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00:00:02
Fyodor Dostoevsky was born on the 30th of October, 1821
00:00:07
in Moscow, the capital of Russia, and was the second child
00:00:10
of seven children.
00:00:11
His father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, was a doctor
00:00:14
in a hospital for the poor, and his mother, Maria Feodorovna, was
00:00:17
a homemaker and descended from a family of former Moscow
00:00:20
merchants.
00:00:22
In the Dostoevsky house, children were instilled with a love
00:00:24
of literature from an early age, and often in the evenings they were
00:00:26
reading books by Karamzin, Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Pushkin and other
00:00:30
famous writers and poets, as well as fairy tales
00:00:33
of the peoples of the world.
00:00:34
Due to the fact that corporal punishment was practiced
00:00:36
in the schools in those years, the father, being a supporter of humane
00:00:39
treatment of children, decided to teach his children from private
00:00:43
teachers.
00:00:44
Unable to find a Latin teacher, his father
00:00:46
bought a Latin grammar textbook and began teaching
00:00:49
the children on his own.
00:00:50
In 1834, his father sent the thirteen-year-old Fyodor to the boarding school of Leonty
00:00:55
Chermak, considered one of the best private
00:00:58
educational institutions in Moscow, which created
00:01:01
a cozy home atmosphere and the illusion of family
00:01:04
life.
00:01:05
The Russian language teacher at the boarding school was the writer
00:01:07
Nikolai Bilevich, who had an acquaintance with Gogol,
00:01:11
Pushkin and Zhukovsky.
00:01:12
He literally became an idol for Dostoevsky, and communication
00:01:14
with him gave rise to the idea of taking
00:01:18
up writing.
00:01:19
Three years later, Fyodor's mother died, and his father, despite
00:01:22
his son's desire to study literature, took him
00:01:24
to St. Petersburg to enroll in the Military Engineering-Technical University.
00:01:27
His father was very concerned about the future of his children, and literature,
00:01:30
in his opinion, would only condemn Fyodor to poverty
00:01:33
and obscurity.
00:01:34
Dostoevsky didn’t like studying at all, but despite this,
00:01:38
he studied quite well.
00:01:39
Well, or almost well.
00:01:41
But all his free time he devoted to reading Hugo,
00:01:44
Goethe, Shakespeare, Derzhavin, Lermontov, Gogol, and knew
00:01:47
by heart many of Pushkin's works, as well as practiced
00:01:51
writing himself.
00:01:52
Dostoevsky often felt a strong need for money,
00:01:54
and the only source of livelihood
00:01:57
was his father, who, despite the fact that he was
00:01:59
almost broke, regularly helped his son with finances.
00:02:03
In the spring of 1839, Dostoevsky received a letter from his father: “Now
00:02:07
I send you thirty-five rubles in Bank notes.
00:02:11
I won't be able to send it to you any time soon.
00:02:12
Good-bye, my dear friend, may God bless you,
00:02:15
as your dearly loving father wishes you.”
00:02:18
A few days later, Dostoevsky's father died.
00:02:21
In 1843, Dostoevsky finished his studies and began to devote all
00:02:25
his time to literary work.
00:02:27
This year is considered the beginning of the creative path of the writer:
00:02:30
it was at that time when Dostoevsky began working on his
00:02:33
first major work — the novel “Poor Folk”.
00:02:36
Published two years later, the book almost immediately
00:02:38
brought fame to its author.
00:02:41
It was highly appreciated by Vissarion Belinsky,
00:02:43
an outstanding literary critic
00:02:46
and a trendsetter of the time.
00:02:49
But if “Poor Folk” was recognized by both the public and critics,
00:02:52
the next work, “The Double”, wasn’t received
00:02:55
by readers as warmly.
00:02:56
The book didn’t evoke any response from readers, and, moreover,
00:03:00
was severely criticized.
00:03:01
In 1847, Dostoevsky began to attend the circle of the public
00:03:06
figure Mikhail Petrashevsky, whose participants discussed
00:03:09
various acute social issues: freedom of printing,
00:03:13
changes in legal proceedings, and the possibility
00:03:15
of peasants’ liberation.
