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Древние цивилизации
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00:00:00
History is not just Science, it is
00:00:02
essentially Our whole life, for example. Many people
00:00:04
know that Moscow did not immediately become
00:00:06
the capital of Russia, but why did the choice fall
00:00:08
on it and not on any other
00:00:10
great city, what is its peculiarity and
00:00:12
significance if even St. Petersburg could not
00:00:15
hold the status of the capital under Peter, there are
00:00:17
many such questions that arise if you start
00:00:19
to understand the complex historical
00:00:21
vicissitudes, it doesn’t matter whether you are a historian, a mechanic
00:00:24
or a schoolboy, if you tell about a familiar city
00:00:26
correctly, you
00:00:28
simply won’t be able to tear yourself away from the screen. That’s why we
00:00:31
advise you to pay attention to the Faculty of
00:00:33
History. The channel has released a continuation of the
00:00:36
history of the rise of Moscow we are invited to
00:00:38
understand together the past of our
00:00:40
capital in order to understand what is happening
00:00:42
today and what awaits us in the future. For those who are
00:00:44
curious, we leave a link in the description and
00:00:46
pinned
00:00:54
comment. The Middle East is not the
00:00:57
most peaceful place and we are not talking about
00:00:58
today’s situation;
00:01:00
this desert, arid region
00:01:03
can be called without a twinge of conscience the cradle of
00:01:05
human civilization and even though,
00:01:07
regardless of Mesopotamia, civilizations
00:01:09
also appeared long ago in the valleys of the Nile
00:01:11
Indus and Huanghe, few can compete with the antiquity of the local
00:01:13
Sumerian civilization.
00:01:15
No, of course there were both guys and
00:01:18
elders, the same Jericho was built
00:01:20
about 99,000 years ago, and GBK TP even
00:01:23
has 12,000 years ago, but the Sumerians were the first to
00:01:26
behave like a real
00:01:28
civilization by building cities by
00:01:31
royal dynasties, scientific
00:01:32
achievements, trade, wars and
00:01:34
art, and it is about them that we will talk in the
00:01:37
next couple of minutes Who are these
00:01:40
Sumerians themselves? They of course did not
00:01:43
call themselves that name. They were given this name by
00:01:44
modern archaeologists. since they found their
00:01:46
remains in the historical
00:01:48
region of Iraq of the same name, the Sumerians called themselves
00:01:51
sag GIG ga, which translates as
00:01:54
black-headed or just people, and their
00:01:57
country kin Gir, which not some
00:02:00
researchers translate as the land where
00:02:02
they speak our language. But this is already controversial; the
00:02:04
modern name has already arisen in the
00:02:07
Kats era, but the etymology is not clear, but
00:02:09
this name was assigned to the region for the
00:02:11
next 4+ thousand years. By the way, the
00:02:14
Acadian kings called themselves the kings of Sumer and
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Akkad, which in the original sounded like the ball of
00:02:20
Sumeri in Akkad because of the words too
00:02:22
similar to Russian hat lovers from
00:02:25
foils like to build their theories here. But
00:02:27
this, alas, is just a coincidence. And where the
00:02:30
Sumerians came from in Mesopotamia is also
00:02:32
unknown, as well as who they are
00:02:34
related to. The Sumerians themselves wrote that their
00:02:36
homeland, like that of all humanity,
00:02:38
is the mythical island of Dil Mun,
00:02:40
which some researchers mistook
00:02:42
for Bahrain, but no There
00:02:44
was no evidence for this. And the culture of the Sumerians and
00:02:47
their methods of agriculture and
00:02:48
construction indicate that
00:02:50
they came from some mountainous places. There are theories of the
00:02:53
origin of the Sumerians from the Iranian
00:02:55
Caucasian mountains from India, and the most daring
00:02:58
believe that they came from somewhere in
00:02:59
Europe. The Sumerians also don’t look like
00:03:02
anyone else. And there are too few DNA samples, which is
00:03:04
why the mystery of their origin may
00:03:06
never be solved, sadly.
