of the01:04:58
molecule, quite strangely, in my opinion, a very01:05:04
strange level of01:05:06
vibrations was excited from the cyanide molecules by unknown means. And only01:05:10
after the fact it became clear that it was excited by the01:05:12
relic radiation, that is,01:05:15
molecules are also like detectors of01:05:17
external radiation, and the01:05:21
presence of cosmic microwave background radiation was noticed through01:05:23
the radiation of molecules, but the Universe01:05:25
is expanding and the temperature of the relic01:05:27
radiation is falling, that is, once at the01:05:30
moment of recombination it was more than three01:05:32
thousand degrees since then the Universe01:05:33
has expanded approximately01:05:35
the temperature has dropped 1100 times and now the temperature of the01:05:38
relict is 2.7 tails.01:05:41
Accordingly, it turns out that at different01:05:44
epochs the relict radiation should01:05:46
excite different levels of different molecules, it01:05:48
seemed that this is an observable thing and we01:05:52
can observe in this way01:05:54
that the temperature of the relict01:05:56
radiation in the past of the Universe was higher,01:05:59
there is even more understandable specifically on it I01:06:03
want to say a method for measuring the01:06:04
temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation in01:06:07
different eras of the life of the Universe,01:06:08
but it is important that there are at least01:06:11
two methods and they are absolutely independent of each01:06:13
other; according to the methodology, they do not01:06:14
overlap in any way; they use different01:06:16
observational data in different ranges of01:06:18
different objects; this is an effect Sineva01:06:21
Zeldovich second in excitation of lines, I01:06:23
said to you and I. We01:06:24
have profited a little, which means we have01:06:28
Galaxies, there is a cluster of galaxies. This is a01:06:30
cluster of these01:06:31
worms, this is a separate Galaxy, these are01:06:33
clusters, as you remember, a cluster of01:06:35
galaxies is filled with hot gas, the gas is01:06:38
implemented for a separate Galaxy, we01:06:41
counted there 10- 12 solar masses and 10001:06:44
kilo parsecs gives 2 million Kelvin. And01:06:46
if we took the parameter of01:06:48
galaxy clusters, we would get more than two 20 million,01:06:50
respectively, there is hot gas,01:06:53
this is realized hydrogen plasma in the01:06:56
first place. This means there are many01:06:57
electrons with high energy and all these01:07:00
electrons are immersed in the radiation field01:07:03
associated with the relict radiation, that is, continuously01:07:06
photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation enter the01:07:08
Galaxy cluster. These01:07:10
photons are everywhere and interact with the electrons of01:07:13
this cluster, respectively, you01:07:15
have a Comptoon effect, you have a01:07:18
cold Phantom in this case, it takes01:07:20
energy from the hot electron, this01:07:23
leads to the fact that the spectrum of the cosmic01:07:25
microwave background radiation changes direction towards01:07:28
the cluster Well, the01:07:31
X-ray spectrum of the cluster itself changes for01:07:34
the relic,01:07:36
its blackbody distribution changes, the radiation01:07:39
in the direction of the cluster seems to01:07:40
become hotter And this is a well-01:07:44
understood effect there in the article by Syun his01:07:47
Zeldovich, this is 80. If I’m not mistaken,01:07:50
accordingly we receive01:07:53
a radio signal, we receive01:07:58
scattered radiation on hot electron01:08:00
clusters the cluster we see is important that01:08:03
we know Which cluster we are studying we01:08:05
can study it and we can directly01:08:07
determine its mass there sometimes by01:08:09
weak lensing and then we can01:08:12
estimate a fairly good temperature of the01:08:14
gas considering that it is realized in the end we01:08:17
can learn everything about cluster by01:08:19
X-ray observations, for example,01:08:21
using radio observations Determine01:08:24
