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Russian
00:00:06
friends what in everyday life can00:00:08
haste and negligence lead to, for example,00:00:10
troubles at work, but if we are00:00:13
not talking about everyday issues but about military00:00:15
tests of an intercontinental missile? In00:00:18
addition, filled with tons of poisonous00:00:20
fuel, let’s add to this a manic00:00:22
desire to bring everything to pieces00:00:24
any date and the lack of value of00:00:26
human life, the result can00:00:28
be truly00:00:30
terrible and this was fully00:00:32
felt by the workers of the Baikanur cosmodrome in00:00:35
1960. On October 24, a00:00:39
terrible explosion occurred at the test site, it00:00:42
claimed the lives of at least half a person, and00:00:45
this is only according to the official According to the data, the00:00:47
missile launch site00:00:49
turned into a fiery hell for several hours, people00:00:51
burst into flames like candles, some00:00:53
had literally nothing left,00:00:56
a rocket exploded for the launch of which party functionaries had so diligently00:00:58
prepared,00:01:05
very few managed to00:01:08
get away with only dynamism, those who received00:01:10
serious injuries waited for help for hours for00:01:13
too long, doctors from large cities00:01:15
reached the remote Kazakh steppe where00:01:17
the cosmodrome is located, because of this, people00:01:20
simply burned out on the ground and suffered. A00:01:22
powerful fire occurred due to an00:01:24
error in the system, the engine turned on ahead of time.00:01:25
But what caused00:01:28
this error? the endless rush as part of the00:01:30
arms race, for example, what led to the00:01:32
deadliest catastrophe in the entire00:01:34
history of international cosmonautics, let's00:01:36
talk about this today, friends,00:01:38
get comfortable, make some tea,00:01:41
it will be00:01:42
[music]00:01:47
interesting, there is only one day a year00:01:50
when in the assembly buildings of Baikonur the00:01:52
hum of overhead cranes and00:01:54
working computers ceases; on this day,00:01:57
rocket launches from the cosmodrome are not carried out this00:02:00
The day of October 24 in the community of Cosmonauts00:02:05
and people who work in the rocket00:02:07
industry, this date has a certain, so to00:02:10
speak, symbolism and,00:02:12
accordingly, on October 24, rocket launches00:02:16
do not take place in the fifties of00:02:17
the last century, the Cold War was at its height,00:02:19
then the USA and the USSR were constantly00:02:22
balancing on the brink of direct military00:02:24
conflict but the nuclear bomb and other00:02:26
types of weapons became so deadly00:02:28
that a hot conflict could easily00:02:30
destroy not only the United States and the Soviet00:02:32
Union but also half of the globe. So00:02:35
most of the effort was invested in the00:02:37
arms race and even those technologies that00:02:40
we use today in ordinary00:02:41
everyday life then made for the00:02:43
military, let's say GPS - this is a satellite00:02:45
navigation system. Today you all00:02:47
know well what it is, but this is primarily a00:02:50
military invention with its help, the00:02:52
US Army could accurately determine the coordinates of00:02:54
enemy forces. Well, today we use00:02:57
GPS to, I don’t know, build a convenient00:02:58
route from home to the store00:03:01
literally I don’t know, every00:03:02
person uses navigation every day unless he lives in some00:03:05
completely remote village from00:03:07
astronautics, the story is similar because it was00:03:09
initially assumed that the rocket00:03:10
industry would serve purely military00:03:12
purposes, in which case a rocket is not00:03:14
something useful, it’s not a tool for00:03:15
space exploration to search for answers there. To00:03:18
many questions, an unscientific instrument. And00:03:21
this is a00:03:23
murder weapon. If you boo against us,00:03:26
we will boo so much that you will stop00:03:28
booing altogether. General Secretary of the CPSU Nikita00:03:31
Khrushchov,00:03:33
1962, the situation, as you understand,00:03:35
was tense; in00:03:37
1953, the Korean War00:03:39
formally ended it was a confrontation between00:03:41
two independent countries, North00:03:42
and South Korea. But in fact, the USA and the USSR00:03:46
fought with each other simply not directly.00:03:48
And through intermediaries, the Union then supported00:03:50
North Korea, supplied it with weapons,00:03:52
advised on military issues,00:03:55
America was on the side of South Korea,00:03:57
did the same thing The fifties00:03:59
is the era when two main00:04:01
opponents in the Cold War took shape, on the one00:04:03
hand it was NATO, it included the USA,00:04:06
European countries and Turkey, and on the other00:04:08
hand, the Warsaw00:04:10
Pact was the Warsaw Pact Organization, in addition to the Soviet00:04:12
Union, it included other00:04:13
socialist states of Eastern00:04:15
Europe because of this military00:04:17
confrontation and the expression00:04:19
bipolar world appeared. Well, that is, a world00:04:21
divided into two poles in which00:04:23
Each country can arrange a00:04:25
nuclear winter for the other. It was believed that these are two00:04:28
Poles are two opponents approximately equal in strength. This00:04:31