00:03:09
However, we know that before the Sumerians, the
00:03:11
Subare people lived in Mesopotamia, bearers of the
00:03:14
archaeological culture. Kill it is known
00:03:16
that they built cities and owned copper
00:03:18
metallurgy and wore leather armor, but the
00:03:21
Sumerians who came here turned out to be cooler in
00:03:24
every sense, which is why they gradually
00:03:25
ousted the locals to the north. Where they
00:03:27
founded their country, Subar, gradually
00:03:30
dissolving in vain in other more powerful
00:03:32
civilizations. The Sumerians will still live
00:03:34
first. They captured the city of Eris where
00:03:36
they built their first ziggurat somewhere in
00:03:39
5400 BC Later, they will
00:03:42
consider this city the tomb of their
00:03:44
civilization. By the way, in general, almost all the
00:03:46
most ancient cities of Sumer bore
00:03:48
the names subariko, which indicates their
00:03:50
abrupt departure from those places by the third
00:03:52
millennium BC.
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Mesopotamia was inhabited exclusively by the
00:03:57
Sumerians, it was not at all a single country,
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each major city was a nomo polis,
00:04:01
like in Egypt, which were at war with each
00:04:03
other for lands and influence, in addition to
00:04:05
cities captured from the Subars like
00:04:07
Eridu Ura Lagash and others, they were also
00:04:11
built by the Sumerians themselves, one of the
00:04:13
most influential there was, for example, Uruk
00:04:15
cities were built according to a typical scheme,
00:04:17
first a ziqurat temple was built from
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bricks, around which
00:04:21
ordinary houses were built, usually from reeds, and
00:04:24
agricultural systems were erected,
00:04:26
the head of such a settlement was,
00:04:28
oddly enough, not a king, but a priest ensi, if
00:04:30
necessary, erect fortress
00:04:32
walls in wartime
00:04:35
Lugal military leaders were appointed. However, due to the fact
00:04:37
that warriors between the Nomes gradually became
00:04:40
quite commonplace, the title Lugal from an
00:04:42
elective one turned into a dynastic one, and
00:04:45
through the marriages of Lugal and priestess, the
00:04:47
kings familiar to us also appeared. Although they
00:04:49
still called themselves Lugs or
00:04:51
Ensi, the social structure was also
00:04:53
more typical, below the king were
00:04:56
the priesthood, warriors, the Council of Elders, I’ll
00:04:58
get to them Rob Sumerian society, at
00:05:01
least in its beginning, retained the
00:05:03
remnants of the old tribal system
00:05:05
at the head of the society, below the king there was a
00:05:07
clan community, most of the people
00:05:09
were in them, lower class were people
00:05:11
without a community And also below there were only slaves,
00:05:14
captured or purchased foreigners,
00:05:16
there were also a lot of them. The land in that area was
00:05:18
very unfriendly, it took a huge
00:05:20
amount of effort to make it
00:05:22
suitable for agriculture. By
00:05:25
the way, not only did the Sumerians live on the
00:05:27
border of the desert and swampy areas of
00:05:29
Southern Iraq, but also the Tigris and Rivers The ephrates
00:05:32
are very capricious, unlike the
00:05:34
same predictably and calm Nile, the
00:05:36
floods of these rivers have always been and are
00:05:38
very unexpected and rapid, which
00:05:41
caused destructive floods on the
00:05:43
fertility of the land. This also did
00:05:45
not have a very good effect, either a long drought or a
00:05:47
sharp oversaturation and then
00:05:49
destroying the harvest, respectively, and the
00:05:52
gods the Sumerians also had very
00:05:53
obstinate capricious and completely
00:05:55
uncontrollable directly Like your ex so
00:05:58
According to the noise of the Sumerian legend, the gods
00:06:00
staged a Flood, completely
00:06:02
wiping off the face of the earth the old
00:06:05
Sumerian kings with the great achievements of
00:06:08
the past with bluer skies and greener
00:06:10
grass, only the king Scurupa
00:06:13
Kaziu the court remained alive who is the
00:06:15
ancestor of the new Sumerian
00:06:17
civilization, later the legend of the flood
00:06:19
was accepted by the Assyrians calling it ziu sud
00:06:21
utnapishtim Mom and the Jews noah by the way, then
00:06:25
this flood really happened around 2900
00:06:28
BC not universal
00:06:30
Of course, but apparently, it was downright
00:06:32
extremely destructive. It’s not surprising that
00:06:34
it was printed like that probably by the way,
00:06:37
he partially destroyed the traces by which we
00:06:39
could determine the origin of the
00:06:41
Sumerians. In short, no matter how you look at it, it’s obvious
00:06:43
When God distributed lands to civilizations,
00:06:45
the Sumerians were late for the action, they got
00:06:48
territories on which, not only is it difficult to live on
00:06:49
them, it’s even difficult to survive, but as they
00:06:52
say, the need for invention is cunning first
00:06:54
of all The Sumerians owe it to their
00:06:56
ingenuity. After all, it was she who
00:06:57
made their Civilization the first and so
00:07:00
Great, and the main thing among their achievements is
00:07:02
irrigation. Thanks to this technology, the
00:07:04
Sumerians were able to turn a swamp in the south of
00:07:07
Mesopotamia into fertile fields.
