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Russian
00:00:02
showing a lot of pictures of a cat, the other day I was00:00:04
at a cool physics and mathematics00:00:07
lyceum telling the guys about the solar00:00:09
system and when the story was over I00:00:12
showed more than a hundred photographs of the00:00:15
satellites of the planets and so on one00:00:17
little schoolboy asked Tell me00:00:20
what you they showed us real00:00:22
photographs, it00:00:25
darkened in my eyes, they were all00:00:28
real, it’s true these are not drawings,00:00:30
today’s people are used to good drawings00:00:33
before coloring, but as it turns out, I00:00:37
will show you the real ones. And if they00:00:39
are not real, then I’ll warn you. But there00:00:42
will be very few of them, so let’s start in - first of all,00:00:46
from the definition, I am still a scientific person.00:00:49
It is necessary to define what a miracle is. I00:00:53
had to find out for myself. And what00:00:55
to show? This is something so unusual,00:00:58
unprecedented, amazing, delightful,00:01:02
inexplicable. A miracle is inexplicable,00:01:04
but I would tell me explainable, joy00:01:06
because We rarely call something00:01:09
so unpleasant miracles miracles are always00:01:12
joy but we are not able to understand the reasons,00:01:15
or at least until they00:01:18
explain it to us, so00:01:20
cosmic miracles are difficult to see,00:01:24
go outside after our evening,00:01:27
raise your head and you will not see anything00:01:30
in the sky except clouds That00:01:33
’s why astronomers, in search of cosmic00:01:35
wonders, go somewhere far00:01:37
away from cities into the mountains. As00:01:41
high as possible. As dark as possible in the sky, they look for00:01:45
cosmic wonders like this, sometimes00:01:47
even from the surface of the earth. If you find a00:01:51
suitable place, you can see these00:01:54
rare places. Try to climb up to00:01:57
this one there are no roads to the observatory there No00:01:59
astronomers have settled down really well00:02:02
The truth is, no one can tell us what we00:02:06
are doing there like that,00:02:08
it’s good on the mountain Away from the authorities, closer to the00:02:11
sky And also miracles,00:02:14
but it’s not easy to see them even from a00:02:17
favorable place, you also need to have a good00:02:20
telescope, look What kind of00:02:23
large telescopes do we have? This one is not ready yet, but00:02:26
it will start working in six months. It00:02:28
will be the largest telescope in the world.00:02:32
We had a lot of quiz questions today.00:02:34
Where do you think it will work?00:02:35
At least in what part of the world? Well,00:02:39
please00:02:42
don’t show up as experts on the Equator. good in00:02:47
general The idea is good on the Equator,00:02:49
try to find a place on the Equator with00:02:51
high dry mountains But you won’t find it,00:02:54
yes But we need mountains Yes in Chile,00:02:57
experts know correctly in Chile What is Chile00:03:01
Why in Chile and there are the Andes There are good00:03:04
dry mountains there and we are building there but00:03:07
It’s not enough to climb the mountains to have a00:03:10
telescope. For example, if you don’t have a00:03:12
good light receiver, then you will see00:03:15
the sky. That’s how you can clearly see some00:03:18
constellation by the way.00:03:22
Which one00:03:25
didn’t you recognize?00:03:30
Well, I like to think that I’m in the audience00:03:34
who can tell something new00:03:37
Orion is correct Orion This is how we will see a00:03:40
good country place with the naked00:03:43
eye. But this is how some00:03:46
night Predator sees it, for example an owl, if it00:03:50
even raises its eyes to the sky, they don’t catch00:03:53
mice, then like this, but that’s not enough, we have00:03:57
a telescope and He allows us to look at00:04:01
it under the three stars. this is00:04:04
Orion’s belt, a small blurry spot,00:04:07
it’s hard to see in the sky even outside the city00:04:10
with a telescope like this.00:04:12
This is the first miracle that optics gives us.00:04:15
Good optics is truly a00:04:18
wonderful invention. But if you don’t want this,00:04:21
this is the sky and there are almost no stars visible there, we00:04:26
see what fills the space00:04:28
between the stars and glows very beautifully.00:04:32
Well, almost like these candles, but even more00:04:35
