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Russian
00:00:05
Robert Sapolsky, professor of biology,00:00:07
neurology and neurosurgery at00:00:09
Stanford University,00:00:11
neuroendocrinologist, researcher at the00:00:13
National Museum of Kenya, researcher of00:00:15
primates in the natural environment, author of00:00:17
popular science books00:00:21
[music]00:00:28
bestsellers00:00:40
[music]00:00:45
Let's understand in general the causes of00:00:46
aggression, whether00:00:48
they differ in animals and in modern humans00:00:52
or00:00:54
not you look at the neurons under a00:00:56
microscope and you won’t see00:00:58
the difference CT the same neural00:01:02
network is used, this is a part of the brain that is hundreds of00:01:04
millions of years old and it is exactly00:01:06
the same, you threaten a person, you00:01:09
threaten a monkey and they both will most00:01:11
likely become aggressive and you will make00:01:13
them feel fear they will most likely00:01:16
something neutral will be mistaken for something00:01:18
very00:01:19
aggressive Wow It's exactly the00:01:22
same thing but then you see the differences00:01:25
chimpanzees kill each other they00:01:27
use tools they build bins00:01:30
to kill each other they have00:01:32
organized violence against each other00:01:34
just like us but neither one chimpanzee00:01:38
never kills another because of00:01:41
ideology because of religion because of disputes about the00:01:44
economic00:01:48
system you can be aggressive like a00:01:50
chimpanzee or a baboon towards an00:01:52
individual from another valley because they00:01:55
are trying to take over your territory or00:01:57
you are trying to take over their territory00:02:02
we we can kill someone without even seeing00:02:05
his face because, for example, we are on a00:02:07
plane 30 feet above the ground and00:02:10
just press a button. Or like in the USA00:02:13
who are fighting with the help of00:02:15
drones, we have people sitting in an00:02:18
air-conditioned room with music in their ears, they are00:02:20
relaxed well pass the time they00:02:23
just press a button and someone in00:02:24
Afghanistan gets blown up by a00:02:28
missile and that we humans have the same00:02:32
neural network as every other00:02:34
animal in existence And in some00:02:36
crazy way we00:02:41
use it we read a book a story from00:02:43
a hundred years ago and we get angry at the hero00:02:46
of this book we watch a movie and our blood00:02:48
boils they are unreal just00:02:51
computer generated images here in00:02:54
the World Cup our00:02:55
feature is we use the same00:02:57
neural network but we use it like00:03:00
No other animal has even00:03:04
dreamed of what do you think today's00:03:06
modern human conflicts wars00:03:11
Revolutions just kill after all, they are00:03:13
more biological in nature, which we00:03:15
just talked about, or is it00:03:21
social, is it the same thing, culture and00:03:23
biology, the evolution of the Armed Forces, it works00:03:28
interconnected00:03:31
with m, you can cooperate and Who to protect And00:03:33
who is the outsider And who can be attacked The Armed Forces are00:03:37
structured like this the closest relative00:03:39
or is it an00:03:44
Alien How does a rat find out who is the closest00:03:46
relative and who is an Alien with the help of00:03:48
pheromones of olfactory00:03:52
information, the rat is located in Jacques and can00:03:54
say this is a half-brother and a cousin,00:03:58
it’s worth dealing with most00:04:00
existing00:04:05
species We don’t know how to do that, humans don’t have00:04:08
sensory recognition of relatives We00:04:11
need00:04:13
think We need to think this someone Who00:04:16
looks like00:04:18
me This someone who looks like me Who00:04:22
prays like me Who eats like00:04:28
me00:04:30
And as soon as we have people who00:04:32
need to think about who is considered us and00:04:34
who is considered us by them, they can easily00:04:37
manipulate people in power they can00:04:40
manipulate and force us to decide00:04:42
that another group is so different from us00:04:44
that they can’t even be00:04:47
considered people and it’s not scary if you even kill00:04:50
them now we’ll tell you about the Ukrainian00:04:54
bastards and the words of others here it’s00:04:56
absolutely impossible to find probably00:04:57
Nationality is not matters Although in00:04:59
this particular case Of course00:05:01
it has a place00:05:05
of origin or Propaganda can00:05:07
make the Stranger00:05:08
look like your brother because you00:05:10
both have the same uniform and you are ready to00:05:13
give your life for this00:05:16
person as soon as we deal with00:05:18
people us very easy to manipulate and00:05:21
every good Dictator knows how to00:05:28
do it00:05:30
the Nazis knew how to do it to the Jews00:05:32
every poster showed Jews like rats00:05:35
like00:05:37
parasites the Hutus in Rwanda did this stu00:05:41
in every picture they were depicted as00:05:44
cockroaches Western Europe does this to00:05:47
Muslim migrants they are like a00:05:49
cancer the tumor that is growing in00:05:52
our country now each of00:05:58
them is a different group so that they00:06:01
cannot be counted because of people. You need to00:06:03
activate that part of the brain that00:06:05
reacts when you see a00:06:07
rodent insect or a wound in which larvae are infested.00:06:11
If you can activate this00:06:14
part of the brain in someone and to say they are00:06:17
no longer00:06:23
considered people And what happens to a person,00:06:26
that this is purely biological, I don’t understand00:06:29
Chust is unknown but it really00:06:31
can Really be there is some explanation when00:06:33
you take away the territory of another country and00:06:36
you, your population there, well, Russia00:06:39
takes away, let’s say Crimea00:06:42
And you benefit from this good That's00:06:48
what but again the most important thing is to make00:06:51
someone afraid enough We00:06:54
will give our lives for our00:06:58
family members we give our lives for someone whom00:07:01
we feel is a member of our00:07:04
family or if something external seems00:07:10
threatening enough because it is real00:07:12
dangerous and thanks to propaganda, for example,00:07:14
your aggressiveness may be out of00:07:17
love because of love for your people, I00:07:20
fully believe that many people in Russia00:07:22
believe that Ukraine can destroy00:07:25
Russia Ukraine When Russia is 20 times00:07:28
larger than it and the army and all that This is00:07:31
because NATO wants to come and all00:07:34
that. How is it possible that such a gigantic00:07:37
Russia feels threatened, that its very00:07:39
existence is under threat because of another00:07:42
people, and explain to me in this case, I00:07:46
understand that it is00:07:48
always beneficial for a dictator that his population00:07:52
be in a state of war, that there be00:07:54
some -it’s an external enemy Because it’s00:07:55
easier to manage the population this way, but why do00:07:58
we seem to be Friendship is a more pleasant00:08:01
activity, we have a lot of fun and being friends00:08:05
somehow Well, it’s more pleasant than fighting,00:08:07
nevertheless, if we talk00:08:10
about relations between Russia and Ukraine,00:08:12
we sell it so easily we give up this idea of Friendship00:08:14
and agree to the idea of war Why do00:08:17
we need this emotion so much What kind of00:08:26
strangeness is it easier to make people afraid00:08:30
than to give them a feeling of security and00:08:32
teach them to be00:08:37
generous? We are evolutionarily more inclined00:08:41
to protect than to refuse00:08:44
protection. There is an excellent psychological00:08:47
test. Where are you? tell a person a00:08:49
story that the king calls a subject to him00:08:52
and00:08:53
says You must go on a long00:08:56
journey to bring something There You00:08:59
will bring it to me You will receive a big00:09:02
reward And if you return without00:09:04
this, I00:09:08
will kill you and so you imprison people and00:09:11
tell them the story where the subject00:09:13
brings the required item And the king still00:09:18
kills him or the subject returns without the00:09:21
item, but the king gives him life and00:09:24
there are even more complex versions. But people00:09:27
understand much better if he acts00:09:30