00:07:09
Regardless of the Sumerians,
00:07:11
some other peoples of the world also reached irrigation, but in
00:07:13
their region, the technology is all
00:07:14
they borrowed the upgraded
00:07:17
agriculture they gave civilization,
00:07:19
the booster market,
00:07:29
resources according to their needs, of course, class was
00:07:32
also taken into account, but at least
00:07:33
everyone could be sure that in
00:07:35
difficult times he would not go hungry;
00:07:37
effective agricultural technologies
00:07:39
allowed people to devote more time to
00:07:41
crafts, which is why in general That’s when
00:07:43
civilization appeared even before the birth of
00:07:45
writing. The Sumerians began pumping up their
00:07:47
work with the most accessible resource for them -
00:07:49
clay from it. They made
00:07:52
everything they could, but the main
00:07:54
thing was the wheel. It’s
00:07:57
not known for sure whether the wheel appeared somewhere
00:07:59
before that, and the Sumerians only inherited
00:08:01
or is it purely their invention, but in
00:08:03
any case, it was the Sumerians who
00:08:05
popularized it for their neighbors
00:08:07
in addition to the pottery wheel. The Sumerians
00:08:09
realized that the wheel was very convenient
00:08:11
to use for transporting goods, so the
00:08:13
cart appeared and then the chariot.
00:08:15
Sumerian chariots were a formidable weapon
00:08:17
that gave everyone a nightmare, although
00:08:20
horses were still they were not there, they were
00:08:21
brought by the Hittites only in the second
00:08:23
millennium BC, but for now
00:08:25
ordinary donkeys were harnessed to the chariot for the
00:08:28
effective collection of us peasants, that is,
00:08:30
taxes and its further distribution, a
00:08:32
third achievement was invented -
00:08:34
writing, having come a long way from
00:08:37
pictographs such as Egyptian birds and
00:08:39
pens over time Sumerian writing
00:08:41
developed into phonetic cuneiform and Yes,
00:08:44
it was not invented to record the
00:08:45
praise of the king or the gods and not for the
00:08:48
chronicle. Although later, for this
00:08:50
too, but for accounting for taxes, salaries and
00:08:53
budgets, in addition, writing
00:08:55
helped in accounting for international
00:08:57
trade thanks to the skill of Sumerian
00:09:00
accountants we know that
00:09:02
they brought gold from Egypt, in Asia Minor, they bought
00:09:04
silver from the registry office, wood, and in the bacteria
00:09:07
Lapis Lazuli for jewelry, for calculating
00:09:10
resources, mathematics developed, and for
00:09:12
calculating time, the calendar. The Sumerians had a
00:09:14
six-decimal number system
00:09:16
and were the first to divide the year into 360
00:09:19
days and 12 months of 30 days. they came up with a
00:09:22
seven-day week, a day of 24 hours,
00:09:25
each of which is 60 minutes and minutes
00:09:27
are 60 seconds; of course, you can’t
00:09:30
come up with a calendar without observing the sky. The
00:09:31
Sumerians learned to predict eclipses
00:09:34
and parades of the planets and were also good
00:09:36
astronomers and Where would one
00:09:39
hide much knowledge of astronomy without this astrologer
00:09:41
the Greeks later borrowed from the descendants of the
00:09:43
Sumerians and improved them thanks to
00:09:45
writing. We also know the
00:09:47
political history of Sumer;
00:09:49
chronicles and royal lists were actively kept, which
00:09:51
archaeologists still find from them; we
00:09:53
were able to restore the history of the
00:09:55
Sumerian dynasty. In almost all nomes, their
00:09:58
wars with each other and tugging of the
00:09:59
blanket of hegemony in the region in the 10th century
00:10:03
BC, Ensi Lagash Uruk Ina was
00:10:06
elected king as a result of a popular
00:10:08
uprising, after which he carried out liberal
00:10:10
reforms and gave the right to vote to
00:10:12
almost all citizens, including slaves.
