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Channel: RWV Films

моска

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[music]

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[music]

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[applause]

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[music]

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spring of

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1901, according to the testimony of the writer

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Nikolai Teleshev, along the roads leading to

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Moscow, gardens bloomed luxuriantly in spring and summer, the

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city of Ponte

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within the city limits, year after year,

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the land was noticeably decreasing; there was a

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lot of housing required; Moscow in terms of

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growth rates is already

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ahead of Moscow itself,

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only those areas were considered that were part of the

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garden streets of the current Garden Ring;

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well-groomed boulevards gave the city, in the

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opinion of contemporaries, a completely European

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appearance, which is what the then

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mayor Prince

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Golitsin sought to achieve; but to

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improve the shopping districts,

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apartment buildings, a wealthy public and almost

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no industry

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[music]

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at the same time, several large

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enterprises appeared in the Moscow region

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at the turn of the century, the

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appearance of this

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area was finally formed. And Chinatown was still surrounded by

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a wall built in the 15th century. And there were still

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its own around

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here; horse-drawn carriages that were

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living out their last days still reached here

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[music]

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Meanwhile, life is already

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inscribed with the features of some Moscow

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entrepreneurs of the new generation, they built

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special houses of the order about mojite

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or decorative

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symbolism in this style, the

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Metropol Hotel was built with

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Vrubel's mosaics, it is not surprising, but the houses

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corresponded to the spirit of the latest fashion,

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harmony with the life of traditional buildings

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[music]

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Moscow, as it were I remembered the long-standing custom of

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decorating walls with multi-colored tiles,

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and the architects’ desire

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to include in the overall composition fences and

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gates with stylized plant

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patterns, quiet areas of rich mansions and

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noisy shopping areas,

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mirrored windows of fashionable stores and the

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outskirts with its constant concern for their

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daily bread, all this was still nearby

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Konstantin Batyushkov wrote about the eternal

00:04:12

Moscow contradiction of poverty and

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abundance, entrepreneurs with great

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profit invested capital in the

00:04:20

industry of the city, enterprises grew,

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the number of workers grew, but they were

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often paid pennies, even fined and

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robbed. And their living conditions, the

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City Duma itself recognized the housing situation

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for workers as simply

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catastrophic 40,000 families lived in

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a bed

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[music]

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fools sometimes gave up up to half of

00:04:57

their earnings

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all this caused protest among the workers

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forced them to fight for their

00:05:11

rights in December 1905 it came to

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open armed clashes with

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regular troops called to

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help the police The uprising covered

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almost all the factory outskirts of

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Moscow barricade the most memorable and the

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tragic events took place on

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Presnya, here real battles went on for

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several days, but the forces were, of course,

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unequal. The revolutionary wave gradually

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went into decline

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[music]

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order in the city was restored,

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soon life returned to its usual

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rut; moreover, after the crisis, a

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period of economic

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growth began and again the importance of Moscow

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as an all-Russian commercial financial

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industrial center increased, its very position

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in the heart of the country attracted other

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Russian regions to it, determined its leading

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role

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[music]

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Elected after 905, the Moscow Duma

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was given the opportunity to exercise greater

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independence, more actively solve

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urban problems,

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business people came to lead the Duma

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warehouse, they proved to be good

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owners and were able to run the business. So the

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city economy and utilities

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[music] the

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city could find money more easily to

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create new jobs or

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necessary in conditions of

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[music]

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unemployment, the city

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authorities had to constantly fight unemployment;

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one of the painful problems is the children left behind.

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without

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parents fix it

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at rasmi at

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[music]

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stores But here is the problem How the

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fight against floods remained

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unresolved, the Moscow River regularly

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overflowed its banks and the flood of 1908

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captured the Moscow

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city Without light and went straight to the

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steps

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[music]

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walls but the sun the main natural

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disaster remained fire, here all

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hope was on the firefighters who, according to

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tradition, held their inspections on

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Red

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Square, the new equipment, unfortunately, did

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not arrive in time for the VVM

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to the small

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[music]

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theater, the cab drivers had

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unexpected competitors

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cars, they met at first

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occasionally and then more and more often More

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often than not, at all times, Muscovites were distinguished by an

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ineradicable love for holidays;

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official ceremonies were held with special pomp

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in the presence of the imperial

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family; she did not

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visit Mother

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Moscow so often; this time it was a special occasion; Nicholas

00:09:13

II decided to unveil the monument to

00:09:16

his father Alexander III with

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all possible

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solemnity; monument

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near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the construction

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of which was completed just during the

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reign of Alexander

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[music]

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II in the new century, Moscow also built

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temples, but more temples of science and art

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at Moscow University, on the

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initiative of Professor Tsvetaev, the

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Museum of Fine

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Arts was created, members of the imperial family

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visited here during time of the dedication celebrations

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in 193

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[music]

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And the next

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year, 1914, Russia found itself

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embroiled in the situation in Moscow,

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enterprises switched to producing military

00:10:26

products war

00:10:30

difficulties

00:10:31

[music]

00:10:35

grew at the beginning of the senate of the year in Moscow,

00:10:39

prices rose sharply, fuel and

00:10:43

food disappeared, dissatisfaction with the copy for years

00:10:46

instantly splashed out

00:10:49

out again even more active than in

00:10:53

195 watering rallies inst

00:10:57

[music]

00:11:00

with slogans down with

00:11:03

autocracy failures at the front the collapse of the

00:11:06

economy and mass unrest led

00:11:10

the tsar to the decision to abdicate the

00:11:14

throne of the monarchy the end had come Russia

00:11:18

became a democratic

00:11:20

republic The February

00:11:23

revolution rovo

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di parade and took the oath to the temporary

00:11:33

[ music]

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to the government at that moment it seemed to many

00:11:40

that life would immediately become better,

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that the new government would instantly resolve all

00:11:46

the contradictions, but things were getting worse

00:11:50

The soldiers refused to fight, the workers

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refused to work,

00:11:56

transport stopped, shops and bread shops were closed

00:12:00

[music]