beautiful because it’s natural. It’s00:04:37
not us who lit it, but it’s itself, and it’s00:04:43
beautiful, but of course we are attracted by those00:04:47
processes that we would like to00:04:49
explain. But we’re at a loss,00:04:51
look against the backdrop of a light hot00:04:55
glowing gas we see something dark.00:04:57
This is a miracle; nothing is visible there00:05:02
and sometimes it even seems that there is nothing there at all.00:05:04
That this is an empty place,00:05:07
some kind of hole in the sky. And even something like this.00:05:11
There are no holes in the sky even here. this is not a hole, this is the00:05:14
birthplace of stars and planets, this is a00:05:19
cold gas cloud in which00:05:22
matter is concentrated and00:05:25
future stars are born from it, and this is the first00:05:28
miracle that we still have not explained00:05:30
how they are born, we see only00:05:34
emptiness so far And when it is born, it00:05:38
announces itself This is the00:05:42
hot stream that is thrown out by the young,00:05:46
still there inside, born as a star, he00:05:49
says that the first cry of the star00:05:52
took place, she announced herself, this00:05:56
hot one, this one,00:06:00
and then she pushes this maternity00:06:04
hospital apart and demonstrates herself with all her might, and00:06:08
sometimes even this so00:06:11
It’s beautiful it’s dangerous because it’s good to00:06:14
watch it from afar, but God forbid00:06:17
if this happens next to us,00:06:20
a star will be born next to us Well, 10-15 times00:06:23
more massive than the sun, then our00:06:27
Solar system will cease to00:06:29
exist, but we look from afar and00:06:32
we see with what kind of fireworks00:06:34
the birth of stars born in00:06:38
space is announced. This is such beauty. Then it00:06:41
happens even more beautiful and then this.00:06:47
How is this physiological processes00:06:51
I will not compare such a bubble inside00:06:54
which a star was born and she throws everything away from00:06:56
herself and clears the place00:06:59
there she is in this the cleared place will00:07:02
continue to live, we would like to see how00:07:05
planets are born next to the star. For00:07:08
us, these are worlds on which we can find00:07:10
we live ourselves, this is how planets are born,00:07:13
until recently we only fantasized00:07:16
and finally we have instruments, also00:07:19
telescopes, but of this00:07:22
specific type between radio and00:07:25
optical something in between, by the00:07:28
way, also in Chile and in Chile in general Nowadays, they do00:07:30
n’t only make red wine. The00:07:33
coolest astronomers00:07:36
work there, and the most powerful telescopes in the world00:07:38
are lucky for the Chileans, but this system00:07:41
of more than sixty radio antennas00:07:44
today is the most big-eyed00:07:48
astronomical00:07:50
astronomical instrument in the world and00:07:52
look, it showed us for the first time How00:07:54
planets are born in the center there is a star that has00:07:57
not yet formed, just now00:08:00
gaining radiation power and a00:08:03
cloud of gas is moving around it, it00:08:07
has also acquired the shape of a pancake and in this flat00:08:10
cloud it is formed, you see dark paths00:08:13
these are already planets about them there, well, how can I00:08:17
say, they drew the holes, they collected00:08:21
the matter around them, they themselves00:08:23
formed satellites around them,00:08:25
they give birth Well, the cloud Still continues its00:08:30
creative activity, so to speak,00:08:33
new and new objects are born from it,00:08:35
well, a star was born Our Sun We have00:08:38
known it for a long time and while we were observing00:08:41
it from the Earth, we saw a rather00:08:44
monotonous object, like a00:08:47
ping-pong ball or something for something.00:08:50
Well, the ball is uniform, sometimes dark00:08:53
spots appeared on it, in general, a00:08:54
rather boring picture, but as soon as the00:08:58
Earth entered Orbit and our space00:09:02
telescopes they showed the sun in a completely00:09:04
different way,00:09:06
very dynamic, very changeable, very00:09:10
beautiful, I warn you, this is not the work of00:09:15
an artist, this is a real photograph. Yes, it is a00:09:18
very complex method. Through several00:09:20
light filters they are synthesized, but here00:09:23
the person did not put a hand to the sun. We00:09:26
