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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:06
[music]00:00:14
by the beginning of 1940, the first year, most of00:00:18
Europe was occupied by Hitler's00:00:20
Germany in a matter of weeks,00:00:23
Poland was defeated, Belgium was captured,00:00:25
Holland,00:00:26
France, Norway and Denmark,00:00:29
Great Britain was bombed daily by a00:00:31
Luftwaffe squadron00:00:35
in this situation, the United States00:00:37
decided to help the allies On00:00:39
March 11, 1941, President Roosevelt00:00:44
signed the law about Lend-Lease00:00:46
economic assistance to countries fighting00:00:49
against Hitler,00:00:50
six months later this program was00:00:53
extended to the USSR00:00:56
len list was still the only thing that00:01:00
could help the Soviet Union before the00:01:03
opening of specific hostilities00:01:06
during the war years, overcoming difficulties and00:01:09
mortal danger,00:01:11
American convoys delivered to the00:01:13
Soviet Union millions of tons of military00:01:15
cargo, thousands of tanks, planes and00:01:18
cars,00:01:19
but let’s prepare that without the blame00:01:23
for the Soviet troops, Germany would not have been defeated;00:01:25
it’s not about00:01:27
what role American aid to the00:01:29
Soviet Union played when Russia00:01:32
paid off its Lend-Lease debts and how00:01:35
this program affected the US economy00:01:52
[music]00:02:14
[music] On00:02:35
November 7, 1937, Moscow solemnly00:02:40
celebrated the 20th anniversary of the great October00:02:42
socialist revolution;00:02:44
columns of00:02:47
the latest Soviet tanks passed along Red Square in the sky above the00:02:50
Kremlin, 300 combat aircraft were performing maneuvers;00:02:54
Moscow residents proudly looked at the00:02:56
marching soldiers ten years ago,00:02:59
hungry 20 few people could have assumed00:03:02
that a00:03:04
combat-ready army would be restored in a devastated country; this00:03:07
was done at the cost of enormous sacrifices and00:03:09
efforts;00:03:11
at the end of the thirties,00:03:14
defense spending almost doubled and amounted to a00:03:17
third of the country’s budget;00:03:20
he went and with equipment and ammunition, an00:03:22
endless line went to the western00:03:25
border of the USSR;00:03:27
the country was preparing for the war with Nazi00:03:30
Germany, which was gathering forces for a campaign to00:03:33
the east00:03:34
[music]00:03:38
preparations for war began a very long time00:03:40
ago on February 4, 1931, Stalin at a00:03:45
meeting of business executives said we are00:03:48
fifty hundred years behind the advanced countries,00:03:52
in order to catch up we will00:03:56
need 10 years, otherwise were00:03:59
they able to achieve what00:04:04
Stalin wanted, probably not all00:04:07
Molotov then explain smokes further00:04:11
simply increases the rate of production of the00:04:13
defense industry it was impossible to00:04:16
say for sure that constantly on00:04:20
June 21 salt 1 year the00:04:22
aviation industry worked in00:04:24
wartime mode to some extent00:04:26
ammunition for I the industry worked in00:04:28
wartime mode and in general it can be00:04:31
said that the00:04:32
Soviet military industry as a whole00:04:34
was ready for war;00:04:38
Hitler was convinced that he could defeat00:04:41
the USSR in a matter of months;00:04:43
for the first blow to the Soviet Union, he00:04:47
assembled the most combat-ready units of the00:04:48
German army; in00:04:50
total, more than three million people,00:04:54
the offensive began in the early morning of June 22,00:04:58
1941,00:05:00
German artillery and aviation struck00:05:03
Soviet territory on the00:05:07
first day of the war, 1,489 aircraft were destroyed right at the airfields,00:05:12
soot about a thousand00:05:15
tanks,00:05:17
most of the military equipment was new00:05:20
and had never participated in battles00:05:24
on the western border, chaos began, there00:05:26
was a complete lack of communication00:05:29
At the end of June, 250 thousand Red Army soldiers00:05:33
fell into German captivity,00:05:36
the Wehrmacht began to advance towards00:05:38
Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev,00:05:42
autumn and the Nazis occupied00:05:45
