Download "Серия 44. Императрицы России (часть 1). Мария Федоровна и Елизавета Алексеевна"
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FJC4GIkK_SD8%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
Table of contents
Audio from this video
Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:08
After all, there has always been a consensus among the elites - it was important which family a bride was from, since after the wedding all her relatives would move over to Moscow, to the Kremlin. And all of them just had to be given official positions and appointments. 00:00:18
Friedrich replied to her, no problem, there would be a substitute in the Dynamo Berlin team.00:00:22
She had a turning workshop where she used to make various handcrafted articles on a lathe from bone and amber.00:00:29
She came up with, at least in our country, the concept of an endowment – a fund of endowment capital.00:00:34
She outlived her daughter-in-law, with whom she had been at like cat and dog all her life.00:00:39
She looked like a Barbie doll, blonde with curly hair, very slender and graceful; she was considered the first beauty of Europe. 00:00:51
She was a bright illustration of the saying "don't be born beautiful, be born happy" for she never found happiness.00:00:55
Stories from Russian history
Vladimir Medinsky
19th Century00:01:09
Good afternoon, dear viewers and subscribers of our channel, friends and lovers of Russian history. Today an unusual topic awaits you – a women's topic, about Russian Empresses.00:01:21
As it’s become clear to us, this topic is immense and in the process we have accumulated so much historical material and interesting heroines to tell you about that we have ended up with two lectures, and today you will listen to the first part.00:01:34
In the history of Russia of the 18th century, there were several Empresses on the throne. Let's recall all of them: Catherine I after the death of Peter the Great, whose nationality, whether German or Latvian, is unknown to us; then Anna Ioannovna, one hundred percent Russian and niece of Peter I; then Elizabeth Petrovna, Peter I’s daughter; and, well, a kind of semi-Empress, a regent, who was next to the throne only briefly, Anna Leopoldovna.00:02:12
These were the Empresses who made the decisions and who, like the kings in the popular song, could do anything except marry for love. You understand what would happen to Empresses if they got married. Subsequently, the British, who were the best lawyers after all, in order to solve this riddle, came up with a special term for this, and a special status of Prince Consort.00:02:34
It was when a man married the acting Queen, but did not receive any rights of acting monarch, but was somewhat attached to her. Thus, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was Prince Consort to Queen Elizabeth II, who died not so long ago.00:02:52
Then, in the 18th century, they did not yet know how to square a circle and Catherine the Great, as you know from my previous lectures, tried sincerely, for love, to marry whom? That's right, her beloved Grigory Orlov. They had a long relationship, but an intelligent man, Nikita Panin, who was in charge of international affairs and foreign policy, once told her: 00:03:17
"Your Majesty, as Empress, you can do whatever you want, including getting married, but as soon as you become Mrs. Orlova, you will not be able to do as you please anymore." Therefore, Catherine gave it a thought and eventually did not marry Orlov, i.e. she decided to remain on the throne and in power.00:03:41
At the same time, it is somehow forgotten that after the 18th century, the so-called ‘feminine age’, the century of Empresses, we had several more Empresses next to the throne, but already in the status of first ladies, wives of Emperors, and in fact their influence on the course of our history and life in the country was very significant and it is not difficult to guess why. 00:04:01
However, being married to Emperors, they remained in the shadow of their spouses. We will correct this injustice and talk about the Russian Empresses of the late 18th and 19th centuries. Well, let's start with history. Question: who was the main adherent and defender of women's rights in Russia, who became the main emancipator in Russian history?00:04:27
That's right, Peter the Great, because not only did he radically change the status of women in society, and here, of course, we are not talking about peasant women, but about urban women from wealthy families, but also dragged them out into the world, introduced a completely different model of behaviour, assemblies, European clothes with open shoulders, which was completely unthinkable at that time, the opportunity for them to engage in some state and political issues. Peter the Great did all this.00:04:59
However, in addition to all this, Peter the Great had essentially equalised the rights of inheritance for men and women. In principle, he was not such an adept and supporter of women's rights, but he did believe that he, as Tsar, was the last authority before God and was responsible for everything before him, so as he, Sovereign, decided, that was how it should be. 00:05:22
If he wanted to make a male an heir, then it would be a man, and if he wanted to make a female an heir, then it would be a woman, and this would remain his own responsibility. Thus, Peter I, who had the right to nominate anyone at all, not even his relative, as his successor, eventually left no heirs and his wife Catherine I inherited the throne.00:05:46
Then began that very ‘feminine age’ and every time there were reasons for a woman to be on the throne, until finally Paul I decided to bring order to all this. In this regard, he was a conservative and acted within the framework of German hereditary law, which presupposed the advantage of men over women in the succession to the throne.00:06:12
According to a Decree of Paul I of April 5th, 1797 on the order of succession, the decree by which our Empire after that lived for more than a hundred years, we no longer had women on the throne, but, mind you, not because it was forbidden, but because such an order had been established. 00:06:30
Paul's Decree was very simple and logical: after the death of an Emperor, his sons inherited the throne in order of seniority, from the eldest to the youngest. That is, the eldest son inherited the throne and then the sons of the eldest son. If the eldest son had no sons of his own, then the next oldest son of the deceased Emperor inherited the throne and then his sons, and so on. Women received inheritance rights only if the Emperor had no male heirs. 00:07:02
This was not only the case here, but also in the United Kingdom, for example. According to their Act of Succession, adopted, in this case, by Parliament, Queen Victoria happened to ascend to the throne not because she was smart and beautiful, but because legitimate potential heirs were absent. Therefore, the throne had to be given to a female person, Queen Victoria, whose husband and Prince Consort, by the way, almost became Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich, the future Emperor Alexander II. 00:07:31
In Austria, Maria Theresa became Empress on exactly the same principle, because there were no male heirs equal to her. Paul I and the subsequent Romanovs had no problems with sons, so a woman, in her turn, just never appeared on the Russian throne. However, there were Empresses, and they certainly exerted influence on the life of our country through their husbands.00:07:56
All in all, there were six such Empresses, five of them German and one Danish. But what did ‘German’ mean? Let's get it straight right away. Back then, Germany was a collective concept and there was no such country at all. On the territories of the German lands there existed a huge number of different kinds of state entities, such as Duchies, Counties, Kurfürstdoms, Marks, Free Cities and one single Kingdom of Prussia.00:08:30
Altogether, this amorphous formation was called the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. I do not want to give any close analogies, because they would rather be somewhat offensive, but if we take the current European Union, then it is a much more rigid vertical formation than was the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation back then.00:08:56
