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00:00:01
here are the dolls
00:00:03
that we inherited from the Romans, but the
00:00:06
country whose country speaks Romance
00:00:07
languages, the
00:00:08
descendants of Latin, today is half the world for the
00:00:12
ancient Romans, in general, the entire
00:00:13
civilized world fit within the borders of their
00:00:16
state, the Roman world of Max Roman became the
00:00:19
first example of globalization, how did it
00:00:21
happen, let's take a walk to the 12th
00:00:24
century Roman stories with our
00:00:26
own Virgil, and by the way, we
00:00:29
also have these numbers from the Romans
00:00:31
[music]
00:00:38
what is Rome, a
00:00:40
city on seven hills, the capital of Italy, but
00:00:42
this is now from 2000 years ago, here it is Rome
00:00:45
and another thousand, here is a tiny village of the
00:00:49
Latin tribe near the Tiber River, how could he
00:00:52
to conquer the whole world,
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first of all, he was lucky with the neighbors of the
00:00:55
north, the Turks, they are also the Etruscans, a
00:00:58
mysterious language on the road that has not been fully
00:01:00
deciphered from the south, the Greeks, their colonies,
00:01:04
this part of Italy was then called Great
00:01:06
Greece, they all actively traded with each
00:01:09
other at the intersection of trade routes, and
00:01:12
Rome itself appeared it began as an open
00:01:16
city of refuge for outcasts, killers, runaway
00:01:19
slaves of all kinds, migrants, Rome
00:01:21
provided unique opportunities
00:01:23
to become full-fledged citizens, this
00:01:26
will allow it to become the largest
00:01:28
metropolis of antiquity, the Romans themselves
00:01:30
considered themselves descendants of refugees from the
00:01:32
Middle East fleeing the
00:01:34
consequences of the Trojan War, Romulus and Remus
00:01:37
were great-great- great-grandson of the Trojan
00:01:40
hero AD.
00:01:41
hunched over by an Italian she-wolf, the brothers
00:01:44
quarreled over the site of the future capital of
00:01:46
the world; Romulus killed Remus; gave the city his name; became
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its first king; according to legend, there
00:01:53
were seven kings;
00:01:54
each ruled fantastically; he gave the
00:01:56
people something pleasant;
00:02:02
Much later, the
00:02:04
Romans became famous as a species of kim ast, and
00:02:07
perhaps even gladiator fights;
00:02:09
they even borrowed the
00:02:11
Latin alphabet from the Etruscans
00:02:12
as a Russian invention; they
00:02:14
adapted
00:02:15
Greek letters for themselves; it is not surprising that the
00:02:18
last legendary kings were
00:02:19
Etruscans; it was from them that Rome, which retained the
00:02:22
patriarchal simplicity of morals,
00:02:24
borrowed military and state
00:02:26
organization 500 in the ninth year the city
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was shaken by a sex scandal the
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son of the proud king Tarquin abused the
00:02:33
virtuous girl Lucretia
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Tarquin and was expelled he became the last
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king of Rome the Romans decided to no longer
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allow the concentration of power in one
00:02:48
hand from 509 instead of the monarch they began to
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elect two consuls
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strictly for one year the consuls
00:02:56
were controlled above it consisted of 300
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bucks Latin address from here patricians these
00:03:02
were representatives of the most ancient local
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families those who were not lucky enough to be
00:03:06
born into the right families joined the
00:03:09
plebeian class, even if they were rich
00:03:11
like patricians, they still did not have the right to
00:03:14
hold public office in the
00:03:15
struggle for these rights that lasted for two
00:03:18
hundred years and the republic will take shape
00:03:19
literally the common cause of the plebeians
00:03:23
formed the basis of the army and in order to achieve
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their goal they threatened the fragile from the state and
00:03:28
migration to the neighboring hill, each time the
