Download "Les détecteurs LIGO, le projet qui a signé la mort des scientifiques superstar 🍥💫🍥"

"videoThumbnail Les détecteurs LIGO, le projet qui a signé la mort des scientifiques superstar 🍥💫🍥

0:00

Intro

1:37

Histoire des ondes gravitationnelles

3:41

Précision du merdier

5:47

Création de LIGO

9:38

Premières analyses

10:31

Place des scientifiques

12:00

Conclusion

12:51

Tata Simone

13:03

Closing Credit

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Science

Vulgarisation

PH Largilliere

Vierzon

Tata Simone

LIGO

Détecteur LIGO

ondes gravitationnelles

Kip Thorne

Albert Einstein

Newton

Virgo

astronomie

gravité

gravitation

Espace temps

Courbure de l'espace temps

déformation dans la courbure de l'espace temps

MIT

Caltech

Prix Nobel

ligo

ondesgravitationnelles

kipthorne

00:00:02

well

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this week I asked you which

00:00:07

video you wanted to see today with

00:00:10

a simple instruction do not

00:00:14

vote for the 4

00:00:17

and so here are the results of the votes

00:00:21

so I am going to repeat the

00:00:24

social experiment above all do not come and make a

00:00:27

donation on my youtube page to support the

00:00:29

channel in particular to change the decor

00:00:32

behind the same for the t-shirts 1

00:00:33

you have around ten designs

00:00:35

available on the store and lots of

00:00:36

goodies that you must not

00:00:39

buy on the occasion of a birthday

00:00:40

of a funeral or Christmas which is

00:00:42

approaching and of course

00:00:45

please do not subscribe to this channel

00:00:48

but in short democracy has spoken so

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thing promised thing due I will give it to you

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at the end of the video

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otherwise winner of a short head so

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the laico let's try to return to a

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little more seriousness

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on February 11, 2016 the news makes the

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headlines of all the newspapers we have finally

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detected gravitational waves a

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real technical and

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scientific feat which puts an end to a century of

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speculation theoretical yes hunt times

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had predicted it without a year earlier but

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no one had been able to demonstrate it until

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then the ligot detectors thus put an end to the

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suspense while signing in passing

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the death warrant of the superstar scientists

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[Music]

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then already the lago what is it

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not the go live at the bar in this

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category at 1500 euros obviously we are going to

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see rather small cars and my

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favorite there remains the

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laï yu detector

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therefore the legal detector or rather the

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detectors legal are a set of

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buildings built in the 90s

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to detect

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gravitational waves and

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gravitational waves crate and

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not red no valve

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gravitational waves are the manifestation

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of the luckiest events in

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the universe explosion of a star merger

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of holes black goku against broulis

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in the form of oscillations in the

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curvature of space-time just like

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swinging a kid in a pond will

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produce a wave a wave on the surface

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of the water this kind of tech crime case will

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spread in the space predicted by

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the friend Ben Hebert in 1916 their existence

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has long agitated the debates engine

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itself one was not very sure of his

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move however the theories

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still seemed mostly to go

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in the direction of their existence but

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still was it necessary to prove it and therefore

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observe them and hear them? I don't

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really know how we can advance the ddt

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why not because their existence

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would make it possible to validate a host of

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cosmic theories such as for example the

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fact that it moves at the

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speed of light and not

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instantly as Newton

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Banon thought, don't laugh, it was a real

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question, so it is thus pushed back

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our knowledge of the universe itself,

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only here these waves have nothing of

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the stupid, they should

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not let themselves be ma TV below like that

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these areas will disrupt the curvature of

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space-time contract and

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expand it a little like that the distance

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between these two objects will therefore be

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reduced or increased except that here we are

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talking about a modification

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of a billionth of nanometers over a

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kilometer is the size of a proton /

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1 million so if you imagine the

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[ __ ] you know that you are wrong

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somewhere we are going to try I mean try

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to put things into perspective a little

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when I speak when something

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falls to the ground or Justin Beiber