Belarus, Ukraine and part of European00:05:48
Russia, the00:05:50
industrialized00:05:53
areas of Donbass, Kharkov and Leningrad fell into the hands of the enemy, and00:05:57
139 aviation enterprises alone,00:06:00
41 were captured by the Germans.00:06:03
there was a heavy blow to the Soviet00:06:05
economy; it was urgently necessary00:06:07
to restore the military industry00:06:11
[music] the00:06:14
heaviest blow was the loss of the00:06:16
Leningrad industrial region of the00:06:19
entire military industry of Leningrad;00:06:22
even more severe losses were a plant in00:06:26
Shostka;00:06:32
the economy00:06:35
was good, but the blows of 1941 led to the00:06:39
fact that00:06:40
at the turn of 1941 the Soviet Union and00:06:44
industry was generally00:06:45
in crisis00:06:47
in the West. Hitler’s attack on the USSR00:06:50
caused conflicting feelings;00:06:53
some political forces doubted00:06:56
that the Red Army would be able to00:06:58
resist the Wehrmacht00:07:00
in New York the press wondered00:07:02
whether it was necessary to help communist00:07:04
Russia. On00:07:06
June 24, Senator and future US President00:07:09
Harry Truman, in an interview with the New York Times,00:07:12
said00:07:15
if we see that Germany is winning,00:07:17
then we should help Russia, and if00:07:20
Russia wins, then we should00:07:23
help Germany, so let00:07:26
them kill each other as much as possible00:07:27
although I would not like to see Hitler00:07:30
victorious under any circumstances00:07:33
[music]00:07:38
having received news of the difficult situation on the00:07:41
Soviet-German front, Washington00:07:44
nevertheless officially announced that America would00:07:46
deliberately include the USSR in the program of00:07:48
assistance to warring countries in March 194100:07:53
three months before Germany’s attack on the00:07:55
Soviet Union, the US Congress passed a law00:07:58
on Lend-Lease00:08:00
supplies of military equipment, weapons and00:08:02
ammunition for countries at war with Hitler00:08:05
and his allies, the first participant in the new00:08:09
program was Great Britain,00:08:11
the only country in Europe that at00:08:13
that time offered real00:08:15
resistance to Hitler’s troops and00:08:21
they came up with a program that was00:08:24
not called Lend-Lease, lend, the main00:08:28
task was to help, well, to help not with00:08:30
troops, but only with weapons, equipment and00:08:33
other means of production, supervision00:08:36
on American soil, it would be figuratively00:08:39
called this law a hose that he00:08:44
gives to a neighbor in which he studied fire so that00:08:48
he pour water with this hose so that00:08:51
his own house does not catch fire00:08:55
at the end of July 1941,00:09:00
Roosevelt’s personal assistant Harry Hopkins arrived in Moscow,00:09:03
the Americans at first doubted that00:09:05
Stalin would be able to quickly stop the00:09:07
German advance00:09:09
in Washington, they were afraid that the equipment sent to the00:09:12
USSR would become a trophy for Germany,00:09:14
Stalin convinced Hopkins that the move00:09:17
war will soon change Hopkins00:09:20
telegraphed Roosevelt to delay with00:09:22
deliveries no longer possible00:09:28
On August 1,00:09:30
1941, I arrived at the port of Arkhangelsk00:09:34
British ship adventure 100:09:36
Allied transport ship delivering00:09:39
military aid to the USSR00:09:43
on board there was a consignment of sea mines and00:09:45
ammunition00:09:47
but more was required a00:09:50
month later in September arrived in Arkhangelsk00:09:53
English caravan dervish with00:09:56
code designation00:09:57
pa000:09:59
The British sent equipment00:10:01
ammunition and 16 fighters hacker00:10:04
ferrets A00:10:05
group of English pilots arrived with the convoy It00:10:11
soon became clear that the old British00:10:13
equipment was practically useless in00:10:15
combat conditions The00:10:18
British planes00:10:20
were nicknamed flying coffins by Soviet pilots00:10:23
These machines were seriously outdated and00:10:26
were being withdrawn en masse of the Royal00:10:29
Air Force, the00:10:31
German Junkers surpassed them in00:10:34
speed of maneuverability and flight range,00:10:38
every plane and tank, every anti-aircraft00:10:42
