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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:07
‘I am far from being delighted with everything I see around me,00:00:11
but I swear on my honor that for nothing in the world I would want to change my fatherland00:00:17
or have a different history than the history of our ancestors,00:00:21
such as God gave it to us.’00:00:24
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin.00:00:32
LAND
EPISODE 3
"THE PACT"00:00:40
In the mid-30s, the Soviet Union, which had been created on the ruins of the Russian Empire,00:00:45
was turning from a pariah country into a recognized and respected power.00:00:51
Although western countries were wary of communist ideology,00:00:56
the USSR was not considered a primary threat to the global world order.00:01:01
The Soviet leadership pursued a peaceful foreign policy00:01:05
and did not plan to rearrange borders.00:01:09
Meanwhile, another European state — Germany — was causing increasing concern.00:01:15
There were serious reasons for that.00:01:23
After the World War I, the victorious countries Great Britain, France, and the USA00:01:29
seized a number of territories from Germany,00:01:32
achieved a considerable reduction in the German army00:01:35
and enormous monetary reparations.00:01:40
Many Germans perceived the outcome of the war as a national humiliation00:01:44
and dreamed of retaliation.00:01:46
Those sentiments were reinforced during the Great Depression.00:01:50
One of the most popular German politicians was Adolf Hitler,00:01:54
the leader of the National Socialist Party,00:01:57
who promised to bring Germany back to greatness again.00:02:05
On January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor,00:02:11
head of the German government.00:02:14
Three days later, he publicly repeated what he had written in his book Mein Kampf.00:02:20
'The most important goal of Germany00:02:22
is the conquest of a new living space in the east.'00:02:31
For the leadership of the USSR, this was an extremely alarming signal.00:02:35
At the initiative of Stalin, Soviet diplomats sought to start negotiations00:02:40
on the creation of a collective security system with the leading western powers —00:02:45
Great Britain and France.00:02:48
However, both London and Paris endlessly dragged out this process.00:02:52
Contrary to Moscow's opinion,00:02:54
western politicians did not object to the annexation of Austria to the German Reich.00:02:59
Then they approved the forced separation of the Sudetenland00:03:03
and several other regions from Czechoslovakia.00:03:07
However, the concessions, which were supposed to appease Hitler, only whetted his appetite.00:03:13
Hitler promised Great Britain and France to leave the Czechs alone,00:03:18
but in March 1939 the Reich troops entered Prague.00:03:25
The next day, Hitler declared a German protectorate on Czech territory.00:03:30
France and Britain were concerned about this situation00:03:34
and provided Poland with guarantees of assistance in the event of German aggression.00:03:39
Hitler was steadily moving towards his declared goal expanding German influence to the east.00:03:45
There was no doubt that he would not stop there.00:03:54
In harsh and even brutal political fight of the 20s and 30s, Stalin relied on Vyacheslav Molotov00:04:00
appointed as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars,00:04:04
i.e. the Soviet government.00:04:07
In the context of the political crisis in Europe and the world,00:04:11
Stalin offered Molotov to head the main diplomatic department00:04:16
of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs.00:04:22
Now, not only the security of the western borders of the USSR,00:04:26
but also the very survival of the Soviet state00:04:29
depended on the success of the new people's commissar.00:04:38
Intelligence reported to Stalin00:04:41
that Hitler was negotiating with
Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck.00:04:46
The details of those negotiations were also known.00:04:50
In particular, the Reich Chancellor demanded that Poland grant Germany00:04:54
the right of free passage through the so-called Danzig Corridor;00:04:59
that narrow strip of land that separated the main territory of Germany from East Prussia00:05:06
was transferred to the Polish state after the World War I.00:05:10
However, the Polish authorities would not give in.00:05:13
They understood that Hitler was one step away from declaring war,00:05:17
but they hoped he would not dare to take extreme measures00:05:21
because Poland had the support of its military allies — France and Great Britain.00:05:27
But could they stop Hitler?00:05:31
The Soviet leadership had to work out all possible scenarios.00:05:38
In the late 30s, the Republic of Poland included the lands of western Belarus and Ukraine.00:05:46
Six million ethnic Belarusians and Ukrainians lived there.00:05:53
Hitler's immediate goals were no secret to either Soviet or western diplomats.00:06:00
Robert Coulondre, the French ambassador to Berlin, wrote:00:06:03
‘To become a master in central Europe by subjugating Czechoslovakia and Hungary,00:06:09
