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Russian
00:00:02
more ridiculous than unevenly shaped potato tubers,00:00:05
often dirty with eyes like something out of a bad00:00:08
horror movie, if you remember in Soviet00:00:11
times, many students in the fall00:00:13
were forced to dig potatoes on collective farms for a month,00:00:16
well, someone is nostalgic about this, but in00:00:19
the end, nightshade plants00:00:22
turned into potatoes post-Soviet meme and00:00:24
Belarus has become the object of constant jokes00:00:27
about potatoes, try to think about what00:00:29
you know about potatoes other than their00:00:33
price in the nearest store but also00:00:34
a few good recipes, what if I00:00:37
say that these nondescript tubers saved00:00:40
Western civilization and Russia in general00:00:42
from constant hunger and00:00:45
malnutrition for a reason, this product in our country has00:00:47
long been nicknamed the second bread, there00:00:50
must be a reason that we00:00:52
will find today, we are talking about the history of00:00:53
potatoes, a very dramatic and00:00:56
sometimes tragic story of how this exotic00:00:58
product from America saved00:01:01
some peoples from extinction and became a terrible curse00:01:03
for others why did this happen in the new00:01:06
episode of our series simple things00:01:08
that we do together with my friend00:01:09
Alexander file link to his channel in00:01:12
the description so the history of potatoes00:01:15
[music]00:01:18
Europeans did not know about potatoes until the 16th00:01:22
century it is not surprising potatoes are a migrant00:01:26
on our continent,00:01:27
originally from South America the Indians00:01:30
became acquainted with it back in the third00:01:32
millennium BC, if anything this is00:01:35
the age of the Cheops pyramid in Egypt, from these00:01:38
thousands of years little has changed in their taste preferences,00:01:41
this is confirmed by00:01:44
ancient vessels made in the shape of00:01:46
potatoes that were found in Peru in the 15th century the00:01:50
time of the Inca Empire comes, the greatest00:01:53
civilization of the00:01:54
Indians of South America on the territory of the00:01:57
Incas, a struggle begins between potatoes,00:02:00
its main competitor for the bellies of the00:02:03
local population,00:02:04
which we all know under the00:02:07
name of corn, initially the Incas00:02:09
preferred corn and added it to00:02:12
religiously significant dishes and drinks against the00:02:15
backdrop of increased competition, potatoes00:02:17
acted like a real00:02:19
partisan and went higher into the mountains, corn00:02:23
stopped growing well at an altitude of two00:02:26
and a half thousand meters, but potatoes00:02:28
felt quite at ease there,00:02:31
unlike heat-loving cobs,00:02:34
potatoes prefer a temperate climate00:02:36
at a constant temperature of over 3000:02:39
degrees, plants begin to die,00:02:42
so the mountain climate is where the00:02:46
Incas lived now this the territory of Peru, Bolivia00:02:49
and Ecuador was perfect for00:02:52
potatoes and a00:02:54
whole religious cult began to form around potatoes. The00:02:58
Incas believed in the goddess Aksa Mama, the mother of00:03:01
potatoes in the local language, being a00:03:05
daughter, the goddess of the earth, Aksa Mama, was responsible00:03:08
for the harvest; in addition, potatoes became00:03:11
part of the funeral ritual; the00:03:14
Incas were sent on their final journey together from a couple of00:03:18
potatoes, you know, in the00:03:20
underworld, you also need to eat something, not only that, the00:03:24
South Americans measured time in hours, and00:03:26
in the potato boiling cycles, literally the time00:03:31
required for the potatoes to cook for the00:03:34
Incas, almost an hour was declared a00:03:36
universal measure of time,00:03:39
imagine if this remained to00:03:41
this day Well, for example, do I have to get up00:03:45
after four cookings of potatoes or is this00:03:48
film running for more than three its cancer of potatoes you00:03:50
can fall asleep the original culture00:03:52
ended when the Europeans were ahead of the00:03:55
South Americans in the development of potatoes by several00:03:57
million and destroyed the00:04:00
Inca Empire when the Spanish00:04:03
conquistadors found themselves on these lands00:04:05
they were constantly amazed by the preferences of the00:04:08
Indians food, the first European00:04:10
conquerors described potatoes as00:04:12
strange soft truffles without seeds and00:04:15
shells and with flowers like poppies00:04:19
to describe the taste, for some reason they did not become a word of00:04:22
love at first sight between the Spaniards00:04:24
and potatoes did not happen, the00:04:27
conquistadors had 2 simple tasks and,00:04:30
in addition to extracting resources, bring00:04:32
Christianity and introduce European00:04:35
culture for the natives, including cuisine, who00:04:38
even cares about some strange00:04:41
earthen fruits that00:04:42
the barbarians dig up, the Spaniards missed their native00:04:45
diet of bread, pork and beef, and00:04:49
in parallel with the introduction of European00:04:51
lifestyle, the local culture dies, the00:04:54
Indians become victims of countless00:04:57
diseases that were brought by the Spaniards, but00:05:00
if consumers of potatoes are dying,00:05:02
it smells and the potatoes themselves potatoes as a00:05:05
crop could have disappeared after the Incas,00:05:08
but it was saved by the desire of the colonialists00:05:11
to save money, the Spaniards exploited the00:05:14
Indians in hard work, the gold and00:05:17
silver mines of the Incas tomb with untold00:05:21
riches, the working conditions were simply00:05:24
unbearable in the mountains there was wild cold,00:05:27
eternal starvation to long hours of00:05:30
hard labor in the mines, another00:05:33
important factor was added - rarefied mountain air,00:05:35
which is difficult to breathe when00:05:38
physical activity is off scale, all this was00:05:40
simply mowed down every day and the Indians00:05:43
also needed to be fed with something, the Spaniards00:05:46
did not find anything better than this hearty00:05:49
product, the norm for issuing00:05:51
potatoes to the natives appeared, which they made the00:05:54
hardest work, mind you, potatoes00:05:57
go to those who have the least rights and the00:06:00
most work, after 300 years00:06:02
the picture will repeat itself and the sacred potato, even00:06:07
before the Incas, meanwhile begins its00:06:10
sunset invasion of Europe and the sailors will help it00:06:13
with this,00:06:15
everything that today has become an integral00:06:18
part of our life when it seemed00:06:20
absolutely amazing, whether it was00:06:22
potatoes brought to Russia by Peter the00:06:24
Great or mobile phones, today00:06:26
all this is available to everyone even in the 21st century00:06:29
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netflix are present everywhere,00:06:49
therefore pita nests are one of the most00:06:52
in demand all over the world and the average00:06:54
salary of a specialist in Russia is now 13000:06:57