more aggressively than expected than when he00:09:33
acts more generously than expected,00:09:36
such a distortion and the same you see in00:09:42
monkeys we have evolved this way it is00:09:45
easier to make us afraid because we00:09:48
understand it well it is necessary for00:09:50
survival than to make us think we00:09:52
will put everything on the line by extending a00:09:55
helping hand to strangers and inviting them to be00:09:57
our friends00:10:01
again This is a good strategy of every00:10:03
dictator a strategy stuffed with00:10:10
propaganda I was told that in Russia, in00:10:13
propaganda related to the war, they said00:10:15
that in eastern Ukraine, in an area00:10:18
sympathetic to Russia, Ukrainian troops00:10:20
entered and crucified a boy, the son of one of the00:10:24
leaders, nailed him down and left00:10:27
him there to00:10:28
die, there is absolutely no00:10:33
evidence of this. But this is how you00:10:35
make people believe that these people are00:10:38
beasts, because of people,00:10:42
the boy cannot be considered navle, crucified with a knife,00:10:46
cut and his mother was forced to watch While00:10:49
she is I personally saw with my own eyes00:10:58
this ru enemies who threaten us than00:11:01
to make them decide that this is a00:11:03
neutral group, they are exactly the same00:11:06
as us and we should be00:11:09
friends We are evolutionarily very00:11:12
sensitive to the threat and many people00:11:14
know how to00:11:17
take advantage of this, a significant part of00:11:19
Ukraine, the Ukrainian people, certainly not00:11:22
all, I hope that not even the majority, but a00:11:24
significant part were engulfed in00:11:26
this madness00:11:27
Nama00:11:30
E proved that one nation or this00:11:33
people is more susceptible to propaganda00:11:36
than00:11:38
another This is an excellent00:11:42
question, quite possibly cultures00:11:45
whose history had natural00:11:49
disasters earthquakes hurricanes of this00:11:57
kind high population00:12:03
food shortages cultures00:12:05
whose history there was something similar even 40000:12:07
years00:12:11
ago They are more00:12:16
militaristic when you look at ancient00:12:19
human populations there are basically00:12:21
three main ones like00:12:24
farmers hunter gatherers they are00:12:27
animals plants for food and00:12:32
herders people who roam on their00:12:34
camels in the deserts or on deer or00:12:36
cows00:12:39
it doesn’t matter. It’s interesting that if you were00:12:42
hunter gatherers bad people00:12:44
could not come in the night and steal your00:12:49
rainforest if you are a farmer then bad people00:12:52
could not come at night and steal all00:12:55
your crops right away. And if you are a pastoralist, then people00:12:58
could come at night and steal all your00:13:00
cows and your camels and what we00:13:03
see is that the cultures of pastoralists are00:13:05
much more aggressive than the people of the00:13:08
other two00:13:14
groups and in mine working in Africa for 30 years I00:13:17
worked there the neighboring Maasai tribe is a00:13:20
tribe of herders they keep00:13:23
cows in general the neighboring tribe on the other00:13:25
side of the border raids Masa00:13:27
once a year and steals all their cows and a00:13:31
battle begins with spears 10 people00:13:33
usually die or even00:13:36
more You won’t see this among farmers00:13:39
or among hunter-gatherers,00:13:41
different types of ecosystems create different00:13:44
systems of00:13:47
cultures and Yes, some cultures are much00:13:49
more warlike militaristic than00:13:52
other pastoralists the only cultures that00:13:55
have the belief that you go00:13:56
to heaven if you die00:14:02
they are the only ones who take00:14:03
thirty years and the next 10 years they00:14:06
should be in the army to be00:14:10
warriors they are the only ones where a man00:14:13
will have 4 wives pastoralists in the Middle East00:14:20
shepherds So yes, different cultures have00:14:23
different levels of this if you look00:14:26
at people over the last 10 years00:14:29
if you look at cultures over the last 40000:14:33
years cultures in which people live did not00:14:36
spare tend to be more aggressive and00:14:40
easier to00:14:43
propaganda because the leaders have every00:14:46
motive00:14:47
to say these are the people you should00:14:50
hate, they are the source of your00:14:52
problems, neither I nor we are not the ones in00:14:57
power, Lugansk and Donetsk will be completely00:15:02
liberated first of all, this is the00:15:06
task set by the supreme00:15:07
the commander-in-chief of our dear00:15:09
President Vladimir00:15:11
Putin and then we will take Kiev and00:15:16
all other cities, I will clarify that the00:15:19
same areas of the brain are involved,00:15:22
we behave absolutely the same if00:15:25
one monkey kills and if a person,00:15:30
sitting in a flat office, presses a button,00:15:33
someone dies in00:15:36
Afghanistan. Absolutely correctly, studies were carried out00:15:39
when people sat and00:15:41
watched the game of their favorite football00:15:43
team and we took their blood to00:15:45
measure the level of stress hormones and00:15:47
scanned their brains on a tomograph and it was00:15:50
as if they were there themselves, as00:15:52
if they were on the field and this is the same part of the00:15:55
brain that is involved as if go for00:15:58
your football team, that’s how00:16:00
big of a00:16:04
fan you are. And if you’re not very interested,00:16:07
then nothing like that happens in the brain.00:16:11
Interesting data00:16:13
was obtained in the USA when men beat their wives,00:16:16
so if00:16:19
you look at these, these are big football00:16:23
fans and in the afternoon or evening after00:16:26
that how their football team lost00:16:28
the number of beatings and even children It's00:16:33
just a football team, the body is the00:16:35
same You are at home You are in the same00:16:37
circumstances and not a single chimpanzee is00:16:42
capable of this and we can sit and listen to00:16:44
abstract discussions about something far00:16:47
from us in space or time and00:16:49
we are smart enough to deceive our00:16:52
brain into convincing it that this is as real00:16:55
as a chimpanzee biting us00:16:58
on the leg right now, this is a terrible thing, but it00:17:00
seems to me from the outside that00:17:04
when one monkey kills another or00:17:07
there are ancient people there with On the other hand, it seems00:17:10
that there is more stress, more aggression. And00:17:13
when a person, as you put it, simply00:17:15
presses a button in the office, it looks00:17:18
like routine work and for some reason I can’t00:17:21
believe that everything is boiling in his brain just00:17:23
like the same ancient people or00:17:26
monkeys Yes00:17:30
Yes because that our brain is complex enough to00:17:33
take a book for00:17:35
reality or a movie for reality or00:17:38
imagine the enemy of your country whom00:17:40
you are destroyed by pressing a button, but00:17:43
in the middle of this picture there is the same wiring of00:17:46
aggression as in other existing00:17:49
species of00:17:51
animals in an idol. The visible body of a person is00:17:54
exactly the same as that of a baboon in a chimpanzee00:17:57
or a rat, but thanks to this00:18:00
cognitive ability we are the most00:18:02
cruel, the most aggressive and the most00:18:05
destructive species on00:18:08
the planet where does aggression come from in humans?00:18:12
Can you I don’t know such a00:18:14
summary What happens to00:18:17
our body when we are angry with00:18:20
someone I I think the most interesting thing about the00:18:22
neurobiology of aggression is when you00:18:25
look at the part of the brain that is00:18:28
associated with aggression, this is the area of the brain00:18:31
called the00:18:35
amygdala, if you look there it is00:18:39
most involved in fear, this is also the00:18:41
amygdala. What does this00:18:44
mean? I think we cannot understand the00:18:46
biology of aggression without understanding00:18:49
organisms that experience fear,00:18:51
that are in a subordinate00:18:53
position, that are anxious or00:18:55
upset I think aggression is very much00:19:01
what is it? It’s the amygdala, you00:19:04
dedicated a whole lecture to it and what it00:19:08
looks like, where it is located and how it has been00:19:11