then to create a great Ukraine under German hegemony00:06:14
seems basically to be the concept adopted by the Nazi leaders.’00:06:19
The USSR offered Poland security guarantees,00:06:22
but they were indignantly rejected.00:06:25
If Wehrmacht troops had occupied Poland,00:06:28
then only 250 kilometers would have separated them from Kiev, the capital of Soviet Ukraine,00:06:34
and no more than 50 kilometers from Minsk.00:06:40
One more danger to the Soviet borders came from the northwest00:06:44
as German influence was growing in Finland.00:06:47
And the Soviet Union was rather interested in its neutral status.00:06:53
Otherwise, Leningrad, a major industrial and strategic center of the USSR,00:06:59
would fall in the very first days of the war.00:07:04
Indeed, the Finnish border was only 32 kilometers away from the city.00:07:11
Finland came a long way to gain its own statehood.00:07:15
Since the 12th century, Finnish lands had been under the rule of Sweden.00:07:21
Some of them became part of the Russian Empire in 172100:07:25
upon the results of the Great Northern War;00:07:28
however, the major part of it was incorporated into the Russian Empire00:07:32
after the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809.00:07:38
Emperor Alexander I provided the Grand Duchy of Finland with autonomy00:07:43
and gave to it the Vyborg Governorate, a province that had been acquired by Peter I00:07:49
and occupied the Karelian Isthmus.00:07:53
From that time on, Finland had its own customs and judicial systems,00:07:59
the Finnish mark was used as currency,00:08:03
and the Finnish and Swedish languages had official status.00:08:07
However, during the reign of Alexander III, the process of russification began00:08:12
in the Grand Duchy of Finland,00:08:15
which caused discontent among the local population.00:08:18
At the beginning of the 20th century,00:08:20
tsar’s government revoked a number of Finnish privileges.00:08:23
Anti-Russian sentiment strengthened.00:08:26
Helsingfors, present-day Helsinki, became one of the centers of the revolutionary movement.00:08:34
In December 1917, the Finnish Senate declared state independence.00:08:41
It was recognized by the Bolshevik government on the last day of 191700:08:46
according to the Gregorian calendar.00:08:49
However, Vyborg and other cities of the Karelian Isthmus remained with Finland.00:08:58
In 1936, Andrey Zhdanov, the first secretary of the Leningrad regional party committee, stated:00:09:06
‘Before a serious military conflict breaks out in Europe,00:09:10
it is necessary to secure the northern capital.’00:09:13
He believed that the Soviet Union00:09:15
should occupy part of the Finnish territory on the Karelian Isthmus.00:09:20
It was from there that enemy guns could shell Leningrad.00:09:25
The islands, which were located in the Gulf of Finland00:09:28
and belonged to Finland,
posed no less potential danger;00:09:31
if necessary, they gave the enemy the advantage of blocking Kronstadt,00:09:36
the main base of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.00:09:55
However, the occupation of the territory of a sovereign state00:09:58
could lead to the most deplorable consequences for the international reputation of the USSR.00:10:05
It was necessary to find a peaceful way to solve the Finnish problem.00:10:16
Boris Rybkin, who worked under the cover of the second secretary of the embassy,00:10:21
had been the resident of Soviet intelligence in Helsinki for the third year already.00:10:26
In April 1938, Rybkin received an urgent call to visit Moscow.00:10:36
To his surprise, he was immediately taken the Kremlin upon arrival.00:10:46
Here, Rybkin met with Stalin himself,00:10:49
at which he received a secret task of national importance:00:10:53
he had to enter into negotiations with the leadership of Finland, find out sentiments00:10:58
and pave the way for the conclusion of a defensive treaty with the Soviet Union.00:11:05
Rybkin was appointed chargé d'affaires ad interim of the USSR00:11:10
becoming the de facto Soviet ambassador to Finland.00:11:19
Having returned to Helsinki, Rybkin immediately set about fulfilling his mission.00:11:24
The essence of the Soviet proposal was as follows:00:11:28
Finland undertakes to prevent German troops from entering the country,00:11:33
and, in order to ensure the fulfillment of this obligation,00:11:37
the USSR also deploys its military bases to Finland.00:11:43
The meetings were held at the highest level.00:11:47
The Soviet representative was first met by the Finnish Foreign Minister00:11:52
Rudolf Holsti followed by the Prime Minister Aimo Cajander.00:11:56
Both smiled politely, but did not agree with the Soviet proposals.00:12:01
Rybkin reported to the center:00:12:03
‘Apparently, the Finns are waiting for a better offer.’00:12:09
And in Moscow, Vyacheslav Molotov had been negotiating from June 193900:12:14
with British and French representatives00:12:17
on the creation of an anti-Hitler alliance.00:12:21
The new People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs was a meticulous and stubborn person00:12:26