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if the conquistadors didn’t00:08:02
understand potatoes, then the Mari considered them extremely00:08:05
useful potatoes often they threw them into the00:08:08
holds of ships so that they had something to eat on00:08:10
long voyages, the sailors understood 2 simple00:08:13
truths and they are tasty and easy to store, and00:08:17
if in South America potatoes were eaten by those00:08:20
who lived in absolutely bestial conditions in00:08:23
Europe, potatoes turn out to be a valuable00:08:26
gift; potatoes were considered so00:08:28
exotic such a delicacy that00:08:30
King Philip II of Spain00:08:32
solemnly presented the tubers to the Pope,00:08:35
and the Pope, to celebrate, decided00:08:37
to give the potatoes as a gift and sent some of them to00:08:39
the Netherlands, can you imagine this scene, a00:08:40
representative of God’s viceroy on00:08:42
earth arrives and does not bring with him a strange,00:08:44
ridiculous earthen thing that00:08:47
seems to be even possible to cook from them, and now the00:08:50
potatoes begin its march across Europe is00:08:52
not yet entirely triumphant, but everything is moving towards00:08:54
this. It’s interesting how potatoes00:08:57
penetrated into England.00:08:59
Her Majesty’s Vice-Admiral and00:09:02
one of the most famous navigators,00:09:05
Francis Drake, was involved in this story. One can argue whether he was a00:09:08
pioneer in the spread of potatoes, but00:09:10
the story is about that how he returned from a00:09:12
circumnavigation of the world and presented00:09:14
Queen Elizabeth with the legendary tubers,00:09:17
which became a hit of that time in Germany in the00:09:21
city of Offenburg, a monument was even erected00:09:23
to emphasize the epoch-making00:09:26
events of Francis Drake with potatoes in00:09:30
his hands on the pedestal there was an eloquent and00:09:33
very emotional inscription to Sir00:09:35
Francis Drake00:09:37
who spread potatoes in Europe this00:09:40
help to the poor is a precious gift from God that00:09:42
alleviates bitter need, the truth is that when00:09:46
the Nazis came to power they were not happy with00:09:47
something that the photo was not for00:09:50
someone glorifying some vile00:09:51
Englishman and the monument to the damn mother was00:09:53
demolished but that will happen later let's00:09:56
go back to the 16th century potatoes00:09:58
is acquiring a controversial reputation in00:10:01
Europe for members of the elite, it00:10:03
is becoming a delicacy, it was believed that00:10:06
potatoes are the strongest of rabiz, as even00:10:09
today on some sites where00:10:11
they suggest using plantain for cancerous tumors,00:10:13
you can find information about00:10:15
increasing libido after a hearty00:10:18
potato dinner, it seems to me rather00:10:20
shoo the other way around, but where did this come from? myth00:10:22
this is another funny story, even00:10:24
today many people confuse ordinary potatoes00:10:27
with sweet yams. Sweet potatoes00:10:30
have nothing to do with ordinary potatoes, but outwardly they are00:10:32
really very similar,00:10:33
look, it was the sweet potato that00:10:36
received the status of an aphrodisiac for its sweet taste, and for00:10:39
Europeans in the 17th century it was all the same what was00:10:42
sweet and what was not sweet and plain00:10:44
potatoes were also considered an00:10:47
aphrodisiac; at the same time, among the common people,00:10:49
potatoes get a bad reputation and the00:10:52
mill on this water is who00:10:54
the Catholic Church is, the priests were00:10:57
categorical; if there is not a single00:11:00
mention of potatoes in the Bible, then God does not want00:11:03
them to be eaten; this00:11:06
has been confirmed by practice the peasants00:11:09
unknowingly tried to eat raw potatoes00:11:11
and were certainly poisoned, you probably00:11:14
heard the name devil's apple, it will00:11:16
for a long time become the second name of potatoes, a00:11:19
new story appeared about00:11:21
the fall from grace, only instead of an apple00:11:23
there is a potato, which tasted its00:11:25
potatoes and was offered by the tempting snake in00:11:28
ancient times, they looked at food in a00:11:30
very primitive way but look, here is a00:11:33
walnut, it looks like the brain, you know what’s00:11:34
right, it’s good for the brain, that is, what it00:11:36
looks like is what it should be consumed and that’s what it00:11:39
affects, so the belief arose00:11:41
that these crumpled, lumpy00:11:44
potatoes cause leprosy, but we are00:11:47
what we eat, everything It’s absolutely logical, but00:11:49
gradually, gradually,00:11:52
European peasants are starting to grow potatoes,00:11:54
some to feed livestock, some to00:11:57
grow for their own food, and00:11:59
it was relatively safe in00:12:01
wartime, the army was not particularly interested in00:12:03
potatoes, unlike grain barns,00:12:05
which obeyed instantly in the 18th00:12:08
century, the famous The philosopher Denis Diderot in00:12:11
his encyclopedia will describe potatoes as00:12:13
those who eat in order not to00:12:16
die go, but here in Europe00:12:18
the climate begins to change and events spin00:12:21
even faster in the00:12:24
yard, the middle of the 18th century, the active phase of the so00:12:28
-called Little Ice Age, a00:12:31
little information is needed here, the climate on00:12:34
earth began change dramatically not only in00:12:36
our time in the late Middle Ages00:12:39
there was a warming on the southern shores of the00:12:41
Baltic, grapes were grown00:12:44
and the Vikings settled Greenland, it’s not for nothing that its00:12:47
name translates as green land,00:12:49
but at the end of the 14th century the trajectory changes and00:12:53
cold weather begins, frosts and00:12:56
snowfalls even in southern Europe, many00:12:59
historical events provoked00:13:01
precisely by these temperature changes,00:13:03
for example, the Russian Troubles known to us00:13:06
largely began due to several00:13:08
lean years at the beginning of the 17th century, this00:13:12
hit the power of the New Years, the people were00:13:14
dissatisfied and perceived what was happening as00:13:17
God's punishment for the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry in the00:13:20
18th century, a new cold snap began along the00:13:24
Thames and Danube sledding in00:13:28
1708 even the Bosphorus will freeze the strait between00:13:30
Europe and Asia by the way, two and a00:13:33
half centuries later it will be covered with ice again00:13:35
and the joyful residents of Istanbul00:13:38
ran to take pictures right on the00:13:40
spilled Europe suffers from crop failures00:13:44
cereals cannot stand frosts00:13:47
famine begins even without global cooling00:13:49
the harvest is not always enough to00:13:52
feed the peasants the history of the Cathar00:13:54
brothel wrote that the question of grain was00:13:57
key because it was constantly in00:13:59
short supply it was literally a matter of life and00:14:02
death during the Little Ice00:14:04
Age the fear of hunger penetrated almost00:14:07