new language is the language of atomic00:04:34
war, US President Dwight David00:04:37
Eisenhower and all this situation made a00:04:40
potential third world00:04:42
war possible; by the way, it almost started in the00:04:44
sixties during the Cuban Missile Crisis00:04:47
in sixty-two. The Soviet Union00:04:49
placed its tactical weapons in00:04:51
friendly Cuba. It is clear that the00:04:53
Americans did not like this, because Cuba is00:04:56
only 200 km away from the United States, and if there00:04:59
illegal migrants on motor boats00:05:01
can swim to the American shore,00:05:05
as you understand, for a missile this is00:05:07
not a distance at all, and the Americans pulled their00:05:10
troops into Florida and even seriously00:05:12
considered the possibility of invading00:05:14
Cuba, in their opinion, a full-scale00:05:16
war. The Union would not have dared, the US Congress00:05:19
insisted on military solving the problem But the00:05:22
President of the country John Kennedy spoke out against00:05:24
the situation remained extremely00:05:26
tense by the way It was then that00:05:28
the myth of Khrushchev was born who allegedly knocked his00:05:30
boot on the podium, he promised to show the00:05:33
Americans Kuskino’s mother, we have at our00:05:35
disposal means that00:05:38
will have dire consequences for you,00:05:40
we will show you Kuskino’s mother General00:05:44
Secretary of the CPSU Nikita Khrushchev will retell in detail the00:05:47
history of the Cuban missile crisis,00:05:49
I won’t talk about it here, you can make a00:05:51
separate video by the way Write in00:05:53
the comments whether you want to watch such a video00:05:54
or there is already enough00:05:56
content on this topic on YouTube, but in short the essence00:05:59
is the USSR and the USA were on on the brink of00:06:02
nuclear war, and until the collapse of the Union,00:06:05
the likelihood of such a collision00:06:06
remained. So the development of00:06:08
launch vehicles in both countries was then00:06:10
considered an incredibly important matter. In the00:06:13
fifties, the Americans already had an00:06:15
intercontinental missile, which,00:06:16
if anything happened, could deliver a00:06:18
portion of nuclear warheads to the Soviet Union, and00:06:21
what’s more America generally had a military00:06:23
base in Turkey, which then bordered the00:06:26
Soviet Union, and missiles could be taken from its territory to00:06:28
Moscow, even the usual00:06:32
medium-range missiles there, and these00:06:34
missiles would have been enough to launch a00:06:36
nuclear strike; the00:06:38
Soviet Union also had medium-range missiles then.00:06:40
military bases near Washington00:06:42
Where could these missiles be launched from the00:06:44
Soviet Union? They wouldn’t appear00:06:47
later during the Cuban Missile Crisis,00:06:49
which I talked about. Well, at the end of00:06:50
the fifties, the Soviet Union00:06:52
had the first intercontinental00:06:54
missile r7, it was developed by Sergei Korolev00:06:58
One of the main rocket designers of00:06:59
that time, it was he who led the00:07:01
launch of the world's first space00:07:03
satellite Well, also the flight of Yuri00:07:05
Gagarin's launch vehicles, the RSE really could have00:07:08
reached Washington, but it had00:07:10
one thing, but it simply would not have time to launch00:07:13
in response to a possible attack from the Americans. It00:07:16
was with it for too long00:07:18
the rocket had to spend more than 7 hours preparing00:07:20
on the site before00:07:22
taking off, and you understand during the war,00:07:25
especially when it comes to the destruction of00:07:28
half the planet, the count is not only in00:07:30
hours, but in minutes. I will give a00:07:32
simple example for00:07:35
releasing it conditionally speaking according to the United00:07:37
States, it requires about a day of work00:07:39
with it servicing the gas station, naturally00:07:43
it will stand in an open area and00:07:45
it Well, I don’t know, it is similar to a person in00:07:49
the sense that it can be wounded from an00:07:51
ordinary rifle, it cannot be00:07:52
loaded into Shah, it was not suitable00:07:54
for you know what - for military purposes,00:07:56
therefore, a rocket was needed that00:07:58
could be loaded into a silo that was00:08:01
protected and that would have powerful00:08:03
potential; it was the F16 rocket; the rocket; the00:08:05
technological equipment; the00:08:08
testing system; everything was new; the00:08:10
cosmodrome specialists had extensive experience in C7; they were00:08:13
mastering unfamiliar equipment; for the first time00:08:16
they had to work with aggressive00:08:18
chemically hazardous components of the fuel, the00:08:21
difference in the fuel, the new rocket00:08:23
had to run on acid, this would allow00:08:25
it to be launched literally in half an hour and00:08:27
keep it ready,00:08:30
they offered to design the R1 to the academician00:08:33
cow, but he refused, the cows00:08:35
fundamentally created rockets only on00:08:37
kerosene and liquid oxygen because00:08:39
they are safer when at startup, acid is00:08:42
very explosive and a potential explosion00:08:44
at the SNS test site would be just everything in its00:08:46
path, just now visit the Nakano00:08:49