who defended Soviet proposals to the letter00:12:29
and did not allow western partners to get off with generalities.00:12:34
They demanded a public statement that00:12:36
the USSR undertook to provide military assistance to Britain and France00:12:41
if Germany attacked Poland.00:12:44
Molotov did not mind, but he wanted a reciprocal guarantee00:12:48
in case of German aggression hit the Baltic countries —00:12:52
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland —00:12:55
or even if they themselves, under pressure, agreed to invite German troops.00:13:02
However, the western powers were unwilling to provide such guarantees.00:13:06
Molotov sent a telegram to the Soviet ambassadors in London and Paris:00:13:11
‘As you can see, the British and French demand unilateral and free assistance from us,00:13:17
not undertaking to provide us with equivalent assistance.’00:13:25
July 1939 came.00:13:28
Two months left before the outbreak of World War II.00:13:33
After all, western diplomats admitted that the Soviet government00:13:37
would not accept any compromise in order to secure their borders.00:13:42
On July 23, the British and French ambassadors informed Molotov00:13:48
that the military representatives of their countries00:13:51
were ready to immediately leave for the Soviet capital.00:13:54
The People's Commissar was inspired, he had a feeling00:13:57
that the upcoming military summit would make a powerful impression on Hitler.00:14:03
However, precious time was running out.00:14:05
Two weeks passed before the French and British delegations00:14:09
left for Moscow.00:14:11
Incredibly, they chose the longest way to travel:00:14:15
first by sea to Leningrad and then by train.00:14:19
Western military arrived in Moscow only on August 11.00:14:24
Twenty days left before the start of World War II.00:14:29
From the Soviet side, the negotiations were headed by00:14:32
People's Commissar of Defense Marshal Kliment Voroshilov.00:14:35
The parties hardly groped for positions that could suit all participants.00:14:43
Only on the third day it turned out that Admiral Drags,00:14:48
the head of the British delegation, was unauthorized to sign the final documents.00:14:54
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain hoped00:14:57
to use the negotiations only as a means of pressure on Hitler;00:15:00
therefore, he dragged them out as best he could.00:15:04
Right during the negotiations, Voroshilov received a note from Stalin's secretary:00:15:09
‘Klim, Koba said you should stop the hurdy-gurdy.’00:15:13
The Soviet leadership had no doubts:00:15:16
the discussion of a military-political treaty with France and Britain00:15:21
would not yield fruit.00:15:23
The last option remaining00:15:26
was to enter into dialogue with Germany.00:15:28
German officials had been making it clear for months00:15:33
that they would like to improve relations with the Soviet Union.00:15:38
On August 3, 1939, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop00:15:46
told Soviet attorney Georgy Astakhov:00:15:50
‘We could easily agree on all issues00:15:53
related to the territory from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea.’00:16:01
The German side was in a hurry,00:16:03
Hitler was already preparing to invade Poland,00:16:06
and his diplomats had to do everything possible00:16:09
to prevent the creation of an anti-German coalition00:16:12
with the participation of the USSR.00:16:16
If the Red Army had supported the troops of the Polish Republic,00:16:20
this could have turned into a disaster for the Wehrmacht.00:16:25
At the end of August 1939,00:16:28
Germany was ready to make proposals to the Soviet leadership00:16:32
that they could not even dream of until recently.00:16:37
Seven days left before the start of World War II.00:16:42
On August 23, 1939,00:16:45
Joachim von Ribbentrop flew to Moscow.00:16:54
On the night of August 24, a non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union,00:17:00
also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, was signed in Moscow.00:17:07
According to this document, the parties committed to refrain from any use of force,00:17:12
any aggressive action or attack against each other00:17:17
should it be carried out separately or jointly with other powers.00:17:23
The Soviet leaders had no illusions;00:17:26
they understood that eventually Hitler would attack the USSR.00:17:30
By signing the pact, Stalin and Molotov tried to delay this moment00:17:34
in order to prepare for the upcoming war.00:17:38
However, there was something else.00:17:40
The most important component of the non-aggression pact was the Secret Protocol.00:17:48
In it, the parties determined the boundaries of their interests00:17:51
in the event of a territorial and political reorganization of Poland and the Baltic states.00:17:59
According to the Secret Protocol,00:18:01
Latvia and Estonia were included in the Soviet sphere of interests;00:18:05
Lithuania was included in Germany's.00:18:07
However, a month later,00:18:09
Hitler renounced his claims to Lithuania.00:18:11