the temperature of the relic exactly there, that is,01:08:26
we see a cluster of galaxies at01:08:28
Redshift 101:08:30
This is how many 5 billion years ago 601:08:33
approximately and we measure the temperature of the01:08:36
relic and a lot of clusters, we can01:08:38
do this operation for a large number of01:08:40
clusters Well, graph from work almost01:08:43
ten years ago, the01:08:46
temperature of the relict01:08:48
radiation is plotted vertically horizontally, the red01:08:49
shift is logarithmic to01:08:51
better expand everything z0, let me remind you that we have the01:08:55
current temperature of the relict,01:08:58
approximately 2.7. But this measurement and01:09:02
the curveball that describes everything perfectly01:09:03
and the curveball comes to us from01:09:07
standard cosmological model We01:09:10
have complete independence physically. A01:09:12
clear, understandable way to measure the01:09:15
temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation at01:09:17
fairly large redshifts, you see,01:09:19
but for one it goes even for two, and01:09:23
this was 10 years ago, that is, that is01:09:26
why we have a huge complex of01:09:28
observational data associated with01:09:31
evolution of the universe and all this needs to be01:09:33
crammed into one cosmological picture,01:09:35
that is, it is very important to understand that when01:09:38
we come across a cosmological picture,01:09:40
we will naturally have a very simple01:09:42
sketch, look at this picture, there are01:09:45
some basics, but it is important to understand that behind01:09:47
this, on the one hand, there is a large01:09:49
complex of theories some But on the other01:09:52
hand, there is a large complex of real01:09:54
observations that can test the most01:09:57
diverse aspects of these models and there are01:10:02
no catastrophic inconsistencies at the moment. People already want some01:10:05
inconsistencies and there they are seizing on the problem of01:10:09
measuring the Hubble constant, different01:10:10
methods will be time, maybe in01:10:13
a week, you can say a few words about this well,01:10:16
but the most important thing is where our01:10:19
understanding of the fact that the Universe is01:10:20
evolving began, this is the expansion of the universe,01:10:23
so I would say that this is the most01:10:25
beautiful scientific picture of all times and01:10:27
peoples,01:10:28
I don’t know, maybe someday01:10:30
something will be obtained - something more beautiful but this is01:10:33
the most beautiful this is the expansion of the Universe01:10:35
this is one of the original ones with all the01:10:38
typos the speed is just kilometers01:10:40
even a second forgot to register01:10:44
Hubble again as sophiids was not the first01:10:49
who learned to determine the distance to the01:10:53
Galaxy the speed of movement but he did01:10:56
it very systematically and somehow01:10:59
correctly understood, it’s important to pose the01:11:01
right question, it’s important to solve the01:11:03
right problem. I may have told you01:11:06
if I didn’t tell you, but if I said it anyway. There01:11:10
is such a wonderful theorist01:11:13
Mikhail Sewer, he was once01:11:15
asked on Facebook what he considers the most01:11:17
important for a scientist. Well, they expected him to be01:11:21
famous accordingly there are a01:11:23
lot of such technical skills,01:11:25
let’s say, and there is a wide knowledge of the Field, and01:11:29
after thinking, he gave an absolutely01:11:30
wonderful answer that I like,01:11:31
he said that for really strong01:11:33
scientists it is important to know what is important with some kind of01:11:36
technology you always have something you01:11:38
always know but or will you01:11:40
apply it to important tasks or will you01:11:42
do some kind of nonsense, you can01:11:43
have some absolutely amazing technology01:11:45
and do some kind of nonsense.01:11:47
Well, for example, there, I think that there are some01:11:50
people there who are calibrators with01:11:52
soccer balls, so amazing01:11:55