proven that it is involved in00:19:14
aggression In00:19:16
humans, the amygdala is a very00:19:19
ancient part of the brain, in fact, all00:19:21
existing mammals have an00:19:23
amygdala and it works very00:19:25
similarly in all of them it is called the00:19:28
limbic system parts of the brain00:19:31
involved in the formation of00:19:34
emotions what the amygdala does So it00:19:37
learns it learns what to be00:19:42
afraid of it learns And remembers who you are00:19:45
afraid of and who you don’t like remembers00:19:47
who threatens they learn all these things just like00:19:50
another part of the brain for example learns00:19:53
mathematical equations in the same way the00:19:55
amygdala learns to recognize00:19:57
scary and aggressive things and it doesn’t00:20:01
work very accurately, in fact it’s00:20:04
very, very fast grows but not very00:20:06
accurately and as a result we have aggression00:20:09
caused by the amygdala, a body00:20:11
that simply makes00:20:18
mistakes, there are only a few very, very00:20:20
rare human diseases when the00:20:22
amygdala and only00:20:26
it is damaged. These people are pathologically gullible and00:20:30
their behavior cannot be changed with the00:20:32
help of negative00:20:37
reinforcement you are playing with them in an00:20:39
economic game where the00:20:42
level of cooperation00:20:44
and competition changes in a certain way and usually the person who00:20:46
plays with you does something terrible,00:20:48
I undermine trust and what are you doing you00:20:51
reduce the level of cooperation and there are00:20:55
all sorts of mathematical00:20:57
relationships.00:21:02
Take a person without an00:21:04
amygdala and the other player will00:21:08
obchak will not change their level of00:21:12
trust the part of the brain that says that00:21:15
was terrible This person deceived me and00:21:18
I will change my00:21:20
behavior accordingly next time I will be less00:21:22
friendly or even be more00:21:24
aggressive this part of the brain is simply00:21:27
silent You will not see all this kind of behavior in them00:21:31
the information collectively gives00:21:33
you an idea about the amygdala00:21:35
there is a British scientific journal which is00:21:37
called the amygdala and00:21:40
all that the journal does is print00:21:42
research about it, thousands of thousands of studies have been conducted on the00:21:46
function of the00:21:47
amygdala. Are there any00:21:50
cases that have been proven that this one has in a00:21:52
person it is larger than others and he is00:21:55
more aggressive, a00:21:59
good example Not so much with aggression00:22:01
but with fear Well, or with the connection between00:22:04
aggression and fear I’m not sure that in Russia00:22:06
this diagnosis is post-traumatic00:22:09
stress00:22:11
disorder people after mobilization into the00:22:14
army after sexualized00:22:16
and 15 from 15 to 20 % of them develop00:22:21
post-traumatic stress00:22:25
disorder you can't sleep you00:22:28
see threats everywhere it ruins people's00:22:32
lives there are also American veterans of the00:22:35
Vietnam War of the sixties whose00:22:37
lives were completely00:22:45
crippled with ptsd We see that their00:22:47
amygdala is enlarged and it has become00:22:50
more00:22:53
reactive a face that everyone one of us00:22:56
will seem neutral to them it will seem like a00:22:59
dangerous face this face threatens me and00:23:02
his amygdala is activated But00:23:05
we simply00:23:08
don’t And if you show a face that is00:23:10
truly threatening, anyone’s00:23:12
amygdala is activated and after00:23:14
2 minutes everyone’s amygdala00:23:17
calms down And in people with PTSD after an hour00:23:20
after that the amygdala is still00:23:23
active part of the work I did00:23:25
to check how this00:23:26
happens it turns out that there is a class of00:23:29
hormones that are secreted during00:23:31
stress and what they do is they cause the00:23:34
neurons in the amygdala to grow00:23:37
new connections new circuits and the amygdala00:23:41
grows and this is stress from combat actions of00:23:45
trauma and similar things, it leads to00:23:48
such00:23:49
changes and just like with the large00:23:51
amygdala, he sees a threat00:23:54
where no one sees it, for them aggression is a00:23:56
solution to the problem, a solution to the threat, a00:23:59
threat that most people00:24:01
simply do not00:24:04
distinguish and it is the amygdala that00:24:07
sends this reflexivity new lightning-fast00:24:09
information that leads to an erroneous00:24:11
understanding of the picture, the guy is simply00:24:14
holding the phone in his hands in a certain way,00:24:16
and it seems to you that he has00:24:18
a gun and you are pulling the trigger. How did they00:24:22
prove and understand that it is with00:24:26
her that the problem00:24:28
works? I don’t know if there were any00:24:31
tumors or what this purely scientific00:24:34
experiment looked like When this was first00:24:39
discovered If you are a neuroscientist, then the00:24:42
best war for you on earth is because00:24:45
you have Soldiers who return00:24:47
with a variety of head wounds and in the 10th00:24:51
century the very first thing we began to learn00:24:53
about different parts of the brain is everything thanks to00:24:56
people who came back from wars with00:24:58
head wounds a more modern00:25:01
version now If you look at a00:25:02
person at a monkey or a rat you00:25:05
use a00:25:09
brain scanner and see what part of the brain00:25:12
is activated by a certain behavior00:25:14
or emotional00:25:16
state you install an electrode and00:25:19
sit Yeah when we show them a00:25:21
scary face neurons in the ice body,00:25:26
another electrode becomes active, stimulate it00:25:29
and suddenly there is nothing provoking around, but the00:25:32
animal becomes00:25:35
aggressive. I understand correctly that the Aggression Gene does00:25:44
not exist, but00:25:48
they were looking for it.00:25:51
Yes, you know now The Age of the Gene00:25:55
Genetic genes have inspired a person very much, you can00:25:58
get a complete genome sequencing and00:26:00
all00:26:03
that from this it follows the belief that Genes00:26:06
control00:26:10
everything Genes control your cells your00:26:14
organs your body your behavior all00:26:18
this but Genes are stupid they have no idea00:26:22
what they control saying that a Gene00:26:24
decides when it is activated is the same as00:26:28
saying that a pie decides how you will00:26:35
cook it Genes are just that a00:26:38
recipe book and the world around us comes in and00:26:41
activates this Gene or turns off this00:26:44
Gene in about the same way,00:26:46
this is coding for beginners, so I’ll00:26:50
say Genes don’t control anything, it’s00:26:52
just a book with recipes, and00:26:54
the world around us launches them,00:27:01
but is there a certain Gene00:27:03
responsible for aggression? People so they00:27:06
thought for many years that they came up with a00:27:08
certain Gene that probably00:27:10
explains aggression and a certain Gene00:27:12
that is responsible, for example, for sexual00:27:18
orientation, it got to the point that some00:27:20
lawyers began to use the presence of00:27:22
such a Gene in an attempt to reduce the00:27:24
prison term for murderers Well, because it’s00:27:27
just the Violence Gene that it doesn’t cannot00:27:35
control essentially there is no such00:27:37
human behavior that is caused by00:27:39
one00:27:42
gene and in order to understand how complex all this is,00:27:45
when now a person00:27:47
can look at the entire genome and at00:27:49
each individual Gene And in people, let’s00:27:56
roughly ask ourselves the most boring00:27:58
question about00:28:01
what kind of person he is growth how Genes affect00:28:05
height and that so far they have found00:28:10
out that over 800 different genes00:28:13
help us explain the height of people and all00:28:16
these Genes together explain only 13%00:28:24
of the variation it's just with height00:28:27
imagine After that they00:28:29
researched Genes associated with00:28:32
obesity I think the last time I00:28:35
checked they have reached thousands of00:28:37
obesity genes just Think about how Genes can00:28:40
influence how easy it is to convince you that00:28:42
you should be afraid of those00:28:47