In addition, they recognized the right of the Lithuanian state to Vilnius and the Vilnius region,00:18:17
which had been captured by Poland in 1920.00:18:22
On the territory of Poland itself, the border of interests00:18:25
ran along the rivers Narew, Vistula, and San.00:18:28
The issue of Poland's sovereignty was supposed to be clarified later00:18:33
by agreement of the parties.00:18:35
In addition, USSR stated its interest in Bessarabia,00:18:38
while Germany admitted its indifference.00:18:41
Most of the lands that entered the Soviet sphere of influence00:18:46
used to be part of the Russian Empire before the revolution.00:18:51
By signing the Secret Protocol, the Soviet side received additional time to prepare00:18:57
for the inevitable war with Germany00:18:59
and outlined the limit of German expansion.00:19:02
Thanks to the perseverance of Stalin and Molotov,00:19:05
Berlin abandoned its claims to exactly those regions that could become a springboard00:19:11
for military operations against the USSR.00:19:14
That was a major diplomatic victory for the Kremlin.00:19:20
The news of the rapprochement between irreconcilable ideological opponents —00:19:25
Nazi Germany and communist Russia — stunned the world.00:19:29
European newspapers were full of caricatures of Stalin and Hitler.00:19:35
However, the news produced a real shock in Tokyo.00:19:39
The Japanese government declared a protest to Germany.00:19:42
Relations between the two states were damaged for a long time.00:19:46
As a result, Japan's foreign policy concept changed.00:19:53
Even in the most difficult months for the Red Army00:19:56
in 1941 and 1942,00:20:00
Japanese troops did not support the German allies00:20:04
with a strike on the Soviet Far East.00:20:13
On the night of September 1, 1939, the troops of the Third Reich crossed the Polish border.00:20:22
Having won border battles, they launched an offensive across the entire front.00:20:27
Britain and France declared war on Germany.00:20:30
However, they did not engage in combat.00:20:34
By the middle of the month, the Polish army was on the verge of total defeat.00:20:44
Meanwhile, Admiral Canaris, the chief of the German military intelligence,00:20:48
was holding informal talks with Andriy Melnyk, the head of the Ukrainian nationalist organization.00:20:55
The talks were about creating an independent Ukraine.00:21:01
Although Germany did not support those plans,00:21:04
Werner von der Schulenburg, the German ambassador in Moscow, warned Molotov:00:21:09
'In case of no Russian intervention, there might be no political vacuum in the lands lying to the east00:21:17
of the German sphere of influence.00:21:19
Without the intervention of the Soviet government, new states could be formed there.'00:21:26
Stalin waited until the last moment.00:21:28
Finally, in the early morning of September 17,00:21:31
Polish Ambassador Wacław Grzybowski00:21:34
was summoned to the
People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs.00:21:38
Molotov's deputy Vladimir Potemkin read him a note:00:21:42
‘The Polish state and its government actually ceased to exist,00:21:48
what means that the agreements00:21:49
concluded between the USSR and Poland
have become invalid.00:21:53
In view of this situation, the Soviet government ordered the Red Army high command00:21:59
to order the troops to cross the border and take under their protection the life and property00:22:05
of the population of
western Ukraine and western Belarus.’00:22:17
At 6 a.m. on September 17, 1939,00:22:20
seven groups of the Red Army, a total of 618,000 soldiers and 4,730 tanks,00:22:28
entered the territory of Poland.00:22:33
The same day, Polish government left the country.00:22:37
Polish Supreme Commander Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered00:22:42
the troops not to resist the Red Army.00:22:57
However, some commanders did not receive the order.00:23:00
Combats took place near Grodno and Shatsk.00:23:05
Where the Polish army retreated, partisan groups were organized.00:23:11
Ivan Serov, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR, wrote in his diaries:00:23:16
‘We seized young high school students from the churches,00:23:19
who, during interrogation, testified that they had picked up weapons from retreating Polish units,00:23:25
that they did not agree with the occupation of Poland by Russians,00:23:28
so they would fight us.00:23:30
There were young women among them.00:23:32
They called us “psiakrew”, i.e. dog blood,00:23:35
they were extremely hostile.’00:23:42
Neither Britain nor France protested against the Soviet actions.00:23:47
They advised the Polish government-in-exile00:23:50
not to declare war on the Soviet Union.00:23:53
Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, stated:00:23:58
'That the Russian armies should stand on this line00:24:01
was clearly necessary for the safety of Russia against the Nazi menace.'00:24:07
By the end of September
the West of Belarus and Ukraine00:24:11
was occupied by the Red Army.00:24:15
The territory of 196,000 square kilometers with a population of about 13 million people00:24:21