proton gas station You00:08:53
will feel that you are approaching00:08:55
this station underground before you leave the00:08:59
car because all around the aircraft are sold with00:09:01
the fumes of this Gila Well, this a very00:09:03
controversial topic fuel we can00:09:07
remember Here is the film Battle for Space00:09:09
which the BBC filmed where there is a furious00:09:12
discussion between the king and Glushko the00:09:14
developer of the00:09:15
engine the engine is convenient and beautiful and00:09:19
asks the cows And if your muck explodes00:09:21
How many of their people will it00:09:23
kill00:09:28
simple to Mikhail Yanga and his00:09:31
Yuzhnoye design bureau after00:09:33
Korolev, Yangel was the second most00:09:35
famous rocket designer in the00:09:36
Soviet Union, and00:09:39
Marshal of Artillery Mitrofan Nedelin was responsible for the result. This is00:09:41
one of the most important military commanders00:09:43
in the country and the main curator of the military00:09:45
missile industry. He made sure that the00:09:47
project was completed on time. Well, on time.00:09:50
How do you understand what - a beautiful one to give00:09:53
in the case of the Soviet Union, it was00:09:55
November 7, the anniversary of the October Revolution, and00:09:59
here again on Red Square, the00:10:07
leaders of our party and our native00:10:11
government rise to the podium of the Mausoleum. It was on this date that the00:10:16
designers and testers decided to test a new rocket simply00:10:18
could not help but carry out the order for00:10:20
this meant the loss of everyone involved. Well, if00:10:22
not life, then certainly a career in the Soviet00:10:25
Union, there was such a thing as00:10:28
Danish poetry and no, we’re not talking about00:10:30
Scandinavian culture, that’s what they called00:10:32
poems that were specially written00:10:34
for certain dates. Well, for example,00:10:36
party congresses, all sorts of anniversaries and00:10:39
anniversaries, and let’s say write bad poetry00:10:41
in the pursuit of time is not so scary But00:10:43
unfortunately, not only poetry was Danish in the Soviet Union,00:10:46
but also the military-technical00:10:49
industry, commemorative dates marked the00:10:51
opening of factories, testing of new00:10:54
weapons Well, banal expediency did00:10:56
not play a special role Well, except that00:10:59
Mitrofan Nedelin hurried the developers of the00:11:03
Testers in order to00:11:05
get to the date of the congress. In addition,00:11:08
there was simply a huge need for00:11:10
this rocket. And the00:11:13
faster I achieve success, the better.00:11:33
if you take in the modern world00:11:34
any I don’t know companies Yes, there are it00:11:37
companies Yes, any people who work00:11:39
in these companies know that if there we00:11:41
need to put something out, do some kind of release00:11:43
Yes if there is a rush there and00:11:45
competitors especially if they step on their00:11:47
toes So So we are posting a raw00:11:50
product that has not been finalized, there are errors00:11:51
and something else, and then it is even worse than if00:11:55
we had waited another month and00:11:57
posted a normal working00:11:58
product Yes, no errors, no problems, the00:12:00
rocket test was scheduled for00:12:03
October 23, 3 days before the launch00:12:06
Mitrofan Nedelin arrived in Baikanur and they began to00:12:08
prepare the rocket for launch at the cosmodrome, then00:12:10
specialists from Moscow and other cities came together, an00:12:12
unusual situation happened with the00:12:14
lion Berlin, Mikhail00:12:16
Yangel’s deputy, he himself worked at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, but in00:12:19
October, for the first time in 5 years, he was on00:12:21
vacation when Berlin returned from the00:12:23
sanatorium to Moscow. He found out that all his00:12:25
friends from the bureau were in00:12:27
Baikonur in October. He was turning 40 years old,00:12:31
but he did not celebrate. Instead, he00:12:33
decided to interrupt his vacation in order to personally00:12:35
attend the launch of the rocket;00:12:37
the cosmodrome, which was logically located Far from00:12:40
populated areas. So he got to00:12:41
Berlin Berlin managed to get there by train and rideshare,00:12:44
and arrived for the00:12:46
test shortly before the explosion; it00:12:48
was preceded by several delays when the00:12:50
rocket had already begun to be refueled;00:12:52
no problems were found;00:12:57
fuel was leaking from the tanks; it would have to be00:12:59
drained and the rocket returned to its original00:13:01
state. Because it is too dangerous00:13:03
to work with the rocket. which is00:13:05
filled to overflowing with explosive acid,00:13:07
respectively, roughly00:13:09
speaking, when we start the rocket engine,00:13:11
first the pipe00:13:12
pumping unit is started,00:13:14
fuel under pressure is driven in there, there is a00:13:15
flammable00:13:17
chemical reaction and ignition, and00:13:19
then the engine begins to work,00:13:20
it reaches the operating mode, and00:13:23
thus these are all the stages they must00:13:26
occur at a certain time before00:13:29
preparation for the launch Well, in00:13:31
preparation for the launch on this day, that is, the00:13:33