circus level but these are not01:11:58
national team players If you watched Brazil01:12:01
Argentina yesterday, in the sense of these two matches, it’s clear01:12:04
what we’re talking about, these are completely different problems01:12:07
being solved01:12:08
So Hubble had this, which means that01:12:12
we see In this picture the speed of01:12:13
galaxies along the vertical axis Hubble01:12:15
simply determined them through the Doppler effect,01:12:18
we will talk to you separately physically.01:12:19
This is wrong. Hubble did not know about this, but01:12:21
surprisingly, numerically the answer01:12:23
will be correct.01:12:25
That is, this is really the speed of01:12:27
galaxies where for distant ones it is the01:12:30
cosmological contribution that dominates the day before.01:12:32
Let's go back And horizontally, we01:12:34
had to learn how to determine the01:12:35
distance to galaxies, and in the days of01:12:39
Hubble, at two megaparsecs, the sophiites01:12:43
were not visible now at two megaparsecs.01:12:46
No problem, with the help of the Hubble01:12:47
telescope, everything is accurately measured by the pacifidae. The01:12:50
sophiids could only be used01:12:53
for the closest ones. The Galaxy is here if we01:12:55
leave this, for example, then no01:12:57
beautiful straight line will work01:13:02
through this pile. points, draw a straight01:13:04
line and say that this is true. This requires01:13:07
a lot of civil property. If you01:13:09
remember yourself in the First and second year.01:13:12
Good. So, How does it work?01:13:15
On the one hand, it seems that all the01:13:17
Galaxies are moving away from us, and the01:13:20
farther it is, the faster they are moving away. Therefore,01:13:23
there is a feeling that you are not you give a01:13:25
finger that something is wrong with us, that’s why01:13:27
they all run away, maybe we are the center of01:13:29
the Universe, the answer is no. If you observe01:13:32
such a picture and now fly to a01:13:35
neighboring Galaxy, then you will see01:13:36
the same thing01:13:38
and therefore the analogy with an01:13:41
inflating balloon is used to complement you01:13:44
I will propose another analogy that does not01:13:46
cancel the first one, but it complements it, that is,01:13:48
accordingly, from any Galaxy this is an01:13:50
important statement, an observer would see the01:13:52
same thing, astronomers in all galaxies01:13:54
see the same law, but not everywhere01:13:57
they call it Hubble’s law.01:13:59
Apparently, although the Galaxy can01:14:01
be in many places something is called the law01:14:05
accordingly Everything looks as01:14:08
if we have a ball but on which01:14:10
Galaxies are not drawn because they01:14:13
themselves would stretch when expanding and01:14:16
Galaxies they are like, I don’t know01:14:17
the jokes when the01:14:19
surface of the ball is glued The ball01:14:22
inflates and the galaxies become01:14:24
further away from each other from whichever you01:14:26
observe you will see the same01:14:28
effect01:14:30
the question arises naturally where is the center01:14:32
of expansion01:14:34
right people in this are still this01:14:36
question about some suffer for some reason01:14:39
short answer It is certainly correct01:14:42
to observe the observable Universe01:14:44
Nikol-center of expansion no,01:14:47
because otherwise we would not see the01:14:49
isotropic Hubble law throughout the entire sky, but we would01:14:52
see some kind of throughness.01:14:53
Galaxies from somewhere would fly past us01:14:57
so, apparently, the01:15:00
expansion center No, well, maybe we can set up01:15:02
some strange models with the01:15:04
expansion center at in another dimension, you can01:15:05
slowly build strange models, they say01:15:07
that we are in the center, but this is very strange and01:15:10
cannot be explained at all. Why are we in the center?01:15:12
Accordingly, there is no center and each01:15:15
observer, due to the finite age of01:15:17
the Universe, has a01:15:19
finite area of observation, that is, our01:15:23
visible Universe, no matter what telescope we use they01:15:26