passed under the control of the USSR.00:24:31
Western Ukrainian lands had been under the rule of Rzeczpospolita for a long time00:24:36
and were divided between two empires — Russia and Austria — at the end of the 18th century.00:24:43
Austria took Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia,00:24:47
Russia took Volhynia and Podolia.00:24:50
Gradually, a pro-Russian movement formed among the inhabitants of Galicia.00:24:54
Representatives of the local intelligentsia carried out educational work,00:24:58
published newspapers and magazines,00:25:00
created circles for the study of Russian culture.00:25:05
Simultaneously, the idea of creating a unified Ukrainian state arose,00:25:10
but until the beginning of the 20th century it did not yet have much support.00:25:15
After the collapse of the Russian Empire and the lost Soviet-Polish war,00:25:19
the Bolsheviks were forced to transfer Galicia,00:25:22
part of Volhynia and western Belarus to Poland.00:25:25
Many locals took it as a national tragedy.00:25:29
A number of prominent Galicians such as Mykhailo Lozynsky and Petro Franko00:25:34
migrated to Soviet Ukraine.00:25:40
Meanwhile, radical opponents of the Polish authorities00:25:43
created a terrorist and fascist organization of Ukrainian nationalists.00:25:50
Later, its leaders Yevhen Konovalets, Andriy Melnyk, Stepan Bandera and others00:25:57
cooperated with Nazi Germany.00:26:02
During the Great Patriotic War,00:26:04
OUN units committed sabotage, attacks on Red Army formations00:26:09
and Soviet partisan groups.00:26:12
The Soviet leadership and command of the Red Army repeatedly tried to establish00:26:17
dialogue with the leadership of Ukrainian nationalists, but to no avail.00:26:22
Separate OUN groups continued to operate on the territory of Soviet Ukraine00:26:28
until they were crushed in the 1950s.00:26:31
For some time, the Ukrainian and Belarusian territories occupied by the Red Army00:26:36
remained formally independent.00:26:39
Soviets were formed here and people's assemblies were held.00:26:45
Writer Konstantin Simonov recalled:00:26:48
‘I saw with my own eyes a people truly liberated from the power it hated,00:26:53
I listened to conversations, I was present on the first day of the people's assembly meeting.00:27:00
For me there was no question.00:27:02
In western Belarus, where I happened to be,00:27:04
the Belarusian population, and it constituted a majority,00:27:08
welcomed our arrival, they wanted it.’00:27:13
On November 12, 1939, western Belarus became part of the Byelorussian SSR.00:27:20
Two days later, western Ukraine was admitted to the Ukrainian SSR.00:27:27
And yet the attitude of the inhabitants to this event was not uniform.00:27:32
Part of the population welcomed the accession to the Soviet Union,00:27:36
the other categorically opposed it.00:27:44
The Polish campaign of the Red Army had not yet ended00:27:47
when the Soviet government started negotiations00:27:50
with the authorities of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.00:27:53
The security of the USSR directly depended on whether the Baltic republics would remain neutral.00:28:01
German influence in this region increased00:28:04
and in March 1939 Lithuania transferred to Germany the city of Klaipeda,00:28:10
or Memel, a strategically important Baltic port.00:28:14
In April of the same year, Latvian and Estonian military leaders00:28:19
visited Berlin and received awards from Hitler.00:28:23
The Secret Protocol to the non-aggression pact clearly divided the spheres of influence.00:28:30
However, Moscow still had to convince Baltic governments00:28:34
that cooperation with the Soviet Union would bring them great benefits.00:28:41
The Kremlin insisted that in order to move the German menace away from its borders,00:28:46
the USSR should deploy a limited military contingent in the Baltic countries.00:28:52
Addressing the Estonian government, Vyacheslav Molotov stated:00:28:56
‘We do not intend to affect either your sovereignty or the state system, we are not going to impose00:29:03
communism on Estonia, we do not want to affect the economic system of Estonia.’00:29:09
The same promises were made to Latvia and Lithuania.00:29:12
Only after the units of the Red Army were pulled up to the borders00:29:17
of the Baltic states, consent was received.00:29:24
Soviet troops entered the territory of the Baltic states.00:29:28
The contacts of the Red Army men with local residents were strictly limited.00:29:33
Republican authorities recognized00:29:35
that the Russian garrisons did not cause any misunderstanding or issues.00:29:40
However, the problem of the Soviet-Finnish border still remained unresolved.00:29:47
Boris Rybkin presented the Finnish side with the new conditions of the Soviet government.00:29:52
The USSR offered Finland to exchange the territory north of Leningrad00:29:58
for twice as large Karelian lands.00:30:01
But the Finns again refused.00:30:04
The negotiations stalled.00:30:06
Even the participation of Stalin could not shift the logjam created by the Finnish government.00:30:13
On November 30, 1939, units of the Leningrad military district00:30:19