day before, they watered some parts of the system,00:13:36
and yet Marshal Nedelin00:13:39
ordered preparations for the launch but gave a day for00:13:42
additional inspection. The launch was moved to00:13:44
October 24 only this seemed to be not enough; it was00:13:47
necessary to drain the fuel and00:13:49
overhaul the rocket. Which means pushing back the00:13:52
Launch. Well, almost by a month, and it00:13:55
was impossible to simply complete the deadline00:13:57
set by the authorities. Well,00:13:59
you can guess the consequences yourself; the00:14:02
rocket developers suggested draining00:14:04
the fuel; calm down; check everything00:14:07
back at the stand and deliver00:14:09
missiles again Well, why did the commander of the Strategic Missile Forces00:14:13
Mitrofan of the week say we can’t wait,00:14:16
even on the eve of the launch the missile was still00:14:18
surrounded by people, specialists to finalize00:14:21
it in a matter of hours before takeoff,00:14:23
Nedelin ordered checks to be carried out in an00:14:25
accelerated mode, that is, not00:14:27
sequentially, one after another,00:14:29
checks should be done at the same time This means00:14:31
that just before the launch,00:14:34
there were not 10-20 people next to P16, as was00:14:36
expected, but more than a hundred, some of them00:14:39
managed to leave the site before the explosion, but00:14:41
not all of them are00:14:43
still on the Soyuz rockets00:14:47
that carry Russian cosmonauts. an00:14:49
analogue of the same one operates00:14:57
180 special service farms and on00:15:00
each floor there are people who,00:15:03
you know, are engaged in the installation, poking some00:15:05
fittings, checking the equipment, the rocket is00:15:23
stuck around Well, there00:15:25
was less than half an hour left before the launch of R16 And on00:15:27
the site there are all categories of specialists, even00:15:30
those who should not have stood like that00:15:33
They were close to the rocket. They were just curious00:15:35
to see how the preparations for the00:15:37
launch were going on. Marshal Nedelin actually sat at the00:15:39
foot of the rocket on a folding chair with his00:15:41
legs crossed, although according to the regulations00:15:43
he was supposed to watch the launch00:15:45
from an underground bunker. Well, as befits00:15:48
his superiors, and the Chief Designer00:15:50
Yangel was also present in person.00:15:52
Was on the site half an hour before the00:15:55
launch, they announced readiness for launch.00:15:57
Yangel went to the smoking area, which is00:15:59
equipped as a bunker with blank walls.00:16:01
Then some of Yangel’s colleagues were very00:16:03
lucky, they ended up in the bunker. Right00:16:05
during the explosion, for example, the non-smoking00:16:07
designer Bogomolov, someone persuaded him to00:16:09
go to the bunker. smoking room just to chat00:16:11
Major General Mrygi gave up tobacco altogether00:16:13
but went to smoke his last cigarette00:16:16
after that he smoked for the rest of his life I00:16:19
wanted to smoke but after thinking about00:16:21
what example I would set for my subordinates I didn’t00:16:24
do it on the site as00:16:26
some bosses allowed themselves but went to the00:16:29
smoking room while passing I thought about inviting him past the commander-in-chief,00:16:31
but didn’t dare and went00:16:34
alone. When I lit a match, I was surprised at how it00:16:37
lit up everything around me, but then there00:16:39
was a roar and I turned around and saw00:16:42
this whole terrible picture. The chief00:16:45
designer of the rocket, Mikhail00:16:50
Yangelnie,00:16:53
literally 15 minutes before the launch, it00:16:57
happened the explosion00:17:07
started the second stage propulsion engine,00:17:09
this is the main engine of the rocket,00:17:12
which should have started working after00:17:14
takeoff, it released a pillar of fire at the fuel tanks.00:17:17
It was an error that led00:17:19
to a fire within a second, the fire00:17:22
filled literally everything within a radius of 100 m, at00:17:25
that time there were more people near the rocket00:17:26
dozens of people, such a continuous total00:17:29
fire continued for several minutes and the00:17:31
Deadly fire mixed with the poisonous00:17:34
fumes of the fuel, the torment of00:17:36
those who were far from Marshal00:17:39
Nedelin was worse, they managed to understand that00:17:41
a disaster had occurred and rushed to run, the burning00:17:44
components spilling over the concrete00:17:48
to overtake clothes, people flared up with torches00:17:51
as they ran, fell and they burned out in agony,00:17:54
suffocating from toxic and hot fumes,00:17:57
academician,00:17:59
the temperature reached several00:18:01
degrees 3 degrees, it was at the epicenter,00:18:04
respectively, of the aircraft that00:18:06
surrounded the rocket. Yes, at a distance of00:18:09
several tens of meters there, it was immediately00:18:10
destroyed by this flash of heat and00:18:13
light, respectively, by the blast wave and,00:18:16
accordingly, all the people who were00:18:18
there they were all nearby right away,00:18:20
almost00:18:27
instantly from where the00:18:31
steering engine cameras were located, I decided that00:18:33
one of them had started and instantly00:18:35
realized that Salvation was in the legs and we were chugging00:18:38