every home every time the weather seemed to00:14:10
flip a coin if there was a warm00:14:14
year that means let’s say death is not today, but with the00:14:17
same probability frosts also happened,00:14:19
and in such conditions00:14:21
European monarchs have to think00:14:23
what to do so that the population stops at00:14:27
times we see how, in response to periods of00:14:29
famine, the state expands its00:14:32
functions and the powers of the authorities, it does00:14:34
not matter how the population lives what she00:14:37
eats and from then on the state will be00:14:40
increasingly embedded in human life;00:14:42
it is the popularization of potatoes that00:14:45
becomes one of the steps towards a modern00:14:47
state, a state that wants00:14:50
to take care of the well-being of everyone, even those00:14:53
who could easily do without such00:14:56
care, the leading countries of Europe are looking for different00:14:59
ways out of hunger curses and 200:15:02
influential countries and decide to get rid of the00:15:05
eternal ones are not expressed using potatoes,00:15:08
this is Prussia and France,00:15:10
but they do it differently Prussia00:15:13
called the German state in the00:15:15
northeast of what is now Germany in the00:15:17
mid-18th century, the country was ruled by perhaps the00:15:20
most famous of the Prussian kings,00:15:21
Frederick 2 who received nickname great but00:15:24
he had another nickname holes00:15:27
potatoes könig potato king00:15:29
tired of constant hunger frederick00:15:32
decided to act in his spirit00:15:34
decisively and like an army when you00:15:36
spend most of your life on a campaign00:15:39
or in exercises, you simply don’t00:15:41
know how to do it differently in 1745 he issues a decree00:15:45
that orders the peasants to allocate00:15:47
one tenth of their crops to potatoes00:15:50
in case of non-compliance with fines or prison00:15:53
without options for the landowners, he forced the00:15:57
peasants to tell the peasants about the benefits of00:15:59
potatoes, officers and generals00:16:00
ordered to grow potatoes on their00:16:03
estates, Frederick personally monitored00:16:05
compliance with his decree by riding a00:16:08
carriage around the country and punishing guilty00:16:11
just like this literally under the lash and under00:16:14
very strict control Prussia00:16:17
switched en masse to potatoes further crop failures00:16:20
hardly affected them the country was able to00:16:23
maintain the population developed and00:16:25
became stronger today it00:16:29
is impossible to imagine German cuisine without potatoes00:16:31
potato salad potato strudel00:16:34
books and other dishes even today in the00:16:37
grave of the potato king you can find a00:16:39
couple of potatoes, a token of gratitude from the00:16:43
German people. It is with Prussia that00:16:45
the war of the late 18th century, nicknamed the00:16:48
Potato Austrian Emperor, then00:16:51
wanted to subjugate the Bavarian lands00:16:53
that were left without a legitimate king00:16:55
and Prussia tried to prevent this.00:16:58
Imagine if today a huge00:17:01
Bavaria would suddenly be part not of Germany,00:17:04
but of neighboring Austria, and it was around00:17:06
this that the conflict happened, to say00:17:09
that there were no super large-scale military00:17:12
clashes here, the Russian and00:17:14
Austrian armies suffered heavy losses due00:17:17
to banal logistics, the Prussians00:17:19
survived exclusively on00:17:21
potato supplies, which saved the lives of a considerable00:17:24
number of soldiers the people were told that00:17:26
instead of destroying the enemy, soldiers00:17:29
were destroying food supplies as a result of trifles,00:17:32
independence was defended and without00:17:35
knowing it they were defending its future as part of a00:17:38
united Germany00:17:40
in the middle of the 18th century, another00:17:43
important international event takes place a00:17:46
diplomatic revolution the old alliance00:17:48
collapses and is replaced by new ones Austria00:17:51
quarrels with Great Britain and Prussia and00:17:53
France, the peoples begin to quarrel and00:17:55
continue to do so for another two centuries00:17:58
in a row; France, in comparison with Prussia,00:18:00
is a completely different world; sophisticated people00:18:02
consider themselves civilized and the rest are00:18:04
savages, so it is logical that in France00:18:07
the potatoes were fed to the power of the poor or00:18:10
pigs; the local nobility was sure that00:18:12
this was a normal person and there00:18:14
will never be in 1, 1748, when Prussia is already00:18:18
dripping potatoes en masse, the French parliament00:18:21
prohibits its cultivation, the argument is that such00:18:24
potatoes cause diseases from leprosy to00:18:27
dropsy, well, that is, to accept is no00:18:29
different from the beliefs of the ancients, progress00:18:31
is a nut, but soon everything will change precisely the00:18:33
confrontation between the Prussians and the French00:18:36
will lead to the introduction of potatoes to the country in00:18:40
1756, the seven-year war begins,00:18:42
this war is deservedly called the zero00:18:45
world war, you and jam are only00:18:47
fighting throughout Europe in the American colonies, but00:18:50
the main opponents were France,00:18:52
Russia and Austria, on the one hand, on00:18:54
the other hand, Prussia plus00:18:56
Great Britain and the adhesive potato00:18:59
Friedrich was still on the throne called00:19:02
his opponent the union of three women,00:19:04
respectively, Maria Theresa in Viennese00:19:07
history does not fit Petrovna in00:19:08
St. Petersburg and the favorite of Louis the 15th00:19:11
Madame Pompadour in Paris, well, you and the women00:19:13
click for him, we’ll show you later, looking ahead, but the00:19:16
main role in this history will be played not by00:19:18
the rulers, but by the young French00:19:20
pharmacist Antoine Agustin Parmentier, he00:19:23
also fought and was captured, being00:19:26
captured by potato lovers from Prussia, he00:19:29
was preparing to die of hunger, well, in France,00:19:31
potatoes are practically prohibited, but after being released00:19:33
from captivity three years later on a potato00:19:35
diet, he did not die did not become infected with leprosy and00:19:38
did not look like Mr. Potato00:19:40
Head from Toy Story, he felt00:19:42
much better than he expected00:19:44
Parmentier remembered his vocation and00:19:47
decided to make propaganda for topher00:19:51
his life's work, so this is the first00:19:53
potato propagandist and it so conveniently00:19:55
coincides that in France they announce a00:19:57
competition on the topic food is capable of reducing the00:20:01
damage from hunger; the hero understands that00:20:04
this is a chance for which he must cling;00:20:06
the work of Parmentier, dedicated naturally to00:20:08
potatoes, wins the competition; a young00:20:11
scientist escapes from the relegation of French00:20:13
society; at this time, France again00:20:15
suffers from the cold and gives birth to death;00:20:17
prices for flour soar; the price of a loaf bread00:20:19