crossed the Finnish border.00:30:21
The Soviet-Finnish war began.00:30:25
Stalin believed the Red Army would not encounter any considerable resistance00:30:29
in that sparsely populated country.00:30:33
However, the Finns had been preparing to rebuff the Soviets for several months.00:30:37
They announced a general mobilization, held large-scale military exercises00:30:43
and fortified a system of defensive structures on the Karelian Isthmus,00:30:48
the so-called Mannerheim Line.00:30:51
Kirill Meretskov, the commander of the 7th Army, recalled:00:30:55
‘Some of our intelligence officers,00:30:57
as it was clear from the materials sent to the LVO [Leningrad Military District],00:31:03
deemed the line to be nothing more than propaganda.’00:31:07
Soon the Red Army soldiers were convinced of the opposite.00:31:11
For more than a month, Soviet troops failed to break through the Finnish fortifications.00:31:16
Finns defended their country with perseverance and remarkable courage.00:31:21
Casualties on both sides amounted to thousands.00:31:25
Yekaterina Tolstaya, a participant to the Winter War as a common nurse, said:00:31:30
'The worst thing there was the cold.00:31:32
It was very scary to do the initial treatment of the wounded,00:31:36
many had to be picked up and evacuated from under the snow already frozen.00:31:41
Sometimes frozen people stood in full length under the snow.'00:31:49
Convoys left Leningrad to the north,00:31:52
they carried everything that the Red Army soldiers needed so much:00:31:56
from felt boots and sheepskin coats to medicines, dugout stoves and mobile bakeries.00:32:12
At the head of the military council of the northwestern front,00:32:15
Andrey Zhdanov was responsible for military logistics.00:32:22
Three years before, he predicted that the Finns would not accept Soviet conditions without a war,00:32:28
and now he did everything in his power to bring victory closer.00:32:37
The trains with additional weapons, artillery, and personnel were sent to Finland the same road.00:32:45
In one of the train cars, Zhdanov's own nephew Anton, a 4th year student,00:32:50
went to the front as a volunteer.00:32:58
By February, the Red Army had achieved a threefold superiority00:33:02
in forces over the enemy troops.00:33:04
The new offensive was a success.00:33:06
Soviet troops successfully assaulted the Mannerheim Line,00:33:10
captured Vyborg and other cities.00:33:13
Only when Finland was threatened with complete occupation00:33:16
did the country's government agree to territorial concessions.00:33:23
On March 13, 1940, the USSR and Finland signed a peace treaty.00:33:30
The territory of the Karelian Isthmus and several islands in the Gulf of Finland00:33:34
were transferred to the Soviet Union.00:33:37
The state border was moved away from Leningrad by 150 kilometers.00:33:43
The acquired lands became part of the new Karelo-Finnish SSR, a Union Republic.00:33:50
However, all the lands were empty.00:33:52
Finns began evacuating the civilian population even before the war.00:33:57
Soon the deserted streets and houses abandoned by the owners00:34:01
were filled with new residents.00:34:04
Immigrants from different parts of the Soviet Union came to the Karelian Isthmus,00:34:11
and the descendants of the former Finnish owners still come here as tourists to see the places00:34:19
where their grandparents once lived.00:34:24
In the spring of 1940, having established dominance over Poland,00:34:29
Hitler turned the Wehrmacht to the west.00:34:36
The Kingdom of Denmark fell six hours after the first German air strikes.00:34:42
The Netherlands, Norway, and Belgium followed Denmark and capitulated.00:34:47
France held out longer than other continental nations.00:34:52
It resisted the troops of the Third Reich for 42 days.00:34:57
Only Great Britain offered continuous resistance to Germany.00:35:02
Most of the conquered countries were bound by non-aggression treaties with Germany00:35:07
similar to that it had with the Soviet Union.00:35:13
The Secret Protocol to the Soviet-German treaty stipulated00:35:17
that Bessarabia belonged to the sphere of interests of the USSR.00:35:22
That region had been part of the Russian Empire for more than a century,00:35:26
but after the October Revolution, it was annexed to Romania.00:35:31
The Kremlin never acknowledged the loss of Bessarabia00:35:34
and accused the Romanian government of illegal seizure.00:35:38
For two decades, the issue remained very sensitive.00:35:43
Even after signing the Soviet-German pact, Stalin delayed the resolution of the problem.00:35:48
Only after the fall of France, which was bound with Romania by military guarantees,00:35:54
did Moscow issue an ultimatum to Bucharest.00:35:59
Bessarabia, the eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia, was for more than 300 years00:36:05
under the rule of Turks and was integrated into the Russian Empire in 181200:36:09
after the victory in the Russo-Turkish war.00:36:13
That dramatically changed the lives of the local population.00:36:17
The merchant class received numerous benefits.00:36:21
