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00:00:01

[music]

00:00:14

Greetings to everyone who is interested in history, I am

00:00:17

Mrs. Elena, and today we are waiting for the topic of the

00:00:21

life and traditions of knights and peasants, but

00:00:24

first, imagine a medieval

00:00:27

castle, morning, a young man prayed all night,

00:00:31

Confession and communion were waiting for him, but that was not

00:00:34

important, but the next action I promise to

00:00:37

follow

00:00:40

he will say all the laws of chivalry the next day, and after that a

00:00:43

solemn Initiation into the

00:00:46

most honored state will take place in the day of the Middle Ages of

00:00:49

chivalry, the age of chivalry is shrouded in certain

00:00:52

myths, legends and stereotypes, it is very

00:00:55

difficult to separate truth from fiction,

00:00:58

for example, it is believed that the whole life of

00:01:01

knights was spent in constant wars,

00:01:03

hunts and tournaments, but not let's not

00:01:06

forget that during the formation of chivalry

00:01:09

as a separate state of society, many

00:01:11

of the knights were still with the landowner, the

00:01:14

feudal lord Afo - this is a whole economic

00:01:18

complex with mills, grape presses,

00:01:20

a system of roads, something that had to be

00:01:23

taken care of, peasants lived on his land

00:01:25

who not only paid

00:01:28

rent for use with the land, they performed their

00:01:30

duties and needed the seigneur to

00:01:33

protect and perform judicial functions, very

00:01:36

often the squire, who perfectly wielded

00:01:39

a sword, did not know Peru at all and did not know how to

00:01:42

read and write, counts, barons, even

00:01:45

sometimes Kings could leave only a cross

00:01:48

on the document that certified their identity,

00:01:51

and this is not surprising because they devoted all their free

00:01:55

time to military

00:01:57

training, this was their main science,

00:02:00

but we were not all newly created

00:02:03

kingdoms needed educated people, let's

00:02:05

remember the system of power of the Franks, where there

00:02:08

was a mayor and a creative count and a

00:02:10

referentary and chamberlains, etc., to

00:02:14

manage an entire royal estate, to

00:02:16

keep documentation or

00:02:19

only

00:02:21

persons who knew how to write and knew

00:02:25

arithmetic could monitor the receipts of the treasury. Well, at least the knights

00:02:28

had their own psychology, a worldview of the

00:02:31

concept of honor, which even now can be called purely

00:02:34

chivalrous, keeping one's word, defending

00:02:38

justice, the ability to defend one's

00:02:40

position,

00:02:42

but there is no need for idealization, a knight could

00:02:46

be quite cruel in in relation to a

00:02:48

simple passer-by who

00:02:51

happened to be on his way, some of them

00:02:54

were distinguished by their

00:02:55

phonetic devotion to Christianity, which

00:02:58

generated incredible cruelty

00:03:01

towards non-believers and representatives of

00:03:03

Christianity who did not recognize the supremacy of the

00:03:06

Pope, this was clearly demonstrated by the

00:03:09

Crusades of

00:03:10

the 11th-15th centuries or the Albigensian Wars at the

00:03:14

end of the 12th century the beginning of the 12th century.

00:03:17

As for women, we will not be talking about female

00:03:21

warriors like the Amazons, rather

00:03:25

they were the daughters of knights, their wives,

00:03:28

sisters,

00:03:30

but there are exceptions to every rule,

00:03:33

so we will definitely encounter

00:03:37

women who took up weapons and began

00:03:40

to act in fighting on a level with men,

00:03:43

chivalry became a socio-cultural

00:03:46

phenomenon precisely from the history of the existence of this

00:03:48

layer, the so-called court

00:03:51

etiquette arose, and the foundation of European literature was also laid.