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frightened patricians made concessions,
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for example, they introduced a special post of
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representatives for the rights of the plebeians of
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the people's tribunes with the right of veto,
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they could cancel any decision of the
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consuls was one of the main results of
00:03:45
the battles the publication of the first written laws before
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this law was oral and the patricians
00:03:50
interpreted it as they wanted by the
00:03:53
year two hundred eighty-seven
00:03:54
ebay achieved lunar equality in rights
00:03:56
with the matrix it was the unity of Rome that
00:03:58
was expressed in the formula
00:04:00
senate spa bullet squire manus senate and
00:04:03
people Roman, which is still
00:04:05
decorated, even the sewer hatches
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[applause]
00:04:09
[music]
00:04:11
in 390,
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the history of Rome could have ended, the city was
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unexpectedly captured, the guard
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dogs did not sense danger, and for this they will
00:04:21
then be crucified every year on
00:04:23
crosses and the last defenders of the fortress
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on the capitols were awakened by geese, which saved
00:04:29
Rome from complete destruction, the shocked
00:04:32
Romans ruled military reform, the Roman
00:04:34
legion was divided into maniples,
00:04:36
which made it more mobile in battle, the
00:04:40
Roman army spent the next hundred years in constant
00:04:42
wars and united all of Italy
00:04:44
instead of simply investing the
00:04:46
defeated in the building, the Romans concluded with
00:04:48
with them allied treaties alloy
00:04:51
other allies will become an
00:04:53
inexhaustible source of conscripts for Rome,
00:04:55
it is thanks to this that the
00:04:57
Roman legions will put up in battle the most
00:05:00
effective army of that time, who
00:05:01
recently conquered all of Asia with the Macedonian
00:05:05
phalanx under the leadership of the pen of a
00:05:07
relative of Alexander the Great himself, the
00:05:09
most expensive and stellar
00:05:12
military leader of his time was hired to
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protect against the Romans Greek city torrent
00:05:17
the last center of resistance to Roman
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expansion in Italy having conquered the torrent and
00:05:21
reaching Sicily, Ren will face the
00:05:24
interests of a much more dangerous rival of the owner of the
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Mediterranean Sea, Carthage, the Romans
00:05:30
called the Phoenicians from Carthage Huns,
00:05:32
hence the Punic Wars, which stretched over the
00:05:35
next hundred-plus years in the
00:05:42
year one hundred and forty-nine Rome captured
00:05:44
most of the territory of Pune Cypher of their
00:05:46
allies, but after each defeat,
00:05:48
the merchant Carthage quickly
00:05:50
recovered. Senator Cato the Elder
00:05:52
began to end every speech with the same
00:05:55
chord in Carthage must be destroyed, so they
00:05:58
made brushwood, wiped it off the face of the
00:06:01
earth, enslaved the entire population
00:06:03
and sprinkled salt on the earth. giving an
00:06:06
eternal curse in the same one hundred and forty-sixth
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year, the Romans razed to the ground another
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city Corinth Greece Macedonia
00:06:14
turned into Roman provinces Rome
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will appropriate the colossal wealth of the
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collapsing power of Alexander
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the Great but the patriarchal simple
00:06:23
Torim will fall before the refined Greek
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culture Greek will actually become the
00:06:28
second language of the Roman state know
00:06:31
urgently sit down to learn new words
00:06:33
hexameter history rhetoric the most
00:06:36
famous orator of Rome Cicero will take the