Those led to the growth of trade, agriculture, and industry.00:36:28
Economic growth was accompanied by a cultural upsurge.00:36:32
Schools, gymnasiums, theaters were opened in the Bessarabia governorate.00:36:37
A public library was founded in Chisinau.00:36:41
Stories about the wealth and liberties of Bessarabia attracted numerous settlers here.00:36:47
By the beginning of the 20th century, along with the Moldavians and Gagauz,00:36:51
tens of thousands of Russians, Ukrainians, Jews, Greeks, Bulgarians, and Germans00:36:56
lived on the lands of the governorate.00:36:59
At the same time, the local nobility retained their privileges.00:37:02
The Russian nobility included 260 Moldavian boyar families.00:37:09
Natives of Bessarabia became generals and admirals,00:37:13
ministers and members of the State Duma.00:37:21
On June 28, 1940, units of the Red Army00:37:25
freely entered the territory of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.00:37:31
Local residents greeted the Soviet soldiers with flowers and music,00:37:36
red flags were hung on the houses,00:37:39
a military parade was held in Chisinau.00:37:42
Commander of the Kiev military district Georgy Zhukov congratulated people00:37:46
on the liberation from the Romanian invaders.00:37:51
On August 2, a new republic — the Moldavian SSR — emerged in the Soviet Union.00:37:58
This was followed by a series of cleansing of the anti-Soviet residents of the republic.00:38:04
According to some reports, 8,000 people were deported from Moldova in 1940.00:38:11
Northern Bukovina became the Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR,00:38:16
and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it remained part of independent Ukraine.00:38:26
Moldova remained a predominantly agricultural region.00:38:30
That was facilitated by a wonderful climate and rich soils.00:38:35
However, after the war in 1946, a severe famine broke out here due to drought.00:38:44
The government of the USSR decided to release Moldova00:38:47
from the supply of certain types of products.00:38:51
Additional food was imported into the republic.00:38:54
Famine, as well as forced collectivization,00:38:58
led to the growth of anti-Soviet sentiment and armed resistance.00:39:03
In this regard, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party00:39:07
decided that former landowners, wealthy peasants, entrepreneurs, sectarians,00:39:11
and people who helped the Romanian and German invaders00:39:14
must be evicted from Bessarabia.00:39:16
In 1949, 11,280 families, i.e. 40,850 people, were evicted from the Moldavian SSR.00:39:28
The confiscated property was transferred into the possession of collective and state farms,00:39:34
and buildings and houses were sold to private individuals.00:39:41
Meanwhile, the crushing victories of the Wehrmacht00:39:44
radically changed the balance of power in Europe.00:39:47
The Soviet leadership was afraid that the authorities of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania00:39:53
would join the stronger side and collude with Nazi Germany.00:39:58
For a year now, a limited contingent of the Red Army00:40:01
had been stationed on the territory of the Baltic states,00:40:04
but now that measure seemed no longer sufficient.00:40:07
The Baltic states received ultimatums.00:40:11
The Kremlin demanded the governments to be changed to friendlier ones towards the USSR.00:40:16
The troops of the Soviet border military districts were put on alert.00:40:22
Lithuanian President Antanas Smetona urged the Cabinet of Ministers to resist the Soviets,00:40:28
but he did not receive support and fled to Germany.00:40:32
Latvia and Estonia unconditionally accepted Moscow's position.00:40:36
Representatives of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks party went to Vilnius, Riga and Tallinn.00:40:41
They had to do preparations for the elections and the change of power.00:40:54
In the past, these two men held ensign rank in the Russian Imperial Army,00:40:59
now they are discussing the fate of Estonia,00:41:01
a country that broke away from the Russian Empire.00:41:05
Refusing to admit the obvious, President Päts hoped to stay in power as long as possible.00:41:12
He swore allegiance to the Soviet-Estonian agreements00:41:15
and proposed his own candidates of the new government.00:41:19
However, the Soviet plenipotentiary reproached him in response.00:41:23
Zhdanov listed in a cold voice:00:41:25
‘You dragged out the agreement on the deployment of Soviet troops,00:41:29
held negotiations with Germany,00:41:31
planned to create a military alliance with Latvia and Lithuania00:41:35
against the USSR .’00:41:38
At last, the Estonian dictator lost his nerve00:41:41
realizing his game was over.00:41:46
It took several days to form a new government.00:41:50
Zhdanov included in it representatives of the Estonian intelligentsia00:41:54
known among the people and sympathetic to the Soviet Union.00:41:59
Meanwhile, massive pro-Soviet demonstrations took place all over Estonia.00:42:06
An operational report of the NKVD of the USSR on the situation00:42:10