00:03:16
A year later, Dostoevsky became a member of a secret society
00:03:20
consisting of the most radical Petrashevists, whose goal
00:03:22
was to create an illegal printing house and carry
00:03:25
out a coup in Russia.
00:03:27
The great mistake of Dostoevsky was the repeated
00:03:30
reading in one of the literary circles of “Belinsky's Letter
00:03:33
to Gogol”, which was forbidden to print because of the abundance of criticism
00:03:36
of the Orthodox Church, landlords and autocracy.
00:03:39
In the spring of 1849, the writer was arrested, and for long
00:03:43
8 months he was held in the Peter and Paul
00:03:46
fortress.
00:03:47
Dostoevsky was found guilty of failing to report
00:03:49
the dissemination of criminal information that undermined
00:03:52
the tsarist autocracy and was sentenced to death
00:03:55
by firing squad.
00:03:56
On the appointed day, the 22nd of December, 1849, all
00:04:00
the Petrashevists who were sentenced to be shot were taken out into the street, the sentence
00:04:03
was read out, and the soldiers cocked their guns and took aim...
00:04:05
And the condemned were read a decree of pardon and sentencing,
00:04:09
in the form of four years of hard labor, followed
00:04:12
by mandatory military service.
00:04:14
The shooting turned out to be just a fake.
00:04:16
Yes, their sense of humor was all right there.
00:04:19
This event greatly shocked Dostoevsky, and made
00:04:22
him look at many things differently.
00:04:24
In the future, the feelings of the condemned to death Dostoevsky
00:04:27
put in the mouth of Prince Myshkin — the main character of
00:04:30
the novel “The Idiot”.
00:04:32
Dostoevsky was sent to hard labor to Omsk, and after serving
00:04:34
a four-year term there, he was sent to serve
00:04:36
as an ordinary soldier to Semipalatinsk.
00:04:39
In 1857, by decree of Alexander II, all former Petrashevists
00:04:44
were declared a full Amnesty with the return
00:04:47
of noble rights.
00:04:48
Dostoevsky received permission to publish his novels, but
00:04:50
in order to make sure of his complete reliability, the Emperor
00:04:53
ordered a secret surveillance of him, which
00:04:55
was lifted only after eighteen years.
00:04:57
In 1859, Dostoevsky was able to retire and returned
00:05:02
to St. Petersburg, where together with his brother Mikhail they began
00:05:05
publishing literary magazines called
00:05:08
“Time” and “Epoch”.
00:05:09
From 1861 to 1862 years in the magazine "Time" Dostoevsky published
00:05:13
a story “Notes from the House of the Dead” which reflected
00:05:16
the impressions he received during his stay
00:05:19
in the Omsk prison.
00:05:20
This story is considered the first work in the history
00:05:22
of Russian literature, on the pages of which it is told
00:05:25
about the penal servitude, the customs of prisoners and their life.
00:05:28
The content of the work was a real shock
00:05:31
to the contemporaries of the writer, who was even called “Russian
00:05:34
Dante” descended into Hell.
00:05:36
To this day, literary critics argue about what genre
00:05:38
should be attributed to “Notes”.
00:05:40
Some believe that they can be considered memoirs, since
00:05:42
they are based on memories, while others are convinced
00:05:45
that such a correlation would be incorrect, since
00:05:48
the writer created a fictional hero of the story and didn’t adhere
00:05:51
to the chronological principle in the presentation of events.
00:05:54
In the summer of 1862, Dostoevsky made his first
00:05:58
trip abroad.
00:05:59
He visited Germany, France, England, Switzerland, Italy
00:06:02
and Austria.
00:06:03
During the trip, the writer became a frequent guest at the casino,
00:06:07
and being fond of playing roulette in a few days lost
00:06:09
not only all his money but also the cash of his beloved woman.