gun and shell received from the allies00:10:44
in the first months of the war, the USSR paid for it in00:10:48
gold,00:10:50
but00:10:52
Stalin in response to this wrote a telegram and00:10:55
Roosevelt demanded 3000 tanks, three00:10:59
thousand aircraft 100 water of00:11:01
ammunition itself and at the end make time00:11:03
for registration, otherwise the USSR will not be able to00:11:07
continue the war, but thereby intimidating00:11:11
Roosevelt00:11:17
along the highways of the United States of00:11:19
America with a loading court in a continuous00:11:22
stream of weapons and ammunition moving00:11:25
[music]00:11:43
the latest American howitzers are being00:11:46
tested before sending artillery00:11:48
units00:11:54
[music]00:11:56
formally The00:11:58
Lend-Lease supply agreement to the USSR00:11:59
was in force from October 1941 to May 45.00:12:04
In fact, the vast00:12:07
majority of all supplies were00:12:09
sent to the USSR starting in 1943. Under the00:12:13
terms of the contract, the Americans00:12:15
provided the Soviet Union with military00:12:18
equipment and ammunition that had to be00:12:20
paid for or returned to the USA only after00:12:23
the end of the war, the conditions were as follows:00:12:26
first, all calculations had to be made, first00:12:28
after the war, second,00:12:31
material resources, that is, weapons00:12:34
with but everything that was insignificant during the00:12:37
war did not compensate for civilians and00:12:40
muscles; generators; all collection for cars;00:12:44
all this was given for three years; they are still00:12:47
in use with a small percent in00:12:49
order to extend this loan and also00:12:51
part of the00:12:53
remaining weapons equipment had to be00:12:56
returned to America,00:13:00
American supplies to the USSR went along three00:13:03
main routes, the00:13:04
first route ran through the Pacific Ocean,00:13:07
connecting the port and California with the Soviet00:13:09
Far East, the00:13:11
second route passed through Iran and the00:13:13
Persian Gulf sports equipment00:13:16
was delivered to the Soviet border near the00:13:18
Caspian Sea00:13:20
the fastest route Langley was the third00:13:24
Arctic route from Great Britain through the00:13:28
northern seas allied transport ships00:13:30
under the protection of aviation and00:13:32
submarines moved to Arkhangelsk00:13:35
Severodvinsk00:13:37
the main problem of supplies was an acute00:13:40
shortage of transport ships to00:13:43
solve it the Americans organized a00:13:45
high-speed flow production of00:13:47
Liberty series transporters, these00:13:50
huge ocean barges and 135 meters long00:13:53
could take on board almost 10,00000:13:56
tons of cargo, the average00:13:58
construction time of one ship was brought to00:14:01
forty-four days00:14:04
in November 1942, the record was broken, the00:14:08
ship Robert Peary was launched00:14:11
four days later, 15 hours and 29 minutes00:14:15
after the moment of laying, in a short time,00:14:20
2,750 transport ships of this class were built. In00:14:25
1942, the Germans declared a submarine war with the00:14:28
Langley convoy. Enemy submarines were waiting for the Allies near the coast of00:14:31
occupied Norway.00:14:33
They00:14:36
gathered in groups of a wolf pack, which00:14:39
tracked down and in turn sank00:14:41
Allied transport ships, a00:14:44
major disaster. in the Arctic was the00:14:46
death of convoy pq-17 in June 1942, out of00:14:52
37 ships, 24 were destroyed,00:14:56
over 400 tanks 3,00000:14:59
cars and 200 planes sank to the bottom in00:15:03
total during the war years on the sea routes of00:15:05
Langley for the deaths of more than 14 thousand00:15:08
British and American and Canadian00:15:11
sailors00:15:13
were lost almost a million tons of valuable00:15:15
cargo, every 15 tank, plane and00:15:19
car sent to the Soviet Union00:15:21
ended up on the bottom of the ocean00:15:24
[music]00:15:25
to protect transport ships, the Americans00:15:29
built and sent to the USSR 20200:15:31
torpedo boats, 34 minesweepers and 2800:15:35
frigates, these ships formed the basis of the00:15:39
northern and Pacific fleet of the00:15:41
Soviet Union00:15:43
the fastest was, of course, the00:15:45
Arctic victory caravans of ships 15 20th00:15:49