Therefore, imagine three hundred sovereign states in this territory, three hundred ruling royal houses, and how many daughters they had. That is, marriage to them was irreproachable for any monarch and was considered an equal marriage. By the way, the notion of equal marriage did not exist in all states, and in England or Spain they were not so pedantic about it.00:09:32
The concept of equal marriage arose, as it was, in German law, and appeared in Russia only under Alexander I, when his younger brother, Konstantin married the Polish Countess, Jeanette Grudzinska. 00:09:46
Then a significant amendment was made to the Decree on Succession to the throne, namely, that if a potential heir to the throne entered into an unequal marriage, i.e. did not marry a representative of a reigning sovereign royal house, then he was free to marry whom he pleased, but his descendants would be excluded from the line to the throne.00:10:07
Konstantin made such a choice and, by the way, several other Romanovs did so. We call such a marriage morganatic, but then it was called a little differently. And so, there were many German noble young women on offer, from whom it was possible to choose a beautiful healthy girl as a wife, just because there were hundreds of them. 00:10:23
Although their kingdoms were small, but they were not just anyone, but princesses - all of you must have read the fairy tale "The Princess on the Pea". So, I have announced six Empresses. The first wife of Emperor Paul I, then he was still heir, Natalia, who died early in childbirth, so I shall not dwell on her in detail; his second wife was Maria, who lived a long life;00:10:47
then, the wife of Alexander I, Elizabeth; the wife of Nicholas I, Alexandra; the wife of Alexander II, Maria; the wife of Alexander III, like our first heroine, also Maria Feodorovna; and finally, the wife of Nicholas II, Alexandra, whom we will not talk about, because this is already the 20th century.00:11:14
Of the six, respectively, there were three Marys and two Alexandras, but these were, of course, not their real names given at birth, these were Russian names that they received at baptism into Orthodoxy. Their real names were long, as was customary in Europe, for example, we remember the name of Catherine II - Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. 00:11:43
It is clear that Anhalt-Zerbst was a surname after her ancestral domain, plus several first names. Her nickname was Fike, short for Frederica. Here's another example, if anyone understands who I'm talking about: Victoria Alice Elena Louise Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt - it was Alexandra, or Alix, the wife of Nicholas II. 00:12:00
Why are the names so long? It is in the European tradition to give several names to both boys and girls. These are the names of the saints who protect him or her, and the names can be either of male or female saints. Therefore, one of a man's names can be feminine and it is normal. Such a person has, as it were, several patrons. 00:12:26
Taking into account the fact that it is necessary to hold separate baptism ceremonies in honour of each of the saints, then, probably, all this represents a whole process in itself. Further, in addition to this, they also give names in honour of relatives, parents and grandparents. 00:12:40
And, accordingly, persons of high nobility can be given several surnames according to the names of their ancestral domains, and these surnames can be supplemented with time - you get married, add an additional territorial possession and receive a double surname.00:12:57
I will tell you another such long name; perhaps you can guess who is behind it: Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Martin Patricio Ruiz y Picasso. Leave the first and last name and it turns out to be Pablo Picasso. That's his full Spanish name.00:13:25
The real name of Catherine I, although we do not know this for sure, but it is generally believed that her name was Marta Helena Skowrońska. Having been baptised into Orthodoxy, she became Ekaterina (Catherine) Alekseevna Mikhailova. As for Catherine, I don't know why, perhaps Peter I liked this name, and the patronymic Alekseevna was given because Tsarevich Alexei, Peter's son, acted as her godfather. 00:13:50
And the surname Mikhailova she received by her husband’s last name, well, she could not be possibly named Romanova, because Peter I presented himself under the pseudonym Lieutenant Mikhailov or Captain-Bombardier Mikhailov. So, she became Mikhailova. It's like if Nadezhda Krupskaya became Lenina. 00:14:08
Catherine II became Catherine, of course, by a decision of Empress Elizabeth in honour of the very Catherine I, Elizabeth's mother. We're going to expose a lot of family ties today, so be prepared. Sometimes, to make it easier, they approached this tactfully, that is, they did not give a new name, but simply changed the European, or Lutheran, name a little.00:14:29
For example, Alexander I's wife Elisaveta (Elizabeth) was actually Louise, her name was slightly changed and she became Elizabeth. Why were the wives of several Emperors given the patronymic Feodorovna? It was done in honour of the Feodorovskaya icon of God’s Mother. It was considered a royal icon for it was believed that the first Romanov, Mikhail, had been blessed with this icon for the kingdom, so often, Feodorovna was given as the patronymic, but not always.00:14:53
How did Russian Tsars choose their brides in the old days? Let's take a later period of our history. The most famous story was with the bride show, which was conducted by Ivan the Terrible's father, Vasily III, now undeservedly forgotten. Vasily III, in the spirit of the Byzantine tradition, held a major bride viewing. 00:15:13
According to some sources, 500 of the best potential brides were presented to him, and according to others about 1 500. Well, to be honest, I don't think he really personally chose from such a number of contestants and most likely other certain people were involved in the selection, who then presented him a short list. 00:15:35
After all, there has always been a consensus among the elites - it was important which family a bride was from, since after the wedding all her relatives would move over to Moscow, to the Kremlin. And all of them just had to be given official positions, appointments and vested with certain powers, that is a redistribution of the political market took place.00:15:52
In the end, Vasily III chose Solomonia Saburova. His son, Ivan the Terrible, also staged a big review; he sent out his ambassadors who examined brides on the ground and eventually, again, if you believe the recollections of foreign contemporaries, brought to Moscow allegedly 2 000 potential brides. 00:16:18
Ivan the Terrible chose Anastasia Zakharyina-Yurieva and when his first beloved wife unexpectedly died, as he himself believed she had been poisoned, bride screenings were repeated and thousands of brides gathered in Moscow yet again. And again, after a multi-stage selection only 24 contestants remained, who were then shortlisted to 12. Finally, out of these 12, Ivan the Terrible chose Marfa Sobakina.00:16:45
As a surname, Sobakina sounds quite harsh (in Russian it means ‘dog’), but in fact, look it up on the Internet, based on her remains, our anthropologists had restored her appearance, and she turned out to be a very beautiful woman. And yes, it was the same Marfa Vasilyevna from the mega popular Soviet film ‘Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession’.00:17:12
However, Marfa Vasilyevna Sobakina died just two weeks after the wedding. You will now see that a young Tsar’s wife’s job in those days was deadly dangerous. So, since the finalists of the competition for the Tsar's bride did not have time to leave Moscow, without thinking twice, Ivan the Terrible chose the one who took second place. 00:17:36