people Wow there is a Gene responsible for this is it00:28:51
easy to calculate the genetics of the fact that you00:28:53
look at someone who looks00:28:56
completely different from you But if they00:28:58
experience pain, you feel it too00:29:01
Yes, all 5,000 genes00:29:03
will probably be00:29:06
involved. Genes I understand, it’s easy for people to get00:29:09
delighted and decide that wow they are00:29:12
more powerful than they00:29:14
actually are,00:29:16
I heard about some case that00:29:20
geneticists said that the Aggression Gene there is and00:29:23
therefore if your mother was a maniac then00:29:26
you need to be00:29:28
tracked that you too can commit a00:29:31
similar number of crimes there was00:29:33
something00:29:39
similar yes This is an excellent example of00:29:42
what hundreds and hundreds of genes are involved in And00:29:44
even if there was one aggression gene there00:29:47
is not one, but let’s assume there is such an00:29:51
Aggression Gene Oh God, someone has a version of00:29:54
such a Gene and it will definitely make00:29:56
him aggressive,00:30:00
it will not give you the opportunity to predict00:30:02
whether he will be the one who will kill ten00:30:04
people or who will just00:30:07
play a chess00:30:13
game very aggressively but it will have nothing to do with00:30:16
genes it will be related to culture with00:30:19
whether his parents were loving00:30:21
whether he was abused as a00:30:23
child all these things VS This has nothing to00:30:26
do with kge00:30:30
and there is another example not genes but a part of the00:30:33
brain that keeps you from00:30:34
socially unacceptable behavior and00:30:37
it is called the frontal cerebral cortex00:30:39
When you want to tell someone00:30:42
that their hair looks funny and you00:30:44
stop yourself Because it won't00:30:46
be good It's because the frontal00:30:49
cortex told you to do so And every00:30:52
other similar00:30:55
example in the US At least 25% of men00:30:59
in prison awaiting execution for murder and00:31:01
we still practice this here 25% of00:31:05
men on death row in the past00:31:07
experienced damage to the frontal cortex of the00:31:09
brain with a concussion00:31:17
and when something is damaged you are already00:31:20
looking at someone not with a bad soul, but00:31:22
you are looking at a car which now00:31:26
the brakes are not working well00:31:28
this is what the frontal00:31:32
cortex does I had experience When I worked with the00:31:35
defense in a murder case and the00:31:37
defendant had damage to the frontal00:31:42
lobe you say Judging by the jury he has00:31:45
damage to the frontal lobe he can't00:31:47
control his behavior he's not a00:31:49
villain that's the problem neurological all00:31:56
that00:31:58
and then the prosecutor asks me questions and00:32:00
they must be quite00:32:01
unfriendly Okay if we see00:32:05
a person with a damaged frontal lobe00:32:07
for example 20% that is damaged Can00:32:10
you tell us that this person00:32:12
will definitely be a00:32:15
murderer and the answer00:32:19
is not at all with the same percentage00:32:22
damage This person can become a00:32:24
murderer But that person at parties00:32:26
will laugh too loudly00:32:28
stay too long or don’t00:32:30
notice that everyone else has been wanting to00:32:33
sleep for a long time Oh my god destroy the frontal part of the00:32:36
brain and this will be the person00:32:38
who will talk too loudly at funerals00:32:40
Oh God he he doesn’t00:32:45
control himself, it’s not neurons, it’s not00:32:47
genetics, it’s about upbringing, were00:32:50
they raised in a strong family, did their00:32:53
parents love them, did they take care of them when they were00:32:57
injured or did they live on the00:33:00
street Yes, the same degree of00:33:03
brain damage and some become murderers And00:33:06
some laugh too loudly in00:33:08
inappropriate ways00:33:10
situations, one Gene or more realistically00:33:13
800 identical00:33:17
genes and one will become a maniac and the other00:33:20
will play aggressively00:33:24
duet chess does not depend on genes it is BC00:33:28
culture and00:33:35
experience It is interesting how the parallel is the hormone00:33:38
that is associated with aggression00:33:39
testosterone is secreted in men and00:33:42
many people think that testosterone makes us00:33:44
aggressive but this is also not00:33:50
so testerone makes aggressive people00:33:54
more00:33:55
aggressive aggressive towards individuals towards00:33:58
whom you were already in the mood00:34:00
irritated00:34:03
forever a wonderful example five male00:34:06
monkeys Here they are making up the00:34:08
dominance hierarchy first second third00:34:10
fourth fifth so look00:34:12
first can beat second third fourth00:34:14
fifth number two can beat00:34:16
only the third and fourth and so00:34:19
on Take the third and give him a00:34:22
large dose of testosterone Will he be00:34:25
more aggressive yes But does this mean that00:34:28
he will challenge number one or00:34:30
number two at all No he will not come close to them00:34:35
he will only be more of a00:34:38
nightmare number four and number00:34:42
five will be 10 times more cruel to00:34:45
them testosterone does not cause aggression but00:34:48
enhances the existing aggression that00:34:51
they have learned00:34:55
socially the problem is not in testosterone the00:34:58
problem is in society encouraging00:35:03
Do I understand you correctly that00:35:05
such people as maniacs or serial00:35:08
killers are acceptable, this is exclusively social00:35:11
reason there is nothing different for them and00:35:14
neurons don’t work differently that they00:35:16
do this and they like to kill or00:35:19
they are calm During00:35:22
this, the social environment certainly influences00:35:26
Nadya00:35:29
And it’s not that the social environment00:35:31
directly changes the brain or that the brain00:35:34
directly changes behavior in general00:35:37
but this is very00:35:40
important and this is already a classic in cultural00:35:43
anthropology for example you see cultures00:35:45
that are called collectivist everyone00:35:48
works together everyone farms00:35:54
together VM research gets into China00:35:58
Japan in general East Asia this has a00:36:01
lot to do with growing rice00:36:03
because for that you need a whole00:36:06
village and you have an00:36:08
individualistic culture like the00:36:10
United States is the most extreme00:36:13
version of that culture that you00:36:14
will find so within the first 1000:36:17
minutes after birth mothers from00:36:19
collectivist cultures when they sing to00:36:21
their children they sing more tenderly than00:36:24
mothers from individualistic cultures00:36:29
[music]00:36:32
you are only 10 minutes old and your brain is already00:36:35
being shaped by the culture in which you were00:36:37
lucky enough to be00:36:40
born an00:36:45
individualistic child cries00:36:47
before the child’s mother picks him up At what00:36:49
age does the child begin to sleep In a00:36:51
separate room and all00:36:54
that, every step you take since you00:36:57
were 10 minutes old already your brain00:37:00
is constructed by the values of your culture,00:37:03
they cannot be00:37:09
separated, there is a study that00:37:11
came out recently that shows that the00:37:14
fetus is in the third trimester, now00:37:16
there is a new-fangled technology that00:37:18
allows you to see the00:37:21
fetus’s brain while it is still in the womb00:37:25
Welfare Give birth, the00:37:27
socio-economic status of the00:37:31
parents is already an indicator of how quickly00:37:34
his00:37:37
brain grows if you have poor parents, then on00:37:40
average your brain grows00:37:45
slower That is, you were not born yet and00:37:47
Social factors such as do you think00:37:50
that you might be kicked out onto the street at the00:37:52
end of the month because you can’t00:37:53
pay the00:37:55
rent due to stress in the mother, it gets00:37:58
into the fetus and this affects the00:38:04
fetal brain even when you are not yet born; it00:38:06
already affects how your00:38:08
brain is formed, so we don’t choose one or the00:38:12
other; everything is00:38:14
the same. Recently, over the00:38:17
last two years, the00:38:19
number of domestic violence, and over these 2 years00:38:22
in Russia,00:38:24