didn’t build or there’s no telescope other01:15:28
instruments we can learn to01:15:30
register primary neutrinos01:15:32
primary gravitational waves we will01:15:35
register01:15:38
Particles that have traveled a finite01:15:41
distance in a finite time because the01:15:43
propagation speed is finite and the01:15:46
lifetime of our observable01:15:48
Universe as we know it is also finite01:15:52
but at the same time we know that01:15:55
our visible part is not the entire universe01:15:57
since we do not see any strange01:15:59
edge effects, that is, we can see01:16:01
some Galaxy; a01:16:04
distant observer can also see it01:16:07
now, but he sees some other01:16:09
Galaxies that we do not see and, on the contrary,01:16:11
we see some then Galaxies that are not01:16:13
visible to him because the light did not have time to01:16:15
overcome this distance, but taking into account the01:16:17
accelerated expansion of the Universe, in01:16:19
some cases it will not have time to overcome.01:16:20
We will talk about this later, that is,01:16:23
this is a fundamentally important statement,01:16:25
also that we must draw all conclusions about the Universe in general01:16:28
according to observation of a finite01:16:31
region which certainly does not01:16:34
exhaust everything, this of course01:16:36
complicates any global conclusions and01:16:39
therefore global conclusions in many01:16:41
cases are either extrapolation or01:16:44
some individual hypotheses not01:16:47
directly related to observations, it is01:16:49
only important that they do not contradict01:16:51
observations in this finite region,01:16:54
respectively Of course, the Universe or not,01:16:56
we don’t know, that is, here we are, we see01:16:59
some observer at the edge, he sees01:17:02
some observer further on, and so01:17:04
we can cover it up for quite a long time, apparently with01:17:07
observers,01:17:10
we proceed naturally from the01:17:12
Copernican principle that our01:17:14
picture is not isolated, that is01:17:18
after all, that we are not at the center of01:17:20
the universe and, accordingly, the question of whether01:17:23
the universe is true or not, we by and large01:17:25
cannot answer, we can only01:17:27
say that the universe is definitely01:17:28
larger than the observable one01:17:33
and there are problems with the ball, so I want to01:17:36
offer you another illustration,01:17:38
which, among other things, is connected with01:17:41
one of the interesting technological01:17:42
scenarios, a scenario most likely01:17:45
not related to reality,01:17:48
but this is not significant, in fact, I want to01:17:51
replace the ball with a plane, an01:17:55
infinite plane is easier to imagine01:17:57
than a ball of infinite size, perhaps,01:18:00
accordingly, imagine an01:18:02
infinite plane01:18:05
Well, I don’t know, I want an infinite ball01:18:08
somewhere, but it’s unclear hop and disappeared01:18:11
Imagine a ball, you inflate it,01:18:12
inflate it, inflate it, it went on for infinity I01:18:15
don’t know It’s hard for me to imagine, but an01:18:16
infinite plane is easier to imagine01:18:18
Well, I don’t know Maybe I’m like that, if it’s01:18:22
easier for you to imagine a ball, imagine a ball here01:18:25
Imagine an infinite plane, now let’s01:18:27
imagine that it’s metal01:18:30
It’s all loosened into cells Now let’s01:18:33
imagine that we are standing on them in galoshes,01:18:36
just in case, we’ll start passing the01:18:39
same current through this plane everywhere,01:18:42
well, in general, it’s more or less clear How01:18:44
to do it While there’s nothing wrong with it, the01:18:47
current flows through the metal What happens01:18:49
to the metal,01:18:52
it heats up and expands, it heats up correctly01:18:55
and expands, that is, our entire plane01:18:57
will expand everywhere at every point01:19:00
equally01:19:04
and we will see that each cell01:19:07
increases in size Imagine that01:19:09
we have there in the center of the cell at the nodes01:19:12
of the cell, as you like, there are01:19:14