00:04:07

received the name courtiers, and the whole circle of

00:04:10

such persons began to be called the court at the court, the

00:04:14

rituals of refined behavior began to spread, the

00:04:18

courtesy of the knights,

00:04:21

who formed the basis of the work of their lord,

00:04:24

as a rule, learned to be polite, generous, sophisticated,

00:04:28

tactful in their

00:04:32

environment, the most talented of them

00:04:35

composed poems and played musical

00:04:37

instruments and were called troubadours already

00:04:40

at the end of the 11th century, the first

00:04:43

Troubadour of Provence appears in the south of France,

00:04:47

Lon Aquitaine, who is considered the

00:04:50

progenitor not only of

00:04:52

Provençal but also of European poetry,

00:04:55

and his granddaughter Eleanor of Aquitaine

00:05:00

1122-1204 years of life contributed to the spread of

00:05:04

courtly literature from the south of France

00:05:07

further into Europe

00:05:09

a beauty and inherits a rich

00:05:12

province, visited both the French and

00:05:14

English queens,

00:05:17

and her son, the English king Richard the

00:05:20

Lionheart, a thousand

00:05:24

1189-1199 years of reign became the standard

00:05:28

of chivalry. And although his victories on the

00:05:32

battlefields may not have had a significant impact on the

00:05:35

course of historical events, his

00:05:38

poetic legacy showed the best

00:05:42

traditions of troubadour art

00:05:44

have survived two verse works

00:05:47

written by Richard a song composed in captivity

00:05:50

of his opponent Henry VI and a poem

00:05:52

written in a dialect of the ancient French

00:05:55

language

00:05:56

in general the names of about six hundred

00:06:00

troubadours are known so far there are

00:06:02

2500 works 400 poets

00:06:06

mostly troubadours were minor

00:06:09

knights but some could come from

00:06:11

rich families

00:06:13

among there were a lot of highly educated

00:06:15

people who traveled a lot. It is interesting that

00:06:18

among the troubadours there were not a few women and

00:06:20

noble families, in particular, the

00:06:23

work of such female troubadours as the

00:06:26

Countess of the actress de-dia Harze, the second

00:06:29

desabran, Clare of Andalusia, Maria de

00:06:32

Ventadorm, etc., was quite popular. Their work

00:06:36

was based on rule

00:06:38

autobiographical data each troubadour

00:06:41

studied for a long time the rule of good tone of

00:06:43

poetry and music famous lords and ladies

00:06:47

became the most loyal patrons of

00:06:49

troubadours poets were surrounded by honors and

00:06:52

their influence was noticeable on the tastes of

00:06:54

fashion and manners of the highest nobility they even

00:06:57

became parents of ballroom dances in

00:07:00

Europe

00:07:01

poetry of chivalry was dedicated to a

00:07:03

beautiful lady who managed to conquer the

00:07:06

knight's heart, he dedicated

00:07:08

his victory to her. And she encouraged and

00:07:11

inspired future exploits. Such

00:07:14

relationships became a kind of cult with the

00:07:16

great in various genres of art. Although

00:07:18

in the vast majority of cases, happy women

00:07:20

were not given, they were married.