2,680 women died because their husbands killed them, and over the00:38:29
last 8 years, this is generally a figure of more than00:38:32
12,000 women. What do you think, after the war,00:38:36
now the Soldiers will return00:38:38
home, will the number of domestic00:38:41
violence increase because they are accustomed to00:38:43
violence are there such things in war? I don’t know00:38:47
social data, some00:38:51
experiments, of course. Because they00:38:54
were told for a long time that violence00:38:57
is not normal. And that this is just a good00:39:02
thing because usually they come back00:39:05
broken by the drama, broken by what they00:39:08
saw, what they had to00:39:13
do because often they come back00:39:16
and realize that they were simply lied to when they00:39:19
were sent to kill or die And it00:39:22
was all for nothing it was all00:39:25
a lie00:39:34
it breaks people in different ways it is either00:39:36
violence against children or wives or00:39:39
depression or00:39:46
alcohol I think this is the circumstance00:39:48
when people return broken they00:39:51
were used as a tool and they were00:39:53
taught that00:39:55
aggression is00:39:58
Arsenal is something that they can00:40:01
actually00:40:03
always use, so I think there will definitely be an00:40:06
increase in domestic violence. If everything is like this, do00:40:09
I now understand that there are all00:40:12
sorts of depressive drugs? That is, something00:40:15
that can calm or we tried to00:40:19
remove the tonsils so that the person would always00:40:22
be calm and would not get angry or create a00:40:25
war00:40:29
among psychiatrists there is no understanding that it00:40:31
can be cured. We have learned00:40:33
to control it, to restrain its manifestation00:40:35
so that it does not ruin your life, but every00:40:38
time you go to bed your brain00:40:41
has to work with it00:40:47
one of things that were done in00:40:50
my laboratory, we researched the technique of00:40:52
gene therapy inside the brain, we took a Gene and00:40:55
inserted it into areas of the brain, changed its00:40:59
functions, we did this, including00:41:02
inserted a Gene and broke the00:41:06
stress hormone. If you do this, the00:41:09
stress hormone no longer causes the00:41:11
amygdala to grow. the answer00:41:14
is not an experiment on people, but of00:41:16
course on laboratory rats. So such00:41:19
methods are possible, there are also very complex00:41:21
psychological methods that can00:41:23
help with this, we are not very good with this, I00:41:27
hope that in the future we will still learn00:41:29
to cope. But such experiments are not possible on people00:41:37
were carried out too difficult I have worked in00:41:40
this field for 30 years and every year we00:41:42
say it is amazing what we have learned in00:41:44
rats and soon we will be able to test it00:41:46
in humans it will be wonderful and 30 years00:41:52
later with a brain control if you have a big00:41:57
thick Skull and you don't want to00:41:59
grab someone and drill a hole in their head and00:42:02
do what we have to00:42:10
do human gene therapy now00:42:13
practically children in elementary school00:42:15
can carry out gene therapy for example00:42:17
kidney disease liver it is Incredibly00:42:25
easy for all other parts of our body as00:42:28
for the new00:42:35
[music]00:42:55
science00:43:05
I discovered that I can act in this00:43:07
way, do something that I couldn’t do before And00:43:12
think when I did this I did00:43:15
n’t even feel any regret, it00:43:17
was a part of me that I didn’t00:43:25
notice the Stanford experiment I can’t help but00:43:28
ask you because you00:43:30
have been working at Stanford University for many years and00:43:32
you you probably know this from the inside00:43:34
And when some people played the role of00:43:38
prisoners And others played the role of their guards and00:43:41
that this experiment had to be completed00:43:42
earlier than planned However, then00:43:46
it turned out that it seemed like the scientist00:43:48
was pushing people to aggression How everything00:43:51
really was00:43:56
so everything was happening in a building00:43:59
nearby with mine when I first came to00:44:01
Stanford looking for a job there and I00:44:03
walked through that building I00:44:07
thought it all looked somehow00:44:09
familiar it was a prison where they were00:44:12
doing an experiment this is already part of the00:44:14
mythology of the00:44:18
university the man behind this00:44:20
experiment00:44:25
Lear me under his wing00:44:32
but he was a very charismatic strong00:44:35
man and he played the role of the00:44:37
prison warden and all the guards read all his00:44:43
hints and he wanted to see00:44:49
chaos and since then there was00:44:52
one very good study done in England where they00:44:54
repeated the prison00:45:00
experiment but they had a completely00:45:02
different power structure among the00:45:06
guards and what happened there,00:45:08
the prisoners organized, overthrew the guards00:45:11
and formed a collective, a completely different00:45:16
result is one of the Problems, everyone knows00:45:19
about the Stanford prison experiment00:45:20
Almost no one knows about this00:45:24
study, a00:45:28
similar experiment was conducted in the00:45:30
sixties by psychologist Stanley Milm00:45:33
in which he told00:45:37
people the person who is sitting in in another00:45:39
room you see him through the glass,00:45:41
wires are connected to him and if he gives00:45:44
incorrect answers to your questions you00:45:46
must shock him00:45:51
if he makes two mistakes in a row00:45:53
then the shock should be stronger in a row,00:45:56
make the shock a little stronger and the00:45:59
results that you will see in in any00:46:01
textbook, 70% of people were ready to00:46:05
do it, they were ready to follow this00:46:08
command and the person in the next room was00:46:11
just an actor and if the button was pressed00:46:13
he pretended to scream in shock and eventually00:46:16
fell down clutching his heart and all that00:46:18
pretending to be in a serious00:46:24
fight00:46:27
then you will get hit again electric shock if you00:46:29
don’t answer the00:46:31
next one I’ll give 33000:46:37
Volts Oh God 70% of people investigated00:46:41
with an order they would go home and bring people to00:46:47
concentration camps But what did people now understand that00:46:51
most of these people knew that it00:46:52
was a production it was a00:46:54
game00:46:58
and then everyone understood like this Oh God from the00:47:01
prison guards in the prison00:47:02
experiment, everyone became dictators, even00:47:05
people will follow orders and00:47:07
shock innocent prisoners until they00:47:09
lose00:47:15
consciousness and Yes, as you said, this does not00:47:19
correspond to reality, very interesting00:47:21
or not, whose parents survived Hitler00:47:24
and who carried out the experiment, they00:47:28
were friends at00:47:34
school not I know how it happened but yeah00:47:36
They knew each other in high school and00:47:39
they both Conducted two of the most disturbing and00:47:41
disturbing experiments that00:47:44
suggest that anyone can00:47:46
become00:47:47
a Nazi and research proves that00:47:51
it is00:47:54
Neu Conducted an experiment where she00:47:57
put a ton of guns If you know there00:48:00
was a knife rope gun and told the00:48:04
museum visitors that you can do00:48:06
whatever you want with my body and they did00:48:09
and with every step there with every00:48:12
visitor they were more and more aggressive And00:48:15
more aggressive that’s what it’s like00:48:17
I’m now playing a game like a computer00:48:18
toy I’m not am I killing to the end am I participating00:48:21
in an experiment or is it something00:48:24
else?00:48:28
I think there are two reasons for the popularity of00:48:30
video games; a whole generation grows up where00:48:33
violence of this kind seems00:48:35
completely00:48:38
normal and I think that there is a biological00:48:41
factor in aggression in people. Because when00:48:44
something seems like a game then violence00:48:46
is becoming more acceptable or00:48:54
what, there are studies that prove00:48:57
that every time they00:48:59
started showing programs with violent00:49:01
content on television, all the parents said oh my god the00:49:04