At the same time, again, in order not to waste a good opportunity, he also married his son, and also to a girl from among the shortlisted pretenders. With a new wife, her name was Anna, the chemistry did not work for Ivan the Terrible and he divorced her six months later. According to the notions of that time, she was lucky - she was sent away to a monastery, where a very happy fate awaited her. 00:17:58
At some stage, she became abbess of this monastery, everyone treated her with all due respect and she outlived Ivan the Terrible himself, Fyodor Ioannovich, Boris Godunov and all the False Dmitriys. She passed away at a ripe old age, in her seventies, which at that time was a very long period of life.00:18:20
Mikhail Romanov also chose his wife after the same bride parade. You can write a melodrama about this, because his relatives did not like the girl he had chosen, and when she got a sharp stomach ache she was immediately written off under the pretext that he couldn’t marry a sick woman. 00:18:34
Doctors examined her and found that the pain would pass soon, to which the relatives said that no, it would not pass, so the bride and her family took the hint and left Moscow in hasty abandon for their native Tobolsk.00:18:44
Due to the fact that the girl he liked had been taken away from him, Mikhail went on strike, but in the end, his mother picked out a good bride for him, who, however, fell ill on the second day after the wedding and died a few months later. Apparently, there was no elite consensus, and someone didn't like her very much.00:19:06
Well, in the end, when they realised that something fishy was happening, the following bride viewings continued to take place as usual, but the result was made secret, that is, the name of the Tsar's chosen one was not announced. Only three days before the wedding, was it disclosed to a narrow circle of people whom the Tsar had chosen.00:19:29
And only these same people were allowed to attend the royal feast on this occasion, no one else. Thus, in the end, Evdokia Streshneva, mother of Alexei Mikhailovich and, accordingly, grandmother of Peter I, became Tsarina, i.e. thank God she remained alive.00:19:41
Our Peter the Great had eventually destroyed all this splendor with the election of a bride of unequal status and broken this whole tradition – he fell in love with a commoner, Marta Skavronskaya, future Catherine I, who came from nowhere, and since he couldn’t care less about anyone’s opinion, he made her not just a Tsarina, but then crowned her as Empress as well.00:20:08
However, he married his son Alexei in a very beneficial marriage according to all diplomatic canons. Tsarevich Alexei's wife was Charlotte Christina Sofia of Braunschweig-Wolfenbuttel, who was the sister of the wife of Charles VI, heir to the Austrian throne. And Peter II was their son. That is, in this way we became related to one of the most, if not the most noble and influential, royal houses in Europe, i.e. the Habsburgs, and, at that, at the very top level.00:20:44
If Peter II had not died so early, if Charlotte had not died so early, if Tsarevich Alexei had had a better fate, then we could have had a very interesting connection between St. Petersburg and Vienna. By the way, Maria Theresa, the famous Empress of Austria and Queen of Bohemia, Hungary, etc., was niece of Peter I's daughter-in-law, and Marie Antoinette, daughter of Maria Theresa, who was beheaded, was therefore, her great-niece. 00:21:17
That is, through this marriage, Russian Emperors became relatives of almost all the royal courts of Europe. Let's deviate here a bit - do you remember Marie Antoinette and what kind of image she had? "Have the people run out of bread? Let them eat cake?" - this quote is, perhaps, all modern people know about her, and it's clear that she was beheaded for this.00:21:32
But in fact, it was much more complicated than that. First of all, she didn't say anything about cakes. But there is another phrase by Marie Antoinette, which betrays in her the amazing endurance and sharpness of a person. She was tried, the revolutionary convention decided on the execution and the parliament voted on this. At the trial, a prosecutor spoke on behalf of the revolutionary French people.00:22:01
She was charged with treason, that she had been working for the Austrians and, believe it or not, with insulting French women by imposing on them a hairstyle alien to France. You see, Queen Marie Antoinette wore her hair very high and the whole court copied her. The actual insult consisted in the fact that some women managed to make their hair so high that they could not enter a carriage standing up and even ride in it in a sitting position.00:22:32
So, they had to ride in a carriage on their knees and thereby insulted the French nation. During the trial, Marie Antoinette did not utter a word, but when she was accused, apart from everything else, in sexual connection with her own son, i.e. incest, then she could not stand it and exclaimed: "Is there at least one woman in the courtroom, at least one mother? I want to ask her how did you even think of such a thing and how is it possible?!"00:23:01
And so, when Marie Antoinette ascended the scaffold, in France they’ve always loved to make a show of executions, she looked at the raging crowd and said: "Well, all my troubles will soon be all over, but yours are just beginning." These last words of hers turned out to be prophetic, because from then on, the situation in France went haywire, what with the Jacobin terror and all subsequent events.00:23:33
Stories from Russian history
Vladimir Medinsky
EMPRESS MARIA00:23:48
Well, I got a little distracted. After Peter I, the problem of marriage became a foreign policy matter. Catherine approached this issue very seriously - she chose a country, Prussia, the strongest of the German states, with which it was necessary to strengthen political relations and decided to consult with Frederick the Great whom it would be better to choose as a wife for her son, Paul.00:24:13
It was decided to hold marriage viewings, but on a limited scale. Paul was offered a choice of three girls. They were all sisters, daughters of a certain landgrave, also a sovereign ruler, subservient directly to the Emperor, so the marriage was considered equal. Frederick II really wanted this marriage, and these three sisters, as in Chekhov's famous play, came to Moscow.00:24:41
Pavel looked at them, talked to them and chose one, it was probably a shame that he had to choose not from 2 000 brides, but only from three. His betrothed was baptised as Natalia, but unfortunately, she died in childbirth and the child was also stillborn. Pavel was inconsolable, because he loved his wife very much, and besides, the state needed an heir.00:25:01
Therefore, his mother contacted Friedrich again, saying let's urgently get new candidates, because the state government was unstable without an heir. Friedrich replied to her, no problem, there would be a substitute in the Dynamo Berlin team (there was just such a football team in the DDR), and he would send another good girl straight away, also from a good family.00:25:22
Catherine liked a portrait of the new girl very much, and besides the father of this German girl was from Stettin, Catherine's hometown. Moreover, he held the position of military commandant of the city at the court of the Prussian King, and his daughter was born in the very castle of Stettin, where Catherine herself had been born. Therefore, of course, the memories of her youth came flooding back on her and she instantly agreed that this Stettin beauty be sent to Moscow.00:25:53
The problem was that the girl had been already engaged, but was that a problem? The groom was given compensation, and she was sent to Moscow. It turned out that mother’s choice of her son's wife was again successful - again Paul sincerely fell in love, which once again suggests that when wise parents make a choice for their children in such matters, it is almost always the right one.00:26:17
The girl was baptised as Maria Feodorovna. How did she impress Paul? First, she learned Russian very quickly. She wrote letters to her husband not in French or German, which Paul knew perfectly well, but in Russian. Secondly, she immediately declared that her favourite subjects were geometry and mathematics, like Paul’s were. Maybe she didn't know it in advance and it was a coincidence, but I don't believe in such coincidences.00:26:45