really have this and this00:09:30
and this, it’s not scary,00:09:33
no,00:09:37
but00:09:38
ours the planet receives one00:09:42
ten-billionth part of its radiation from the sun and there is00:09:46
enough for us to warm up for00:09:48
everything to work and spin,00:09:51
and the sun is changeable, for example, it will do something like00:09:54
this, it will throw out a piece of its substance00:09:58
if it flies towards the Earth, it won’t00:10:01
seem like it doesn’t happen often in the era of00:10:05
modern electronics. It00:10:07
hasn’t happened yet and we are quietly using00:10:11
these gadgets of ours, but this happened in00:10:13
the middle of the 19th century when there was no electronics00:10:16
and telegraphs were just emerging, and00:10:19
telegraphs by wire, this00:10:21
primitive Martian telegraph,00:10:24
it was covered when the sun did this00:10:27
and choose our direction force flow of gas00:10:30
And since then we have developed00:10:33
electronics we use But if the Sun00:10:36
sneezes again00:10:38
Read books and buy paper books00:10:42
they will survive but there is no Internet00:10:46
Well, beauty is our star that00:10:51
gives us life00:10:53
But this miracle does not happen on the00:10:56
surface of the star But in in its depths,00:10:58
energy is born there inside the Sun, we00:11:02
theoretically all imagine a picture,00:11:05
not a photograph, we imagined But we00:11:08
always wanted to check how it is,00:11:11
imagine the Sun in size more than 100 times00:11:14
larger than the globe We cannot look into the earth into00:11:16
its center How can you look00:11:20
into the center of this giant gas00:11:22
ball It would seem not like how, nevertheless, we00:11:25
saw the invisible, today we look at the00:11:28
center of the sun and 8 minutes after00:11:32
the moment something happens there,00:11:34
after 8 minutes we see it with the help of00:11:37
neutrino particles, this is a miracle that we will say00:11:42
when I became interested in astronomy in I still00:11:45
didn’t believe in school that it was possible to look00:11:47
inside a star. Today we are creating00:11:50
these gigantic underground detectors, it’s a00:11:53
huge jar there. On a boat, three Japanese are00:11:58
floating, can you imagine the scale? Yes, all this is00:12:01
one and a half kilometers underground, that is,00:12:04
people hid underground to see the00:12:08
depths of the sun, some kind of insanity - then we didn’t00:12:12
go there at all, but on the contrary, and underground00:12:15
we see this thing, this is what00:12:20
the installation looks like And this is what the world’s first and00:12:23
only portrait of the sun looks like,00:12:25
obtained with the help of neutrino particles00:12:28
Elusive particles are another miracle now00:12:32
every second 10 billion flies through the tip of your nose00:12:36
You00:12:39
feel neutrinos not only through your nose through00:12:42
any square centimeter of your body.00:12:48
Nitrine leaves no impression on you. We have learned to catch them not only00:12:53
underground in Japan, of course, but also underground here00:12:56
in Russia. Here we have such Arkhyze00:12:59
underground neutral detectors,00:13:02
people work there too become a customs excursion00:13:05
to get Well, under water, for example, the00:13:08
Mediterranean Sea at great depths. People00:13:12
fish with the help of underwater telescopes, but00:13:16
where is the best water on Earth, where00:13:19
of course on Lake Baikal, so for many years now00:13:23
from the ice in winter into the bowels of Lake Baikal,00:13:28
glass like this has been lowered almost to the bottom00:13:31
you see the balls, they have thongs, such00:13:35
long pendants, and on them these balls00:13:39
catch neutrinos flying from the sun, but00:13:42
Pay attention, I think, although I already00:13:45
doubt it, that someone probably00:13:47
knows what photo electron00:13:49
multipliers are, this is a device that00:13:51
catches light Look where it is00:13:53
he is not oriented up to00:13:57
where the sun should be, down into the bowels of00:14:00
our planet.00:14:02
Why does he look through the globe at the00:14:07
sun when it is at night? It turns out that00:14:11
for us the earth is just a good filter00:14:15
that does not need to be filtered, and the neutrino00:14:19
calmly flies through the globe, and00:14:22