some reference points Poles and we01:19:17
measure the distance between at their speed of01:19:19
moving away from each other, I see the nearest01:19:21
branch, for example, it is moving away from me01:19:24
by a millimeter per second, but the second one is01:19:27
already moving away by 2 millimeters per second01:19:29
because there are two cells between me and01:19:32
each is expanding at the same01:19:34
speed, I see the third one, it is moving away at a01:19:36
speed of 3 millimeters per second 4 mm per01:19:40
second 5 millimeters per second obviously01:19:42
since the infinite plane01:19:45
will be a twig that is moving away from me01:19:48
at a speed of 10 to 13 mm per second,01:19:52
which is greater than the speed of light, and there will be01:19:54
some kind that is moving away at 10-14 mm per01:19:57
second 10 15 10 16 10 164 mm per second01:20:01
if the plane is infinite, that is,01:20:04
here01:20:05
we get a very clear image that there is01:20:08
nothing terrible in the fact that we have01:20:12
clear, understandable knowledge that some01:20:13
object is moving away from us at the speed01:20:15
of light, this in no way contradicts the01:20:17
special theory of relativity01:20:18
special theory of relativity01:20:20
essentially prohibits the fact that something will fly by here in front of01:20:21
your surprised gaze at a01:20:23
speed greater than the speed of light, and the01:20:26
fact that you have something there somewhere that is01:20:27
moving away due to the fact01:20:29
that this plane01:20:31
is expanding is of no interest to anyone has01:20:33
nothing to do with one hundred01:20:35
in general, a local theory. Naturally, a01:20:39
person standing on that branch that is01:20:43
moving away from us at a speed of 10-1401:20:45
millimeters per second sees that the neighbors are01:20:48
moving away from him now at the moment,01:20:49
imagine that we all have the same clock is01:20:52
now moving away from him at a speed 101:20:54
mm, that is, no local fast01:20:57
movement occurs. Here is01:21:00
the scenario that was sort of discussed, this01:21:03
scenario of two branes, respectively, let's01:21:06
imagine two Well, in01:21:10
fact, three-dimensional manifolds, so it wo01:21:11
n't be possible to imagine, but we have01:21:13
two branes, let's imagine two-dimensional01:21:29
yes yes, but with a plane this is not the case was She01:21:32
always This is important, we will come to this later the01:21:34
plane can always be01:21:35
infinite Let’s imagine that we01:21:38
have two branes Let’s imagine that these are01:21:40
two planes immersed in the three-dimensional01:21:42
world and we can imagine that they are01:21:45
infinite but they experience01:21:47
interaction with each other and in01:21:49
in particular, they can, for example, collide,01:21:51
that is, it turns out that you have spots on our01:21:55
brane, let’s say, this is our marriage on01:21:57
our brane in the past, at every point everywhere at the01:21:59
same time something happened that01:22:02
can be called a big bang, and at01:22:04
that moment our brane began to stretch everywhere like that,01:22:06
it could immediately be01:22:08
infinite if you want01:22:10
Well, at least in this01:22:12
imaginary world of ours, and in a remarkable01:22:14
way, the question from the center about01:22:17
how it was all compressed into a point, not the entire01:22:20
non-infinite Universe was not compressed01:22:22
into a point, and our visible part of the Universe01:22:25
occupied a small volume at the01:22:27
corresponding moment corresponding to the01:22:29
big bang That is, it seems to me that01:22:31
such an illustration at least how01:22:32
this restores mental health,01:22:37
as far as I know No,01:22:42
well, that is, so that one concentrically01:22:44
fits the other I have never heard, but01:22:48
yes, the question for me is why would you say01:22:51
that this cannot be done be she I don’t know why01:22:56
it’s good the01:22:58
second water part We have finished and we01:23:01
must start today the third part So that01:23:03