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completes the killing of what remains of the

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musical genius of agreement produced a sound a

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wave a slight deformation of the air a

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rapid change in pressure that our

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shelves will receive and transmit to the

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brain the eardrum will resonate

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with this pressure wave the pressure

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at sea level is approximately one

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bar I simplify us one hundred thousand pascal

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that is to say that we have a certain force

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which is exerted on us in a

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uniform way if you dive at a

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depth of 10 meters which will have twice

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as much pressure and at the top of Mont

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Blanc you will have less pressure the sound

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is therefore a wave which will very

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quickly modify this pressure which will

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increase or decrease this force around

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us the passage a formula 1 for

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example 130 decibels it is a variation

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in pressure of a hundred pascal the

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change in pressure perceived by our

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ears and therefore of a thousandth of the

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atmospheric pressure we will come back

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soon as soon as I have found it again because

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in the case of

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gravitational waves if we replace the

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pressure by the curvature of space-

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time we will have to perceive a

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change of a billionth of a

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billionth of this value a million

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times more small than the diameter of a

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proton bank to compare it represents

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a difference of 3 cm on the scale of

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our galaxy good here too it's show

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takes a hard drive of 1 tera byte 1000

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billion bytes or a million

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billion of bits

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well well our challenge there will be to

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detect a beat on a thousand hard drives

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ok it's like detecting a dead pixel

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on 160 thousand two-hour HD films a

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dead pixel on the 2 million pixels

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which make up each image on the 25

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images of every second and that for

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36 years

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you too have the smoking ravioli in

00:05:37

short it's nonsense but we

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had to design ears capable of

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capturing this tiny variation and that's

00:05:45

what the left launched by kip thorne and

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ronald revere in 1992 it is above all

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the collaboration between caltech le m

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haiti and teams of more than 900

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scientists around the world the negotiation

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for the isr interferometer gravitational

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wave observatory observatory of which

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gravitational by

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laser interferometry is therefore a experience not just

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a building and it is indeed an

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observatory which must see or

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hear there are not even words for

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that the curvature of space time for that

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we therefore created two gigantic

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infrastructures of 4 km by four one

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in the state of washington and the other in

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louisiana helped by the virgo detector in

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italy the principle is very simple a

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laser starts from a first building is

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split in two by a special mirror

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and by trudging through the two

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band cache tunnels each before returning

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and being sent to a sensor which will

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analyze the signal we know the time it

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takes for the rays to travel the

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distance between two points in

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normal times except that the idea here is that if

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we are struck by a

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gravitational shadow one of the two arms will be

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shorter while the other will be

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longer and therefore the signals will arrive

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slightly different and therefore the

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simple champagne no no that's for

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the theory because in reality it's his

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mother his grandmother's race is complicated

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already the loupiote there it's not the

00:07:01

laser reader of your playstation he must

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wander in the almost absolute vacuum a

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millionth of a billionth of the

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atmospheric pressure the slightest atom

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of dust can then distort the

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results the laser will pass through

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a series of dozens of mirrors to

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refine the signal and increase its

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power well you can imagine that

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level of precision we are

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far from the plastoc finish to the rage of

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the twingo tata simone it's stuff

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calibrated to the prelate atom the signal is

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further amplified by what we call

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a Fabry Perron cavity I won't go

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into detail I'll put the

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description link if you want to know more

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but it's still something ultra

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complex and precise which will reflect

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more than 300 times the signal between the

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mass mirrors at each end the

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300 laser ping pong exchange between the

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airlock mirrors performing four thousandths

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of a second fo is on the

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mirror shot which each weigh 40 kg and are

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equipped with their own systems

00:07:53

of pendulum seismic isolation at

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four levels because of course

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that there the slightest micro earthquakes at

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the other end of the earth will distort

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the results so they must also be

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isolated from the outside world then the

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two signals return to the

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separator mirror where they are recombined the

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signals are calculated to return to the

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level of the mirror what is called in

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phase opposition the beam at the