it is through the sun flew by that it is our00:14:24
Earth and we catch it there on Lake Baikal, but00:14:27
if we look there, then someone should00:14:29
look in the opposite direction,00:14:32
the Americans are looking there, they are sitting on the00:14:36
south pole of the earth in Antarctica, they have ice in them, they00:14:40
don’t have Baikal, they have ice00:14:44
in Antarctica and they put their00:14:47
neutrino detectors there and they00:14:49
look through the globe into our Northern Hemisphere00:14:52
While we look from ours there into the00:14:55
Southern Hemisphere, complementing each other miracle miracle00:14:58
stars are not only born, not only00:15:02
live and emit neutrinos, they also die, they die00:15:06
Very beautiful this is the most beautiful00:15:09
death in nature when a star, before it00:15:12
finally stops warming and00:15:15
illuminating us, envelops itself in an amazing,00:15:19
absolutely wonderful object00:15:23
called planetary nebulae00:15:26
when astronomers did not yet have modern00:15:29
telescopes; the telescopes were small.00:15:30
They saw something like some kind of nebulous balls-00:15:34
then in the sky00:15:36
they thought that these were distant00:15:38
planets, small modern telescopes, these are00:15:40
mainly the Hubble space telescope,00:15:43
today James interweaves, they examined them in detail.00:15:45
Let's admire the00:15:47
alien nebulae, you will see in the00:15:49
center there the remnant of the star, the nucleolus. But00:15:53
this is the expanding shell, these are the upper00:15:56
layers of the Star that it throws off in its00:15:59
deathbed state after this, she00:16:01
stops living, the00:16:03
astronomer knows the star is a ball, the sun of the00:16:07
ball, other balls begin to be dropped, it00:16:10
must drop like this in all directions00:16:12
equally. That’s what we thought, and when we began to00:16:15
watch how this happens, we were surprised00:16:17
and are still surprised and00:16:21
cannot understand how the stars00:16:23
surround themselves These are these amazing00:16:28
nebulous00:16:29
expanding strangely00:16:32
complicated objects that even00:16:36
give them a name. It's the amateurs of00:16:39
astronomy whose imagination works better00:16:41
than the professionals, we just write down the numbers in00:16:44
the catalogue, and the amateurs say00:16:47
Eskimo, but it's true. Looks like yes, this is what it's like,00:16:49
spanking? Or like a parka like that?00:16:53
Eskimo clothes with this fur00:16:55
trim But this is, as it were, called an00:17:02
hourglass And for some reason it was called an00:17:04
ant ant00:17:06
And perhaps an hourglass00:17:10
This looks more like It’s a pity that I didn’t00:17:13
hide the name I should have played it out Yes00:17:15
and then Show the name I that's what this is.00:17:18
Well, okay, but your imagination00:17:21
will tell you what this Planetary00:17:23
Nebula is called. I've never seen00:17:26
rotten eggs.00:17:28
But for some reason they called it a rotten egg, a00:17:32
vase, yes. Well, let's move on, it's really beautiful,00:17:36
beautiful, you're beautiful, and how does a star00:17:41
organize it? It's a ball, but00:17:44
it turns out this is the kind of thing we’re talking about, it’s00:17:49
just a bipolar nebula, that is,00:17:51
it threw a bipolar nebula in one direction and into the other,00:17:52
and how is it possible to00:17:57
form something like this from a spherical object, and00:17:59
this Gas glows under the00:18:03
influence of the nucleolus of the star remaining in00:18:06
its center, it’s very hot, it00:18:08
heats up, but what struck me the most was00:18:10
It’s like00:18:13
making a square out of a ball.00:18:18
What forces are organizing this, it’s completely00:18:21
incomprehensible, here’s a miracle that00:18:24
astrophysicists still look at and give up, or let’s00:18:28
say, the00:18:29
Planetary Nebula is a snail,00:18:32
and so we see it in an ordinary00:18:34
optical telescope. Let’s look at it in00:18:37
telescopes of other ranges, for example in00:18:41
infrared ones. to ultraviolet the00:18:44
same object is the same object and it00:18:48
has different beautiful This is a cat's00:18:52
eye But probably cat people or00:18:55
cat owners will understand I don't understand it00:18:58
looks like a cat's eye00:19:01
cat's eye is beautiful but not clear and two00:19:07
Jettas that is, gas emissions are00:19:09