next time we can calmly01:23:04
talk everything out slowly01:23:06
in cosmology, some features arise01:23:11
associated with this very expansion of01:23:13
the universe,01:23:16
it is convenient to draw such a two-dimensional graph01:23:18
where we have time from we01:23:20
can’t get away from it and one spatial01:23:23
axis is horizontal, the01:23:24
spatial axis moment 0 is not01:23:27
very good for us, but it’s not that it’s very01:23:28
interesting to us, even but we’ve forgotten about it for now,01:23:32
we’ve forgotten about it for now. We have two01:23:35
objects, they naturally can01:23:38
constantly radiate there but we are interested in01:23:42
the emission of a specific photon there01:23:44
sometime in the past by one object and the01:23:48
photon was released towards another object.01:23:50
During this time the Universe expanded and the01:23:53
Photon got into this object, that is, we are the01:23:57
object. We are sitting here to observe,01:23:59
we registered photons released in01:24:02
the past by this object now this01:24:04
object is here,01:24:06
that is, the objects have changed the physical01:24:08
distance between them due to the expansion of01:24:10
the Universe, these are two distant objects,01:24:14
so we have a question:01:24:18
What is the distance between the objects we need to01:24:20
say because there are several01:24:22
answer options, the first answer option01:24:25
is the distance between two objects,01:24:27
now01:24:29
this is very important clear distance,01:24:31
a certain problem is that now we do01:24:34
n’t see this object,01:24:36
we don’t know what’s happening to it and the01:24:38
distance to it now acquires a certain01:24:40
formal meaning01:24:42
is the distance that was between01:24:45
objects when the Photon was released,01:24:49
this is another important distance, it is01:24:51
used in cosmology, there is a third01:24:54
distance is the path traveled by the photon,01:24:56
there is such a simple illustration that you can see that01:24:59
all three distances are different if the Universe is01:25:02
fast enough, then the greatest01:25:04
distance is this, then this is the path of01:25:07
the photon and then this is this distance,01:25:09
so don’t be surprised when you read there and01:25:13
hear that01:25:17
astronomers showed an image of the Galaxy01:25:20
that is now are located at a distance of01:25:22
35 billion light years01:25:30
Well, I didn’t even bother here, but01:25:33
here if it was constant then the exponential would be It01:25:37
looks like something, yes, well, I kind of drew how01:25:41
PowerPoint draws me So I won’t01:25:45
say that this is01:25:46
just an exponential, some kind of crookedness01:25:50
Well, that means I’ll repeat myself don’t be alarmed01:25:52
If you hear that01:25:54
this is an image of the Galaxy, the distance01:25:56
to which is now say 35 billion01:25:58
light years, despite the fact that the Universe is01:26:00
less than 14 billion years old, the light would not have time to01:26:04
travel 35 billion light years,01:26:06
of course This is understandable, but this is not necessary 3501:26:09
billion is the distance from all to of these01:26:11
and this distance can be large,01:26:13
it can be in particular more than 1401:26:15
billion Okay, let's01:26:18
get acquainted with different types of distances,01:26:20
we will continue to encounter them in the form of01:26:21
formulas, including for a bunny, so the first01:26:25
distance is called the accompanying01:26:27
distance, its beauty is that it does not01:26:30
change with expansion This is a01:26:33
very convenient quantity for the Universe, with which it can be01:26:35
compared, let’s imagine that our inflating01:26:37
ball is a Globe and you can set the01:26:40
distance from I don’t know Madrid to Tripoli01:26:44
in degrees01:26:46
and no matter how you inflate the ball, you01:26:49
still have a geographic grid, the distance01:26:51
in degrees between points does not change01:26:54
and accordingly, the same thing You can01:26:57
enter into cosmology you number the01:27:00