zeros together with the hit at the speed of meteors, then00:18:41
some soldier asks, tell me00:18:44
what’s wrong with my face And there is no living space on his face,00:18:47
everything is00:18:48
burned, an eyewitness engineer laur sabov00:18:51
Marshal Nedelin, who was at the epicenter of the00:18:54
explosion, can be identified by the star of the00:18:57
Soviet hero, all that is left of him is Lev00:19:00
Berlin, who preferred the test00:19:02
to a vacation, also burned at the place where the00:19:04
corpse was picked up, the golden star of the00:19:07
Soviet hero was found Union, the remnant of a00:19:09
burnt marshal's jacket with six00:19:12
general's buttons, an act of identification of the00:19:14
remains of Chief Marshal of Artillery00:19:17
Nedelin, it was almost impossible to identify most of the dead, the00:19:21
bodies were so burned, the corpses were piled in a00:19:23
specially designated barracks next to the00:19:25
cosmodrome, they were already sorting out who was00:19:28
who, the scientific designer Evgeny Ostashev00:19:30
was practically at the epicenter of the explosion00:19:32
when Ostashev’s brother came to study the00:19:34
body, he spent more than 14 hours in Baraki and00:19:38
the body of one of the creators of the R16 could00:19:40
only be recognized by his height, he was taller than everyone00:19:43
else on the site and what happened a00:19:45
few minutes before the planned00:19:48
launch, the first stage engine did not start working,00:19:51
but two started working the second stage00:19:54
on the assembled rocket, this jet wound, it00:19:56
cut open the tanks, the whole thing exploded00:19:59
automatically, the television cameras started working, there are00:20:01
still very heavy shots there, literally00:20:04
2 weeks before, they paved an00:20:06
entire area from the rocket flame and00:20:09
this asphalt turned into liquid00:20:11
plasticine Yangel reported the disaster to00:20:14
Moscow as soon as I got to the telegraph00:20:16
at 18:45 local time, 30 minutes00:20:20
before the launch of the 8 k64 product, during the final00:20:24
operation for the launch, a fire occurred that00:20:26
caused the destruction of the tank with00:20:29
fuel components. As a result of the incident,00:20:31
there were casualties in the amount of up to 100 or00:20:34
more people, including fatal00:20:36
exodus of several dozen people00:20:39
Chief designer of the rocket Mikhail Yangel00:20:41
When Yangel called to Moscow He00:20:43
reported for a long time to Khrushchev, he listened00:20:45
in silence but in the end asked only one00:20:47
question: Why did you survive? The00:20:50
victims with severe burns were00:20:52
taken to the00:20:55
first aid post. In the end they were laid on the floor and00:20:58
asked to be patient.00:21:00
airplanes with mobile hospitals flew out to help from nearby cities and from Moscow;00:21:02
some of the wounded00:21:05
were placed in a hotel at the cosmodrome;00:21:07
doctors there compiled lists of the dead00:21:09
and wounded all night, new bodies were found,00:21:11
many of the survivors died while they were waiting for00:21:14
help. So the lists were updated every00:21:16
half hour in the lobby of the suites There00:21:18
was already a doctor at the hotel at the hotel, he offered everyone to00:21:21
drink concentrated milk. I00:21:24
looked at my hands, they were covered in00:21:26
yellow-red blisters. I grabbed my00:21:29
head and what was00:21:31
recently called hair fell from it. In the first-aid post, it was00:21:34
completely full of burnt people with drowning00:21:37
eyewitnesses, later the right hand of00:21:40
Korolev, academician. Boris Chertok in his00:21:42
book will write the first rocket R1600:21:45
called product 800:21:47
k64, without leaving the launch pad,00:21:50
destroyed more people than died on00:21:53
average in London when hit by ten00:21:56
combat German V-2 missiles during the00:21:59
Second World War, academician Boris00:22:02
Chertok, and this despite the fact that the R16 was not00:22:05
loaded with real explosives. During00:22:07
testing, it only had ballast for00:22:09
weight. According to official data, 7400:22:12
people died, but academician Chertok gives the00:22:14
figure of 126 deaths and more than fifty00:22:26
wounded. After00:22:29
talking with experts, we found out that it was00:22:31
not just one mistake that led to the explosion, but00:22:34
their combination is the main danger.00:22:36
represented the acid fuel that00:22:38
we have already talked about when the rocket is already00:22:40
filled with fuel and is being prepared for00:22:41
launch, any accidental fire can00:22:43
lead to dire consequences, so we00:22:46
poured the whole thing into the rocket Yes, all these00:22:48
components of the fuel That is, it is00:22:50
asymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine nitrogen00:22:52
tetro oxide all this installed and the rocket00:22:56
in this state can remain00:22:57
on the launch pad for a day at the launch00:22:59
complex. So, during this00:23:02
time, some problems may occur. Well, through the00:23:04
fuel line, fuel00:23:07
enters the engine and starts its00:23:09
operation first. Testers discovered that00:23:13
fuel is leaking from this very line; the design has ceased to be00:23:15