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shops in Russia were rapidly

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brewing

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Moscow was destined to survive again

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great upheavals a difficult path to pass

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from ruin to renewal

00:12:27

[applause]

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[music]

00:12:37

urgent telegram from Petrograd

00:12:40

October 25, 1917 provisional

00:12:44

government not stated All-Russian

00:12:46

Congress of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers'

00:12:48

Deputies proclaimed the transfer of all

00:12:51

power to the hands of the Soviets the coup

00:12:53

took place but Moscow did not agree Uyso The

00:13:01

Moscow Council already considered itself the owner of the city. The elected organization of

00:13:03

workers and soldiers, as a result of a

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fierce armed struggle, all

00:13:08

previous bodies of self-government were

00:13:16

abolished; Red Guard detachments occupied

00:13:19

all important points, captured the Kremlin and

00:13:22

won victory

00:13:27

[music]

00:13:29

claimed many human lives and

00:13:32

turned out to be only the beginning of a long

00:13:34

bloody struggle for

00:13:38

power, when the shooting stopped,

00:13:40

Muscovites took to the streets and saw a

00:13:43

lot of destruction of houses with broken

00:13:46

windows with traces of shell bullets,

00:13:49

ancient monuments of the Kremlin broken by artillery fire,

00:13:51

Holes in the walls of the

00:13:54

City Duma building from where the cadets were driven out

00:13:58

[music] A

00:14:03

sudden sharp turn in history

00:14:05

put Russia in the face of extraordinary

00:14:08

difficulties arose fear that the enemy

00:14:11

might capture Petrograd and the Soviet

00:14:13

government decided to move to

00:14:15

Moscow, thus the Mother See

00:14:18

again became the capital of Russia and then the SSS

00:14:27

[music]

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in the most difficult trials everywhere and in

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Moscow there was

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devastation troubles of the Civil War epidemics

00:14:39

famine multi-million army

00:14:43

[music]

00:14:48

homeless paralysis of

00:14:50

transport severe fuel crisis,

00:14:54

the collapse of the urban economy, it was the Muscovites who went through the Armed Forces

00:14:59

and found the strength to restore life to the

00:15:01

abandoned steam locomotive cold workshops of the Armed Forces, what

00:15:05

could the utility workers do,

00:15:07

if not in the apartments, then in the water pumps

00:15:13

[music] there

00:15:15

was water in these terrible years, the

00:15:19

Moscow population

00:15:20

decreased significantly someone went to the front,

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moved to the village, the rest

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lived

00:15:29

[music]

00:15:31

But the civil war finally ended

00:15:33

and life began to return to Moscow courtyards

00:15:40

already in the early twenties. The

00:15:43

Moscow Council was able to begin

00:15:45

repairing the housing

00:15:50

stock; the new government undertook to provide

00:15:53

housing for thousands of working families with income

00:15:56

houses were taken away from their owners by moving in

00:16:00

owners, the era of communal

00:16:04

[music]

00:16:10

apartments began, many supply difficulties

00:16:13

were overcome when, at

00:16:15

Lenin’s suggestion, a new economic policy was introduced, the

00:16:21

distribution system did

00:16:23

not justify itself, it was necessary to return the button

00:16:33

to the lumen

00:16:35

quantity, the former Moscow clerk, who

00:16:38

seemed to have disappeared forever, returned with

00:16:42

delicacies that had already been forgotten

00:16:45

Mikhail Bulgakov, who worked as a newspaper reporter in those years,

00:16:48

wrote it is difficult to understand

00:16:51

from which mysterious

00:16:57

weeks this temporary concession to the private sector was shaken out with a generous hand by a generous hand

00:17:00

and placed on the shelves,

00:17:08

this period suddenly

00:17:10

came flooding back for a long time then

00:17:18

Muscovites remembered with the dawn of trade

00:17:21

revenues to the budget increased and the Moscow City Council

00:17:24

began work to

00:17:26

improve the streets

00:17:29

[music]

00:17:34

in January

00:17:36

1924, Muscovites saw off the

00:17:39

creator of the Soviet state,

00:17:42

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, on his final journey. With

00:17:45

sincere deep sorrow and concern for the

00:17:48

future of the

00:17:51

country, the leader’s successors decided to

00:17:53

immortalize

00:17:56

but even his body and therefore on Red

00:17:59

Square they erected a Mausoleum, first

00:18:02

wooden then

00:18:05

[music]

00:18:09

marble, meanwhile Moscow was taking

00:18:12

another step towards renewal, in addition to

00:18:14

restoration and repair, it began the

00:18:17

construction of residential buildings, construction

00:18:20

took place mainly in working-class

00:18:23

settlements, due to a lack of funds,

00:18:26

simple houses were built But for the majority of

00:18:29

New Residents this was the first

00:18:32

comfortable

00:18:38

housing in my life, by the mid-twenties Moscow had

00:18:41

overcome and the industrial crisis began with a

00:18:43

rapid rise of almost all major

00:18:46

branches of production to leading positions,

00:18:49

mechanical engineering came to the fore, the automobile plant began to

00:18:52

produce the first domestic

00:18:54

[music]

00:18:57

cars, taxis appeared on the streets

00:19:00

These cars were foreign brands and

00:19:02

belonged to private to the owners, after all,

00:19:04

the matter was already happening. In the absence of

00:19:12

signs of the recent upheavals,

00:19:15

only

00:19:17

street children remained in Moscow, but they soon settled in

00:19:19

commune

00:19:23

orphanages; a completely new feature in the life of

00:19:25

the city became numerous children's

00:19:28

institutions,

00:19:29

it was believed that they served the cause of the

00:19:31

emancipation of Soviet

00:19:36

women, and the Moscow Peasant's House was

00:19:40

called

00:19:43

liberates them with the advantage of a

00:19:45

collective

00:19:46

[music]