grows four times the poor people, it is clear, they are00:20:23
no longer able to pull such a yoke,00:20:25
an uprising begins, called the00:20:28
flour war, crowds of people smashed the market and00:20:31
bread shops, sometimes the bread was simply00:20:33
stolen, but sometimes the rebels decided to00:20:36
play the state plan and set00:20:37
fixed prices, that is, prices that they00:20:39
considered fair in the end,00:20:41
the state, through price controls and00:20:43
army bayonets, was able to suppress00:20:46
the unrest, but the urban lower classes never00:20:48
forget anything and they never forget anything;00:20:50
disappointment in the government, its00:20:52
ability to provide even00:20:54
bread for its subjects will be the last line for00:20:56
which, as you know, the great00:20:59
French revolution, but for now the country00:21:01
receives a reprieve despite the threat of00:21:04
rebellion, the king does not want to hear about the00:21:06
Olympic potatoes, Parmentier00:21:07
insists on his own, in the end, 1000:21:10
years later, ten years later, he knocks his head on a00:21:13
closed door, as a result, King Louis the00:21:15
Sixteenth surrenders, the next00:21:18
birthday of the king comes, the whole00:21:21
flower of the French aristocracy gathers,00:21:22
Parmentier plays his role perfectly and00:21:25
they come to the celebration with a bouquet of white00:21:26
flowers these were the days of roses and not a line these00:21:29
were potato flowers the king's wife00:21:32
Marie Antoinette braids these flowers in00:21:35
her hair almost all the dishes at that00:21:37
party were prepared from potatoes the00:21:39
aristocracy was delighted with an interesting00:21:42
fact Thomas was present at this evening00:21:44
Jefferson, the representative of the young00:21:45
American states at the French00:21:47
court and the future third president of the00:21:49
United States of America, he00:21:51
was also impressed by Parmentier00:21:53
’s dishes and even purchased a copy of that same00:21:56
work on the benefits of potatoes. The aristocrats00:21:58
are convinced that it’s up to the common00:22:00
people and there are big problems here, the00:22:03
people don’t care about the king. believes and the people feel00:22:07
that they are being deceived, like the Prussians,00:22:09
the French began to whisper the mood they00:22:11
want to kill us with these potatoes, and then00:22:14
Parmentier went to a trick that00:22:16
becomes a legend, he asks the king for00:22:18
permission to grow potatoes in a00:22:20
large field near Paris, the king00:22:22
gives the go-ahead, but Parmentier did00:22:25
something else -that he assigned soldiers so that they00:22:28
would guard the crops during the day and leave at night, and then the00:22:31
simplest logic somehow worked;00:22:32
if they are guarding something from us, it00:22:35
means it is something valuable. People from all over00:22:37
Paris got into the habit of stealing potatoes for00:22:40
their own needs and began to grow00:22:42
Louis everywhere. the sixteenth appreciated00:22:44
Parmentier's achievement uttered the famous phrase00:22:46
France will someday thank you for00:22:49
finding bread for the poor in the name of00:22:52
Parmentier in France they now call the00:22:53
classic potato casserole00:22:55
true with meat and there is a bit without meat00:22:57
new I dream of meat Parmentier00:22:59
will really become a hero at his00:23:00
grave too there are potatoes lying in contrast00:23:03
to the king whose even delicious potatoes00:23:07
did not save from destruction,00:23:09
so we have two fundamentally different00:23:11
models in one Russian potato00:23:13
was introduced from the very top by the king himself without00:23:16
brakes and sometimes through direct violence00:23:18
against the population, but what did this lead to the00:23:21
preservation of the population's well-being and00:23:23
absence shocks, Prussia will eventually00:23:25
unite Germany around itself and the descendants of00:23:28
Frederick the Great will become emperors of the00:23:31
Second Reich, and there was a French way00:23:33
to promote vegetables, only00:23:35
one obsessed scientist was engaged there, as a result, time was00:23:38
lost, the people were hungry, angry and the monarchy00:23:41
fell, the country found itself in a quarter of a century of00:23:43
grief and suffering. everyone is00:23:46
pleased to admit this, but sometimes coercion00:23:48
can save more lives00:23:51
than gentleness, but Russia, as usual, went00:23:54
rub it00:23:55
in Russia, potatoes came along with the00:23:58
rest of the Dutch quirks under00:24:00
Peter the Great, just during the great00:24:03
Peter the Great's embassy in Holland there was a00:24:05
real potato boom and the Russian00:24:08
Tsar could not resist from the fashion trend,00:24:10
potatoes almost immediately receive00:24:12
a status that is radically different from the00:24:15
European one, the fact that in Europe the poor first ate them,00:24:18
even pigs in Russia are00:24:21
consumed with pleasure by the nobility without00:24:23
prejudice, just like in the West, the00:24:25
devil’s apple was not spared,00:24:28
Russian peasants called potatoes00:24:31
karta and damned and also damned00:24:33
potion so as not to breed it, they were00:24:36
ready to go even to hard labor; there were rumors00:24:38
that potatoes were killing the land; Russian00:24:41
peasants from time immemorial ate rutabaga and turnips00:24:44
and did not want to hear about anything new; under00:24:47
Peter the Great, an attempt to introduce potatoes00:24:49
failed; they were dissatisfied with potatoes; not00:24:51
only the peasants; some of the nationally00:24:54
minded aristocrats believed that00:24:56
potatoes will destroy the Russian way of life00:24:59
Avdotya Golitsina, one of the leaders of the00:25:02
Slavophile movement, said that00:25:04
potatoes are an encroachment on the Russian00:25:07
spirit, that the vegetable will ruin the stomachs and morals of00:25:11
our treasured lovers of porridge and00:25:13
bread for defenders of national00:25:15
identity, a sacred vegetable00:25:18
still remained a repo in it as00:25:20
if it would be a piece of the soul of the Russian00:25:23
peasant, but the turnip, like Russia,00:25:25
had two troubles: firstly, it was difficult to care for; it had to be00:25:29
constantly weeded,00:25:32
watered and looked after in every possible way; the second00:25:34
turnip grows like a carrot; from one00:25:37
seed only one vegetable grows, but00:25:40
from one potato, grows to 800:25:42
new advantages, obviously Russia is00:25:46
truly a country of the third way; if00:25:49
in Europe potatoes were scolded for00:25:51
not meeting the diet of aristocrats, then00:25:54
in our country they were often branded simply00:25:57
because they were not Russian; potatoes00:25:59
were perceived as something foreign to00:26:01
our special path, nothing more than another00:26:04
Peter's amusement Catherine the Great00:26:07
was also interested in potatoes, noticed00:26:10
the logic before the most famous monarchs,00:26:12
reformers, are now and then carried away by00:26:14