The two of them solved mathematical problems and drew geometric figures. And Paul was a very good mathematician, remember, I once told you that if he had not been heir to the throne, he could have become a great mathematician, which was confirmed by his teachers. This love of mathematics and geometry brought them very close together.00:27:02
Maria Feodorovna was tall, as contemporaries recalled, taller than Paul by half a head, and also: "Short-sighted, statuesque, fresh blonde, very tall, but prone to premature plumpness." A typical German woman. She was physically very healthy, never got sick, got up at seven in the morning, doused herself with ice water until old age and drank very strong coffee instead of breakfast, which also brought her closer to Catherine.00:27:35
We remember that Catherine also always drank coffee instead of breakfast, because she was a supporter of interval fasting, and fed biscuits to her little doggie. Maria Feodorovna's diaries have been preserved, because then all decent girls kept diaries for writing poetry or some personal thoughts and experiences there.00:27:58
And so, in these diaries there was one entry that characterises the young Maria Feodorovna well, I quote: "It is not good for a woman to acquire too extensive knowledge. To educate children in good morals, to keep up the household and watch over the servants, to keep thrift in family expenses - that's what her education and her philosophy should consist of."00:28:30
An ideal wife, so Grandmother Catherine liked her very much. She did not get into politics at all; however, who would let her in, since Catherine even kept her own son away from politics as far as she could. Just a year later, at the age of eighteen, Maria Feodorovna gave birth to her first child, Alexander I, and afterwards gave birth to nine more children. 00:28:52
She gave birth to her last child, Mikhail, at the age of 39, after which the court physician forbade her to continue giving birth, because age-related problems could arise. So, all in all, she gave birth to ten children, but what is striking is that nine out of ten children survived and only one girl died in infancy. It was an amazing result for that time.00:29:14
Maria Feodorovna kept up the family hearth as best she could. Being German to the core, she always dressed impeccably, to the nines, and in this respect was a great pedant. No one had seen her outside her private chambers dressed in anything other than formal dress. In any situation, she always wore a corset and formal dress, no home clothes, no dressing gowns or work clothes.00:29:41
As regards to genetics and heredity, her eldest son Alexander I later became the same pedant. We remember what annoyed Alexander I the most - when papers lay unevenly on his desk or pencils were not properly sharpened, for which his valet was immediately reprimanded. So, Maria Feodorovna was a real pedant in everything.00:29:58
Also, she painted well; if you go to Pavlovsk, you can take a look at her paintings there and, as art critics say, very good ones. Moreover, she painted not only on paper or canvas, but also on porcelain and glass - a real professional. Besides, Maria Fyodorovna sang well, played several musical instruments and started the first literary parlour in St. Petersburg.00:30:19
It is also interesting that, like Peter I, she loved turning craftsmanship. She took lessons from the best masters and had a turning workshop where she used to make various handcrafted articles on a lathe from bone and amber. These things have been preserved; they are in museum collections. And she did all this while dressed in a corset and formal attire.00:30:47
She never lost face and always clearly understood who the boss was. While Catherine was alive, she was in charge, then her husband began to rule and he was in charge. However, when Paul I died, her domineering nature manifested itself. She decided that as the eldest and head of the family, she would govern Emperor Alexander I and later, already in her old age, she tried to supervise Nicholas I.00:31:11
She brought up the children well, polite and respectful to their mother, so when the Dowager Empress later came to visit her son Emperor, Alexander I lined up troops as on parade and personally went out to meet her on horseback in full dress uniform. Contemporaries recalled that in Tilsit, when Alexander I introduced Napoleon to his mother, he held her under the arm and walked with her, while his wife stayed somewhere behind in the background.00:31:39
He always emphatically showed respect and reverence for his mother, but never listened to any of her advice and acted as he saw fit. Nicholas I did the same, listened to her attentively and did everything in his own way. Of course, you could shoot a whole series about the relationship between Alexander I's mother and his wife, because it was like in the TV series Santa Barbara.00:32:03
This relationship lasted for decades and they couldn't stand each other. Despite the fact that they were close relatives, they were constantly scheming against each other, but this is a separate topic. We shall rather talk about what trace Maria Feodorovna has left behind in our country and history, and this trace has had an enormous impact, because for us, two most important notions are associated with her.00:32:28
Maria Feodorovna stood at the origins of charity and women's education. Of course, there were all sorts of charitable societies in Russia before, but they were related exclusively to men. These were orphanages, various social services and institutions that helped officer widows, abandoned children and other segments of society.00:32:56
But... they stole godlessly. All these institutions were scattered and not very effective. From the very beginning, Maria Feodorovna asked her husband to give her patronage, as Empress, over all those charitable institutions and she had indeed put things in order there, instigated a real German Ordnung.00:33:15
She had quickly put an end to all theft for she personally checked all the consolidated expense reports; moreover, she came up with, at least in our country, the concept of endowment – a fund of endowment capital. She divided all the institutions under her jurisdiction into categories. As an Empress, she had her own money, her own personal budget.00:33:38
It is clear that then, unlike now and unlike before that, the core virtue was modesty. Therefore, although the Empress's budget amounted to an unthinkable sum of one million rubles a year, which she could spend at her discretion, she spent very little on her private needs and the budget almost entirely went to charity.00:33:56
Maria Feodorovna distributed by expenditure items what amount of subsidies each social institution, such as orphanages and hospitals, should receive per year. At that, half of the funds was allocated for current operating expenses, and the other half each particular institution could not spend, but had to set it aside and keep as an inviolable reserve in the bank, for which interest was accrued.00:34:20
Thus, the endowment fund grew every year, plus a board of trustees was established for each institution. It is clear that the people who sat there mainly wanted to win her favour in this way, but it does not matter, since the result was positive. There were boards of trustees everywhere, and even if the Empress had ceased funding, which she didn’t, each of the trustees still contributed annually. Such was the system put in place by Maria Feodorovna.00:34:40
Now about education. We remember that Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens, which had been conceived by Catherine II and Count Betskoy, was the world's first female public educational institution. I say the first in the world, although Wikipedia says that it was the first in Europe, because no one knows exactly what was going on in Asia or Latin America at that time, and in Arab countries I don't think there were any women's educational institutions.00:35:10