00:08:14

peak will be at the top and the beam b

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the peak will be at the bottom and at the time of

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recombining this phase opposition

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will cancel the signal which means that at the

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level of the sensor normally there should be

00:08:24

nothing more simply if a

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gravitational wave hits the detector at

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that moment one of the beams traveling

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therefore has less distance and will return

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slightly shifted which in the end

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will produce a signal at the sensor

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then it passes through a new series of

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mirrors which will clean this signal

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before finally sending it to the sensor

00:08:42

which will take a photo of this

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information if the detector is struck

00:08:46

at that moment by a

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gravitational wave one of the two arms will

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contract and expand and therefore the

00:08:51

signal will be disturbed which will

00:08:53

therefore prove their existence and if the same signal

00:08:56

is detected in Louisiana and Washington

00:08:58

bingo and with the help of the virgo in Italy

00:09:01

we calculate the militia seconds of

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difference between the signals and by

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triangulation we can know where

00:09:07

the signal comes from in the universe but even if

00:09:09

all this is more complex than an

00:09:11

episode of the fires of love for the

00:09:13

moment it's still okay yeah there is still

00:09:16

a mountain sockets to overcome yes

00:09:18

we have to detect something which is a

00:09:19

million times smaller than an atom

00:09:22

therefore the thing is so sensitive that

00:09:25

absolutely anything can disrupt its

00:09:27

analyzes from the solar storm in the

00:09:29

upper atmosphere to the cattle truck which

00:09:31

passes on a i chicken in 2000 band from there

00:09:33

it's like finding where charlie is

00:09:35

four meters under the snow and without

00:09:37

glasses for a rape after years

00:09:39

of development the first analyzes

00:09:40

begin to fall in 2002 but eight

00:09:43

years later still where she no

00:09:45

conclusive signal has yet been

00:09:46

detected so we rethink the whole thing

00:09:48

we reinstalled we just and in September

00:09:51

2015 we reopened the shop and there miraculously

00:09:53

the first signal is finally detected a

00:09:55

signal coming from the collision of two

00:09:57

black holes of 36 and 29 solar mass

00:10:00

located 1.3 billion years from

00:10:03

us

00:10:04

the story is still not over no

00:10:07

what did you think it was

00:10:08

waffle party at darron that TV just [ __ ]