in the Russian regions of Estonia dated July 5, 1940 said:00:42:15
‘Peasants came to the rallies from nearby villages, organized, with red flags, singing Soviet songs.00:42:22
There was a case in Izborsk when a local peasant woman called on the population00:42:28
to immediately join the Soviet Union and rob the local merchants.'00:42:35
However, there were no less dissatisfied people,00:42:38
mainly among representatives of indigenous peoples: Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians.00:42:43
Expressing their protest, they put badges in the form of national flags into their buttonholes,00:42:48
and women walked through the streets with bouquets of white flowers00:42:52
showing they did not recognize the red color.00:42:59
The Baltic lands became part of the Russian Empire in the 18th century00:43:03
upon the results of the Northern War and the Third Partition of Rzeczpospolita.00:43:08
They were called the Ostsee region,00:43:11
which in turn was divided into three governorates of Estonia, Livonia, and Courland.00:43:17
They were adjoined by Kovno and Vilnius governorates00:43:21
that included the lands of present-day Lithuania.00:43:24
The Ostsee region had a special legal status.00:43:29
In addition to the general imperial legislation, local one was in force here,00:43:34
and the privileged position of the Baltic nobility was secured by Peter I.00:43:40
Many of its representatives, such as the Benckendorffs, Palens, Bergs, Lieven, Wrangels00:43:46
became part of the Russian elite.00:43:49
The Baltic peasants also received their privileges.00:43:53
Serfdom in the Ostsee governorates was abolished at the beginning of the 19th century,00:43:59
long before its abolition in the rest of Russia.00:44:02
Under the rule of the Russian crown, hundreds of schools and hospitals00:44:07
were established in Estland, Livonia, and Courland00:44:10
just as the Dorpat University,
one of the largest and oldest in the Empire.00:44:16
Hundreds of plants and factories were built including the famous Riga Russo-Balt,00:44:22
which produced the first cars and aircrafts in Russia.00:44:26
When the Baltic republics gained independence after the October Revolution, they were a rich00:44:33
and industrialized region with an overwhelming percentage of the educated population.00:44:43
On July 21, 1940, the first session of the new Estonian parliament00:44:48
announced the republic's accession to the Soviet Union.00:44:53
Estonia was followed by Latvia and Lithuania ratifying declarations of accession into the USSR.00:45:01
At that moment, the world community practically did not react to this event,00:45:06
however, the United States and Great Britain00:45:09
characterized the accession of the Baltic republics into the USSR00:45:14
as forced and refused to recognize its legitimacy.00:45:19
The train left and began to accelerate.00:45:23
The Soviet plenipotentiary was leaving Estonia with a sense of accomplishment.00:45:27
Listening to the rhythmic clatter of wheels,00:45:30
he thought that henceforth both the port of Tallinn and all coastal batteries and fortifications00:45:36
were under the control of the Red Fleet, what meant that the approach to Leningrad00:45:41
from the side of the Gulf of Finland was reliably protected.00:45:46
Andrei Zhdanov did not yet know that a year later00:45:50
Baltic republics would be occupied by German troops,00:45:54
and the northern capital would have to endure a terrible 872 days of blockade.Description:
https://www.youtube.com/starmedia Лучшие русские и зарубежные фильмы, сериалы всех жанров. https://www.youtube.com/user/starmedia/playlists?shelf_id=43&view=50&sort=dd Здесь только хорошее кино: мелодрамы, драмы, детективы, комедии, ужасы, документальные фильмы в хорошем качестве! Все серии: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhuA9d7RIOdY0UwBHvYhnB_rrVgS19h2Y Документально-игровой фильм «Земля» рассказывает о формировании Российской Империи и СССР, а затем в современную Россию — прирост и потеря земель; исторические события, которые влияли на территориальную целостность России, сам территориальный и национальный принцип устройства нашего государства в разное время. Наше повествование начинается с эпохи Ивана III и заканчивается беловежскими соглашениями. А между ними несколько сотен лет – драматических, противоречивых. Начнем мы со знаменитого стояния на Угре, где с помощью художественных сцен игровой реконструкции мы погрузим телезрителя в атмосферу драматических событий в средневековой Руси. Онлайн-кинотеатр StarMedia на YouTube https://www.youtube.com/starmedia Смотреть онлайн фильмы и сериалы бесплатно в хорошем качестве. Star Media в социальных сетях: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser https://vk.com/starmediafilm https://ok.ru/starmedia https://workspaceupdates.googleblog.com/2023/04/new-community-features-for-google-chat-and-an-update-currents%20.html StarmediafilmRu https://twitter.com/StarMedia_2006 https://www.linkedin.com/company/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-star-media- #StarMedia
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