Galaxies, the distance is actually01:27:02
not X, it’s a01:27:04
Greek letter just like that PowerPoint usually writes it, its01:27:08
own distance is indicated by01:27:11
the letter X, respectively, the Universe01:27:13
is expanding, but the Galaxies remained the same,01:27:16
their order has not changed due to the01:27:19
expansion of the Universe and we can each01:27:22
attribute the01:27:23
coordinate of such an expanding grid and the01:27:27
distance will be of the expanding grid01:27:28
is called the accompanying distance, I01:27:30
repeat, it does not change. This is very convenient, the01:27:33
next distance is the proper01:27:36
distance. Let me jump over01:27:40
this. The distance that is measured at a01:27:43
given moment in time. Well, let’s01:27:44
physically imagine in our minds that01:27:46
instantly some kind of roulette has been laid out, it01:27:49
has spun between us and a01:27:52
distant galaxy,01:27:54
and then this will be its own distance;01:27:58
it naturally changes01:28:02
due to the expansion of the Universe; it can be01:28:04
characterized by one single01:28:06
quantity, since the Universe is fortunately01:28:07
homogeneous isotropically on a large scale;01:28:09
we write all these formulas for a01:28:11
homogeneous isotropic a universe that01:28:13
is expanding equally everywhere and this01:28:18
value is the scale factor, designated01:28:19
here by the letter K the scale factor depends01:28:22
on time, respectively, the proper01:28:25
distance between galaxies depends on01:28:28
time, this accompanying01:28:31
distance changes and the scale factor changes, it is01:28:33
convenient to set in absolute values it01:28:36
is possible to make the proper distance01:28:38
in such a way that accompanying so01:28:41
that now at the moment01:28:43
the coefficient A is equal to one so01:28:46
often they use it conveniently and then you01:28:50
will easily recalculate all this01:28:53
accordingly01:28:57
as the Universe expands, our own01:29:00
distance grows Our Universe01:29:01
has only been expanding all its life and therefore the01:29:04
own distance in the Universe has01:29:07
only grown01:29:12
for its own distance there are all sorts of01:29:16
simple formulas to formulas, I’ll come back later,01:29:19
I just don’t want to waste time now on01:29:21
what is alpha What is h0,01:29:24
we’ll get to that later, we can at least01:29:27
get to the law01:29:29
Hubble’s law. Probably somehow we’ll deduce it01:29:31
quickly and next time here from this01:29:33
place approximately Let's start well So01:29:38
Well, let's just say what is written01:29:40
here, I'll01:29:42
write it on the board01:29:46
What exactly to look at so as not to01:29:49
change the distance So we have a01:29:51
Metric, that is, we start from here01:29:54
We have a very simple Metric01:29:58
DS square01:30:00
in squared minus And in the square I have01:30:07
Dail in the square marked And this function of time01:30:11
now So let's jump over here01:30:14
we can enter our01:30:18
own Distance that is01:30:20
interesting to us, that is, the Hubble law is important01:30:22
enter the own distance01:30:25
accordingly, we enter it in this simple01:30:27
way01:30:30
DD01:30:32
this is a01:30:37
Here01:30:38
accordingly, to determine the01:30:40
proper distance, we need to01:30:42
integrate, we believe that we01:30:45
are integrating instantly,01:30:47
the roll turned instantly, so the scale01:30:49
factor we have is what it is.01:30:51
Let's put here that this is a function of01:30:54
time, but D proper from we can add here.01:31:00
But according to Dail, we integrate01:31:04
the integral presented this just an01:31:06
accompanying distance hi, so I01:31:09
get a nahi,01:31:12
respectively, the distance from anakhi, but01:31:15
as we entered. That is, it’s like Everything01:31:17
is clear now, the speed of the speed, as we01:31:19
will see, can also be defined in different ways,01:31:21
that is, the speed is a change in some01:31:23
distance over time, time y us01:31:25
Let one thing we don’t01:31:27
bother with the distance yet We choose01:31:28