00:07:25

there are

00:07:29

also heroic novels about the exploits and adventures of

00:07:32

knights-errant, for example, the British

00:07:34

epic of glory to us, of course, King Arthur and

00:07:37

his knights of the round table or the

00:07:40

chivalric novel Tristan and Isolde,

00:07:43

but no matter what kind of warrior a knight was,

00:07:46

he could not live without the daily

00:07:50

achievements of representatives of the lowest of

00:07:52

the middle ages peasants And what

00:07:55

was the life of a simple peasant, so

00:07:58

little is known about them because chronicles and other

00:08:01

written sources tell mostly

00:08:03

about the life of the knight, first of all, his life

00:08:06

was completely connected with work on the land

00:08:08

and, no matter what, the peasants were

00:08:12

one of the of the main figures of the Middle Ages

00:08:15

who fed everyone. And also in the villages

00:08:19

lived Koveli, weavers, potters, sherds,

00:08:22

etc. It was a closed world with its own

00:08:25

rules, all important issues were decided by the

00:08:29

peasant community, within which there was a

00:08:31

certain differentiation based on property,

00:08:35

very often the unification of peasants took place

00:08:38

around the church, which they received for

00:08:40

own funds, the

00:08:42

village community, led by the old woman,

00:08:44

dealt with the issue of

00:08:47

land demarcation, the condition of roads and bridges, took care of

00:08:49

the poor, resolved small

00:08:52

court cases, even organized

00:08:55

village militias if needed, this gave the

00:08:58

peasant a certain sense of protection, so everyone

00:09:02

followed the rules, because it

00:09:04

was very modest to survive alone, this was a certain

00:09:08

feature of society during the

00:09:09

Middle Ages, the creation of groups of communities,

00:09:12

collectives to protect interests, but the

00:09:15

life of people at that time was not only

00:09:18

constant work, for each period a

00:09:21

certain perception of space and

00:09:24

time, relationships between people, nature, etc., in the days of

00:09:28

the Middle Ages, peasants did not even have a

00:09:30

basic education, so they relied on

00:09:33

rumors, legends, traditions, and knowledge were

00:09:37

mainly practical and were passed from the

00:09:40

older generation to the younger orally,

00:09:43

just like many folk cultures, and there

00:09:49

was no understanding of what the world was like outside the native spaces at all. time was determined

00:09:52

by the position of the sun, the speed of

00:09:54

combustion by a luchin or a torch, and the

00:09:57

church bell and the church calendar were also indicators of time.

00:10:00

although the

00:10:04

Christian worldview prevailed, the environment of the

00:10:06

peasantry was practiced, ancient beliefs

00:10:09

and customs were celebrated, pagan holidays were celebrated,

00:10:11

which received a Christian context and

00:10:14

explanation,

00:10:15

very often the stocks in the peasant's pantry

00:10:18

depended on the whims of nature, often

00:10:21

disappointing, followed by hunger.

00:10:29

that

00:10:31

even under unfavorable conditions, a person can

00:10:35

make his way to survival

00:10:38

during the 11-13 centuries in Europe, peasants

00:10:41

master new territories, clear forests,

00:10:44

drain swamps, reclaim land from the sea,

00:10:47

this process was called internal

00:10:50

colonization, and as a result of this

00:10:52

activity, the cultivated area increases, river

00:10:55

systems combine channels, however, nature

00:10:59

mostly remained mysterious and

00:11:02

spiritual for the people of that time,

00:11:05

remember how many help and gifts

00:11:08

in fairy tales the hero receives in the forest or the

00:11:12

winds or from such animals.

00:11:14

And you remember that folk art is the

00:11:18

best evidence of worldview, so it

00:11:21

is logical that crafts remained important for the peasants

00:11:23

fishing and hunting. In

00:11:27

addition, it made it possible to increase the list of

00:11:30

goods for trade or exchange, as well as

00:11:33

to improve living conditions in Zor. Large

00:11:36

fish were used to close

00:11:38

window openings. the

00:11:50

question of what word was used to call the

00:11:54

rules of behavior and qualities that a

00:11:57

nobleman or a gentleman of the

00:11:59

Middle Ages had to possess, especially in relations with the

00:12:02

opposite sex, and

00:12:05

etiquette; b

00:12:06

courtesy; in the ceremony d ordinary

00:12:11

at the courts of noble persons during the

00:12:13

Middle Ages, certain rules of

00:12:15

behavior were formed that

00:12:17

knights or nobles had to follow.

00:12:33

b expansion; b resettlement;

00:12:37

d internal colonization

00:12:40

during the 11th-13th centuries in Europe, peasants

00:12:44

master new territories, clear forests,

00:12:47

drain swamps, reclaim land from the

00:12:49

sea, the correct answer is d - internal

00:12:52

colonization. So, the lives of knights and peasants,

00:12:56

as the main figures of the Middle Ages,

00:12:58

differed significantly, but one should not think

00:13:01

that knights constantly fought, and peasants

00:13:04

only worked, each of them

00:13:07

formed their own perception and understanding of

00:13:10

the world around them, their traditions, psychology,

00:13:13

culture, even though they had a Christian worldview and

00:13:16

united these two social states,

00:13:18

direct communication between them was

00:13:20

extreme, but the world of the Middle Ages was not

00:13:24

limited only to knighthood and peasantry,

00:13:26

we must learn about another

00:13:28

social the state that played one of the

00:13:31

defining roles in the formation of

00:13:34

medieval society and it is he who

00:13:36

ensures the relationship and mutual

00:13:39

influence not only of representatives of different

00:13:41

strata of the population, but also of different lands,

00:13:43

you want to know who

00:13:45

we will talk about at the next meetings, see you

00:13:50

[music]

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