potato issues, she bought00:26:16
potatoes in Ireland, but then00:26:18
nature intervened, the potatoes were transported along the way, and out of00:26:21
eight tons, only a hundred kilos reached Russia; the00:26:23
potatoes were planted on the outskirts of00:26:26
several cities, the empress can and00:26:29
would have continued her potato mission,00:26:31
but the Pugachev riot distracted her attention and they00:26:34
forgot about potatoes again. It is symbolic that00:26:37
one of the first devotees of potatoes in00:26:39
Russia is Abram Hannibal, the same00:26:42
Arab of Peter the Great and great-grandfather of00:26:45
Alexander Sergeevich Hannibal became interested in00:26:48
growing potatoes on an estate near St.00:26:50
Petersburg and proved it in his own way example00:26:53
that potatoes are both tasty and healthy, the00:26:56
neighboring landowners looked at him and00:26:59
also began to plant potatoes, they say00:27:02
Pushkin adored this product, his nanny00:27:05
Arina Rodionovna often served00:27:07
baked potatoes on the table,00:27:09
but the peasants and at that time00:27:11
rarely came into contact with them, and then the00:27:14
sovereign his will came into play again Emperor00:27:17
Nicholas the first was tired of the constant00:27:19
hunger in the country and in00:27:21
1834 the appanage peasants were obliged to00:27:25
give up part of the fields for sowing potatoes,00:27:27
here we need to clarify something in the 19th century00:27:30
there were three types of Christians: state00:27:33
peasants lived on government lands and00:27:36
were free; landowners belonged to00:27:39
their owner, that is when you00:27:42
hear about the mockery of the00:27:44
serfs of some Saltykhi, it was the landowners who00:27:46
mocked the peasants; the00:27:48
third type of peasants was appanage; there weren’t00:27:52
very many of them; they belonged00:27:53
directly to the royal family, and the00:27:56
king forced these peasants to sow the fields00:27:59
with potatoes; the majority by that time had00:28:02
no prejudices left; many forces and00:28:05
voluntarily, but desire alone was not enough,00:28:08
no one even gave the peasants tubers00:28:10
for planting in normal quantities, and00:28:12
then a new problem someone started a rumor00:28:15
that the royal peasants who settled with00:28:18
potatoes would be given to the landowners, no one in their00:28:21
right mind wanted this, they00:28:24
are trying to force the peasants to plant tubers, but they are00:28:26
against saboteurs they begin to punish,00:28:29
but this only leads to even greater00:28:32
bitterness, the uprising begins, and then the00:28:34
army of the most00:28:37
active rebels enters, and in the end they will punish,00:28:39
and very harshly they were supposed to drive00:28:42
soldiers through the ranks, piercing them with00:28:44
spitzrutens, as the whips were called, this00:28:47
was tantamount to00:28:49
unbearable public torture, the00:28:52
peasants would be indignant, and even they went on working,00:28:54
but in 1840 there was another famine,00:28:58
no planting of potatoes by appanage00:29:01
peasants could change the situation,00:29:03
now a00:29:05
new decree was issued to the state free peasants, allocate00:29:08
part of the land for planting potatoes and here00:29:11
the men would have endured it, but the clerks who00:29:13
represented the state on earth00:29:16
finally went too far, they honestly00:29:19
speaking, and before this, the rural00:29:22
population was irritated, walking around here, you know, their00:29:24
embroidered lordly caftans with shiny00:29:26
buttons,00:29:27
they live in comfort, they don’t blow their mustaches, but when the00:29:30
clerks began to falsify signatures on the00:29:32
walls for growing potatoes in the villages, the00:29:35
clerks began to beat them to death, they00:29:38
began to be raised on pitchforks already00:29:41
planted mercilessly00:29:43
uprooting potatoes, but this was not a rebellion against the00:29:46
authorities in the usual sense of the word, the peasants00:29:49
were in full confidence that they were00:29:51
returning order, and the clerks were just00:29:54
setting up the house, they came, which means the people did00:29:56
not have a minister among the peasants, they thought that00:29:59
this was someone’s last name, they were the position of a00:30:01
minister, and were trying to tear them away from the00:30:03
good tsar why officials of a higher00:30:06
rank than the unfortunate clerks were treated00:30:08
with complete respect, usually from high00:30:10
ranks there were enough detailed explanations00:30:13
for the violence to stop, but in00:30:15
some villages everything did not go according to plan in the00:30:18
Vyatka province they even had to send in00:30:20
troops and 12 peasants who rebelled against00:30:23
potatoes were killed interesting top how the00:30:26
peasants perceived their punishments00:30:28
when they realized that they had not gone against00:30:31
some pathetic clerks, but against the will of the00:30:34
king, who loved potatoes, they sincerely00:30:37
asked for forgiveness for their rebellion, although00:30:39
many, despite the apology, had to00:30:42
pay in full, the peasants were divided into00:30:44
two groups, more guilty and less00:30:47
guilty those who had blood on them, the clerks, were00:30:50
immediately sent to prison to serve their00:30:52
sentences, the rest waited for the already familiar00:30:54
path from the spitzrutens, they were punished00:30:57
not with wine, and the peasant community, this00:31:00
structure is the collective fault of the community, it is00:31:03
everyone’s fault, therefore, for participating in the00:31:05
potato riot, the role of every00:31:07
tenth, but such a flogging was barely more00:31:10
gentle and at the end of the gas, scanty people00:31:13
at least remained conscious after these00:31:15
peasant unrest, which were00:31:17
called the potato state, moved away00:31:20
from strict orders, it began to00:31:22
stimulate the cultivation of potatoes not00:31:24
only with a whip, more precisely the Spitzrutens, the authorities00:31:27
began to encourage peasants and communities at the end of the00:31:30
19th century, potatoes will receive honorable and00:31:32
very sincerely and a nickname that we00:31:34
still know 2 bread the peasants00:31:37
fell in love with potatoes for their unpretentiousness00:31:39
and frost resistance is very important for Russia,00:31:41
but so far the Russian peasants have00:31:44
finally realized what potatoes are, what’s so00:31:46
good for me at the other end of00:31:48
Europe people paid for their00:31:51
gullibility we are leaving00:31:55
Potatoes first appeared in Ireland in Ireland00:31:57
thanks to Spanish sailors who00:32:00
sailed to trade fish, but00:32:01
potatoes really gained a foothold on00:32:03
the island in an extremely curious way, as00:32:05
was the case in 1588, when Spain was00:32:09
about to inflict a final00:32:10
defeat on its main enemy00:32:12
England, it assembled a huge fleet of00:32:15
such a scale that it had never seen before00:32:17
I haven’t seen the world before, they called it an invincible00:32:20