diametrically opposite direction00:19:11
and00:19:12
a set of shells and all this is done by one round00:19:16
star,00:19:17
but00:19:20
remember what it looks like now00:19:22
look, it’s the same one, but on a much00:19:24
larger scale, we haven’t seen this00:19:26
before, but the ground-based telescope showed us00:19:31
that this is not all, that this is just the nucleolus00:19:34
and we saw that This is what it is This is what it is00:19:37
And this cat's eye is hidden deep inside there00:19:41
and this is what it00:19:45
is00:19:46
And now we take out this cat's eye but00:19:49
look at her, we admired it00:19:52
and it turns out to be surrounded even00:19:54
more Well okay Let's move on00:19:58
and here this beauty is the00:20:02
same Now you already know This is the00:20:04
constellation Orion and there is one red00:20:07
star up there, barely visible00:20:10
is called Betelgeuse and we00:20:14
expect such a miracle from it not at the sight of the Lord00:20:17
She is ready to explode warm amber00:20:21
nebulae that I told you this is00:20:23
a slow, such a quiet beautiful death00:20:26
stars like our Sun, in general, it does00:20:29
n’t threaten us with anything for those who live next to00:20:33
it, of course it’s a bummer there, all00:20:36
the planets are burning from this hot gas.00:20:38
We only get beauty from them.00:20:42
But Betelgeuse promises us an effect00:20:45
that may well00:20:47
manifest itself unpleasantly here. It’s ready to00:20:50
explode. we look at it and understand00:20:54
that this is the star that we see, this is00:20:56
not all, here on three scales I00:20:59
show how it surrounds itself with00:21:02
gas flows and we expect that its00:21:06
evolution will end in the near future with a00:21:09
very powerful explosion, this is called a00:21:13
supernova explosion, here is the Lower one the00:21:17
evolutionary sequence is00:21:19
the life of a massive star and it00:21:22
ends. This is the drawing. Well, we have00:21:24
never seen supernova explosions up close. The00:21:26
last time a00:21:29
supernova explosion was visible to the naked eye,00:21:31
so to easily see it in the sky00:21:34
without telescopes, it happened00:21:37
exactly 1000 years ago. Well, not exactly in a00:21:40
few years we will00:21:41
to celebrate the millennium, our ancestors saw this in00:21:45
1054. Today we see the result. For 100000:21:49
years, matter has been scattering, and inside00:21:53
it is called a carb-shaped nebula,00:21:55
scattering with enormous force, with great00:21:57
speed, burning out everything around there. For00:22:00
many years, of course, there will be nothing00:22:03
left there, even we suffer from such00:22:07
explosions obelgeuse is not far from us and00:22:10
when it will explode And we are trying00:22:13
to predict this, but so far we cannot give exact dates, it00:22:16
will be quite00:22:19
powerful, such a flow of cosmic00:22:24
radiation that will burn the satellites will be00:22:27
dangerous for astronauts for us here on00:22:30
earth it will be safe for us The atmosphere00:22:32
will protect and there inside this carb-shaped00:22:36
nebula there is a remnant of a star, a small00:22:39
shrunk nucleolus called a00:22:42
neutron star, there is a dime a dozen00:22:44
science fiction for physicists and astronomers,00:22:48
firstly, the substance of this,00:22:51
perhaps this picture is not a photograph, this is what a00:22:54
neutron star looks like, according to00:22:58
our assumptions, we don’t know how it is,00:23:00
what geo on it surface, but we know00:23:04
what this substance is like, it is compressed to such a00:23:06
state that if you fill a00:23:09
glass of mulled wine with this substance,00:23:12
it will weigh 100 billion tons, my00:23:17
imagination is not enough, even I tried to00:23:20
drink a glass of mulled wine, anyway, my00:23:22
imagination is not so tanned that I00:23:26
can imagine this mass00:23:27
packed in one glass I think that00:23:31
none of us of this is a mountain like00:23:34
Everest, shrunk to the size of a glass of00:23:38
science fiction And this is also beautifully00:23:41
dangerous but beautiful this is what00:23:44
supernova remnants look like That is, those very00:23:46
plasma balls that expand after the explosion of a00:23:49
star and00:23:52
make us happy as physicists but force00:23:56
tense up00:23:58
if you remember Obelgeuse today our00:24:01