century led by a caravan it was the most00:15:52
dangerous almost 15 percent of all00:15:55
cargo vehicles of the 1st Ocean00:15:58
almost half of all American cargo00:16:01
was delivered to the USSR through the port of the00:16:03
Far East and the Trans-Siberian00:16:05
railway00:16:07
it was a long but a relatively00:16:10
safe route00:16:12
after the Japanese attack on the United States, all00:16:15
Pacific transport ships sailed00:16:17
under the Soviet flag; the00:16:20
Far Eastern route was formally00:16:24
safe since the ossaise involved00:16:27
was not in a state of war with Japan, but00:16:30
it was formally present that there was a00:16:33
danger that the Japanese would begin to00:16:36
inspect this route; they00:16:38
preferred to deliver mainly not00:16:42
purely military cargo, that is, this is00:16:45
food, this is some kind of00:16:47
auxiliary materials, he didn’t00:16:49
bring funny weapons, nothing,00:16:51
Thomas, he’s serious, gasoline for airplanes,00:16:54
there’s manganese, however, food products,00:16:58
a lot of technical stuff00:16:59
added, everything was transported there, the00:17:02
third route, the Persian corridor ran00:17:06
through the hot Iranian desert00:17:09
at first glance it was quite00:17:11
calm here Iran was occupied by00:17:12
British and Soviet troops back in00:17:16
September 1941,00:17:18
on the coast of the Persian Gulf,00:17:20
the Americans organized the assembly of planes00:17:23
and trucks,00:17:28
American workers and engineers00:17:30
are making final installation, you00:17:33
eat the plane00:17:51
after assembly, Soviet pilots00:17:54
transported planes by air to the front,00:17:56
however, most of the cargo from Iranian00:17:59
ports were sent to the Soviet Union by00:18:01
rail and on trucks in the00:18:04
desert, trains with valuable cargo were often00:18:07
awaited by robber gangs, they developed00:18:10
the infrastructure of Iran often led to00:18:12
transport collapse,00:18:15
suffice it to say that sometimes ships were00:18:17
waiting for acceleration for a long time to unload the00:18:21
Persian Gulf, they could wait from00:18:23
two weeks Before a month, the00:18:25
assembly of the cars was set up, this was00:18:28
due to the fact that they were delivered in boxes,00:18:31
assembled and then they drove on their own, and it00:18:34
must be said that they were not driving through00:18:38
peaceful territory, in the wounded territory, I00:18:40
felt gangs, for example, when I00:18:42
studied only one of the most amazing00:18:45
documents which I read this request00:18:48
for the issuance of00:18:51
American submachine guns to the drivers of the ferrymen,00:18:53
as from gangster militants with00:18:57
discs so that they could shoot back from the00:18:59
bank during the war years,00:19:02
millions of tons of raw materials00:19:04
vital for the Soviet industry,00:19:06
aluminum copper and steel, were delivered to the USSR,00:19:10
supplies of American copper alone00:19:12
in four times exceeded the volume of smelting of00:19:15
this metal in the USSR; the00:19:17
absolute record among the supplied00:19:19
equipment was locomotives; two of the three00:19:23
steam locomotives that worked on the railways of the00:19:25
USSR during the war years were produced overseas;00:19:31
the largest figure is 22,00000:19:34
locomotives; the time has come when we00:19:37
ourselves produced only eight thousand00:19:39
locomotives00:19:40
over the years war memory for the sake of unconditional00:19:43
great help they provided even I00:19:45
will also say from only in technology but in terms of00:19:48
how much we received from this raw material00:19:50
it is necessary that, as you00:19:52
know, factories and the entire industry were relocated and the00:19:55
loss of Donbass will lose other reserves,00:19:59
we have only just begun with reconnaissance we still00:20:01
needed build and here they are already ready when the00:20:03
fall 2 of their own on millions of aviation00:20:06
fuel was transferred to us, but the00:20:08
truth was that the fuel went to00:20:10
American planes because for00:20:12
the American ones our gasoline was not suitable, in00:20:16
my opinion, the most important position without00:20:19
what was delivered by the allies, these were a00:20:22