sealed to double-check everything. The00:23:17
rocket launch was postponed for a day, but this did not00:23:19
help. The fuel penetrated where it was00:23:22
not needed, that is, there were some00:23:23
membrane partitions and other things, they00:23:26
were not entirely tight and actually00:23:28
some membranes ruptured; the fuel00:23:31
penetrated into the engine during During the00:23:34
rocket checks, one of the Testers removed the00:23:36
protective lock on the operation of the00:23:38
second stage engines, Academician Chertok believes00:23:40
that they did this by accident, the00:23:43
cosmodrome specialists were simply tired after two00:23:45
days of work, while the rocket is at the00:23:48
cosmodrome, it receives energy from the00:23:49
station equipment; after takeoff, the00:23:52
onboard voltage is turned on, which00:23:54
first powers the first stage, then00:23:56
it finds the second on the rocket itself,00:23:58
allows it to work without earthly sources,00:24:01
this is the onboard voltage, someone00:24:03
turned on too early on the ground. Well,00:24:05
apparently to check whether00:24:07
the energy is flowing normally through the rocket, but before that it00:24:09
was necessary to make sure that the protective00:24:11
interlocks of the engines on the spot What00:24:13
no one did, that is, one worker00:24:15
removed the lock and the second started the00:24:17
autonomous power supply; any of these00:24:19
actions individually would not have led to an explosion.00:24:20
But together they became the cause of00:24:23
the disaster, since the lock was removed from the second00:24:25
stage, its engine started at00:24:28
the time it should have to earn money already in00:24:30
the air, the rocket would have discarded the first00:24:32
stage and continued halfway, but00:24:34
this engine turned on while still on the ground and00:24:36
released a pillar of fire when underneath there00:24:38
were fuel tanks full of00:24:40
acid fuel. Perhaps this was00:24:43
due to the fact that there was a rush to miss00:24:45
communication, as is now commonly said00:24:47
in the modern world yes, that is, some people00:24:50
didn’t know what other people were doing,00:24:51
respectively, it was all caused by00:24:53
the pawn and the tension before the launch was00:24:56
real, they00:24:58
ignored entire stages of the necessary00:25:01
tests, the rockets were tested then using the00:25:03
launch method, they made n00:25:05
rockets, they launched the first one, it flew off and00:25:09
through the bursting speed they made additives,00:25:12
they received these sprees the second flew by00:25:15
5 months00:25:16
exploded making a change in the third00:25:19
rocket after that it was00:25:26
time to drain the fuel to return the rocket for00:25:29
revision and thoughtfully recheck00:25:31
the system When such a00:25:33
need arose but there was no time for that00:25:35
Well, more precisely, there was time, but then we would not have00:25:37
had time to meet the beautiful red00:25:40
date and accordingly, in order, for example,00:25:43
to do everything correctly, as we do.00:25:46
Correctly, we must drain the fuel there,00:25:48
send the engine to the bulkhead, and then00:25:52
remove the rocket from the launch pad, that is, it00:25:54
all took a month, of course,00:25:56
no one could wait a month because it was already00:25:58
the end of October. Yes, and it was necessary to00:26:00
report before Khrushchev00:26:03
So, if they had waited a month,00:26:05
everything would have been fine and in general the rocket would have00:26:07
been able to take off. If the general00:26:10
designer of the Yuzhno Design Bureau, Mikhail Cha Yangel,00:26:13
had enough to tear it apart and he would be like a construct. He00:26:17
would stop work on the rocket and00:26:19
send it back to the installation test00:26:21
complex If it happened, it turns out that the tragedy00:26:24
seems to have happened early and00:26:26
late because it became a natural00:26:29
result of such a careless approach to00:26:31
testing, of course, many other starts00:26:34
were successful, but in this case,00:26:36
one mistake is enough. Especially for those00:26:38
whose loved ones died for it, but everything00:26:40
was done at the same time, you understand it was a00:26:43
method such that take virgin women and00:26:46
get a child in a month That's00:26:49
approximately the technology,00:26:52
so the system tragedy was not in a00:26:56
specific case, it was not possible among the00:26:59
many causes of the disaster, the first haste, not00:27:01
justified by any military or00:27:03
state need,00:27:06
academician Boris Chertok, the next day00:27:09
after the explosion, a state commission was appointed00:27:10
to investigate the causes of00:27:12
the disaster, the commission was headed by Brezhnev in00:27:15
1960. He was not yet the Secretary General,00:27:17
but he was the chief curator of the space00:27:20
industry in the Politburo, what should00:27:22
such a commission do? Well, I’m thinking of00:27:23
finding out the reasons for what happened and making sure00:27:25
it never00:27:26
happens again. Well, in the end, almost all the00:27:28
work The commission was reduced to00:27:30
keeping the disaster as secret as possible. Although00:27:32
this was not so easy to do with00:27:34