children will become sociopaths they will grow up more00:49:07
violent they said about movies And00:49:09
now video games are even00:49:15
worse and research shows that00:49:18
violence in The media, violent films, video games,00:49:21
they do not make children more aggressive,00:49:23
they make00:49:26
aggressive children more aggressive, they do not affect ordinary00:49:31
children, they affect children who are already00:49:34
prone to aggression and as if they are told00:49:36
it is allowed because it is not00:49:39
really, look at how they do it00:49:41
they do and you will see a lot of this.00:49:44
Can you in this case00:49:46
say that the events in Buchi in Rn are00:49:50
such a Stanford experiment in00:49:54
life,00:49:57
I can assume that not00:49:59
every soldier did this, it was a small00:50:04
part of them, as studies during the00:50:07
Vietnam War showed, American Soldiers00:50:09
who committed atrocities against the00:50:14
Vietnamese It was a tiny percentage00:50:16
of the troops approximately 1% of the troops were responsible00:50:19
for approximately 90 atrocities00:50:26
and there is someone who is already a Monster for him these are the00:50:29
circumstances that are very Tempting00:50:31
Great Let's go00:50:36
ahead think about the Russians this says little00:50:39
this says little about the Americans in00:50:41
Vietnam in both cases, this says little. In00:50:44
general,00:50:45
this speaks about the people only about the00:50:48
sickest and most dangerous among00:50:52
us.00:50:54
Tests are00:50:58
enemies. They must be attacked from among the people;00:51:00
do not count them; kill civilians in the00:51:02
village; women; they are not considered people;00:51:05
they are not us; they threaten to destroy ours.00:51:08
homeland But I’m still trying to prove for00:51:12
this scientist Force experiment, I don’t know00:51:16
how it is in America, but in Russia if a person00:51:19
occupies the slightest position that00:51:22
comes with power, for example00:51:26
in a store, or for example some00:51:29
Grandmother at the reception somewhere, then they immediately00:51:35
become more and more aggressive to me00:51:37
it seems that then this proves that00:51:39
if a person has a little bit of power, he already00:51:41
shows some kind of aggression00:51:45
[music]00:51:51
how can I tell you about the00:51:54
layer of time with monkeys? And in our00:51:58
films they often show a war between00:52:00
people and monkeys, such a fantasy, but how do00:52:04
you like it? it seems Could the history of evolution00:52:07
have developed so that only one00:52:11
species would have survived? But if we step back from the fact that I00:52:14
think that this could not have00:52:16
happened, I will say that the extinction of species00:52:18
sometimes occurs because of other species00:52:21
that hunt them,00:52:26
not with which they fight, but which00:52:29
they hunt But this happens very00:52:31
rarely because, by definition, if00:52:33
this species hunts this one and there is00:52:36
little of the second species left, then the first one will00:52:43
starve one of the principles of ecology species00:52:46
predators do not control the number of00:52:48
their prey just as prey does not control00:52:50
the number of predators this is exactly00:52:58
the only possibility when one species00:53:01
only by its behavior can lead to the00:53:03
extinction of another species, this is hunting, but this00:53:06
happens very00:53:11
rarely. And what people did with the Neanderthal,00:53:15
no one will ever00:53:19
know. But what we do know for sure is00:53:22
that many people crossed with the00:53:24
Neanderthal. 4% of the DNA of Europeans is00:53:27
Genes Neanderthals are00:53:33
easy to imagine. Such a00:53:36
development scenario, modern man simply00:53:37
exterminated the Neanderthals, they supplanted them00:53:40
in the struggle for00:53:43
[music]00:53:45
food, but no one00:53:49
will know. I think that the idea00:53:52
that one species leads to the extinction of00:53:53
another species is00:53:55
extremely small, despite what you00:53:57
probably saw in00:54:00
movie how people overcame00:54:08
cannibalism Of course, there are rare cases00:54:10
of cannibalism in people when a group is00:54:12
stuck for the whole winter snow in the mountains00:54:15
plane crash But it turned out that if you00:54:18
look at anthropological scientific00:54:24
works we all think about you00:54:27
kill your enemy and eat him00:54:30
this kind of thing there were almost no such cases00:54:33
as it turned out almost always these were00:54:36
cases when the tribes told00:54:37
the anthropologist there are people living up the river you00:54:40
know what they do they eat00:54:42
their dead You can check it00:54:46
and when you investigate it it00:54:48
turns out to be00:54:49
untrue almost the only example00:54:52
of what we call eso cannibalism00:54:55
that is when someone outside your group you00:54:57
eat it like in the Aca empire in Mexico00:55:00
because they had a lack of00:55:02
animal Squirrel and their whole culture was00:55:04
built around killing a captured00:55:06
enemy And this kind of00:55:11
thing what is more interesting is the cases of00:55:16
endokam within the group and we see this00:55:19
for example in Pua New Guinea among the00:55:21
Headhunters forest warriors of the00:55:24
high mountain tropical00:55:28
forests and it looks like this your mother00:55:31
dies at an old age and what00:55:36
do you do you cook her the whole village00:55:39
comes and you, like a child who loves her,00:55:42
spend this endocannabinoid00:55:55
and00:55:56
documented And not this is God people00:55:59
eat people they will eat you If they catch00:56:04
endokam among these mountain guineas a00:56:08
generally accepted religious ritual that00:56:11
was practiced until the00:56:12
seventies and eighties of the 20th century00:56:15
and has almost disappeared now thanks to the00:56:17
missionaries thanks to government pressure00:56:26
you will go and Talk to the old people there00:56:28
and they will say uh young people are terrible now00:56:31
When I die who will cook me who00:56:34
will serve me to00:56:41
the table this is a cultural change all00:56:44
their children are interested in now is00:56:46
hamburgers this kind of thing there is an00:56:49
amazing neurological disease00:56:51
kuru which was discovered in only00:56:53
one single tribe in the highlands of00:56:56
New00:56:59
Guinea it started with one person00:57:02
I think about 200 years ago This is an00:57:04
infected particle that gets started00:57:06
in the brain after entering the body with food at00:57:09
one of these ceremonies and is transmitted to the00:57:11
next generation, enters the body00:57:14
and is again transmitted a whole neurological00:57:16
disease that appeared as a result of00:57:18
cannibalism and there have been no cases of this disease anywhere else in the world00:57:23
But if you look at Christ’s historical00:57:25
version of cannibalism, this is most often when, after00:57:27
all, one tribe wanted the other to00:57:31
simply look in other eyes as a gang of00:57:34
savages, animals that kill each00:57:37
other in their own way. Yes, there is a monkey00:57:39
killing a monkey. She eats it after,00:57:41
or there are no such examples. Or they eat00:57:44
only other00:57:48
species mostly No this can be seen in00:57:51
some species00:57:53
Nagas very00:57:56
common no all species of social00:57:59
animals avoid incest mating with00:58:01
close relatives all species of00:58:04
animals try to avoid cannibalism00:58:06
in their own group it seems to be00:58:08
quite common in the animal00:58:13
kingdom cannibalism is really00:58:15
rare where would you00:58:19
look at the exceptions In some00:58:21
cases,00:58:23
rodents00:58:25
and the00:58:27
cub and the male are kicked out by another male and00:58:30
what he does is he kills all the cubs of the00:58:33
previous male and often after that he00:58:36
simply00:58:46
eats them in some types of pigs00:58:49
For example, if you are a Mom pig and you gave birth to00:58:52
10 piglets And one of they are very weak00:58:55
others he will not survive and his mother will kill and00:58:58
eat him this often00:59:05
happens but such as to damage the00:59:08
enemy in battle and then eat him is00:59:11
very rare In the00:59:15
animal world because they also understand00:59:17