So, the women's educational institution founded by decree of Catherine II was first located in the Smolny Novodevichy Monastery. The building where the Institute of Noble Maidens was located now houses 11 faculties of St. Petersburg University. Then a separate building was specifically built for the purpose, the same Smolny Palace, which served as the headquarters of the October Revolution in 1917, and now is the Governor’s residence.00:35:36
This huge complex of buildings was built under Maria Feodorovna and was designed to house the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens, where she established ironclad order. Originally, education there was structured as follows - girls were accepted at the age of 6, and released at 18, while it was forbidden to leave the territory and communicate with parents. Catherine II did this for the purpose of snatching the girls out of stagnant influence of the environment.00:36:04
However, Maria Feodorovna simplified everything quite a bit, shortening the period of study and making it look like a secondary school. The girls were enrolled there at 8-9 years old, studied until 17-18 and could see their parents. It was also allowed to select future teaching staff from among graduates, i.e. it can be said that she had laid the foundations of women's pedagogical education.00:36:26
Her instructions were as follows: "You should choose 12 girls from those who, by their character, talent and poverty, are entitled to this mercy. They will make up a nursery of teaching ladies for Smolny and other institutions that have already been founded or that will be founded." Thus, future teachers were selected.00:36:51
Maria Feodorovna also believed that subjects should be taught in a concise form, so that, I quote: "It is better to know less, but firmly, than much, but superficially." What a pity that she is not in our education system! When I look at our school curriculum, I think "poor kids!". 00:37:14
There is a huge list of subjects, textbooks are full of statistics, numbers and details, they try to cram a lot of knowledge into a child, but infirmly and superficially, for he will forget everything and forever immediately after passing the Unified State Exam, and if not for the exam, then he would not want to study anything. Well, the approaches to education were different and quite sound in those times.00:37:36
Next, orphanages. They appeared, of course, before Maria Feodorovna, but she systematised the whole process. She took under her patronage the large 1st Moscow orphanage, which had been founded under Peter the Great, but there was a terrible situation there. Foundlings that were being left right on the steps of this house were taken in, sustained and educated at public expense and then somehow settled wherever possible.00:38:02
There was a terrible mortality rate, because there were no doctors or nurses, it was a gamble with death - whoever could survive on his own, survived. There was a similar orphanage in St. Petersburg. Maria Feodorovna placed special midwives there, as well as sisters of mercy, or rather their early prototype, and the result of this measure was that two thirds of the foundlings began to survive, when, previously, only 10-15 percent did.00:38:33
Then, Paul I founded the imperial military orphanage, i.e. not just for ordinary orphans or foundlings, but for those whose parents died in war. Maria Feodorovna divided this orphanage into two parts, the male part was for orphan boys, and the other part was a school for girls. The children of soldiers and officers killed in the war were kept there.00:38:59
You ask me, why would an officer's child be sent to an orphanage when he could live in the family estate and be raised in warmth and prosperity? Because it is the greatest myth that all officers were exclusively nobles, with estates and serfs. In reality, most of them lived on an officer's salary, and they had either no serfs at all, or one, two, maybe five people who, of course, would not be able to raise children.00:39:30
Therefore, where could these children be put when their parents died in war? Today, we remembered the times of Ivan the Terrible; do you remember where the concept of oprichnina came from? Oprich was a small piece of an estate that was secured for a widow, whose husband, a nobleman, died in the war. 00:39:46
The estate of a deceased nobleman was transferred to the state, but a small part of it remained to a widow as a pension. This part of the estate remained in her use until death or until children grew up, went to serve themselves and received a new estate for their service. That was the oprich, the widow's part. Most simply did not have estates, so their children were assigned to such orphanages. 00:40:08
Subsequently, for example, when a girl graduated from this institution, she received a dowry when she married. At the same time, the dowry was quite decent: 500 rubles if she was a daughter of an officer. And how much do you think a soldier's daughter received? 300 rubles, that is, there was not a very big difference between a noble and a soldier's orphan.00:40:30
Next, nursing homes for the elderly. They also appeared under Maria Feodorovna and were called widow's houses. Such houses were first founded in Moscow and St. Petersburg, then in Novgorod and Rostov. Widows of deceased officers who had no estates and had nothing to live on were placed there. 00:40:53
These institutions were maintained at public expense and, by the way, since there was an opportunity for socialisation, i.e. there was someone to talk to, some widows went there of their own free will and paid for their own maintenance, rather than sitting alone in their old age somewhere out in the wilderness near, say, Saratov.00:41:10
Further, special schools for children with special needs also appeared under Maria Feodorovna. The first special school for deaf and dumb children appeared on her orders after once meeting such a child who was completely desocialised and did not know or understand anything. 00:41:26
She was told that there was a professor in France who was able to teach such children to read and write according to a special system and adapt them to life in society. This professor, along with other teachers, was invited from France and the first school for deaf and dumb appeared just then, of course, at her personal expense.00:41:47
Further, first state maternity hospitals appeared, or as they were then called midwifery institutions. On a sightseeing tour of St. Petersburg, you will definitely be shown the building of the twelve colleges, where St. Petersburg University now is. Opposite it is the building of the first midwifery institution, or as it was later called the Imperial Clinical Midwifery Institute of Empress Maria.00:42:13
And in this regard, we were ahead of the whole planet, because it was the world's first medical institution that specialised in obstetrics and gynecology. Now, it is the Dmitry Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. All this remains and has been preserved.00:42:30
In fact, we were so advanced in this aspect that long before the League of Nations and the United Nations appeared, the international community, the Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, had established Russian as one of the three or four its official languages. Such was our authority in this sphere of medical science, created by Empress Maria Feodorovna.00:42:55
She had so many different kinds of institutions in her care, such as orphanages, homes for the elderly, hospitals for the poor, guardianship councils, educational institutions and loan offices, because there were also some financial instruments underlying this structure, that an entire personal Chancellery of the Empress was created, which dealt with all these affairs.00:43:19
After her death, Nicholas I raised its status and transformed it into the 4th Department of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery, which was exclusively engaged in charity matters and work with all these institutions, their financing, control and other issues. We all know a lot about the 3rd Department, which was Benckendorf’s special service, but the 4th Department, the former Chancellery of Empress Maria Feodorovna, was responsible for just this.00:43:48