00:19:49

economy, the changes that time brought with it

00:19:52

were met in Moscow with great

00:19:54

interest, served as the subject of lively

00:19:57

discussion, the

00:19:59

city post office accelerated the delivery of

00:20:01

correspondence using passenger

00:20:05

cars, the

00:20:07

telephone network grew noticeably, a new station opened

00:20:10

and the number of subscribers increased first to

00:20:13

dozens and then and up to hundreds of thousands,

00:20:16

however, the right to a personal telephone

00:20:18

still had to be

00:20:20

earned in Shabolovka,

00:20:30

now the voice of so many was heard in the most

00:20:32

remote corners of the country and

00:20:41

beyond, the unprecedented social

00:20:43

experiment begun in the Soviet Union

00:20:46

aroused curiosity throughout the world to see

00:20:48

everything with their own eyes, and the working

00:20:51

delegations sought and the banner

00:20:53

[music]

00:20:59

of Bernard

00:21:01

Shaw Ron

00:21:04

Roland Rabindranath

00:21:09

Tagore and their impressions of the meeting with Moscow, it must be

00:21:12

said, were the most

00:21:17

favorable How quickly and How

00:21:20

strikingly the mood of

00:21:22

Muscovites changed, as if they were all trying to make

00:21:24

up for lost time during the years of war and

00:21:27

devastation; the

00:21:30

recently opened The Central

00:21:32

Park with its pavilions,

00:21:34

attractions, swings and Carousels is an

00:21:37

old

00:21:39

entertainment, and the new one was called the wheel of

00:21:42

laughter; those who held it on their feet received

00:21:50

a prize; they attracted everyone's attention;

00:21:53

construction was carried out. They still used

00:21:56

the methods of their grandfathers to

00:21:59

land in a

00:22:03

wheelbarrow. But the traditional urban

00:22:05

development of Moscow easily and organically

00:22:08

perceived new

00:22:10

forms and fit freely in it, the creations of

00:22:13

Architects constructively surprising the

00:22:16

emphasized industrial new

00:22:21

forms in the buildings of the twenties and thirties

00:22:23

clearly shows how Moscow

00:22:27

architects were looking for the image of their

00:22:30

[music]

00:22:37

time; sometimes they created houses,

00:22:40

neighborhoods in which there were not only

00:22:42

apartments but also shops, canteens, even

00:22:46

[music]

00:22:48

cinemas, the government was the

00:22:50

task was set to change the appearance of the city

00:22:54

as required by the Epoch but Mosk

00:22:59

As they said, a large village with

00:23:04

narrow streets did not meet this requirement, the

00:23:08

capital of the Soviet state

00:23:11

had to take on the appearance of an exemplary

00:23:14

socialist city, it became increasingly

00:23:17

obvious that without radical redrawing it was

00:23:19

simply impossible to lay wide

00:23:23

avenues. multi-storey

00:23:27

buildings from now on, Moscow had to change

00:23:30

its appearance purposefully and

00:23:33

organized according to the plan

00:23:36

[music]

00:23:44

[music]

00:23:52

[music]

00:23:57

reconstruction of almost 8 centuries Our city

00:24:00

developed naturally like a living

00:24:04

creature, but the time came when a

00:24:06

clear plan was required, including

00:24:10

to cope with the problems of growth because the

00:24:13

inhabitants in Moscow it was becoming more and more the

00:24:15

3 million mark was passed already in the

00:24:18

early thirties

00:24:21

[music] the

00:24:25

main burden of demographics Come

00:24:29

to the center, officially the city boundaries were the

00:24:32

same almost as in the 10th century, but the buildings for the

00:24:36

most part were an

00:24:39

unimaginable interweaving of narrow streets

00:24:41

and alleys, a kind of ligature Why

00:24:45

else did Sergei Yesenin call the city

00:24:49

elm difficult to regulate traffic at

00:24:52

countless intersections there is no place for

00:24:54

new types of transport to turn around,

00:24:56

for example a trolleybus

00:24:58

First launched on the line in November

00:25:01

1933

00:25:03

[music] the

00:25:11

beginning of the construction of the metro should be considered truly epoch-making events, the

00:25:13

city was choking and therefore

00:25:17

had to hurry The mines were laid even

00:25:20

before as the final project was ready

00:25:24

[music]

00:25:33

meanwhile,

00:25:35

changes were observed on the surface for the first time in the history of the

00:25:38

city, [music] cars came out to clean the streets,

00:25:48

but the main change was

00:25:51

that in the center of Moscow they began to be the

00:25:55

first to be demolished. The houses went

00:25:58

and there was nothing for them in general to

00:26:05

regret, Muscovites reacted completely differently

00:26:07

to the demolition of monuments that

00:26:10

were located on expanding highways,

00:26:13

because if desired, they could have been

00:26:20

preserved as an

00:26:26

irreplaceable number in Moscow. It was antiquity that

00:26:29

irritated the champions of everything new, who were rushing for a

00:26:32

bright

00:26:34

tomorrow; bricks went to the construction of

00:26:37

palaces of culture; some churches

00:26:40

were transferred institutions and museums

00:26:43

thanks to which

00:26:44

[music]

00:26:48

survived Not even a year after the explosion of the

00:26:50

Old Simonov Monastery

00:26:54

[music]

00:26:58

the construction of a gigantic Palace of the Soviets,

00:27:01

also essentially a temple of only a new type,

00:27:05

and they rushed to deal with the old one,

00:27:13

blew up the national

00:27:16

pride of the Orthodox Faith. There was such an

00:27:20

idea to completely destroy everything in order to

00:27:24

build a new world

00:27:28

[music]

00:27:30

in a matter of days, through the efforts of teams of a

00:27:33

special Mos analysis of the trust, the

00:27:36

ancient Okhotny Ryad with the

00:27:39

benches of the tavern storage shed, the personification of the

00:27:43

center of the capitals, became two huge

00:27:46

buildings rising on this place, the

00:27:49

Government House and the Moscow Hotel

00:27:53

[music]