forecast is that in the next 10 thousand years it will00:24:06
explode00:24:08
Yes everyone has calmed down yes But it could happen00:24:12
tomorrow Or maybe I don’t know We’ll have to00:24:14
look Maybe00:24:16
we can already or more accurately say when this will00:24:19
happen00:24:21
about 10 hours before the explosion we can get away from00:24:26
it there will be such a flow of neutrinos that00:24:28
these underground underwater00:24:31
telescopes of ours on Lake Baikal there in Antarctica00:24:34
will record, that is, we will be able to tell00:24:36
the astronaut to quickly land on the ground, let’s have00:24:38
a few hours to hide here00:24:40
under the atmosphere, this won’t have time00:24:43
I think,00:24:45
but I would like to be even more precise, not just in00:24:49
hours but even there, in days and weeks,00:24:52
new neutrino telescopes will appear in the near future,00:24:54
and we will be able to. But00:24:57
about one and a half to two years in advance, we will make00:24:59
such pleasant forecasts, somehow we will00:25:01
protect the earth, for example, the most interesting thing for me is that it00:25:04
seems interesting to look at New Year’s days in00:25:07
diaries and other beautiful holidays00:25:10
about black holes, schoolchildren know everything about them,00:25:14
special ones,00:25:17
kindergarten students, what are we from them? What00:25:20
miracles can we expect from us? what is a00:25:23
black hole? empty space Einstein00:25:26
once created his theory of gravity and00:25:29
said that a black hole cannot be00:25:31
seen because it is black she also00:25:33
swallows everything, doesn’t let anything out, and we00:25:35
know this, nevertheless, we would like to see it, and00:25:38
the same Einstein explained to us how to00:25:41
do it. And this miracle happened00:25:43
literally a few years ago when00:25:46
we learned to register00:25:50
from How to say information coming to00:25:54
us from black holes these are gravitational00:25:56
waves,00:25:57
believe me. I was not only a00:26:00
schoolboy there who was passionate about astronomy, but also00:26:02
deeply professional astronomers. I would00:26:05
never have believed that this could be00:26:06
registered. Do you know why?00:26:09
Gravity is an extremely weak force.00:26:13
Now you, I understand, you are clinging to each00:26:16
other because you have completely different forces.00:26:18
attract each other and Gravity,00:26:21
two people at a distance of one meter00:26:24
attracts, we are still attracted by00:26:26
a force of one hundredth of a milligram Well,00:26:30
absolutely not perceptible forces only if00:26:32
you have some other emotional forces00:26:36
at work, then00:26:37
you feel zero attraction,00:26:44
look at what attracts you to the00:26:46
giant Planet, but what about us in00:26:49
laboratory conditions, to try to detect00:26:52
grace waves for the first time, we did this00:26:57
indirectly, but indirectly by discovering in00:27:01
space Two neutron stars, two00:27:03
nuclei of exploded stars that are00:27:05
spinning wildly Each other Around each other and as00:27:08
we saw they were approaching each other, that00:27:10
they were not approaching, they emitted00:27:13
gravitational waves and the theory of00:27:15
relativity described this00:27:17
observation process and the theory coincided. Just00:27:20
as in general, in my opinion, there00:27:23
has never been a coincidence in any science, we were unable to00:27:26
draw a thinner00:27:28
theoretical line and draw smaller points00:27:31
to show how00:27:33
accurately the observation coincides with the theories from the00:27:37
Great Victory of the theory of relativity,00:27:39
this is so and00:27:41
inspired not only astrophysicists, but also00:27:45
artists, which I didn’t expect,00:27:47
how do they know that recently00:27:52
in Germany We were in a museum of00:27:55
modern art, I saw these00:27:58
two black holes,00:28:01
how did the artist even00:28:03
come to his head to draw them for the signature, he00:28:05
wrote it wrong what is00:28:07
New York today?00:28:08
Well, he knows better. I could still understand one black hole.00:28:12
New York today for some reason,00:28:14
two black holes, maybe New York.00:28:16
Washington is nearby, and artists are still there.00:28:19
Recently, one young artist00:28:21
sent me this picture. says how come00:28:24