Then an entire ministry was formed above and around this constantly growing structure, which was traditionally called Chancellery of Empress Maria, but in effect was the Ministry of Charity and a full-fledged government department. It had its own coat of arms; do you know which one? 00:44:09
One hundred percent that you have seen it, because approximately the same coat of arms is now the emblem of Herzen’s St. Petersburg Pedagogical University. Actually, this pedagogical university traces its history back to one of Maria Feodorovna’s educational homes for orphans, which is why it has inherited this coat of arms.00:44:30
It depicts a pelican feeding its chicks with its own flesh and blood, as a symbol of selfless parental love, as well as a symbol of the Sovereign's care and attention for his people, whom he cares for like a father. Last year was the year of teachers and mentors and there is a pelican on its logo, though without chicks and blood.00:44:57
Maria Feodorovna had outlived not only her murdered husband, but also her eldest son, Alexander I, and the war with Napoleon, and the Decembrist uprising, and her daughter-in-law, wife of Alexander I, who she had been at odds with her whole life. She died at a very old age, close to 70 years old, and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral between her husband and son.00:45:21
Stories from Russian history
Vladimir Medinsky
POOR LISA00:45:35
Now let's move on to Maria Feodorovna's daughter-in-law, wife of Alexander I, Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna. How did she end up in Russia? In the same manner - Grandmother Catherine had consulted with Frederick II and summoned her. Remember, I told you about the three sisters who were presented for Paul I to choose from. 00:45:54
Time passed, and 20 years later, when it was time to marry her beloved grandson, Alexander, Catherine again remembered these sisters, since it was a proven, good family. One of them, Amalia, who had lost in the competition to be Paul's wife, got married and Ekaterina invited her two daughters for Alexander to choose between.00:46:21
Alexander chose the one that was cuter. At that time, he was still very young, about 15-16 years old, and the girl was 13, i.e. they were both still teenagers. They walked around the garden holding hands, they were terribly shy, and when Alexander had already decided on his choice, grandmother Catherine said, well, that's it, time to go down the aisle.00:46:40
The young couple, because of their shyness, could not say it in words, but shyly passed notes to each other, like would you agree to marry me and yes, I agree. At the time of the wedding, she was 14 years old, and he was 16 - it was a very early marriage. She looked like a Barbie doll, blonde with curly hair, very slender and graceful, Greek profile, blue eyes, and when she grew up, she was considered the first beauty of Europe.00:47:16
Everyone was pining for her, naturally, in a romantic sense. A huge number of poems and romantic stories were dedicated to her; all in all she was very beautiful. Grandmother Catherine liked her, but her relationship with her mother-in-law somehow did not go well from the start. When grandmother died, and mother-in-law became Empress, she began to closely monitor the moral aspect of this beauty.00:47:40
And there were problems - a very early marriage, something did not work out with the children, eventually a girl was born and a few years later her mother-in-law started wondering why her daughter had dark hair, because Alexander was a pronounced blonde, and she was also a blonde with blue eyes.00:47:59
The Empress did not know then Mendel's law of heredity, that a certain gene could become dominant after several generations. But she decided that her daughter-in-law was cheating on her son and began to watch her closely. In turn, Alexander himself was a very frivolous person, for some reason he cooled down to his beautiful wife and began to have affairs on the side.00:48:15
Further, Alexander is credited with a large number of illegitimate children, 10 or 11, but all this has not been proven in any way. If you study all the sources, then there will be complete confusion. For example, some sources claim that Alexander had as many as six children from his mistress, Maria Naryshkina, and then it turns out that officially, Naryshkina had only five of them.00:48:36
At that, of these five children, some were officially considered children by her husband. Therefore, such statements should be treated rather skeptically. But the fact that all the noble youth went crazy for Elizabeth is true. It is known that even Pushkin, who was, to put it mildly, much younger than her, wrote poems about a certain Elizabeth.00:48:54
There is also a completely obscene story that Pushkin, as a student of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, since the Emperor's family lived next door, used to hide in the bushes and peek out at how Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna bathed in the pond. However, I don't really believe these rumours.00:49:12
Let's talk about what is reliably known and what is true. What else did her grandmother-in-law Catherine II like about Elizabeth? She had very liberal views, was very intelligent, read a lot, supported her husband in liberal reforms, but unlike her husband, who was nicknamed the Northern Sphinx, she was completely devoid of such negative qualities as pretense, cunning and hypocrisy, which, of course, complicated her life at court.00:49:36
Historian Karamzin was her protégé, without Karamzin there would have been no ‘History of the Russian State’, and Karamzin would not have existed without Elizabeth Alekseevna, who appreciated him very much, they often talked and Karamzin, in turn, admired her intelligence.00:49:51
She was also involved in charity, however, her activities remained in the shadow of her mother-in-law, who had a well-established system and a budget of one million rubles a year. But, nevertheless, Elizabeth also founded schools for orphans and over time, she created a network of institutions called Diligence Schools, where poor girls, also orphans from the families of deceased officers, were taught various professional skills, embroidery and suchlike.00:50:23
Then, over time, these charitable technical schools were transformed into the so-called Elizabethan Institutes, which were giving solid secondary education, and in the 19th century became prestigious educational institutions for women. It was hard to get in there, and not even orphans tried to enroll in them one way or another, because graduates of these schools were very much appreciated.00:50:41
During the war with Napoleon, a Women's Patriotic Society was created, which after the victory became a large, sprawling charitable organisation, under the patronage of which there were special private schools. This was also entirely Elizabeth Alekseevna's initiative, and she was deeply engaged in it.00:50:59
She was also proficient in many foreign languages and played music. By the way, over time, after the War of 1812, the personal relationship with her husband somewhat recovered. She accompanied Alexander everywhere abroad, during the Vienna Congress they lived together in Vienna. There she met Beethoven and occasionally helped him out financially.00:51:24
Beethoven loved to listen to her play music and subsequently dedicated several of his musical works to her and they were published precisely as dedicated to the Russian Empress Elizabeth. In general, over time, Alexander and Elizabeth had matured and began to have a rather touching relationship. Alexander stopped being interested in all those love affairs and began to pay more attention to his wife.00:51:47
They went out together all the time, she accompanied him everywhere, including being with him in Taganrog when he unexpectedly died. Why did they happen to be in this city? Alexander was taking his wife south because she wasn't feeling well. He temporarily left her in Taganrog, and went on state business to the Crimea, where he inspected our fleet and military bases.00:52:11