a hundred dead. And almost00:27:36
every one of them had a family whose00:27:38
death of a loved one needed to be somehow explained.00:27:40
You understand that it’s00:27:44
quite difficult to hide something. in the Soviet00:27:46
Union Where in a closed country with total00:27:49
censorship and the absence of any00:27:51
modern means of communication,00:27:53
today everything is quickly scattered; before,00:27:55
it was all more complicated and slower, but00:27:57
nevertheless, a huge number of00:27:58
people were still involved in this catastrophe. Well, we00:28:01
also need to take into account that some of the00:28:02
victims of this disaster were public00:28:04
figures, the same Marshal of the Week, and he00:28:07
simply could not suddenly disappear so that00:28:09
people would not ask questions, the commission00:28:11
conducted its investigation and decided that00:28:13
the cause of the incident was a gross violation of00:28:15
safety regulations, but they did not open cases against anyone,00:28:18
including00:28:19
By the way, Khrushchev did not believe the designer Yangel in his story00:28:22
about the smoking room and even00:28:24
suspected that he could have known in advance about a00:28:26
possible explosion.00:28:28
Yangel took the mistrust of his superiors no less seriously than the00:28:31
fact of the disaster itself after the start of00:28:33
the proceedings. He even suffered a massive00:28:35
heart attack. Perhaps blaming everything on the dead00:28:37
was more convenient than searching guilty in the00:28:39
party leadership So when Brezhnev00:28:42
summed up the results of the commission, he said we wo00:28:44
n’t punish anyone, everyone is guilty and00:28:46
already punished. Well, I believe that at00:28:49
that time the leader of Rita Petro00:28:52
arrived on an equal footing, I must say And00:28:54
this decision was correct and the Yuzhnoye OKB00:28:58
Yes it learned cruel lessons and, as00:29:02
they call it, a whole00:29:04
procedure arose. Well,00:29:08
the commission ordered the dead military men to be00:29:11
buried in a mass grave00:29:13
right at the cosmodrome away from prying00:29:15
eyes; the bodies of civilian specialists were00:29:17
sent as a secret cargo to the families;00:29:19
relatives were told that they died00:29:20
in the line of duty and00:29:23
took subscriptions rather than disclosing the eyewitnesses of00:29:25
the tragedy did not say anything at home,00:29:27
even the doctors did not know what exactly the00:29:29
people they were treating suffered from. A00:29:31
complete ban on mentioning the tragedy00:29:33
lasted until00:29:35
1994, but the death of Marshal Mitrofan00:29:38
Nedelin was impossible to hide in the media; it was00:29:41
presented as a plane crash; a00:29:44
plane crashed with the military commander he was00:29:46
buried near the Kremlin wall With all00:29:48
honors a solemn speech by00:29:49
members of the Politburo a story on television a00:29:52
message in all central newspapers00:29:54
when the explosion at Baikonur became00:29:56
known In the nineties it was called the00:29:58
Nedelin disaster or Nedelin sya00:30:01
catastrophe after this disaster00:30:03
literally a few months there there00:30:05
was already a second launch there a few00:30:08
months later or a year later there was a third launch and00:30:10
there literally 2 years after the00:30:13
disaster the missile was already put into00:30:15
service. As a result, the R16 was finally put00:30:17
into service. The first successful launch00:30:19
took place on February 2, 1961, 100 days00:30:23
after explosion at the cosmodrome exactly 300:30:26
years after the Nedelino disaster On00:30:28
October 24, sixty-three, an00:30:30
explosion occurred again at Baikonur; it was a00:30:35
9A ballistic missile, its author was Korolev, eight00:30:39
people died; October 24 finally00:30:42
established the significance of the black day of00:30:44
cosmonautics and now no activities are carried out on this date00:30:46
tests on this day it is00:30:49
customary to remember the victims of all disasters in the00:30:51
space industry, the process of00:30:53
preparing for the launch and the testing process itself00:30:55
was slightly changed. That00:30:57
is, before it was a chaotic process,00:31:01
after this disaster they realized that such a00:31:03
chaotic process is not applicable to00:31:05
testing such complex equipment as00:31:07
rocket and a week-long disaster and a00:31:10
symbolic explosion exactly 3 years later00:31:12
pushed the Soviet Union to improve00:31:14
safety precautions during testing.00:31:17
At the next launch of the R16, almost all00:31:19
specialists were removed from the site an00:31:22
hour before the launch. Now, according to the rules,00:31:24
only combat crews could be near the rocket,00:31:26
so leave those who can needed to00:31:28
make emergency decisions to reduce00:31:30
unnecessary interactions with the rocket to00:31:32
a minimum - This is the main direction in00:31:34
which space specialists were moving00:31:36
in terms of safety, also the authorities00:31:39
made it more difficult for specialists to access the zero00:31:41
mark. This is a concrete pad at the00:31:43
launch position where 15 minutes before the00:31:45
launch itself there should be no one at all By the00:31:47