actually and therefore we say that01:31:31
the speed is D in01:31:36
time and substitute what we know Well, that01:31:39
is, this equals d a h01:31:43
pdt and this in turn will equal01:31:49
Yes according to DT on a01:31:53
derivative of the01:31:58
derivative archi is equal to zero,01:32:00
the corresponding distance does not change,01:32:01
so it will be to the traffic rules by Hi01:32:07
So, accordingly, I can01:32:12
divide and multiply by and that is, I01:32:15
will have to the traffic rules01:32:16
divided by01:32:19
and will be Ahi This is the proper01:32:22
distance01:32:23
[music]01:32:24
and this thing I call constant hub01:32:27
constant hub this is a function of time as01:32:30
you see because before traffic rules and And this is a01:32:32
function of time Therefore the01:32:34
hubble constant is changing all the time here is the constant01:32:36
Hubble Let's separately01:32:38
And with the point on where the point is the derivative with respect to01:32:41
time here the01:32:43
constants change and usually01:32:47
write the icon 0 this is constant Hubble01:32:52
now the01:32:54
present time is like a directly01:32:57
immeasurable parameter, by and large,01:32:59
that is, there is no instrument for measuring01:33:01
constants, you recalculate it through01:33:04
some quantities,01:33:06
but this is a very important cosmological01:33:08
parameter that characterizes the01:33:11
modern model of the Universe; constants01:33:14
change as the01:33:15
Universe expands; it is convenient to write it as the01:33:19
Hubble constant depends from red shift01:33:20
red shift But we will probably01:33:22
next time introduce01:33:25
accordingly, it is important for us that there01:33:28
may be 4 main01:33:31
ingredients in the Universe. Let me not01:33:34
detain you next time, this is where we01:33:35
will start from here and on the right of the outer corner we will talk01:33:37
about all these ingredients just01:33:40
more- less We'll have time next time01:33:41
thank you01:33:42
[music]Description:
На этой лекции уважаемый Сергей Борисович, наконец-то, завершит тему ГАЛАКТИК и ТЁМНОЙ МАТЕРИИ! А точнее расскажет про СКЕЛЕТ ВСЕЛЕННОЙ, ВОЛОКНО ТЁМНОГО ВЕЩЕСТВА, "МОСТ" между ГАЛАКТИКАМИ, познакомит со СТАНДАРТНОЙ МОДЕЛЬЮ ЭЛЕМЕНТАРНЫХ ЧАСТИЦ и ответит, какая ЭЛЕМЕНТАРНАЯ ЧАСТИЦА отвечает за ТЁМНУЮ МАТЕРИЮ, и как найти эту ЧАСТИЦУ, и какие методы ПОИСКА ТЁМНОЙ МАТЕРИИ астрофизики уже используют на практике! Зрители узнают об АННИГИЛЯЦИОННОМ СИГНАЛЕ, ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ГАЛАКТИК, ILLUSTRIS, КРУПНЫХ и ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВУЮЩИХ ГАЛАКТИКАХ, СЛИЯНИИ 2-х ЧЁРНЫХ ДЫР, их ПЕРИОДЕ ОБРАЩЕНИЯ и ИЗЛУЧЕНИИ СВЕРХМАССИВНЫМИ ЧЁРНЫМИ ДЫРАМИ ГРАВИТАЦИОННЫХ ВОЛН! Сергей Борисович также на доске сделает выводы ОЦЕНОК массы ГАЛАКТИКИ, температуры ГАЗА в ГАЛО ГАЛАКТИКИ и ВРЕМЕНИ ПАДЕНИЯ 2-х ГАЛАКТИК (МЛЕЧНЫЙ ПУТЬ и АНДРОМЕДА) друг на ДРУГА в процессе ГРАВИТАЦИОННОГО ПРИТЯЖЕНИЯ! А на второй части лекции после перерыва слушатели начнут изучать новую тему - КОСМОЛОГИЮ и узнают о ФОРМИРОВАНИИ СКОПЛЕНИЙ и СТРУКТУРЫ ВСЕЛЕННОЙ, ЛАНИАКЕЕ, "ДИПОЛЬНОМ" ОТТАЛКИВАНИИ, СКЕЛЕТЕ ВСЕЛЕННОЙ, СОПУТСТВУЮЩЕМ и СОБСТВЕННОМ РАССТОЯНИИ, а закончат ЗАКОНОМ и ПОСТОЯННОЙ ХАББЛА! Как остывает РЕЛИКТ? Почему ВСЕЛЕННАЯ РАСШИРЯЕТСЯ и как ЭТО РАБОТАЕТ? Где ЦЕНТР РАСШИРЕНИЯ и СУЩЕСТВУЕТ ли ОН? И КОНЕЧНА ли ВСЕЛЕННАЯ? Вы сможете ответить на эти вопросы, прослушав лекцию! Наши соцсети: паблик ВК: https://vk.com/public212939391 Инстаграм канала "МГУ 112" (признана запрещённой социальной сетью на территории РФ): https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser YouTube канал Сергея Борисовича: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGk5wyYgpGKuu5Wkjg0WIzQ ВК Сергея Борисовича: https://vk.com/id6382040 Социальные сети оператора (Всеволод Наумов): ВК: https://vk.com/piiv0_seva_tri_k0mpa Инстаграм (признана запрещённой социальной сетью на территории РФ): https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser
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