couple x and the component for their production00:20:25
and00:20:27
explosives and the component for their00:20:30
production English gunpowder and00:20:32
made up a third of the gunpowder that came from00:20:35
industry to the army, half is accepted00:20:38
then00:20:39
it begins 42 ends about this00:20:42
year it was either directly or indirectly00:20:45
produced and foreign raw materials played an00:20:48
important role in the Soviet military00:20:50
the economy was played by the supply of American00:20:53
cars; the country was imported over00:20:56
50 thousand passenger SUVs and00:20:59
all-terrain vehicles, almost three hundred seventy-six00:21:01
thousand trucks and a million car00:21:04
tires,00:21:05
while American cars did00:21:09
not make up the majority of the00:21:11
red army’s fleet00:21:12
[music]00:21:15
we can say that the Soviet Union of the late00:21:17
thirties was great trucks and00:21:19
power, that is, we didn’t have, as00:21:22
they say, cars for every clerk, but00:21:25
in s they were mass-produced using00:21:30
ford cars purchased under license,00:21:33
respectively, otokar zis-5, the question was00:21:36
n’t even how much they produced during00:21:38
the war, so they often compare, so they00:21:40
gave us there 300 thousand, but we produced00:21:44
much less, and it doesn’t matter how many we00:21:46
produced because what is important is the resource00:21:48
quantity that is available in the country00:21:51
due to the mobilization of the00:21:53
national economy, in the summer of forty-00:21:57
four, 75 percent of vehicles in the00:22:01
army were in military production00:22:03
due to the high load-carrying capacity,00:22:06
reliability and cross-country ability, special The00:22:08
American00:22:10
trucks of the Studebaker company gained popular love and it was on00:22:14
these vehicles that most of the00:22:16
rocket guns were installed, including the famous00:22:19
BM-13 launcher,00:22:22
popularly known as Katyusha, and General Motors, the00:22:26
manufacturer, opened four factories in00:22:29
Iran to assemble labor because it was00:22:32
really a better tractor for a mentally00:22:34
good our Katyusha stood on us, the00:22:39
KGB Kira, let the 9000 roll back on00:22:42
we stood there bekirov, it was on 6,600 for00:22:45
many years, the proximity of the equipment that00:22:48
the quality of our transport is important for us,00:22:51
so they taught that in the spring it threatens to00:22:54
deliver to dance to the front and deliver00:22:57
ammunition it was possible for such00:22:59
all-wheel drive vehicles from one hundred thousand00:23:02
tanks delivered to the Red Army during the00:23:04
war years, only 10,000 were produced00:23:08
overseas in terms of combat qualities, imported00:23:11
vehicles were significantly inferior to the legendary00:23:14
T-34, which was recognized as the best tank of the00:23:17
Second World War, controlled narrow00:23:20
tanks participated in two such private00:23:23
battles, in both cases unsuccessful and it00:23:26
is necessary to say that the Germans who didn’t00:23:29
see this, the Indian car immediately noticed00:23:32
that the enemy had a new chip,00:23:35
including because it was hacked very quickly,00:23:36
it’s like this is the enemy’s opinion00:23:38
on a subjective basis based on a specific00:23:41
battle, the blackout didn’t say, here we go, an00:23:44
American tank at home, they saw that00:23:46
American tanks it didn’t burn00:23:48
better,00:23:50
during the war years the USSR produced00:23:53
137 thousand combat aircraft. By this00:23:57
indicator, the Soviet Union surpassed00:24:00
Germany, Japan or Great Britain and was00:24:03
second only to the United States.00:24:05
The allies supplied the Red Army with about00:24:08
18 thousand aircraft. 13 percent of the00:24:11
total number of Soviet combat vehicles were00:24:15
mainly driven by their own aircraft. by00:24:17
air route Russia Alaska Siberia in00:24:21
total each car covered a00:24:23
distance of 14 thousand kilometers from00:24:27
American factories through Canada and00:24:29
Alaska fighters flew to the city for00:24:32
bank sa00:24:33
then across the ocean of Krasnoyarsk and from00:24:37
there they got to the front00:24:40
on this route 16 airfields were built and00:24:43