00:27:58

brass and the Alexandrovsky garden disappear

00:28:02

making room for a wide

00:28:07

area, it immediately became noticeable how

00:28:10

old Tverskaya Street was constricted and out of date,

00:28:13

so explosions thundered again,

00:28:16

thick clouds of

00:28:23

dust rose again, it should be noted that on Tverskaya they

00:28:26

no longer demolished buildings in a row, solid ones

00:28:29

above the TH floors, interesting in architecture,

00:28:33

sometimes moved as if hidden behind

00:28:36

light

00:28:39

facades For 4 whole years, the

00:28:42

master plan for the reconstruction of Moscow was being prepared; in the

00:28:45

summer of

00:28:46

1935, it was

00:28:49

approved; the structure of the city was changing;

00:28:52

its territory was expanding twice, new

00:28:55

borders appeared

00:28:56

[music] an

00:29:03

important place was given in the master

00:29:05

plan to the accelerated construction of housing

00:29:08

over the next 10 years, 15 million square

00:29:12

meters per square it was necessary to

00:29:17

further eliminate the housing crisis

00:29:20

and it was not possible

00:29:24

[music]

00:29:28

at the same time dozens of large enterprises

00:29:31

were created, essentially new

00:29:39

industries were expanded and

00:29:42

old Moscow factories were expanded and updated; all

00:29:45

this required a constant influx of

00:29:47

labor; the population grew at a

00:29:50

faster pace than the housing

00:29:57

stock; the metro builders were pleased with the news.

00:30:01

completed the construction of tunnels in a record

00:30:03

short

00:30:04

[music]

00:30:07

time. They also became the first

00:30:10

metro passengers. This rule was followed further

00:30:14

when the second third ring line was opened. The

00:30:28

mood of Muscovites in the mid

00:30:30

-thirties can be judged by the

00:30:33

film footage that captured

00:30:36

[music].

00:30:44

If we talk about everyday worries

00:30:47

then among the next problems was the

00:30:50

development of the Moscow River, they decided to

00:30:53

turn it into a real waterway,

00:30:55

build new Embankment bridges

00:30:58

in terms of reconstruction of 11 new bridges,

00:31:02

primarily near the Kremlin on the screen

00:31:05

One of the last filming of the old

00:31:08

Moskvoretsky

00:31:12

bridge And this is what the old Krymsky looked like in the

00:31:16

rich year it was already could not cope with the flow of

00:31:19

traffic and in its place a bridge of

00:31:22

beauties arose, the slender silhouette of which became a

00:31:25

kind of calling card

00:31:28

[music]

00:31:35

at the same time it was necessary to put an

00:31:37

end to the problem of the spring

00:31:41

Ledochovsky

00:31:45

banks once and for all and dress them in granite for

00:31:48

35 km

00:31:50

[music]

00:31:59

water level in the river As a result of the

00:32:01

construction of the

00:32:04

Moscow-Volga canal, its 128 km long route

00:32:08

was divided into five sections and in

00:32:10

each of them earthworks began almost simultaneously; a

00:32:16

mass of people gathered here, more than a million people

00:32:25

[music]

00:32:27

cargo and passenger ships carried

00:32:30

millions of cubic meters of Volga water;

00:32:33

the capital became a port five

00:32:39

seas Moscow disseminated best

00:32:42

practices demonstrated the achievement of the

00:32:44

collective farm system at the All-Union

00:32:46

Agricultural

00:32:50

Exhibition symbols of the new era replaced the

00:32:53

previous relics of the Russian Empire

00:32:58

double-headed eagles on the Kremlin towers gave way to

00:33:02

five-pointed ones were made of

00:33:04

Ural copper and gems and then they

00:33:07

began to be made from ruby

00:33:10

[music]

00:33:14

glass to replace monumentality came to the industrial style and

00:33:18

constructivism;

00:33:20

this was the next

00:33:23

requirement of the era and it was reflected in architecture as if in a mirror; it

00:33:32

was a time of general inspiration

00:33:35

for thousands of parades and

00:33:37

demonstrations; life was by no means

00:33:39

cloudless, but it was still improving and, most

00:33:42

importantly, it gave hope for

00:33:48

the future and there was confidence that this is

00:33:51

the future

00:33:53

[music]

00:33:59

hand-to-hand battles blindly with an

00:34:01

imaginary enemy Of course, they were

00:34:04

just

00:34:06

games history was preparing a real

00:34:11

test, as it turned out, only 20 years of

00:34:15

peacetime were allotted to

00:34:18

Moscow then 20 years of construction and

00:34:22

development were done during this time

00:34:24

Amazingly

00:34:26

a lot of people

00:34:29

became younger, but they were inevitably approaching Moscow again

00:34:35

thunderstorms were approaching the

00:34:37

war years

00:34:50

[applause]

00:34:55

[music]

00:35:03

the beginning of the

00:35:04

forties is a remarkable and

00:35:08

very short period of time in its own way, which in the

00:35:10

memories of contemporaries is depicted in a

00:35:13

calm,

00:35:15

prosperous Happy days, happy

00:35:19

evenings in the hall of the Bolshoi Theater,

00:35:30

but it was already felt that Peaceful silence is

00:35:33

unstable and unreliable in Europe with all its might

00:35:37

There was a war going on, people lined up in long

00:35:40

lines for newspapers to find out the

00:35:43

latest

00:35:49

news on the night of June 22,

00:35:53

1941, fascist troops

00:35:58

entered the territory of the Soviet Union.