armada, well, a little arrogantly, okay,00:32:22
in the end, the armada, even before reaching the shores of00:32:24
England, gets caught in a storm and loses a00:32:26
significant part of the fleet, the case was00:32:29
completed by the already familiar Francis Drake,00:32:31
Drake brought potatoes not only to England,00:32:34
but also indirectly to Ireland, the remnants of the00:32:36
Spanish fleet decided to go around the British00:32:38
Isles, but off the coast of Ireland they were again00:32:41
caught in a storm and a dozen more ships00:32:43
scattered Ireland along with00:32:45
potatoes on the rocks, the locals very quickly00:32:47
appreciated such a gift of fate,00:32:49
no decrees were needed, the Irish00:32:51
understood everything themselves, the island climate turns out to be00:32:54
ideal for growing vegetables while the00:32:57
occupying00:32:59
English army ruled the land, another00:33:01
expansion of the potato industry was going on underground, if the British00:33:03
took all the resources from the Irish, 8500:33:06
percent of the population lived in half-00:33:08
dugouts, then the potato allowed them to00:33:10
pay for the rent of the land to the British and00:33:12
leave a living for themselves, the poor00:33:14
peasant island almost forgot what00:33:16
hunger was even though and became completely00:33:18
dependent on potatoes 40 percent of00:33:20
the Irish did not eat any other food00:33:22
except potatoes Irish priest John00:33:25
Graham wrote poems that very accurately00:33:27
convey the Irish picture of the world about no00:33:31
big world once and which could00:33:33
defeat us from the cold hills of Canada to the00:33:36
sultry Japan while we fattening up and00:33:39
varnishes smiling smiling with potatoes of the green00:33:42
valleys of Erin so friendly to the man of the00:33:45
17th century until the middle of the nineteenth century the00:33:47
population of Loydi grew four times from00:33:49
2 million to 8 but if you look at the00:33:52
population of the island today you will see a00:33:54
more modest figure of only 5 million00:33:56
what’s so terrible It could have happened00:33:59
that the population of Ireland has not yet00:34:01
recovered and is at the level of the 17th00:34:03
century, but the disaster happened on September 1100:34:06
before 1845, a note was published in the Freeman Journal newspaper00:34:10
that no one00:34:11
paid attention to, it talked about an00:34:13
Irish farmer who reaped a new00:34:15
harvest, well, it would seem an ordinary note but00:34:18
something in the text of the note was unusual,00:34:20
all the harvested potatoes rotted overnight,00:34:23
all the farmer’s work was in vain and the00:34:26
culprit was late blight, a fungal disease of00:34:29
potatoes, and soon the Irish learned this word00:34:32
by heart, late blight epidemics are00:34:35
rapidly spreading throughout the00:34:37
island, a terrible famine begins,00:34:39
people are dying from malnutrition, the situation is00:34:41
emerging out of control of the authorities, what about the00:34:43
British government and the British00:34:45
government decides to issue00:34:47
3 million bowls of soup a year for the 800:34:50
million population of the island, that is,00:34:53
each Irishman has less than half a bowl of00:34:55
soup per year, but this is pure00:34:58
bullying as it is, essentially00:35:00
the British are talking about we are talking about the00:35:02
kings of diplomacy to the people who00:35:04
brought to peace and democracy the structure of the00:35:07
courts of law the free press they00:35:10
always acted with in their history00:35:13
only as it was profitable for them they acted00:35:15
with any cruelty that they00:35:17
were capable of they treated Ireland00:35:19
as an ordinary ordinary colony they00:35:22
simply pretended that there00:35:23
was no problem of mass hunger; the British00:35:25
parliament is moving on; they not only do not00:35:27
ban the export of grain from the island, which00:35:29
could save a lot of life in the conditions of the00:35:31
death of potatoes; the British are throwing a spoke in the00:35:34
wheels of other countries that want to00:35:36
save Ireland from extinction, but00:35:38
someone has everything - it turns out that the Turkish00:35:40
Sultan, the00:35:41
Turkish Sultan, bypassing the British00:35:43
government, sent several00:35:44
ships with supplies to the shores of Ireland00:35:47
in memory of this, the coat of arms of the Irish00:35:49
city of the droid still depicts a00:35:52
crescent and a star. The Irish naively00:35:55
thought that they needed to survive 1845 and everything00:35:58
would return to normal, but 46 there was00:36:01
nothing left to plant, absolutely all the tubers were00:36:04
infected here, the British took pity and00:36:06
in addition to distributing half a bowl of soup,00:36:09
the government allows the purchase of00:36:10
corn and bread abroad according to a00:36:12
simplified scheme for the next year, the late00:36:14
blight epidemic would not have happened if the00:36:17
typhus epidemic had started in hunger, but somehow they00:36:22
managed to hold out plantings have been prepared00:36:24
for next year, but Ireland and00:36:26
potatoes seem to have been cursed by someone, by an evil00:36:29
irony of fate, the entire crop was again killed by a00:36:33
fungus and here the British government00:36:35
once again shows itself in all its glory in00:36:38
January 1847, they introduced a poor law in Ireland and00:36:43
hung local landowners the obligation00:36:45
to create free kitchens to feed the00:36:47
poor, but the rentiers are understandably cynical people,00:36:49
in order to reduce their costs, it was00:36:52
easier for them to take out the lands of the debtor peasants,00:36:54
the landowners are massively throwing away00:36:56
their lands, farmers and peasants for debts,00:36:59
and what kind of payment then can there be thousands of children,00:37:01
and there was nothing free00:37:04
money, especially since there were no eyewitnesses00:37:06
talking about one of these cases00:37:07
when 700 people were thrown out of their00:37:11
homes in one day to nowhere, women were00:37:13
crying, screaming, children were scared, the real00:37:16
agony of honest and most importantly00:37:17
hardworking people, while they were kicked out of their00:37:20
houses, officers stood nearby on duty,00:37:22
eyewitnesses said that these00:37:24
officers some with combat experience00:37:26
cried like children seeing the suffering of people and00:37:29
it is clear what would have awaited the farmers if00:37:32
they had dared to resist, according to00:37:34
various estimates, the lands rounded up about 20000:37:36
thousand Irish, British newspapers wrote00:37:38
about pigeons among their neighbors as some kind of00:37:41
ordinary event, Times newspaper from September00:37:43
1846 years when people are already dying in droves,00:37:46
he writes that all this is of course sad, but00:37:49
it is important to impress upon all members of Irish society00:37:51
that there is nothing special, even though there is no00:37:53
tea situation, and another well-known00:37:55