way, I was there for a week at00:31:49
the time of the explosion, so they00:31:51
eliminated the human factor as much as possible;00:31:55
they automated it further, they removed people. Well,00:31:58
in general, these measures made it possible to00:32:01
reduce the number of victims. Even00:32:04
in case of some possible events, that is, if00:32:06
something happens there, then the number of victims00:32:08
will be minimal, that is, yes, maybe,00:32:10
but there will be dozens of people there,00:32:13
hundreds of them. Yes, for example, after00:32:15
all these00:32:16
tests, the design bureau thought about creating so-00:32:19
called unmanned hundreds where the rocket00:32:22
is prepared remotely, where all00:32:25
the managers sit in a bunker and00:32:28
give commands on display screens. This the system was00:32:31
implemented on the Cyclone rocket on the00:32:33
Zenit rocket and now, thank God, it is00:32:35
used all over the world, including00:32:37
Ilona Mas rockets. Thanks to progress.00:32:39
Space today is a much less dangerous00:32:41
activity than 60 years ago, but still its00:32:44
history is full of bloody moments that are00:32:46
not worth it. forget nedelin, the disaster00:32:49
turned out to be one of the most terrible in the00:32:51
history of world cosmonautics, but the fact that00:32:53
3 years later at the same cosmodrome00:32:55
there was an explosion again is an important marker of the00:32:57
era when all kinds of00:33:00
bosses are chasing numbers and don’t care about00:33:02
people’s lives because they die in these00:33:04
disasters often not at all They are00:33:07
friends Thank you for watching I hope you00:33:09
found it interesting and useful I remind you that00:33:11
if you like what I do I also00:33:13
do my team then the best way to00:33:15
support us is to subscribe to00:33:17
boost or patreon and you can also00:33:19
subscribe to Varlamov’s closed Telegram channel00:33:21
plus there is a lot of unique00:33:23
interesting content all links will be00:33:26
in the description Everyone00:33:28
[music]00:33:42
byeDescription:
Новый ролик о самой страшной аварии за всю историю отечественного космоса. В 1960-м по трагической ошибке на космодроме «Байконур» в**рвалась ракета Р-16. Чиновники хотели приурочить запуск к годовщине Октябрьской революции, а за результатом следили лично Брежнев и Хрущев. Но вместо этого получили жуткую картину: огонь сжег стартовую площадку, по**бли десятки человек.. В этом видео мы расскажем, как стала возможна такая катастрофа. Вы узнаете, как проходили военные испытания в СССР и почему у некоторых из них был страшный конец. Путеводители Ильи Варламова: https://travel.varlamov.ru/ Поддержать канал: Boosty (если вы в России): https://boosty.to/vrlmv Patreon (если вы не в России): https://www.patreon.com/IlyaVarlamov Спонсорство на Ютуб (если вы не в России): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC101o-vQ2iOj9vr00JUlyKw/join Другие способы: https://donate.varlamov.me/ Закрытый телеграм-канал Varlamov +: https://t.me/tribute/app?startapp=smk Новостной ютуб-канал Varlamov News: https://www.youtube.com/@varlamov_news Стать спонсором канала: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC101o-vQ2iOj9vr00JUlyKw/join Мой мерч: https://shop.varlamov.ru/ Фонд «Внимание»: https://fondvnimanie.ru/donate Продолжение цикла роликов: Назино: выживание в тайге https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dB0IuOwr6Sw Катастрофа 1989 года: взрыв двух поездов под Уфой https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdHQt75ADKY Чернобыль, который скрыли: из-за чего возник Кыштымский карлик? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2Z8iXFumao Таймкоды: 00:00 «Байконур» — забытая история про опасный космос 01:47 Гонка вооружений и ботинок Хрущева 05:47 Карибский кризис 06:51 Королев и первая межконтинентальная ракета Р-16 09:26 СССР и любовь к красным датам 12:00 Первые неполадки перед испытанием 15:37 Случайность, спавшая главного конструктора 16:48 День испытаний: хронология 18:53 Трудности в опознании пострадавших 20:13 Переполненные госпитали и подсчёт пострадавших 22:24 Трагичное сочетание ошибок 26:23 Главная причина аварии на «Байконуре» 27:08 Расследование и попытки засекретить инцидент 29:54 Появление черного дня советской космонавтики 32:38 Заключение Сайт: https://varlamov.ru/?cda= Телеграм-канал: https://t.me/varlamov Новостной телеграм-канал: https://t.me/varlamov_news Дзен: https://dzen.ru/varlamov Твиттер: https://vrlmv.com/BgrRI6 ВК: https://vrlmv.com/hU1rbp ТикТок: https://www.tiktok.com/@ivarlamov Вайбер: https://invite.viber.com/?g2=AQAG5IMG%2F6Ty7kqu6x%2FjKpubnkXGc9YsUx997%2FOaeqO9vJp2sifXk9%2BTAkGaQ0um%22 Вакансии: https://varlamov.ru/3974217.html?cda= Реклама: [email protected] Трек-лист: ES_Arbitrary Treatment — Prozody ES_Black Bullet — Deskant ES_Blood Drums — Skrya ES_Covert Affairs — Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen ES_Desert Combatants — Experia ES_Film Projector 6 — SFX Producer ES_Make No Mistakes — Bonnie Grace ES_Mysterious Anticipation — Dream Cave ES_Mysterious Moves — Piper Ezz ES_One Last Drama — Philip Ayers ES_The Mole — Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen ES_Tree of Life — Broad Sky
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