When in Crimea he became quite seriously ill and the doctors advised him to stay there. However, he refused, arguing that his wife, who was feeling unwell, remained in Taganrog all alone. And in those days, the road took a lot of time and in uncomfortable conditions. And so, being sick himself, with a high fever, he went to Taganrog to collect his wife and move on to the south.00:52:26
And there, in her arms, he died. Elizabeth did not survive Alexander for long though. She stayed in Taganrog for several more months and then left for Moscow, but did not reach it and, according to the official version, died in the city of Belev. She was 47 years old at the time. She left no will after herself, thus considering that she had come to Russia empty-handed and would likewise leave for another world.00:52:55
Apropos, she refused the million rubles that she was entitled to as Empress when she became one and decided to set for herself the same amount of allowance money as a Grand Duchess. At that, according to various estimates, she spent up to 90 percent of this amount on charity. Elizabeth Alekseevna did leave something behind though - her diaries, which she instructed to be passed over to Karamzin.00:53:19
However, ironically, Karamzin also died a few weeks later. He caught a serious cold during, by the way, the Decembrist uprising on Senate Square and had been seriously ill ever since. In the end, who acquired her diaries? Her mother-in-law, of course. After reading them, she declared that she had always suspected Elizabeth of immorality and with good reason.00:53:38
The diaries contained a rather explicit narrative about her relationship with the only lover she had had during the period when, she and her husband had been distant from each other. It was Captain Alexei Okhotnikov from a very wealthy family, a dashing cavalry guard. She gave birth to two daughters, but both died in infancy. Alexander recognized both of them as his own, but apparently, her second daughter was actually from Okhotnikov.00:54:10
The tragedy also consisted in the fact that Okhotnikov also died of tuberculosis, and it is not surprising that at some stage Elizaveta Alekseevna was gloomily sad. Her mother-in-law first ordered to stash away these diaries, then burn them, but, as always happens, they were indeed burned, but not all of them, so this story eventually surfaced and the materials were printed at the end of the 19th century.00:54:31
Nevertheless, there is a legend - not only a legend of a venerable old man, Fyodor Kuzmich, aka Alexander I, but that his wife also did not die at the age of 47. According to this legend, she, as well as her not-so-dead husband, likewise became a wandering priestess. Although... there was an official autopsy and they were buried side by side in the Peter and Paul Cathedral, but the legends live on.00:55:03
Stories from Russian history
Vladimir Medinsky
19th Century00:55:17
Let's talk a little bit about the historical memory of Empresses Maria Feodorovna and Elizabeth Alekseevna. It is easier with Maria - firstly, the Mariinsky Waterway and the entire Mariinsky canal system in the northwest, part of the Volga-Baltic River route. By a decision of Paul I, this waterway was not just named after his wife, but in honour of the fact that funds for its construction were taken from the Empress's budget.00:55:46
Next, Mariinsky Hospital in St. Petersburg on Liteyny Prospekt. Originally, it was founded by her and then remained under the supervision of her Chancellery. It was named Mariinsky by her son, Nicholas I in honour of his mother, and another Mariinsky Hospital was built in Moscow, but now there is a part of the 1st Medical University, one of its departments, when in St. Petersburg it is still a full-fledged city hospital.00:56:12
The city of Pavlovsk itself and the entire palace and architectural ensemble, as it is called, was entirely the work of Maria Feodorovna. She personally supervised its construction and renovation, bought furniture and art collections for it. It was a gift from Paul I to his wife, the Pavlovsk Palace and the gardens around. 00:56:35
Today it is a vast federal museum and most recently, literally at the end of December, our President conducted an excursion there for eight Heads of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries.00:56:46
Now Elizabeth. An entire province was named in her honour. When, at the beginning of the 19th century, in the wars with Persia, remember my story about Peter Kotlyarevsky, our army conquered part of the Transcaucasian territories of modern Azerbaijan, in particular the city of Ganja, this city was renamed to Elizavetpol, and subsequently, in 1867, Elisavetpol province was created.00:57:16
In the USSR, it was called Kirovobad region, and now, of course, the city has again become known as Ganja. Only one monument, by sculptor, Salavat Shcherbakov, was dedicated to Elizabeth and it is located in Baden-Baden, her homeland. In her hands, Elizabeth holds a volume of Pushkin's poems with a hint that Pushkin worshipped her, and reads the following lines: "I, inspired by Apollo, secretly sang Elizabeth’s name."00:57:47
As for mass culture, cinema and other things, Elizabeth, of course, has enjoyed much more popularity than Maria Feodorovna, because of all these stories about her secret love, secret romance of the first beauty of Europe, a sensual blonde with blue eyes and perfect curves, as well as about how the cavalry guards climbed into her a window on a rope ladder in packs etc.00:58:17
According to one of the legends, this cavalry captain Okhotnikov was even allegedly shot to death. All in all, these stories are, of course, much more interesting than the stories about the economic activities of an elderly Empress, about her nursing homes, orphanages and everything else.00:58:35
In Soviet times, our country did not show much interest in the intimate details of Tsars’ life, and then in the 90s there appeared a lot of women's tearful novels on this topic and TV series like ‘Adjutants of Love’ or ‘The Age of Cavalry Guards’, which I personally did not watch and am not going to. 00:58:55
In 1998, the film ‘The Invisible Traveler’ was released, they say it's pretty boring, I haven't seen it, but there's a pretty good cast. Lanovoy plays Alexander, and the film is dedicated to the last days of Alexander I's life and how he becomes Fyodor Kuzmich. Elizabeth is there, of course. 00:59:16
It's more of a low-budget picture play. If you want to feel the difference between the cinema of the 90s and today, watch 'The Invisible Traveler’ and 'The Union of Salvation’, for the scope and money spent.00:59:31
However, let's continue. These women were very different. Maria Feodorovna had a talent for remaining in the shadows. At first, she was in the shadow of Catherine the Great for a long time, then in the shadow of her husband Paul I and after in the shadow of her son Alexander I. It is clear that she played a certain role in the governing process, but rather imperceptibly.00:59:48
Maria Fyodorovna has left behind an immense legacy, not only ten children, but also material one - hospitals, orphanages, homes for the elderly, schools and other educational institutions. She was an exemplary mother, wife, first lady, and Dowager Empress.01:00:07
Elizabeth's fate was a complete contrast to her mother-in-law's. She was a bright illustration of the saying "don't be born beautiful, but be born happy" for she never found happiness. She did not leave behind children, and in her relationship with Alexander I, not everything was so smooth and simple. If we remember about her at all, it's only the juicy details, thanks to those novels and TV series about the cavalry guards who climbed through her window.01:00:25
Here, it is necessary to say a few words about Vera the Silent One, that same venerable old woman that many identify with Elizabeth Alekseevna, аn elderly woman who appeared from nowhere at that time, took a vow of silence and remained silent for twenty-five years.01:00:43