00:36:02

The Great Patriotic

00:36:05

War began. On July 3, Stalin’s speech was broadcast on the radio,

00:36:09

this was an appeal to

00:36:12

the people with a call to protect the country from the

00:36:15

cruel insidious deadly

00:36:22

enemy of the enemy, Vasya Mos,

00:36:28

recruiting centers rushed

00:36:51

to recruiting centers. Volunteers in all districts of the capital began the formation of the People's Militia; people of various professions, including purely peaceful ones, joined it; many of these people fought as part of regular units until the

00:36:54

Victory,

00:37:01

but while the

00:37:03

enemy offensive was rapidly developing, the Barbaros plan for

00:37:06

the USSR allotted only some 2

00:37:11

months. However, Moscow looked Calm,

00:37:16

but strict security measures were taken

00:37:18

in anticipation of raids, storefronts were laid up

00:37:23

and

00:37:27

love Orlovo, the actress of those

00:37:32

years, a familiar detail in the appearance of the city, anti-

00:37:35

aircraft guns became until the front line approached,

00:37:38

the greatest danger threatened

00:37:41

the city from the air. aviation covered the

00:37:50

barrage balloon already on the third day of the war in

00:37:53

Moscow, they conducted a training air alert in Moscow,

00:37:56

all the participants acted as in a

00:37:58

real situation, the experience gained

00:38:01

during such exercises actually helped save

00:38:03

many

00:38:12

lives, the population, young and old, went out

00:38:16

to build defensive

00:38:17

structures, half a million Muscovites dug

00:38:20

ditches and they worked trenches both on the

00:38:23

approaches to the Capital and directly in the

00:38:26

city, about [music] 24,000 metal

00:38:29

anti-tank hedgehogs alone were installed

00:38:37

in those days in the very center of Moscow

00:38:40

one could see such a picture of the herd

00:38:43

being driven to the rear away from the

00:38:49

[music]

00:38:52

front line preparation Before the evacuation of

00:38:56

museums, about

00:38:59

50,000 works

00:39:03

of art were removed from the third forging. But the building was

00:39:06

impossible to remove. They were camouflaged in the Kremlin,

00:39:10

painted over. The golden domes were hidden

00:39:13

under a plywood

00:39:16

model. The Bolshoi Theater was camouflaged with the

00:39:19

help of decorations for the play

00:39:25

[music]

00:39:27

alarming. The silence over the city was

00:39:30

broken exactly after a month after the start of

00:39:32

the war, on the night of July 22, the

00:39:36

air defense troops received a signal

00:39:38

that enemy aircraft were approaching,

00:39:43

took up their posts and

00:39:46

[music]

00:39:48

self-defense detachments, that’s when

00:39:51

the words of angry citizens sounded for the first time, the air

00:39:55

raid alert

00:39:57

will sound more than once in the fall, almost

00:40:01

every day, but for the Armed Forces At this time,

00:40:04

not a single case of

00:40:09

panic was noted; that night, 20,050 bombers flew to Moscow;

00:40:15

this armada was

00:40:18

dispersed; only a few broke through on the way

00:40:21

and dropped bombs hastily anywhere.

00:40:27

So many of those who took refuge in

00:40:29

shelters did not even hear the

00:40:36

explosions. And those who were on duty on the roofs they

00:40:39

quickly learned to cope with

00:40:41

incendiary bombs filled with

00:40:45

phosphorus to fight the fire in the city.

00:40:48

More than 12 fire brigades were prepared in advance

00:40:54

[music]

00:40:57

only in East itself, but they also did

00:41:00

a lot of trouble before they were attacked

00:41:03

[music]

00:41:08

Retribution by winter the situation

00:41:10

worsened sharply German troops reached the

00:41:13

approaches to Moscow The enemy's first attack was

00:41:16

choked, but he was already preparing forces for

00:41:19

the second

00:41:20

[music]

00:41:27

the attention of millions of people In the whole world,

00:41:30

once again in the battle for Moscow the

00:41:33

fate of Russia was to be decided on the outcome of

00:41:36

this battle, the outcome of the

00:41:39

entire

00:41:43

war largely depended on from the Urals from Siberia from the Far

00:41:47

East, trains with artillery tanks were rushing to Moscow,

00:41:52

the division was fully equipped, ready to

00:41:55

immediately enter into battle, the

00:41:58

arriving units moved to the

00:42:00

front line following through the city along its

00:42:16

streets. On November 7, a

00:42:19

legendary military parade took place on Red Square,

00:42:22

from here the troops went straight to the front,

00:42:31

finally compressed to the limit of the spring of the

00:42:33

Moscow defense unfolded Our

00:42:36

troops, going on the offensive,

00:42:39

pushed the

00:42:49

enemy far back; a direct threat to Moscow had passed;

00:42:53

life was returning to normal

00:42:59

and New Year's concerts were held throughout Moscow and in

00:43:06

the evenings they even sold Christmas trees so that people

00:43:09

could traditionally celebrate the New Year,

00:43:11

even if not like in Peacetime, but that’s all

00:43:14

with a good

00:43:19

mood, the plants and factories remaining

00:43:22

in the city continued to work even in the most difficult months

00:43:27

[music]

00:43:30

instead of the men who went to the front,

00:43:32

women and often

00:43:37

teenagers at defense enterprises took over the machines.

00:43:40

Work, as a rule, did not stop even

00:43:42

during air

00:43:45

raids Where goods were previously produced

00:43:47

People's consumption was now made by mines

00:43:50

machine guns

00:43:52

shells It is interesting that during the war

00:43:55

the construction of new lines

00:43:59

[music] of the

00:44:05

metro did not stop. Moscow builders carried out the

00:44:08

restoration of buildings damaged by the

00:44:11

bombings of

00:44:15

1941. Footage was preserved showing the

00:44:18

Vakhtangov Theater

00:44:20

destroyed by a direct hit of a landmine.