this relationship or because there is no00:59:20
neural connection there I don’t know which would00:59:23
say that00:59:25
you should eat your own00:59:30
kind, it could be one or the00:59:33
other. And another possibility could be that00:59:35
it doesn’t taste good, it might00:59:38
give you an upset stomach, without00:59:40
exaggeration there are reasons to think that00:59:42
one of the possible reasons why people00:59:44
survived like look we are weak we are slow00:59:48
any animal can kill us So what00:59:51
happened is that in the muscles of humans there is a lot of00:59:55
lactic acid, that is our metabolism and00:59:57
human meat is just unpleasant The01:00:00
taste of lions, tigers and the like they have to be01:00:03
seriously hungry to want to01:00:05
eat a disgusting01:00:08
person maybe That's why we survived How01:00:11
can there be some kind of01:00:13
explanation for this? It could be psychological, it01:00:15
could be biological, neurobiological,01:00:17
or perhaps your stomach simply01:00:20
doesn’t have the necessary01:00:23
enzyme,01:00:25
and every time you eat one of01:00:27
yours, you feel bad and I won’t eat01:00:30
it again. Do I understand correctly that01:00:32
agriculture has changed our01:00:35
aggressiveness from the point of view of01:00:37
evolution.01:00:44
Yes, there is a whole school of anthropologists who01:00:47
believe that people were more cruel,01:00:50
people fought when humans and chimpanzees01:00:52
separated, this is 5-6 ml,01:00:55
this is in our genes in our01:01:02
DNA. But if you look more closely,01:01:05
wars were not invented Until people01:01:07
invented agriculture What does01:01:10
agriculture do - it is a more01:01:12
efficient way of producing01:01:13
food than hunting or01:01:18
gathering you can get a01:01:20
surplus more surplus than you need And01:01:23
as soon as these surpluses appear01:01:25
uneven distribution in general01:01:27
classes appear and then a01:01:30
hierarchy arises hunter-gatherers not they go to01:01:33
war against other hunter-gatherers01:01:35
because they have their own Valley, they01:01:38
have the same plants, the same01:01:40
animals and all this, and as soon as01:01:42
material culture appears with01:01:44
agriculture, suddenly01:01:47
the haves and01:01:50
have-nots appear and suddenly you already want their01:01:52
territory from them01:01:54
and suddenly you have hierarchy and kings and leaders01:01:58
suppressing those01:02:05
below if you look at01:02:06
anthropological and paleontological01:02:08
evidence there is a lot of01:02:10
evidence of one person01:02:12
killing another the oldest01:02:14
evidence is 20,000 years ago or01:02:17
so but before agriculture people did not01:02:20
organize themselves armies did not go to war with each01:02:23
other01:02:29
obviously It's such a stupid thing to say, but I01:02:31
think that the invention of01:02:33
agriculture was the worst mistake01:02:35
that people have ever made, it01:02:38
was a terrible01:02:40
mistake. You invented hunger, you invented poverty,01:02:43
you invented war, all this appeared01:02:48
as soon as agriculture was01:02:50
invented, people began to live less than01:02:52
all these years. until the middle of the century That's how01:02:57
bad agriculture had an impact So01:02:59
agriculture was a terrible01:03:01
stupid invention because among01:03:03
everything else it led to the invention of01:03:06
war So you're right this is a relatively01:03:08
new invention of humanity01:03:10
modern man spent about 90% of his01:03:14
time without any wars I'm01:03:17
going to tell you prove that a significant01:03:20
part of our idea of01:03:21
humanity is not true ancestors were01:03:25
much more cruel than us for01:03:27
quite a long time the level of01:03:29
acceptance of violence has dropped significantly and perhaps Now we01:03:32
live in the most peaceful era in the entire01:03:34
history of the existence of our species do01:03:38
you know Steven Pinker is an American01:03:41
scientist who... since he specializes01:03:43
in the field of experimental psychology,01:03:45
he published a big book, the best in us.01:03:48
And where does he prove that over time we01:03:52
have become kinder and better and experience more01:03:57
empathy? Can you argue with him today?01:04:00
Or do you01:04:07
agree, he is a bright person, I know him01:04:10
a little, he is a good speaker he is a writer and it is01:04:13
difficult to argue with him; he is a strict01:04:15
adherent of the idea that man has been at war for01:04:18
5 million01:04:23
years; he cites01:04:28
literature as support; he01:04:30
selects one suitable study and does not01:04:32
choose another unsuitable one; does not01:04:35
analyze all the literature; all his01:04:37
reasoning boils down to the fact that people01:04:39
were terrible and cruel for01:04:41
5 Millions of years before the Enlightenment in01:04:44
Western01:04:48
culture I think on the contrary that hunter-01:04:50
gatherers lived without war for 5 ml years before the01:04:53
advent of civilization and then something happened01:04:56
during the Enlightenment So we have01:04:59
different opinions but the question remains What01:05:01
happened during the01:05:05
Enlightenment his point of view01:05:07
is ambiguous because it says Oh thank01:05:10
God if the Planet is now more Peaceful01:05:12
than it was 500 years ago then it is all01:05:15
thanks to the Enlightenment and the culture of01:05:17
white Christians And that the rest of01:05:20
the planet is somehow taken into account01:05:23
no01:05:27
also it proves that the world after the Second01:05:29
World War has become more calm and01:05:31
declares this so categorically, he01:05:34
proves by this that Europe, white people01:05:36
have become more01:05:41
peaceful, and the USA and the Soviet Union, they01:05:45
came up with a simple way to make01:05:46
other countries fight for01:05:50
them. There was one period when we were lying.01:05:54
Ethiopia and Somalia were at war01:05:56
with each other. and Somalia was Marxist and01:05:58
received Soviet weapons and Ethiopia01:06:01
received American01:06:03
weapons and then there was a coup, the01:06:06
government was overthrown and suddenly01:06:09
Ethiopia became Marxist and received01:06:11
Soviet weapons and Somalia became best01:06:14
friends with the United01:06:17
States. So one of the reasons why01:06:19
Europe became more peaceful is because01:06:21
we understood and forced others to fight our01:06:25
wars for us01:06:28
something and This is a fairly recent01:06:31
invention but what I think he is right about is01:06:34
that the average person has become01:06:35
more01:06:41
peaceful in that in the United01:06:43
States 200 years ago01:06:45
the average person would have said01:06:47
that slavery Well, it's normal, it's01:06:49
normal when a six-year-old child01:06:51
works in a factory and dies from01:06:53
exhaustion. Yes, and it's normal if someone01:06:55
decides to beat their horse to death01:06:57
because it pulls a cart too01:07:04
slowly, but something has changed and now01:07:07
99% of people think it's01:07:12
terrible on an individual level empathy and01:07:15
kindness of this kind of thing has definitely grown over the01:07:17
last 200 years Look at what has01:07:20
been01:07:22
invented [music]01:07:26
United Nations Geneva01:07:28
Convention Red Cross Doctors Without01:07:31
Borders all this has been invented in the01:07:34
last half century or something So01:07:37
in that sense everything has gotten01:07:41
better and So in what sense has it not01:07:44
become better if you take a modern cruel01:07:46
person, then in a medieval village he01:07:48
grabbed a club and beat an innocent01:07:50
person on the head, now you have01:07:54
a weapon and you can shoot 30 people in 10 seconds01:08:04
or instead of sending01:08:07
your army cavalry to attack your neighbors01:08:09
Now you are graduating they just have01:08:11
poisonous gas on them like in the Iran-Iraq01:08:15
war. Therefore, I think that Pinke is right01:08:18
that the average person01:08:20
has become more peace-loving, more partly01:08:24
connected with European culture. Thank you01:08:27
for this. But not only with01:08:31
it, but at the same time, evil01:08:33
destructive people can bring01:08:35
much more destruction of harm than01:08:37
tough and evil people could do01:08:43