more than fighters ferryed three thousand00:24:46
people00:24:47
with groups00:24:49
led and reared by the00:24:51
bomber;00:24:53
pilots returned on00:24:55
transport planes; all technical00:24:57
work; repairs and ferrying of combat vehicles00:25:00
took place in difficult weather conditions;00:25:03
pilots flew planes almost blindly at00:25:06
high altitudes and at very low00:25:08
temperatures;00:25:09
often used oxygen masks;00:25:12
often pilots they took lipstick with them00:25:15
to correct the non-metric00:25:17
indicators of American instruments, the00:25:19
usual meters and kilometers,00:25:22
any mistake and loss of communication with the group00:25:25
could turn into a tragedy00:25:27
during the war years,00:25:30
39 plane crashes occurred on the Alaska-Siberia highway, 114 people died, the00:25:36
Soviet Union almost00:25:39
eight thousand aircraft were delivered, mostly this00:25:41
there were American P-39 Airacobra fighters,00:25:45
of sixty-two pilots who twice00:25:48
received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union,00:25:51
19 fought on American and three on00:25:54
British aircraft, the00:25:56
famous00:25:58
Soviet ace Alexander Pokryshkin fought on the Airacobra, one of the00:26:01
most successful pilots of the Second00:26:04
World War, he00:26:07
completed over 600 combat missions on his aircraft during sorties, he conducted00:26:10
156 air battles and personally shot down 5900:26:14
enemy00:26:17
workhorse planes that delivered to the00:26:20
Soviet Union, it was an Airacobra fighter00:26:23
sex confusing, perhaps the00:26:25
main thing is to identify the car, but it was00:26:28
still not a top plane, it was no better than the00:26:31
Allied plane, however, the00:26:34
Soviets loved it even less pilots,00:26:36
due to its strength,00:26:39
withstood landing on the00:26:42
pilot's ear from behind, it protected the engine, that is, it is00:26:45
quite resistant to fire from enemy aircraft,00:26:49
American supplies ensured the rapid00:26:52
development of Soviet radio communications,00:26:55
about 2 million00:26:57
kilometers of cable were supplied to the army, 2 million telephones and00:27:00
thousands of tons of various raw materials for the00:27:02
production of radio stations. made it possible00:27:06
to provide communications so that the armies of the division and00:27:09
airfields in the first years of the war, the00:27:12
Soviet Union had its own00:27:15
rolls and its own radio stations.00:27:18
Another valuable little thing was, for example, the00:27:21
supply of quartz quartz generators,00:27:23
which ensured that the station00:27:25
held the wave, but00:27:28
if we talk specifically about the radio station, then00:27:31
it cannot be said that they occupied the00:27:34
dominant position situation and the sky so00:27:36
his student Lisovskaya electronic00:27:39
technology it complemented the domestic one,00:27:42
but to the credit of the skins, our scientists very00:27:46
quickly orient themselves and sat down better00:27:48
so that his text and the Americans00:27:49
immediately redraw it here, they finalized00:27:53
and created our own improved00:27:56
account, which is better than the American00:27:59
samples over the years war, the allies brought00:28:02
four and a half million tons of00:28:04
food to the USSR, among them there were 37 thousand00:28:08
tons of seeds, these deliveries helped to successfully00:28:11
carry out passive companies during the most00:28:13
difficult periods of the war,00:28:15
the allies brought wheat,00:28:17
butter, chocolate and sugar to the USSR, but the00:28:21
absolute record for deliveries belongs to00:28:24
local canned food supplies alone00:28:27
stewed pork five times surpassed00:28:29
Soviet production famous00:28:31
American canned food soldiers were ironically00:28:34
nicknamed the second front00:28:36
these are not tanks but this is food this is00:28:41
what they are not military aid it played a00:28:45
significant role00:28:48
canned food they came to00:28:52
us in large quantities under lend-lease they00:28:54
occupied a prominent place in the diet at the00:28:56
front but if we take the country as a whole, then00:28:59
the measures that were taken 3000:29:02
made it possible, through the mechanization of00:29:05