00:06:38
Greek speech de mas fina as a model,
00:06:41
however, only the Romans themselves still have full rights in this vast
00:06:43
territory,
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even the inhabitants of the rest of
00:06:47
Italy, who make up the majority in the army, do
00:06:49
not have citizenship rights they will demand
00:06:52
equality will declare war and achieve the right to
00:06:54
participate in government
00:06:56
this will change everything if ancient Greece
00:07:00
remained a collection of warring cities of the
00:07:02
poles Tarim will gradually extend
00:07:05
citizenship rights to the vanquished we will
00:07:08
lay the foundation of
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an empire by conquering half the world and Rome became a
00:07:17
victim of globalization cheap grain and the
00:07:20
influx of free slave power from the new
00:07:22
territories, the small peasants were ruined, the
00:07:24
majority of the population of the republic
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they poured into the city and joined the class of
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proletarians, those who had nothing to lose except their
00:07:31
own offspring, at the same time the
00:07:34
rich became hundreds of times richer,
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they bought up all the lands of the ruined peasants on the cheap, the
00:07:38
formerly united
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Senate and the Roman people were divided into two
00:07:44
warring camps to reconcile them the
00:07:46
people's tribunes will try, the brothers,
00:07:48
the players, they will propose to collect the
00:07:50
surplus public lands from the rich and transfer them to the
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ruined peasants, and also begin
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free distribution of bread to the poor,
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dissatisfied senators will decide to forcefully suppress the
00:08:01
Gracchi movement, they will kill the brothers and
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several thousand of their supporters, Rome
00:08:06
will plunge into civil wars, a
00:08:09
social elevator for the proletarians
00:08:11
will come up with the popular commander
00:08:12
Gaius Marius, he will begin to take them into the army,
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promising land at the end of the service, so the legions
00:08:18
will be personally loyal to their
00:08:20
commander,
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they are to the Senate and the Roman people in the forty-
00:08:24
ninth year, two outstanding commanders clashed for power,
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Gnaeus Pompeius annexed the cream of the eastern
00:08:32
province, so for example, it became part of it.
00:08:34
restless Judas, he also
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frequented the Mediterranean Sea from pirates,
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defeated the slave uprisings
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led by Spartacus and, not without
00:08:43
reason, added the prefix to his name, the
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great Gaius Julius Caesar
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conquered Gaul now it would be called
00:08:51
genocide, he massacred a million Gauls and
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converted the same number into slavery
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then he defeated where the Levites of the Germans and
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invaded Britain, according to the law, before
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returning to Rome, the commander had to
00:09:04
disband the legions and receive in return a
00:09:06
moment of glory, a triumphal entry into
00:09:09
the capital, to succumb and citizens,
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Caesar would commit an unprecedented demarion, he would
00:09:15
refuse to submit to the Senate and, having crossed
00:09:17
the border and either the
00:09:18
Rubicon River, direct his legions to
00:09:21
Rome
00:09:22
in a few years he will defeat both Pompey and
00:09:25
his other rivals; for this, the
00:09:27
Roman legions will fight with the Roman
00:09:29
legions, casually annex
00:09:32
new territories to Rome and place
00:09:34