before what Hitler01:08:47
did in 1920 there was a man named01:08:51
Henry Faure in the USA I will come to01:08:54
make car production at the01:08:55
factory fully01:09:01
automated and it became possible to01:09:03
produce 40 cars a day the person01:09:05
working there was like an automatic machine making01:09:07
one and the same work again and again every01:09:10
10 seconds, turning the bolt. And what01:09:14
Hitler did, he turned the murder of a person into01:09:17
large-scale factory production,01:09:19
quite in the spirit of the 10th01:09:22
century, this is what the worst of us can do now,01:09:28
at the same time, we have the same01:09:31
as anyone else Animal wiring01:09:33
regarding empathy and social01:09:35
belonging is exactly the same, the01:09:37
only difference is that we can01:09:39
feel empathy for someone on the01:09:42
other side of the planet and send them01:09:47
money, or we can sit and read about01:09:49
how the volcano erupted in Pompeii01:09:51
2000 years ago and see how people01:09:55
died covering their child, you see01:09:58
their cast figures and you feel their01:10:01
pain years01:10:06
later, or again, you can read a01:10:08
book and your heart breaks with01:10:10
sympathy for the01:10:13
hero, we are smart enough And capable of being01:10:15
at the same time the most cruel terrible01:10:17
species on earth and the most01:10:23
no other animal can be altruistic,01:10:27
how much tolerance in general01:10:30
is a natural state of a person01:10:32
or is it some kind of01:10:34
cultural01:10:37
norm that we have invented, I definitely am of the01:10:40
opinion that most of the interesting things in01:10:42
a person were not invented by the01:10:44
person himself and you can see precedents for01:10:47
this in other species of primates I personally am not01:10:50
very impressed by how many01:10:52
beautiful things human culture has come up with.01:10:57
Oh, what do you01:11:00
think, if these are animals, we are talking01:11:03
about their tolerance, how can it be, what does it01:11:06
look like, tolerance of animals not01:11:14
humans? Yes, a good example is a flock of01:11:16
baboons to study I spent01:11:19
30 years, their tolerance could be01:11:20
expressed in the fact that the young man is there01:11:29
and will everyone beat him the next day?01:11:31
Will everyone take out01:11:34
their disappointment on him? Will someone allow him to01:11:36
sit with him? Will he be allowed to01:11:39
look after01:11:47
others and in each the flock of Diamonds has different01:11:50
levels of tolerance in some flocks,01:11:52
pass01:11:54
before someone starts communicating with a01:11:55
newcomer, and in other flocks only 301:11:58
days. So, not only people show01:12:01
tolerance. But there are very different01:12:03
manifestations of tolerance and its levels in01:12:06
different groups of people and among baboons.01:12:09
However as a biologist is still Survival of the01:12:11
fittest or Survival of the01:12:16
Friendly understanding of Darwin's theory01:12:19
has changed a lot and it's not about Darwin but about01:12:21
people who are incorrect or01:12:25
the idea that animals01:12:27
behave for the benefit of their species and the idea that01:12:30
evolution survival of the fittest01:12:37
has changed in the sixties01:12:39
understanding appeared and from the study of01:12:42
animal behavior and from the study of their genetics that01:12:44
animals do not behave for the benefit of their01:12:47
species, it is important for them to simply pass on a copy of01:12:49
their genes to the next generation or the01:12:51
genes of their closest relatives are01:12:55
not a matter of survival from the point of view of01:12:57
evolution, you can live 500 years, but if01:13:00
you do not pass on copies of your genes you are01:13:02
invisible to01:13:06
Evolution So this is just passing on a01:13:08
copy of genes and is not done for the benefit of yourself01:13:12
or the individual with whom you are passing on genes01:13:14
but this is just reproduction this is just01:13:17
reproduction than01:13:22
survival01:13:24
as soon as people found out about this it01:13:26
led to the expansion of the error they even decided01:13:29
that evolution is about aggression about01:13:31
competition about01:13:33
winning about being01:13:35
high and leaving as01:13:37
many copies of your genes as possible that was the01:13:39
next mistake and it dominated for another01:13:41
3001:13:47
years and what we know now is that there are01:13:50
as many evolutionary models of01:13:52
cooperation as there are models of01:13:56
aggression When you look at different01:13:59
species of animals. Look, for example, at01:14:01
bonobo chimpanzees and if you look at the01:14:03
genetics of those males who pass on01:14:06
their genes, these are not the most aggressive, and those01:14:09
that are loved by females with whom they are01:14:11
ready to01:14:14
mate. This is a real revolution in the01:14:16
realization that evolution is not about01:14:18
survival, not about competition is not about01:14:21
aggression, evolution is about competition,01:14:24
aggression in some conditions and about01:14:26
cooperation and altruism in01:14:30
others. It is interesting that the first who thought01:14:33
about this was Prince Peter Kropotkin. In01:14:38
1906, he was 60 years ahead of the scientific01:14:41
literature in his book, writing01:14:44
that evolution is driven by cooperation not01:14:52
violence the Bolsheviks decided not to pay attention to01:14:54
it01:14:56
and he was 60 years ahead of01:14:59
any evolutionary01:15:01
biologist, now we know that Sometimes01:15:03
cooperation helps and sometimes aggression01:15:06
helps And the most important thing is to be01:15:08
smart enough to know when to do01:15:10
one and when to do the other and not confuse them Do01:15:14
you think it is possible for us to have a01:15:18
war with another species in the future? Well, for example, with01:15:22
robots, I think people will be too busy01:15:24
fighting with each01:15:29
other. I think we can count on this01:15:31
with more confidence, unfortunatelyDescription:
Роберт Сапольски «Биология добра и зла» https://alpinabook.ru/catalog/book-biologiya-dobra-i-zla/ Эксклюзивная коллекция одежды "А поговорить?" - https://shop.apogovorit.ru/ Читай нас в Telegram: https://teleg.one/apogovoritofficial 00:00:00 - В гостях у Ирины Шихман - Роберт Сапольски - профессор биологии, неврологии и нейрохирургии в Стэнфордском университете, автор научно-популярных бестселлеров 00:00:45 - Отличаются ли причины агрессии у животных и человека? 00:03:04 - О пропаганде расчеловечивания врага 00:07:42 - Почему идея войны сильнее идеи дружбы? 00:11:18 - Может ли одна нация быть больше восприимчива к пропаганде чем остальные? 00:15:18 - Физиология агрессии у человека и обезьяны 00:18:08 - Что и как в мозге человека отвечает за агрессию? 00:24:21 - Как ученые впервые узнали о влиянии миндалевидного тела на агрессию? 00:25:36 - Существует ли ген агрессии? 00:29:17 - Передается ли агрессия по наследству? 00:30:28 - Как влияет лобная доля на поведение человека? 00:33:34 - Влияние тестостерона на агрессию 00:35:03 - Как культура и социальная среда влияет на человека с самого рождения 00:38:15 - Как влияет адаптация после войны на рост домашнего насилия и как можно на это повлиять 00:42:29 - Про стэнфордский тюремный эксперимент 00:47:51 - Про последствия геймификации насилия 00:49:44 - Про зверства на войне 00:51:44 - Могла ли быть война видов - человека и обезьян, как это показывается в фильмах 00:54:01 - Про каннибализм у людей и животных 00:59:31 - Влияние развития сельского хозяйства на агрессивность 01:03:17 - Про теорию Стивена Пинкера 01:10:28 - Насколько толерантность естественна для человека 01:12:08 - Про изменение взглядов на эволюцию. Выживает не обязательно сильнейший? Ирина Шихман берет эксклюзивные интервью у самых неожиданных гостей! А поговорить?.. НАМ РАССКАЖУТ ВСЕ! Подпишись на канал https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp2J7GRxQ36QLqW4ReLLt5g?sub_confirmation=1 *Instagram — принадлежит американской компании Meta, которую признали экстремистской, запрещён на территории РФ. **Meta — материнская компания Facebook, WhatsApp и Instagram. Признана экстремистской и запрещена на территории РФ
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