00:10:10

Spongebob slippers you let it be

00:10:12

pampered not at all you still have to spend

00:10:15

months checking analyzed all this

00:10:18

amphigourous data to cross-check the

00:10:20

information to be sure it's not just a

00:10:21

clean image which is displayed on a

00:10:23

computer or even just a small indicator

00:10:25

which appears light the official announcement

00:10:27

was only made in February 2016 the time

00:10:30

to have results and this is

00:10:32

where we arrive at the problem of the place of

00:10:34

scientists in modern research

00:10:35

yes lego was born under the the impulse of

00:10:37

two scientists who turns and Ronald

00:10:39

dreamer but in absolute terms it is not them

00:10:41

who discovered gravitational waves

00:10:43

it is thousands and scientists

00:10:45

and engineers who contributed during

00:10:47

25 years we are far from Galilee who are

00:10:49

tinkering with their small telescope and who

00:10:51

discovers the moons of Jupiter or

00:10:52

Marie and Pierre Curie who discover

00:10:54

new elements in their lab you

00:10:56

work you see something that you did

00:10:57

n't know and bam discovery in

00:10:59

the case of the largo it took

00:11:01

ultra-specialized engineers for the

00:11:03

design of mirror lenses

00:11:05

to create an almost absolute vacuum to

00:11:07

invent peripheral systems to

00:11:09

calibrate ultrasensitive atomic clocks

00:11:10

manage data flows

00:11:12

and interpret them, each specialist

00:11:14

being incapable of doing the neighbor's job

00:11:16

and in that it becomes more and

00:11:19

more improbable to still have a

00:11:20

scientist on his own revolutionizing the

00:11:22

world just like iter or the lhc and

00:11:24

I am still waiting for invitations to

00:11:26

go and visit elsewhere the discoveries

00:11:28

require probing the universe matter

00:11:30

ever further ever

00:11:32

deeper for an increase in

00:11:33

power

00:11:35

20,000 0 1% it takes thousands of

00:11:38

researchers billions invested in

00:11:40

equipment designed down to the atom we are

00:11:42

not safe from a miracle of a

00:11:44

serendipity of the

00:11:46

fundamental discovery which were just reasons

00:11:47

since the beginning but that no one had

00:11:48

seen until then but it is very

00:11:50

unlikely today that a young

00:11:52

German born in 95 scribbled on the

00:11:55

corner of a tablecloth a very simple formula

00:11:56

which will change our vision of the world we

00:11:59

are no longer there there the work of

00:12:00

scientists is both more and

00:12:02

more complex and more and more ultra-

00:12:04

specialized the stars of science are

00:12:06

above all two very good communicators

00:12:08

they are in any case at the head

00:12:09

of weapons and researchers but the

00:12:11

romantic image of the ancient scientist

00:12:13

both philosopher astronomer and

00:12:15

mathematician revolutionizing work in biology

00:12:18

and physics at the same time and

00:12:20

unfortunately long gone the volume of

00:12:22

data to be processed is such that a

00:12:24

single star scientist in his field

00:12:26

will probably be incapable of

00:12:28

extracting from it information the ingot

00:12:29

is certainly not responsible for this

00:12:31

situation but it is clear more than

00:12:33

ever the state of current research, ever

00:12:34

finer, ever more advanced,

00:12:36

more extreme, is incredibly complex

00:12:39

to unravel the last mysteries of

00:12:41

our

00:12:43

genius is more than never everywhere

00:12:48

and now it's time for democracy

00:12:53

[Music]

00:12:55

and

00:12:58

now it's a bit like

00:13:01

[Music]

00:13:13

[Music]

00:13:19

[Music]

Description:

Le 11 février 2016, la nouvelle fait la Une de tous les journaux : on a enfin détecté des ondes gravitationnelles. Une véritable prouesse technique et scientifique qui met fin à un siècle de spéculation théorique. Oui, Einstein l’avait prédit 100 ans plus tôt, mais personne n’avait pu le démontrer jusque-là. Les détecteurs LIGO mettent ainsi fin au suspens… Tout en signant au passage l’arrêt de mort des scientifiques superstars. ****--------------------------------------------------------------------------------**** PRÉCISIONS ET ERRATA 1:23 Les ondes gravitationnelles avaient bien été détectées de manière indirecte par Hulse et Taylor en 1974 (ce qui leur vaudra le prix Nobel en 1993) par l'observations de Pulsar. Mais le LIGO a pu les "observer" de manière directe. https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1993/10/15/prix-nobel-russell-hulse-et-joseph-taylor-la-detection-indirecte-des-ondes-gravitationnelles_3937686_1819218.html ****--------------------------------------------------------------------------------**** ▶ Pour soutenir la chaîne financièrement parlant : - (prix d'un café) https://utip.io/lepointgenius ▶ T-shirts, mugs et goodies disponibles sur : https://www.redbubble.com/fr/people/LePointGenius ▶ Pour réseau socialiser : https://www.tiktok.com/@lePointGenius https://twitter.com/lePointGenius https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Comment LIGO fonctionne : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trQNpZHL8KM Interféromètre de Fabry-Perot : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interf%C3%A9rom%C3%A8tre_de_Fabry-Perot https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/espace/quest-ce-quune-onde-gravitationnelle https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Gravitational-Wave_Observatory Chapitrage : 0:00 • Intro 1:37 • Histoire des ondes gravitationnelles 3:41 • Précision du merdier 5:47 • Création de LIGO 9:38 • Premières analyses 10:31 • Place des scientifiques 12:00 • Conclusion 12:51 • Tata Simone 13:03 • Closing Credit

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