you have double black holes,00:28:26
neutron stars, all this is so interesting,00:28:28
so beautiful, what’s more, and it seems that they00:28:31
reproduce by budding00:28:34
Well, it’s really beautiful, yes Well, maybe00:28:39
artists, generally speaking, sometimes00:28:41
have a richer intuition than scientists, we’re now00:28:44
checking it out Or maybe it’s true The black hole00:28:46
gets dirty, but I would like to see them not00:28:50
indirectly, not by gravitational forces. You can just00:28:53
see a black hole, you can00:28:55
try it00:28:57
next to us. Well, it’s not very00:29:01
far from us, there’s this Galaxy. We’ve already00:29:04
seen for a long time that there’s such a jet of hot matter flying out of its core,00:29:06
notice there.00:29:08
and they realized00:29:11
for a reason that a Black Hole probably sits there00:29:15
and somehow00:29:17
excites this energy and accelerates00:29:20
matter, and so they built00:29:23
a radio telescope the size of the globe and00:29:27
how this can be done, they did it for a long time,00:29:30
but they did it, they00:29:32
connected radio telescopes located on00:29:35
different continents and it turned out like00:29:39
one giant instrument the size of00:29:42
our planet and looked at the black00:29:44
hole and what they wanted to see it is black00:29:47
but matter falls onto the black holes From the00:29:51
side it could be gas lost by00:29:53
stars it could be clouds00:29:55
Stellar when it falls it surrounds the00:29:57
black hole with a gas disk that00:30:00
glows it is not yet fell into a00:30:03
black hole from the outside and glows in all00:30:06
directions, but the black hole of its Gra00:30:09
and bending the paths of light rays, which is also a00:30:13
miracle00:30:14
and directs them in different directions,00:30:17
including a mathematical00:30:19
calculation for us, by the way, it was done. Perhaps you have00:30:22
heard about such a person as Thorne this is00:30:25
one of those who And who saw the film00:30:28
interstellar Well, a good half of00:30:32
humanity saw it. He was a scientific00:30:35
consultant to the producer of this film and00:30:38
he calculated what a00:30:41
hot gas disk around a black hole would look like,00:30:44
then for the film it was, of course, turned00:30:47
into a more presentable picture,00:30:50
then in the film it appeared in the form of00:30:52
such film frames when a spaceship00:30:56
arrives and so on, but it was all00:30:58
a photograph I really wanted to see.00:31:01
And now a giant radio telescope00:31:03
scattered across the globe in the00:31:06
form of separate antennas looked there and00:31:10
saw the calculations showed what would happen.00:31:13
These are the ones I saw, this doesn’t seem to be the case00:31:16
Amazing For a normal Donut00:31:19
poncho Yes, with Hanukkah where but for us00:31:24
it was just a shock we saw the shadow of a00:31:27
black hole a black hole against the background of this00:31:31
operating disk as they say But this is a00:31:34
neighboring Galaxy And are we redheads here00:31:37
we have our own black hole in our00:31:39
Galaxy in the center of our galaxy there00:31:41
is also a black hole, it’s difficult to get through there,00:31:44
our center is closed from us by a large00:31:47
number of opaque clouds, nothing00:31:49
passed 2 years and we saw the center of our00:31:52
galaxy, and we saw it00:31:55
indirectly at first, we just realized that there was a black00:31:58
hole there, a white star right there in the center of00:32:01
this picture this is the place around00:32:03
which I will show again that00:32:06
normal stars fly, these balls are00:32:08
normal stars and we have been00:32:10
following their flight since 1995 and we00:32:13
understand that there is an empty space around, but it doesn’t00:32:17
happen like that, it means something attracts them to00:32:19
this empty place, the calculations showed that there is a00:32:21
Black Hole there that is 4 million times00:32:24
more massive than our Sun, it00:32:28
was such a convincing discovery that even without00:32:30
seeing it, the00:32:32
Nobel Prize was given in 1920 by the00:32:35
German head of the German00:32:39
agency group and the head of the00:32:42
American group, Andrei Hess, they00:32:44
received their Nobel Prize. Although there was00:32:47
no object, there was only suspicion but there is a very00:32:50
confident suspicion that there is a Black Hole there,00:32:52