00:44:23

By the way, it turned out that it was not in vain that they were taken out from

00:44:25

museums, paintings bombs hit both the

00:44:28

Tretyakov Gallery and the Pushkin Museum,

00:44:31

many residential

00:44:38

buildings were damaged to raise the morale of the

00:44:41

city residents, downed German planes

00:44:43

were put on public display on

00:44:46

Revolution Square and then in the

00:44:48

central park of culture

00:44:57

[music] in the

00:44:58

summer of

00:45:00

1943 the war came decisive

00:45:04

turning point Our troops liberated Belgorod

00:45:07

and Alyo, which was marked by an

00:45:10

artillery salute in Moscow, the first in

00:45:13

the history of the war but not the last

00:45:26

[music]

00:45:29

year

00:45:31

1944 On July 17, about 50 German

00:45:36

prisoners of war captured at

00:45:38

Stalingrad Kursk and during other

00:45:41

operations were carried out in a huge column

00:45:45

[ music]

00:45:46

Moscow formally in order to

00:45:49

move them to permanent stalls And in

00:45:52

order to show Muscovites and the whole world that of the

00:45:57

masters who wanted to doom the

00:46:00

peoples of the eastern

00:46:07

[music]

00:46:08

territories to eternal slavery and then in May of forty-five the

00:46:13

Great Victory came. Moscow greets the

00:46:17

soldiers of the army of the victor

00:46:20

who were freed

00:46:21

[music]

00:46:27

no one could stay at home, obeying a

00:46:30

single impulse, people took to the streets and

00:46:34

squares of the

00:46:41

city. On June 24, 4 long years after the

00:46:46

start of the war, the

00:46:49

Victory Parade took place on Red Square; this holiday

00:46:53

crowned the heroic feat of the army and the

00:46:57

entire people, a feat that will forever

00:47:00

remain in the memory of a

00:47:14

generation in the days when the

00:47:17

twenty-fifth anniversary of the Great Victory near

00:47:19

Moscow was celebrated, a solemn procession passed along the main street of the capital

00:47:23

on an

00:47:25

artillery carriage; a

00:47:27

sarcophagus with the remains of one of the

00:47:29

nameless defenders of the

00:47:32

city was led; the burial took place at the

00:47:35

Kremlin wall; the grave of the Unknown

00:47:38

Soldier became one of the sacred places of

00:47:42

our

00:47:45

capitals, as has happened more than once in history

00:47:49

Moscow with honor passed the test

00:47:51

of the war

00:47:52

[music]

00:47:55

lily and rushed to new

00:48:08

[music]

00:48:20

horizons 2 years have passed since the end of

00:48:23

the war, two peaceful but not very years to forget

00:48:29

about the difficulties for some time again

00:48:31

to feel the atmosphere of the holiday helped

00:48:34

Muscovites widely celebrate the anniversary of

00:48:38

Moscow's anniversary how the

00:48:41

capital's birthday was celebrated then is told by footage

00:48:45

[music]

00:48:52

newsreels, what they are, the illuminations of the

00:48:56

walls and towers of the Kremlin re-illuminated its

00:49:00

ancient

00:49:04

beauty, during the days of the holiday, the

00:49:07

ceremonial laying of a monument to Yuri

00:49:10

Dolgoruky took place, as well as several high-rise

00:49:15

buildings. Muscovites willingly took part

00:49:18

in clearing the wasteland to prepare sites

00:49:21

for future construction of

00:49:27

other central

00:49:29

[music]

00:49:31

streets noticeable changes took place in

00:49:33

public utilities along the new

00:49:36

gas pipeline Saratov Moscow

00:49:39

natural gas came to the capital and in a matter of years

00:49:42

gas stoves appeared in most

00:49:45

Moscow

00:49:46

[music]

00:49:49

apartments at the end of the years in Moscow test

00:49:55

[music]

00:49:57

AMB construction on Vorobyovy Hills, the new

00:50:01

building of Moscow State

00:50:04

University, even before it was put into operation,

00:50:06

it was proudly called the palace of science. And

00:50:11

the rest of the high-rise buildings were supposed to look

00:50:13

like palaces; they transformed the appearance of the city,

00:50:17

and today it is impossible to imagine Moscow without these silhouettes

00:50:24

[music]

00:50:29

until

00:50:30

1950, the monument to Pushkin stood on

00:50:34

Tverskoy Boulevard But then the

00:50:36

builders came, laid the rails and the monument

00:50:40

moved to the other side of the street. For

00:50:43

what reason, and now it is not very

00:50:49

clear, over the next decade a

00:50:52

number of monuments appeared that stole the city from the

00:50:59

Tchaikovsky Conservatory on Chistye Prudy to the author of the

00:51:02

most Moscow of all classical

00:51:04

comedies,

00:51:09

Griboyedov, on the square which once

00:51:11

called the old triumphal

00:51:13

gates, a monument to Mayakovsky was opened

00:51:16

glorifying the Republic as the spring of

00:51:20

humanity, born in labor and in battle,

00:51:28

meanwhile the city of the Armed Forces was in dire need of

00:51:31

new residential buildings, areas which was

00:51:34

reflected in the new master

00:51:39

development plan, the government announced its

00:51:42

intention to end the housing problem in the

00:51:44

most decisive manner, the Near

00:51:47

Moscow region was included in the city limits,

00:51:50

it was given over for

00:51:51

development, it was clear that the

00:51:54

housing shortage would not be dealt with using previous methods, and

00:51:58

the construction of houses was literally put on a

00:52:01

conveyor belt. Standard development led to the

00:52:04

emergence of microdistricts. Almost indistinguishable

00:52:07

from one another, but many thousands of

00:52:10

Moscow families were able to move out of

00:52:13

communal housing. apartments in separate Moscow

00:52:16

to get rid of Barracks to resettle from

00:52:19

basements and

00:52:23

cellars and grew

00:52:26

grew far moving their borders away from the

00:52:29

line of ancient

00:52:33

outposts some corners of the city changed

00:52:36

their appearance to the point of complete unrecognizability,

00:52:38

for example

00:52:40

Luzhniki back in the early fifties these

00:52:43

were swampy places chaotically

00:52:46

built up with warehouses and barracks But then they

00:52:50

came Moscow Builders came here and

00:52:52

within 2 years they built a huge stadium,

00:52:56

one of the largest in the world with a main

00:52:59

arena for more than 100,000 spectators with a

00:53:02

swimming pool, a sports palace, many

00:53:06

open areas, a real sports

00:53:10

[music]

00:53:12

city, the opening of the stadium took place in

00:53:16

1957 during the sixth

00:53:19

World Youth Festival and

00:53:22

students on this wonderful holiday,

00:53:26

all

00:53:29

and children of different nations were captivated by the

00:53:33

cordiality and cordiality of

00:53:37

Muscovites, and the guests and hosts of the festival

00:53:42

clearly liked the opportunity for

00:53:44

open, relaxed

00:53:53

communication. The people themselves stopped in a lighter time,

00:53:58

more freely the

00:54:00

architectural ensembles along the

00:54:03

Moscow River Embankments came into operation.