00:10:14
This is the first such case in history.
00:10:16
However, the king significantly reduced the
00:10:18
rights of women in one of the turning points
00:10:20
moment was the Invasion of Semitic
00:10:22
tribes from the country of Africa, of which the
00:10:24
Arabs, Jews,
00:10:26
Babylonians, Phoenicians would later appear, and one of them would sit in
00:10:29
Sumer, they were well
00:10:32
assimilated there, and even the self-name
00:10:34
Blackheads, although they left their native language.
00:10:37
Today we know them as Akad Sov from their
00:10:39
capital Akado Akad King Sargon the Great in the
00:10:43
10th century BC he became the founder of the
00:10:46
first empire in Mesopotamia. Unfortunately,
00:10:48
the Empire would not live long; it would
00:10:50
weaken much more. With the grandchildren of Sargon and
00:10:52
finally
00:10:58
disintegrating at the beginning of the new millennium, the
00:11:00
cities of Babylon and Ashur rose in
00:11:02
which they also spoke the Semitic
00:11:04
Babylonian and Aramaic languages, but
00:11:07
their culture was entirely completely
00:11:09
inherited from the Sumerian with Akado, around both
00:11:12
cities their
00:11:14
Babylonian and Assyrian empires will soon grow, and around these
00:11:16
empires other civilizations and states will appear
00:11:19
Phenicia Israel headset
00:11:22
Urartu Mina sy and others since the late
00:11:25
kingdom the Sumerian language began to
00:11:27
degenerate less and less to
00:11:30
displace numerous Semitic languages
00:11:32
during their final rise, the
00:11:34
Sumerian language died but continued to be
00:11:36
used in religious and
00:11:38
magical rituals. The latest finds in
00:11:40
Sumerian date back to the Roman period, but the
00:11:42
contribution is still felt. Sumerian
00:11:44
cuneiform went down in history. Akkadian
00:11:47
Babylonian Assyrian and Persian
00:11:49
writing. And their cultures largely
00:11:51
imitate the first civilization of the Mesopotians
00:11:53
even Today, in the south of Iraq, the
00:11:55
Madan tribes of the Marsh Arabs live in the swamps; their
00:11:58
homes and clothes are in many ways reminiscent of
00:12:01
what archaeologists see in ancient
00:12:02
images. Isn’t this an example of how
00:12:05
you can not build a great empire during your
00:12:07
lifetime and leave the greatest mark in history
00:12:10
Until we meet again, friends

Description:

Изучай видео про возвышение Москвы: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm4pG_Vxf90 Шумеры - одна из древнейших, если не древнейшая цивилизация. Настало время о них поговорить. Источники, ссылки и дополнительная информация: История Месопотамии - https://www.britannica.com/place/Mesopotamia-historical-region-Asia/Sumerian-civilization История Шумер - https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer Изобретения Шумер изменившие планету - https://www.history.com/news/sumerians-inventions-mesopotamia Малоизвестные факты о шумерах - https://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-ancient-sumerians Шумеры и Древний Египет - https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853561 Музыка в видео - Two Places by A Himitsu https://soundcloud.com/a-himitsu Music by A Himitsu (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgFwu-j5...) Free Download / Stream: https://www.audiolibrary.com.co/a-himitsu/two-places Music promoted by Audio Library

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