publication before the economist claimed that the00:37:58
Irish themselves caused the famine through their own00:38:00
evil and stupidity, and the worst00:38:03
test began in In 1848, in addition to the00:38:06
destroyed potatoes and famine, a00:38:08
cholera epidemic begins,00:38:10
it takes away thousands of people every day, those00:38:13
who lived on the coast caught fish and00:38:14
various sea creatures to survive, and those00:38:16
who were less fortunate in the depths of the island, the00:38:19
Irish, how cows ate grass, I will give you00:38:22
one quote from eyewitnesses who this time00:38:23
I found myself in Ireland, was able to visit00:38:25
different settlements, the disaster was00:38:27
terrifying00:38:29
beyond description, I was quickly00:38:32
surrounded by a crowd of men and women who00:38:34
looked more like hungry dogs than people,00:38:36
whose figures, looks and cries indicated00:38:38
that they were suffering from the predatory agony of00:38:40
hunger in one cabin lay two of the00:38:43
chiseled men on the damp floor, torn00:38:45
clothes too weak to move00:38:48
in fact, exhausted to the bone in the other00:38:51
young man was dying of dysentery, his mother00:38:53
would have pawned everything to keep him00:38:55
alive and I will never forget the humble,00:38:57
resigned tone in which he told me00:39:00
that the only medicine he00:39:02
wanted was this food in the most miserable hut on the00:39:04
seashore in which we could barely00:39:06
crawl we found the poor child still00:39:08
alive lying on wet clay in the00:39:11
dark unable to stand in torn00:39:14
rags after the death of her mother the girl00:39:16
lived on food and water that was brought00:39:18
to the door00:39:19
1849 finished off Ireland with a new crop failure00:39:23
and the cholera epidemic,00:39:24
the situation gradually improved, but living00:39:26
skeletons instead of people continued to walk the00:39:28
streets, what are the British doing in this situation,00:39:30
the British are releasing cartoons in for an00:39:34
Irish freeloader sitting on the back of an English worker, this is such00:39:36
humanism, it all ended only00:39:38
a year later, potatoes, which fed the Irish for so long00:39:41
and gave people hope for a00:39:43
bright future overnight,00:39:45
this betrayal cost one and a half00:39:47
million victims if you accidentally00:39:50
call an Irishman an Englishman today, they can00:39:52
give you a great famine, no one forgot, the00:39:55
Irish freedom fighters clearly00:39:57
interpret this tragedy as genocide, that00:39:59
is, the deliberate destruction of the00:40:01
Irish people, but the British did not00:40:03
try to kill the Irish, in fact,00:40:05
simply didn’t care about them; the philosopher, a00:40:07
contemporary of the famine, John Stuart Mill,00:40:09
wrote that with the exception of total00:40:11
genocide and the introduction of slavery, almost everything00:40:14
was done so that the Irish were cursed by00:40:16
the conquerors; well, I want to tell you that the00:40:19
British will shed these tears in the00:40:21
Irish00:40:23
Republican War of Independence an army that will be00:40:26
the muscle to carry out terrorist attacks and00:40:29
fight the British actually until the00:40:31
early 90s, and of course the British deserved all this for00:40:33
their truly bestial and00:40:35
inhumane relations, but there was a branch of the00:40:38
economy00:40:39
that grew during the potato00:40:42
famine: transatlantic transportation, the00:40:45
Irish tried by hook or by crook to00:40:47
escape from traps and were00:40:49
ready for anything, old00:40:52
ships that transported slaves came in handy here, the ancestors of the00:40:54
American Irish came to the states00:40:56
on the same ships as00:40:59
black slaves before the former sugar,00:41:01
mortality figures on the way were similar people00:41:03
continued to starve and get sick, out of ten00:41:05
people, at best,00:41:07
reached America 7 more than a million00:41:09
Irish survivors left their homeland during the00:41:11
famine, another two million joined00:41:15
them before the end of the nineteenth century, as00:41:16
a result of mass migration in00:41:18
the states, a gigantic Irish diaspora took shape;00:41:21
they made a huge contribution to the00:41:23
America that we know Walt Disney00:41:26
Henry Ford John Kennedy and even the current00:41:28
president states Joseph Biden, they are all00:41:31
descendants of Irish settlers who00:41:34
fled from the potato famine, by the way, I will00:41:36
bypass despite all the friendship with00:41:37
Britain, even the US President did not00:41:40
forget anything and reminded the British that his00:41:42
great-grandfather sailed to America on a00:41:44
coffin ship in which he was supposed to die00:41:47
on the way precisely because what the00:41:49
British and weasels did, the immigrants formed a00:41:51
new reality in the states, just00:41:53
think about it, we would never have seen00:41:55
Mickey Mouse's uniform assembly line and the00:41:57
American landing on the moon without this00:41:59
horrific catastrophe in the nineteenth00:42:02
century, rotten potatoes00:42:04
gave birth to 32 million Irish in the00:42:07
diaspora in America, now there are 6 of them times00:42:10
more than in their historical homeland,00:42:12
if we take Ireland out of the equation, then00:42:15
potatoes really saved many00:42:17
lives, but excessive hope in them00:42:20
took away these lives, let's try to00:42:22
look at the big picture to understand00:42:25
what the merit of potatoes is to the entire00:42:28
European civilization, let's go00:42:30
a little far from Thomas Malthus,00:42:32
Malthus was Anglican priest00:42:35
Dima Earl and economist, he made a00:42:38
very important conclusion, the whole history of00:42:40
mankind is a struggle with one’s00:42:42
nature, when a person is in00:42:44
comfortable conditions,00:42:45
he tends to multiply at an accelerated rate, but00:42:48
the problem is that the amount of land in00:42:51
these comfortable conditions is limited,00:42:53
as well as crops, so00:42:55
sooner or later in society there comes a moment when00:42:57
food per person becomes00:43:00
so small that a fork in the road arises,00:43:02
either famine or we will have to fight to00:43:05
expand living space. This00:43:08
situation is usually called the00:43:09
Malthusian trap. Humanity00:43:11
has an obvious ceiling, and when we00:43:14
hit it, problems and00:43:16
conflicts begin, but Malthus underestimated one00:43:19
important factor, progress. Even during his lifetime,00:43:21
in his native Great Britain,00:43:23
industrialization was unfolding, the old ones were00:43:27
giving way to the00:43:29
pipes of factories, growing production00:43:31
required workers, where to get them00:43:34
except in the village, and then00:43:36
potatoes came onto the scene, he had a very00:43:39
great advantage over grain00:43:41
crops, this yield and00:43:43
nutritional value with One acre of land,00:43:45
potatoes provide 3 times more calories00:43:47
than grains, this is the fuel of progress, the00:43:51