Queen Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne; for one, have an
00:09:37
office romance with her
00:09:38
after a romantic cruise on the Nile, she
00:09:41
will give birth to Caesarion, that is, little
00:09:44
Caesar returning, Caesar adds the
00:09:48
prefix emperor to his name, that is, a
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victorious commander, and collects in his
00:09:54
hands all the political positions of the consul of the
00:09:57
people's tribune of the dictator,
00:10:00
rumors spread that Caesar wants to proclaim himself
00:10:02
king in the Senate, a
00:10:04
conspiracy
00:10:05
of Caesar is brewing, they are stabbed to death as the main heir of
00:10:09
his fortune, completely unexpectedly
00:10:11
for everyone, Caesar announced his grandchildren his nephew Guy
00:10:15
Octavia will immediately join the struggle for power
00:10:18
in the thirty-first year he will defeat the
00:10:21
last competitor of the commander Mark
00:10:23
Antony with whom Cleopatra has already managed to start a
00:10:25
new romance lovers
00:10:28
commit suicide
00:10:30
the only owner of the vast
00:10:32
territory will remain Octavian
00:10:34
[music]
00:10:38
Caesar I try for power for four years
00:10:41
Octavian took the title Augustus, that is,
00:10:43
sacred or great, remained at the head of the
00:10:46
state for endless 43 did not abolish the formal republic, he
00:10:51
simply concentrated in his hands all
00:10:53
possible positions that gave him
00:10:55
almost absolute power, but he
00:10:58
pointedly modestly called himself the principle of the
00:11:00
first senator and let
00:11:04
skirmishes with barbarians continue on the borders, but
00:11:06
inside pax romana begins a period of peace and
00:11:09
stability of 200 years in the empire, an
00:11:13
economic boom, free bread
00:11:16
is received by 200 thousand people by order of
00:11:19
August in the center of the capital there is a degenerate
00:11:21
open 500-meter pool in which
00:11:24
3000 gladiators stage battles on
00:11:27
real sea ships time a
00:11:30
construction riot is growing areas of concrete
00:11:34
high-rise buildings in August it is necessary to introduce high-rise
00:11:37
regulations and limit the growth of skyscrapers to
00:11:39
six floors,
00:11:41
the townspeople are still not happy, they complain
00:11:44
about traffic jams,
00:11:45
pollution from the Tiber and high rents
00:11:47
was the
00:11:49
golden age of poetry, the Minister of
00:11:52
Culture of August, a philanthropist, they allocate grants
00:11:55
for the glorification of state
00:11:57
values, build temples in honor of August
00:11:59
and even name it the name of the month is
00:12:02
how the cult of the Roman
00:12:05
emperors develops; they will be revered on a par with
00:12:07
Mars and Jupiter
00:12:11
[music]
00:12:12
after August, power for the first time begins
00:12:15
to be inherited by
00:12:17
the Senate; the opposition left us vivid
00:12:20
portraits of the first emperors;
00:12:22
suspicious Tiberius carried out terror
00:12:25
under the guise of the lese
00:12:26
majeste law; it was possible to convict under it for
00:12:29
anything was worth it just not enough
00:12:32
to praise the authorities or pay in a
00:12:34
brothel with coins with the image of the emperor, and in
00:12:38
distant Judea
00:12:39
they crucified a preacher who refused to
00:12:41
honor the emperor as a god
00:12:43
Caligula wanted to make a braid for his
00:12:46
horse, a
00:12:47
scientist and gastroenteritis Claudius was
00:12:49
too passionate about the mountains and the reform of
00:12:51
the alphabet to follow the intrigues at
00:12:53
court, as a result of 1, his wife Messalina
00:12:56
competed in brothels with priestesses of love
00:12:58
and the other Agrippina
00:13:00
poisoned Claudius with his favorite mushrooms in order to
00:13:03
enthronement his son from
00:13:05
another marriage,
00:13:06
Nero, who considered himself a born
00:13:09
actor, they were the emperor, Nero would kill his
00:13:12
own mother, then the apostles Peter and
00:13:14
Paul,
00:13:15
then the trine seemed to come up so that
00:13:17
during a fire, read poems about the destruction of
00:13:19
Troy,
00:13:20
arson, blame the first Christians, they were
00:13:22
then treated as a dangerous Jewish
00:13:24
sect, and the first mass persecution would take place,
00:13:27
and finally commit suicide,
00:13:33
we learn most of the details about this era from the historian and senator Tacitus, who
00:13:36
observed the degradation of
00:13:38