but finally in the spring of this00:32:56
year it is still present, it is not over yet,00:32:59
we looked there and we saw And this is00:33:03
this red Bagel, this is our Black Hole,00:33:07
gas is flying around it and this is exactly what this00:33:10
Bagel looks like a forecast the general theory00:33:13
of relativity tells us now the00:33:15
next dream is to see double black00:33:19
holes, they have calculations that show that it00:33:23
will look so cool. The little00:33:25
blue one is one black hole with its00:33:28
gas disk, the red one is00:33:30
hidden behind it and there they00:33:32
are moving, but I think that soon literally one00:33:35
of these days we will see this thing, it may not be00:33:38
so beautiful, theory is always more beautiful than00:33:41
observation, life is always not as00:33:43
beautiful as poetry Yes, but nevertheless00:33:45
we will see another invisible but felt thing,00:33:51
our galaxy How do I imagine a00:33:53
huge star system such a00:33:55
bun 100 billion stars and it’s00:33:59
drawn here on the left, but Recently we found out00:34:01
that all this is immersed in a huge,00:34:06
huge ball of invisible matter,00:34:09
so this is Dark matter. More precisely,00:34:13
dark matter, but as you see it,00:34:16
Dark physicists don’t know what it is,00:34:18
astronomers only feel that it exists,00:34:20
but we came up with it How, with the help of one00:34:23
invisible,00:34:25
another invisible This is certainly a very miracle,00:34:28
namely the effect of distortion of light rays,00:34:32
any visible-invisible mass changes the path of00:34:36
light rays with its attraction, we00:34:39
felt this back in 1918. Observing how00:34:43
the stars are visible near our Sun,00:34:46
we saw that the sun itself slightly changes the path00:34:49
light rays but the sun is small What00:34:52
if this is a whole Galaxy, if this is many00:34:54
galaxies And there is a cluster of galaxies00:34:57
passing through which the light rays00:35:00
change their direction and then00:35:03
the Galaxies are so far from us00:35:07
that they are at the edge of the Universe that we simply00:35:09
never dreamed of ever seeing them00:35:11
looking through a cluster of galaxies00:35:15
filled with dark matter, we finally saw00:35:18
this picture shows us how one00:35:23
invisible thing is. We are this cluster. Well,00:35:26
dark invisible matter, the nature of00:35:28
which is still a mystery to physics,00:35:30
made it possible to see another invisible one, but00:35:34
already invisible due to its great00:35:35
distance from us for astronomers this is a00:35:39
dream come true, that is, a New Year's miracle.00:35:42
This is how we live from one miracle to00:35:45
another and00:35:47
the Universe presents constant riddles to us,00:35:50
by the way, I collected many of00:35:53
them, not only this book, but00:35:55
there are others too. Try to open this one00:35:58
and you will see there many Universe Our00:36:00
task is a terrible force But the biggest00:36:04
mystery is, of course, you and me and in general00:36:07
life00:36:09
is a mystery for everyone, it may be the most00:36:12
beautiful mystery of our Universe that can be00:36:16
solved I hope someday it will be possible00:36:20
But who and how And why created life in this00:36:25
empty Universe - this of course00:36:29
very very strange very interesting and00:36:34
very inspiring that it still exists00:36:37
Thank you00:36:43
[applause]Description:
Огромные телескопы, детекторы, лучшие учёные планеты... Каждый день мы наузнаём что-то новое о Вселенной. Но, мы не перестаём удивляться и восхищаться Космосом. В лекции Владимира Сурдина мы посмотрим потрясающие фотографии Вселенной и увидим эволюцию наших представлений о Космосе. Приятного просмотра! Поддержать проект: https://t.me/+CXS_c1Fp2s44MmRi https://boosty.to/sciencevideolaboratory https://www.patreon.com/svl https://sponsr.ru/svlab Благодарим за поддержку Patreon: ($50): Pavel Dunaev, Andrey ($20): Evgenii Beschastnov, Alexey Kartashev, Dmitrii komarevtsev, Благодарим за поддержку Sponsr и Boosty: Меценат: Spose Заведующий Лабораторией: Vyacheslav Bezgin Учёный: Денис Залетаев, ЕА, Vera Kovshik Секретарь: Dmitry Reshetnikov, andk, Lisa, Mynch, Идалтыч, Александр Петренко, Ksennia DemetryCelest, Viktor Melnikov, Иван Сипачёв, Alexey Bataev
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