growing proletariat needs to be00:43:53
fed with something quickly and preferably cheaply, and00:43:56
potatoes help a lot with this. Residents of00:43:59
working-class areas of London, for example, the00:44:01
famous East End where Jack00:44:03
the Ripper operated, mainly ate precisely00:44:05
potatoes, in contrast to bread, which was00:44:08
expensive because of the grain duty, they00:44:10
even added potato starch to flour00:44:12
to make it cheaper potatoes penetrate00:44:15
into art, the French artist00:44:16
Jean-Francois Millet in his painting Anji00:44:19
Plus depicts poor peasants who00:44:21
literally pray for a basket of potatoes,00:44:23
which becomes for them, almost an00:44:25
underground god, a curious transformation00:44:28
in just 100 years, the truth from the devil's00:44:30
apple to divine salvation, and00:44:33
of course Van Gogh, his great painting of the00:44:36
potato eaters, is also about poverty and about the00:44:38
historical significance of this product,00:44:40
potatoes and tallit, the motive of the life of the poor,00:44:43
they even seem to consist of his poverty of00:44:47
some contrasted sharply with the wealth of00:44:50
others, the 19th century historian and publicist00:44:52
William K-Beth was indignant that on one00:44:55
farm alone he saw four times00:44:58
more food than was required for the inhabitants of the00:45:00
entire neighboring church parish, but00:45:03
those who grew wheat made cheese,00:45:05
beef and lamb themselves had to00:45:08
to live on only potatoes and such00:45:11
Britain was described and criticized by Marx and00:45:15
Engels, a country where the rich use the00:45:18
products of the labor of the poor, the rich00:45:20
become richer and the poor become poorer,00:45:23
Grandfather Marx bequeathed this to be the case at00:45:25
that time, but the situation began to00:45:28
change dramatically almost immediately after the release of00:45:31
capital, the first stage of capitalism was00:45:33
passed after a difficult period in the middle of the00:45:36
19th century, society began to gradually00:45:39
forget about hunger and cold and become00:45:42
consumerist, but at the most difficult00:45:45
stage of the famine, it was potatoes that allowed00:45:48
society not to fall into the00:45:50
cartoon Asian trap once again, it was thanks to00:45:53
it that the industrial revolution did not lead to00:45:56
widespread food riots, potatoes00:45:58
literally saved progress of mankind,00:46:00
even Engels recognized that this product00:46:04
played a revolutionary role in history; it became the00:46:06
second most important type of00:46:09
raw material after iron that changed people’s lives, and it00:46:12
really changed this life, albeit not00:46:14
always in the direction of abundance; the late00:46:16
blight epidemic hit not only00:46:19
Ireland; the famous revolutionary wave of00:46:21
1848 also largely provoked by00:46:24
potato rot in France, due to the00:46:27
loss of the harvest, hunger riots began00:46:29
which developed into a fight against the00:46:31
aristocracy, corruption, in the wake of hunger, the00:46:34
nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte came to power, the00:46:36
future emperor Napoleon 3 in00:46:39
Germany, a shortage of potatoes and rising prices00:46:42
almost led to the potato00:46:43
revolution, people smashed Berlin in00:46:47
order to get some potatoes and a00:46:49
year later, on this wave, Germany would be shaken by the00:46:52
March revolution, an unsuccessful attempt to00:46:54
unite the country on liberal00:46:56
principles, potatoes dragged humanity into a00:46:59
new era, they pulled people out of the00:47:02
dense Middle Ages and led to expensive00:47:05
industrialization, but the lack of potatoes00:47:08
also led to social cataclysms,00:47:10
at first they rebelled the poor, their calls00:47:13
were picked up by intellectuals and they fought against the00:47:16
Middle Ages no longer on the streets but in00:47:19
their heads,00:47:21
the history of potatoes is not similar to the history of00:47:23
other simple things and products, sugar,00:47:26
which we talked about last time,00:47:27
showed all the malice of man, his desire to00:47:31
enslave others for his own benefit, but00:47:33
potatoes are straight the opposite of00:47:34
sugars, it was not brought to America by00:47:37
European colonists, it came to us in00:47:38
exactly the opposite way and the main00:47:41
treasure of the Incas turned out to be not00:47:43
gold at all, it is a rather ugly product00:47:47
that annoys lovers of symmetry of00:47:49
even shapes, it became for humanity00:47:51
a ticket to the world of freedom, freedom from hunger, the00:47:54
industrial era opened up new ways of00:47:56
agriculture farms, for example, chemical00:47:58
fertilizers,00:47:59
but all this would not have happened if there00:48:07
were no potatoes on the plate of a poor hard worker from the outskirts of London in the evening after an exhausting day at production, people00:48:10
went to the barricades, swam across the entire ocean00:48:12
because they believed, they believed in a bright00:48:15
future, they wanted to live better than they lived00:48:17
for many centuries they wanted a better life for00:48:19
their children, but they had unwashed potatoes in their pocketsDescription:
Получи профессию python-разработчика с нуля в SkillFactory: https://clc.to/sOrERw Скидка 45% по промокоду МИНАЕВ до 31.03.2022 Подписывайтесь на канал Файба: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRQPJnq3IFviqmIxb9_5FaQ В этом выпуске поговорим про историю картофеля, историю очень драматичную и порой трагическую: Как этот экзотический продукт из Америки спас от вымирания одни народы и стал страшным проклятием для других? Как картофель попал в Европу, а потом и в Россию? Почему поднимались крестьянские бунты против картофельных клубней? Поговорим про то, как Френсис Дрейк пропагандировал употребление картофеля в Европе, а Петр 1 привез картошку в Россию. Как связан картофельный голод в Ирландии с Микки Маусом Уолта Диснея и почему ирландцы так не любят Великобританию? Почему геноцид инков и геноцид ирландцев так тесно связан с потреблением картофеля? Содержание: 00:00 О чём будет выпуск 01:20 Религиозный культ инков вокруг картофеля 04:04 Конкистадоры экономили на еде и кормили инков картофелем 08:02 Как картофель попал в Европу 10:06 Мифы о картошке 12:25 Изменение климата и проблемы с урожаем 17:43 Дипломатическая революция 19:16 Картофельный пропагандист 23:56 Как картошка попала в Россию 27:17 Крестьянские бунты против картошки 31:55 Картофель в Ирландии 34:06 Великий голод в Ирландии 42:13 Мальтузианская ловушка 44:15 Картофель в искусстве 46:28 Как картофель связан с революцией 47:21 Заключение По вопросам сотрудничества пишите: [email protected] Подписывайтесь на Минаева в социальных сетях: Минаев в Telegram: https://t-do.ru/minaevlife Минаев LIVE в Twitter: https://twitter.com/SergeiMinaev Минаев LIVE в Одноклассниках: www.ok.ru/minaevlive Минаев LIVE в Тик Ток: https://www.tiktok.com/@minaevlive Минаев LIVE в Яндекс Zen: https://dzen.ru/sergeyminaev
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