republican institutions indeed, the
00:13:40
popular assembly abolished the fate of the
00:13:42
empire, now it was decided not so much by the Senate
00:13:44
as by Arian pride, and the guard of
00:13:47
the emperor’s personal guard was created back in August,
00:13:49
they strangled them with a pillow now and
00:13:51
stabbed Caligula with a sword and appointed
00:13:54
Claudius emperor for the sake of justice,
00:13:57
at the same time the empire grew with new
00:13:59
territories, the Roman legions conquered
00:14:02
part of Britain and founded the city there
00:14:04
landini mind of the province received a transparent
00:14:08
tax collection system they the Roman nobility
00:14:10
began en masse to enter the Senate the
00:14:13
founders of the next dynasty will be the
00:14:15
grandson of a peasant from Italy Vespasian
00:14:18
Slavik
00:14:19
Flavius ​​the historian rather liked of
00:14:21
course a special type suppressing in
00:14:23
Astana Gaudia left
00:14:26
only a wailing wall from the Jerusalem temple and built
00:14:28
another genocide, of course, by modern standards,
00:14:31
not by Roman standards, but Vespasian
00:14:34
had a good Roman disposition and imposed
00:14:37
taxes on match collectors in public
00:14:40
toilets, the destroyer of Jerusalem, Titus, and
00:14:43
will even receive the title
00:14:44
merciful after a magnificent triumph for
00:14:47
the people, he will open collisions of titanium, they are called
00:14:50
love and consolation of the human race, and
00:14:53
after holidays and large-scale
00:14:55
construction will empty the treasury
00:14:57
visa and destroy pompa and stepfather half of
00:15:00
italy tito deify the second century will
00:15:09
go down in history as the era of good
00:15:11
emperors trojan contemporaries considered
00:15:14
the best emperor in the entire history of rome
00:15:17
under him the city of a million people
00:15:19
the empire reaches its maximum size
00:15:21
new territories
00:15:23
rome is connected by a network of paved roads this
00:15:26
system still determines the
00:15:27
transport map of Europe after the
00:15:30
conquest of the Trojans, Adrian goes on
00:15:32
the defensive and builds a powerful fortification in
00:15:35
Britain, now
00:15:37
the pantheon is being built, the world's first
00:15:40
temple covered with a large dome, a real
00:15:43
architectural sensation of its time,
00:15:45
it will be dedicated to
00:15:47
all the gods at once, and Adrian
00:15:50
will count his own among them the beloved youth
00:15:52
Putin and his image have reached us
00:15:55
more than any of the belts the last
00:15:59
good emperor the philosopher on the throne Marcus
00:16:01
Aurelius will spend most of his reign
00:16:03
on military campaigns in
00:16:06
between battles he will write a manifesto of
00:16:08
Stoic philosophy
00:16:09
alone with himself
00:16:11
[music]
00:16:16
with his son Marcus Aurelius comme de
00:16:19
pax romana ended the
00:16:21
Roman peace to state affairs he
00:16:23
preferred glory to the gladiator as
00:16:27
a result of a conspiracy the emperor was strangled by his
00:16:29
wrestling partner the
00:16:30
slave Narcissus Orem plunged into chaos the
00:16:35
next 100 years it was a series of random
00:16:38
emperors proclaimed armies ascended to the
00:16:41
throne in turn a
00:16:43
freedman an adventurer who bought the
00:16:45
throne at an auction a
00:16:46
commander of African descent
00:16:48
who will force the entire empire with statues of the
00:16:51
former enemy of Hannibal, the
00:16:53
Syrian vest of the sun, a former post,
00:16:56
due to the popularity of his
00:16:59
heroic physique in the year 212, the
00:17:04
Emperor Caracalla on one half was
00:17:06
African on the other, the Syrian granted
00:17:09
Roman citizenship to almost all
00:17:11
free inhabitants of the pens the idea that a
00:17:14
Roman can be a Jew in both Africa and
00:17:17
in general, in any corner of the empire, perhaps the
00:17:20
main legacy of Rome, which we
00:17:22
still use today, by the middle of the century,
00:17:25
Karim is already in such a crisis
00:17:27
that entire provinces begin to break away from it,
00:17:30
for example, they proclaim their
00:17:33
own empire, the
00:17:34
son of a freedman will restore order, and
00:17:37
Diocletian, having begun his career as a soldier,
00:17:40
will end up as an absolute monarch an
00:17:42
amazing example of social
00:17:44
mobility
00:17:45
Diocletian divided the empire into four
00:17:48
parts with four rulers in 4
00:17:50