00:06:12
Being constantly in debt, in 1865 Dostoevsky literally fled
00:06:16
abroad from creditors where soon
00:06:19
again completely lost his money.
00:06:21
Sitting in a shabby hotel room with no food and no candles, he
00:06:25
began working on the novel “Crime and Punishment”.
00:06:28
In 1866, the writer stopped giving advances,
00:06:33
and he had to sign with a publisher bonded Fedor Stellovsky
00:06:35
agreement under which Dostoevsky,
00:06:37
for a relatively small amount of 3000 rubles, gave
00:06:40
a literary errand permission to publish three volumes of
00:06:43
his works, and pledged to introduce shortly
00:06:46
a new novel.
00:06:47
A separate clause stated that if the latter obligation
00:06:50
wasn’t fulfilled, each of Dostoevsky's works written in the future
00:06:53
would be transferred to the exclusive property
00:06:56
of the publisher.
00:06:57
Soon Dostoevsky published the novel “Crime and Punishment”.
00:07:00
It was followed by the novel
00:07:03
“The Gambler” written in less than a month, in which the writer reflected
00:07:06
his pernicious passion for gambling.
00:07:07
Two years later, Dostoevsky published one of
00:07:10
his most beloved and complex works, the novel "The Idiot".
00:07:13
As the writer thought its main goal was to show
00:07:17
what a “positive, beautiful person” could be.
00:07:19
In the following years, the novels “Demons”,
00:07:22
“The Adolescent” were written, as well as, considered his best work the novel
00:07:26
“the Brothers Karamazov”, which became the quintessence of most
00:07:28
of the ideas that Dostoevsky for various reasons
00:07:31
couldn’t embody in his previous works.
00:07:34
On the 28th of January, 1881, Dostoevsky died of an exacerbation
00:07:40
of a long-suffering lung disease, emphysema.
00:07:43
Fyodor Dostoevsky's works have been haunting the world
00:07:46
for more than a hundred years.
00:07:47
He is rightly called the “psychologist of the pen” for the fact that the writer
00:07:50
was able to penetrate to the very depths of the human soul
00:07:53
and for the fact that he so sincerely empathized and sympathized
00:07:56
with his characters.
00:07:57
The influence of the writer on the development of literature throughout the world
00:08:00
and the spiritual development of mankind as a whole is so great
00:08:03
that it’s difficult to overestimate it.
00:08:05
Albert Einstein was a great admirer of Dostoevsky's
00:08:08
work, Friedrich Nietzsche considered him the only person
00:08:10
from whom he himself could learn something,
00:08:13
and Sigmund Freud put the writer on a par with William
00:08:16
Shakespeare.
00:08:17
The life and work of Fyodor Dostoevsky are inseparable.
00:08:20
He literally “lived in literature world”, it was his
00:08:22
life's work and tragic fate.
00:08:25
In all his works, he solved the riddle of his
00:08:27
personality talking only about what he personally
00:08:30
experienced.
00:08:31
Dostoevsky always gravitated to the form of confession, and his work
00:08:34
is revealed to us as one huge confession, as a complete
00:08:36
evelation of his universal
00:08:39
spirit.
00:08:40
It was the story about Fyodor Dostoevsky.
00:08:42
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Thanks for the like and subscription! Finally, on our channel, by popular demand, a short story appeared of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, the author of the famous novels "Crime and Punishment", "The Brothers Karamazov" and "Idiot". Do you know that once he was sentenced to death, but by a miracle he managed to survive? And the fact that he did not get out of debt all his life, thanks to which his most significant works were written? You will learn about this and much more from the brief history of Fyodor Dostoevsky! Friends, donate money to the development of the channel at these links: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYw9ab2RDz04dNSk4HRVTow/join https://boosty.to/shorthistory https://www.donationalerts.com/r/shorthistory Fyodor Dostoevsky (a Short story) with English subtitles Text, voice acting animation: Igor Kuznetsov English subtitles: Anastasia Parfenyeva https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzTFl6SiXcA Short History Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/ShortHistory

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