She was considered to be out of her mind and was kept in an asylum for some time, then in prison, and then, Countess Orlova-Chesmenskaya, only daughter of Alexei Orlov, unexpectedly came for her personally from St. Petersburg, gave everyone money and moved this still silent Vera to a monastery where she started to live as a simple nun, but her relationship with the abbess turned out to be not very smooth.01:01:13
There is such a story, that allegedly this abbess once complained to someone from the church authorities, Metropolitan himself or local Archbishop, and asked for this unsociable nun to be taken away somewhere out of her sight, pleading that many people came to see her and she communicated with them using cryptographic notes with monograms.01:01:34
However, she was told to hold her tongue and not to think of even laying a finger on her, lest they all were driven out of their warm places themselves, and it was better to leave her alone. This Vera the Silent One lived a very long life and died after the Crimean War. According to legend, Nicholas I came to see her, talked to her for a long time through written notes that he immediately burned after leaving her cell.01:01:58
Well, many believed that she was indeed Elizabeth; for example, Leo Tolstoy and several members of the Romanov family thought so. However, this is, of course, unlikely, we understand this, but the legends are beautiful... The situation here is similar to the venerable elder Fyodor Kuzmich, and the fact is that Elizabeth could well have become Vera the Silent One, you know.01:02:19
She could have become, just like Alexander I, judging by his character and lifestyle in his last years, could have become Fyodor Kuzmich. Therefore, this folk legend very accurately reflects the idea itself. By the way, quite interestingly, Elizabeth had two daughters, both of whom died in infancy, and Vera the Silent One was especially supportive and helpful to those who came to seek her help with childbirth or for young children with health problems.01:02:54
It was also believed that a visit to her grave and a prayer over it could help those who wanted to conceive a child or who experienced problems with the health of their young children. It’s a fact that for many years her grave, now replaced by a cenotaph, indeed has been a place of pilgrimage, and many have found their peace of mind there.01:03:08
And it's a shame that Vera’s grave has been lost, like so many other things in our history. But that's why we study our history, and that's why we love it, because it gives us abundant food for thought. It teaches us, it makes us better, at least those who can still be taught something. Thank you very much.01:03:47
Stories from Russian history
Vladimir Medinsky
19th CenturyDescription:
Подписывайтесь на канал Лекторий Dостоевский: https://www.youtube.com/@dostoverno_ru *** На всём протяжении XIX века русские императрицы оставались как бы «в тени» мужей-самодержцев. Но каждая из них оставила заметный след в нашей истории. Как русские цари выбирали себе жен? Кто придумал идею эндаумент-фондов, основал Смольный институт благородных девиц и снизил смертность в детских домах? Кто основан первый повивальный институт и первый роддом? Кто стал «гением чистой красоты» для дворянской молодежи? Кому мы обязаны основанием училищ для сирот и женских патриотических общества? Какая тайна связывает посмертную жизнь императорской четы – Александра I и Елизаветы? На эти и другие вопросы ответит первая часть лекций Владимира Мединского об императрицах. *** Вопросы вы можете задавать через Telegram-канал автора: https://t.me/vr_medinskiy Ответы на них ждите в эфире на радио Sputnik Таймкоды: 00:07 • Императрицы в истории России 04:16 • «Женский фактор влияния» - через мужей и детей 11:36 • Длинные и непривычные для русского слуха европейские имена 14:40 • Русские традиции выбора царских невест 24:46 • Императрица Мария - Федоровна. Жена Павла I 28:13 • Благотворительность, детские дома и женское образование 40:35 • Дома престарелых для вдов офицеров и спецшколы для детей «с особенностями» 41:26 • Повивальный институт и первый роддом в России 42:55 • Чем занималось Четвертое отделение Собственной Его Императорского Величества Канцелярии? 45:35 • Елизавета Алексеевна, «Гений чистой красоты». Жена Александра I 51:14 • Отношения с мужем и смерть 55:17 • Память о Елизавете Алексеевне и Марии Федоровне 01:00:25 • Вера-молчальница и легенда о Елизавете МОЖЕТ БЫТЬ ИНТЕРЕСНО Императрицы – часть 2 | Курс Владимира Мединского https://youtu.be/UXrW0Ug49Io Павел I: Русский Гамлет | Курс Владимира Мединского | XVIII век https://youtu.be/ypODMC_Msm8 Александр I Благословенный (1777-1825) | Курс Владимира Мединского | XIX век https://youtu.be/SObzc4NqypQ 📚 Наш сайт: https://dostoverno.ru/ 📚 VK: https://vk.com/lectorydostoevsky 📚 OK: https://ok.ru/dostoevsky.lectory 📚 Telegram: https://t.me/dostoevsky_fm_dostoverno 📚 Яндекс.Дзен: https://zen.yandex.ru/lectorydostoevsky 📚 Rutube: https://rutube.ru/channel/23630029/ #императрицы #история #ЛекторийDостоевский #Dостоевский #КаналДостоевский #лекции #мединский
Preparing download options
Similar videos from our catalog
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FHLaIDi2hDbs%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FdryjGf-gnc0%252Fhqdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FeGggYpwdEnY%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FkvliXQoKZ-0%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FrByMRT7L2Fw%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FsxkJyJeQJSU%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252Fve9Bc8msZVk%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
* — If the video is playing in a new tab, go to it, then right-click on the video and select "Save video as..."
** — Link intended for online playback in specialized players
Questions about downloading video
How can I download "Серия 44. Императрицы России (часть 1). Мария Федоровна и Елизавета Алексеевна" video?
http://unidownloader.com/ website is the best way to download a video or a separate audio track if you want to do without installing programs and extensions.
The UDL Helper extension is a convenient button that is seamlessly integrated into YouTube, Instagram and OK.ru sites for fast content download.
UDL Client program (for Windows) is the most powerful solution that supports more than 900 websites, social networks and video hosting sites, as well as any video quality that is available in the source.
UDL Lite is a really convenient way to access a website from your mobile device. With its help, you can easily download videos directly to your smartphone.
Which format of "Серия 44. Императрицы России (часть 1). Мария Федоровна и Елизавета Алексеевна" video should I choose?
The best quality formats are FullHD (1080p), 2K (1440p), 4K (2160p) and 8K (4320p). The higher the resolution of your screen, the higher the video quality should be. However, there are other factors to consider: download speed, amount of free space, and device performance during playback.
Why does my computer freeze when loading a "Серия 44. Императрицы России (часть 1). Мария Федоровна и Елизавета Алексеевна" video?
The browser/computer should not freeze completely! If this happens, please report it with a link to the video. Sometimes videos cannot be downloaded directly in a suitable format, so we have added the ability to convert the file to the desired format. In some cases, this process may actively use computer resources.
How can I download "Серия 44. Императрицы России (часть 1). Мария Федоровна и Елизавета Алексеевна" video to my phone?
You can download a video to your smartphone using the website or the PWA application UDL Lite. It is also possible to send a download link via QR code using the UDL Helper extension.
How can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "Серия 44. Императрицы России (часть 1). Мария Федоровна и Елизавета Алексеевна"?
The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.
How can I save a frame from a video "Серия 44. Императрицы России (часть 1). Мария Федоровна и Елизавета Алексеевна"?
This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.
What's the price of all this stuff?
It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.