capitals closer to the borders Rome lost
00:17:54
its importance hay turned into a
00:17:56
city council the country was now ruled by an
00:17:59
army of officials
00:18:00
personally subordinate to the emperor and so
00:18:03
came the end of the ancient world which
00:18:06
rested around the concept of a free community
00:18:07
and citizen the emperor from a princeps 1
00:18:11
senator turned into the house of a nous, that is, a
00:18:14
master, this is how they addressed the owner,
00:18:17
slaves, a citizen, became a subject, warrior,
00:18:21
soldiers, peasant, serf, in
00:18:24
fact, quite an 20 years later, he
00:18:26
renounced imperial power and
00:18:28
went to his estate
00:18:29
to grow cabbage
00:18:35
after the departure of Diocletian and the co-ruler
00:18:37
will fight for power
00:18:38
will be given to the victors by Constantine, the future
00:18:41
saint, equal to the apostles, Constantine the
00:18:43
Great,
00:18:44
before the decisive battle for Rome, he allegedly
00:18:47
saw the cross and the inscription hereby you will win and
00:18:50
after that Constantine equalizes the
00:18:52
rights of all religions after 300 years of
00:18:55
persecution,
00:18:56
Christians come out of the catacombs receive the
00:18:58
right to build churches
00:19:00
on a par with the temples of August Mars
00:19:02
Constantine will transfer that same cross from
00:19:05
Jerusalem to the new capital of the Roman
00:19:07
Empire in Constantinople
00:19:09
Theodosius will be the first to make Christianity the
00:19:11
official religion and begin to destroy
00:19:14
ancient temples he will also become the last
00:19:17
emperor of a still unified Roman Empire his
00:19:20
sons will divide it into the western and
00:19:23
eastern parts the eastern part will live for another
00:19:25
thousand years for us it known as Byzantium,
00:19:28
the Western ones will become a victim
00:19:31
of the great migration of peoples, founded by
00:19:34
immigrants, Rome will fall under the onslaught of a
00:19:36
new wave of refugees, ironically, the
00:19:38
last ruler of Rome will be called
00:19:41
Rum
00:19:43
[music]
00:19:48
in the center of modern Rome, a little
00:19:50
away from the Colosseum and the ruins of the Forum, there is
00:19:52
a mausoleum its owner was not an emperor
00:19:55
not a senator, but a simple baker by name
00:19:58
and in risk, he was born a slave to a family of
00:20:01
Greek migrants, Arren had already
00:20:03
captured Greece, the motor received freedom,
00:20:06
signed a contract with the capital for the
00:20:08
supply of bread and became so rich
00:20:10
that he was able to build such a monument for himself and his wife
00:20:15
and before Rome in some somewhere in ancient Egypt
00:20:17
and after the Middle Ages you died the one you
00:20:21
were born with
00:20:22
life career mark virgil arisaka this is
00:20:25
the answer to the question how Rome was able to create a
00:20:27
world power that lasted for more than
00:20:29
a thousand years
00:20:31
[music]
00:20:36
liked the video we have the same one
00:20:39
only about ancient Greece and a whole course of
00:20:42
lectures about Byzantium
00:20:43
or watch the shortest history of
00:20:45
Russian art of the 20th century, we packed
00:20:48
a hundred years into 20 minutes, that’s not all,
00:20:51
subscribe to the Arzamas channel and definitely
00:20:54
don’t miss anything
00:20:57
[music]

Description:

Цезарь, Колизей, республика, Нерон, гуси, плебеи, легионы — всё, что вы когда-то знали, но забыли, коротко и ясно в видео Arzamas Научный консультант — Андрей Сморчков, доктор исторических наук, профессор Института восточных культур и античности РГГУ. Курс «Что такое античность»: https://arzamas.academy/likbez/antiquity Курс «Помпеи до и после извержения Везувия» в мобильном приложении «Радио Arzamas»: https://arzamas.academy/radio/announcements/pompeii?app=direct Курс «Что такое Древняя Греция»: https://arzamas.academy/courses/36 Курс «Византия для начинающих»: https://arzamas.academy/courses/27 *** Arzamas — просветительский проект об истории культуры https://arzamas.academy/ Наши курсы и подкасты можно слушать в приложении «Радио Arzamas» https://arzamas.academy/radio. А чтобы не пропускать новые материалы, следите за нами в социальных сетях: Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser FB: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser VK: https://vk.com/arzamas.academy Twitter: https://twitter.com/arzamas_academy Telegram: https://teleg.run/ArzamasLive

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