00:54:05

Novoarbatsky bridge, which opened a more

00:54:08

convenient path from the center to Kutuzovsky

00:54:10

Prospekt and a new area in the west

00:54:13

[music] of

00:54:17

the city, the construction of a

00:54:20

high-rise building of the Ukraine Hotel was completed.

00:54:31

In order to develop the city in the south-west

00:54:33

direction, a

00:54:36

bridge of a two-tier

00:54:39

unique design and the largest in In

00:54:45

Moscow, a metro station was built here, and

00:54:50

today one of the most beautiful panoramas to the

00:54:52

center opens from here,

00:54:59

and the route of the avenue passed through new

00:55:01

areas further to the southwest, right up to the

00:55:04

ring

00:55:07

road, year after year,

00:55:10

work continued to expand the Garden Ring.

00:55:13

Now you see how they reconstructed

00:55:15

[music]

00:55:26

The Wide Asphalt Arrow passed and

00:55:29

the masses began to rise

00:55:33

[music]

00:55:40

Novoarbatsky

00:55:41

square was put on rails and the

00:55:44

famous Sytin house was moved aside to

00:55:47

reveal the facade of the new building

00:55:52

news Al 196

00:55:58

meets the first Cosmonaut of the planet

00:56:02

the message about his sweat caused general

00:56:04

delight, people felt a genuine

00:56:07

sense of pride from the fact that

00:56:09

the birth of the space age took place,

00:56:13

no one organized such meetings, everyone just really

00:56:15

wanted to see the Cosmonauts living

00:56:18

legend of those years

00:56:21

[music]

00:56:27

Pioneers and devotees of

00:56:34

Space this year the

00:56:37

Ostankino television center came into operation the Ostankino green

00:56:41

tower was listed in the Guinness Book of Records

00:56:43

as the tallest in the

00:56:48

world several projects having realized in three

00:56:51

cities yay aite

00:56:55

luck the ensemble of the Kremlin Palace of

00:57:02

Congresses Far from the center where the

00:57:05

Typical development was carried out there were more successes but the

00:57:09

housing problem could not be solved

00:57:12

in the newsreels of those years Working life in

00:57:16

Moscow appears to be quite prosperous

00:57:18

without any serious

00:57:21

problems and ours are in their

00:57:26

usual order rolled along an

00:57:29

established

00:57:31

track for several decades,

00:57:35

every year young Muscovites went

00:57:37

to different parts of the country, sending

00:57:40

construction teams to the most important facilities.

00:57:42

Moscow provided significant assistance to the

00:57:45

regions

00:57:49

of the country, having received the right to host the

00:57:54

1980 Summer Olympics, it became one of the capitals of

00:57:57

world sports; the whole world was surrounded by personnel from Like the

00:58:01

Olympic Bear flying into the

00:58:04

Moscow

00:58:10

sky, thanks to the Olympics, the city now has

00:58:13

more large modern sports

00:58:15

facilities. The Olympic complex on

00:58:18

Prospekt

00:58:20

Mira. The rowing canal in Krylatskoye

00:58:26

and the wonderful

00:58:36

cycle track there. Our story would, of course,

00:58:39

not be complete without film footage filmed every

00:58:42

year on Red Square for 70

00:58:45

years of the holiday. demonstrations were an

00:58:48

invariable and obligatory sign of the

00:58:52

times. But the time came to look behind the

00:58:54

ceremonial decoration,

00:58:56

behind the colorful window of a sweet fairy tale, and

00:59:00

then food stamps appeared in the lenses of movie cameras,

00:59:02

endless

00:59:05

queues for sausage and other products that had become

00:59:08

completely scarce, and empty

00:59:11

baskets from buyers, empty shelves in

00:59:14

stores were always harbingers of

00:59:19

shocks in television programs on the pages of

00:59:22

newspapers and magazines and immediately followed by changes

00:59:25

and

00:59:27

immediate

00:59:30

[music]

00:59:32

changes, the beginning of November became a

00:59:35

time of political storms for the capital and

00:59:38

Truly dramatic events, the course and

00:59:41

outcome of these events were largely determined by the

00:59:44

position of ordinary Muscovites, their determination and the

00:59:57

will of the country again was decided precisely in

01:00:00

[music]

01:00:03

Moscow But the turmoil passes, history

01:00:08

continues, a new page has opened in the

01:00:11

chronicle of Moscow events and our

01:00:14

capital again began to be

01:00:18

transformed, renewed, and the

01:00:22

ancient city came to a significant

01:00:24

milestone, it turned

01:00:28

850

01:00:30

[music]

01:00:38

[music]

01:00:46

[music]

01:00:49

years old come to me

01:00:52

take will take to me to Moscow

01:00:57

these words of Prince Yuri Dolgorukov

01:01:00

are given in the very first chronicle about

01:01:03

Moscow and history itself gave them a

01:01:06

symbolic prophetic meaning, they seemed to

01:01:10

predetermine the most important role of Moscow to

01:01:14

call to itself to gather the scattered

01:01:17

Russian lands to create a unified

01:01:22

[music]

01:01:24

state it grew significance for

01:01:27

Russia as a center of political

01:01:30

cultural spiritual

01:01:33

life, reviving after the invasions of Fires

01:01:36

and unrest, it became even more beautiful than

01:01:41

before. So, century after

01:01:44

century, all

01:01:47

850

01:01:52

years,

01:01:54

the capital celebrated its glorious anniversary

01:01:58

in the first days of September

01:02:00

1997, still

01:02:03

sunny and

01:02:05

warm in summer. We waited for a long time, prepared

01:02:08

for them, and it turned out to be a holiday like nothing

01:02:14

Moscow had ever seen in theatrical processions and

01:02:17

performances, which repeatedly played out the course of

01:02:20

Moscow history; long-standing but

01:02:23

unforgettable events;

01:02:34

representatives from all Russian regions came to Moscow for this holiday;

01:02:37

numerous guests;

01:02:40

several million people visited the center of the capital alone;

01:02:44

how quickly it changed before

01:02:47

the anniversary of Moscow, it is symbolic that

01:02:50

changes began with the reconstruction of the temple, whose place for

01:02:52

a long time was occupied by an outdoor swimming pool,

01:02:56

it seems as if time had not had time to set

01:02:59

events, these shots were taken in early

01:03:03

1995. The procession of the cross heads from the

01:03:06

Kremlin to Chistinskaya Square to the place where the

01:03:10

Cathedral of Christ

01:03:12

the Savior once stood here still there was nothing except a

01:03:15

small chapel, but it was already decided to

01:03:18

rebuild the temple, and on the day of the

01:03:22

Nativity of Christ, Patriarch Ale held a

01:03:26

solemn prayer service and a

01:03:28

laying ceremony, recreating the

01:03:38

shrines for the Moscow Government, the construction

01:03:41

became the most important object, literally before

01:03:44

our eyes,

01:03:48

the building was rising, the cross was already shining above the temple, it

01:03:52

was mesmerizing in the dawn of a huge golden

01:03:55

dome,

01:03:56

millions of people were involved in this miracle

01:03:58

not only in Moscow but throughout

01:04:01

Russia since the construction was carried out through

01:04:07

donations, less than 2 years

01:04:09

after the foundation was laid, the consecration of the

01:04:12

lower temple in the name of the Transfiguration

01:04:17

of the Lord took place here,

01:04:19

church services immediately began, as in in the past has become

01:04:22

one of the centers

01:04:26

[music]

01:04:32

many corners of the capital keep the memory of

01:04:35

our past about the achievements of our ancestors

01:04:38

among the most revered Poklonnaya

01:04:43

Gora the opening of a memorial in honor of the great

01:04:46

feat of arms became an

01:04:48

extremely important event Moscow and for all Russia

01:04:56

[music]

01:04:59

on the days of the anniversary people on Poklonnaya Gora they went to

01:05:03

worship selflessly the courage of the

01:05:06

heroes of the battle of Moscow of all large and

01:05:09

small battles of the Patriotic

01:05:12

[music]

01:05:16

war, the memory of it and the pain of the

01:05:19

losses suffered live in the hearts and to this day there

01:05:28

is time to destroy there is time to build

01:05:32

Much of what was destroyed in

01:05:34

Moscow in the pre-war years is now

01:05:37

rebuilt

01:05:43

[music]

01:05:50

[music]

01:05:57

during the anniversary celebrations, a

01:06:00

multi-tiered

01:06:02

underground shopping and cultural complex was opened on Manezhnaya Square,

01:06:05

history is reflected here in its own way, the

01:06:09

waters of the Neglinka river saw the light again, and the old

01:06:13

and new united into a single ensemble

01:06:18

[music]

01:06:26

build, completed the construction of a super

01:06:28

modern ceilings over the large

01:06:31

sports arena of the stadium in Luzhniki.

01:06:34

Under this roof,

01:06:36

competitions of the highest

01:06:39

class can be held. It turned out that mass residential

01:06:42

development can also please the eye and

01:06:45

form expressive

01:06:48

ensembles. The city is already crowded within the boundaries of the

01:06:51

ring road.

01:06:55

This road has long required

01:06:57

decisive reconstruction. But only now is

01:07:00

it turning into a modern

01:07:06

highway Having completed the work here, the

01:07:08

road workers plan to begin the

01:07:10

construction of another transport

01:07:12

ring through the entire city along the line of the

01:07:15

Circular Railway

01:07:17

[music]

01:07:22

road. The features of Moscow of the 20th century appear

01:07:26

more and more clearly. And not only in the

01:07:28

architectural fantasies of the architects,

01:07:32

this covered passage through Moscow is

01:07:36

only the first Swallow in a series of similar

01:07:39

structures and the first visible feature of the bold

01:07:43

plan is the creation of the Moscow City business center in the area of

01:07:45

Krasnopresnenskaya embankment

01:07:51

[music]

01:07:55

Muscovites of course have earned the right

01:07:58

to be proud of what they have done, they have earned the right to

01:08:01

this holiday, its scope is quite

01:08:03

consistent with the scale of the

01:08:08

transformation, the mother throne again

01:08:10

showed the world its best features, the breadth of

01:08:14

hospitality and

01:08:16

hospitality, further strengthening it

01:08:19

its Prestige

01:08:21

[music]

01:08:26

which is especially important for young people; the

01:08:29

prosperity of their hometown is a kind of

01:08:31

guarantee of their success. But above all, a

01:08:35

strong moral foundation is important in their future life;

01:08:38

it is not without reason that the holiday program

01:08:41

included the opening of the fully equipped

01:08:43

territory of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior

01:08:47

[music] an

01:08:59

incredible number of concerts and processions

01:09:02

performances and festivals

01:09:08

[music]

01:09:18

[music]

01:09:25

face a prophetic call for fraternal

01:09:29

unity will you come to me in

01:09:36

Moscow so the

01:09:40

summer

01:09:42

line is left behind it is impossible to reflect the entire history of the city

01:09:45

on the screen only

01:09:48

some of its pages are open, but they also help

01:09:51

to see Moscow as created by the labor and

01:09:54

talent of many generations a work of

01:09:58

art beautiful and

01:10:01

[music]

01:10:12

[applause]

01:10:13

[music]

01:10:17

[applause]

01:10:24

eternal E

01:10:29

[music]

01:10:42

[applause]

01:10:47

[music]

Description:

Москва. Страницы истории ХХ век (1997, реж. Леонид Фишель)

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