agriculture, to produce enough00:29:07
grain to provide the00:29:10
population with food at an acceptable00:29:13
level in the event of cutting off channels for00:29:15
imminent00:29:17
mass famine, there was no particular need for this, and for00:29:20
this they were taken, among other things such00:29:25
emergency measures as stealing livestock from pieces of00:29:29
equipment from the00:29:32
regions of southern Russia that we occupied in the summer of 1942 to00:29:35
Kazakhstan;00:29:37
sufficient supplies for the army made it possible to00:29:40
send American products to schools;00:29:42
hospitals and kindergartens;00:29:45
Soviet hospitals received large00:29:47
quantities of imported medicines;00:29:49
antibiotics; bandages; various00:29:52
medical devices and instruments;00:29:56
that also fell to the civilian00:29:58
population,00:29:59
worn American or English00:30:02
clothes, food, a blanket, soldiers' cloth were00:30:05
sold everywhere in city00:30:07
markets, and in the ports, imported goods00:30:10
often replaced currency.00:30:13
Of course, there was also a lot of00:30:16
civilian population, but for the00:30:18
most part it was transferred unofficially, that00:30:20
is, these were the cities that00:30:23
received land cargo. -Lease, a00:30:25
certain distribution went into them and at00:30:27
the front there was an exchange with the civilian00:30:30
population of the exchange of ice, what is called00:30:31
assistance, the00:30:36
volumes of supplies under Lend-Lease directly00:30:39
depended on the course of military operations on the00:30:41
fronts of the Second World War00:30:45
in December 1941, Japan attacked the00:30:49
American base in Pearl Harbor00:30:51
United the states entered the war00:30:55
[music]00:30:56
due to heavy losses, the Americans00:30:59
completely stopped deliveries under00:31:01
Lend-Lease for almost six months; the00:31:03
Soviet Union could rely only00:31:06
on its own forces; in the00:31:09
summer of 1941, a mass00:31:13
evacuation of factories to the east was launched from the00:31:17
border regions of the USSR;00:31:20
almost three thousand were removed enterprises, and00:31:23
more than half of them, yes, you supervised00:31:25
in the first three months of the war,00:31:31
thousands of working engineers and technicians left with them into the interior of the country,00:31:38
since, again, even the export, despite the fact00:31:41
that it was not yet complete,00:31:44
occurred with certain errors, with the00:31:47
loss of entire echelons in In general, we can00:31:50
say that such a regime,00:31:54
which already made it possible to increase production,00:31:56
came out only in the spring of 1942. The00:32:00
autumn of 1941 and the whole of 1942 became00:32:06
the most difficult period of the Great00:32:07
Patriotic War,00:32:09
at the cost of huge losses, the Germans were00:32:12
stopped near Moscow,00:32:14
soon Hitler approved the plan for a new00:32:17
military campaign in00:32:20
1942, he decided to strike the00:32:23
Caucasus and take Stalingrad,00:32:27
the battle for the city lasted more than 200 days00:32:30
and became the bloodiest in the history of00:32:33
mankind on the battlefield of over00:32:36
half a million Soviet soldiers, the battle of00:32:39
Stalingrad changed the course of the Second World00:32:41
War and put an end to Hitler’s plans for00:32:44
world domination,00:32:48
the most difficult for the countries or is it the autumn of the00:32:52
forty-first year, this is actually the entire00:32:55
second year until the onset of the hail, the00:32:58
red army00:33:01
overwhelmingly used00:33:04
domestic products and optical00:33:06
equipment, excellent supplies, that is, they00:33:09
relied on their own forces, a turning point in the war, and00:33:12
like the Battle of Moscow and the00:33:16
Battle of Stalingrad, they took place with00:33:20
minimal participation challenge losses, after all,00:33:24
as if a lesson from history is that00:33:25
you need to have your own strong00:33:27
industry, maybe supplies lie from a00:33:30
kind uncle from the ocean, not for, as always, a00:33:32
belated dead end of supplies by linguists00:33:35
2 floodplains,00:33:38
the situation changed with the success of the00:33:41
Red Army on the eastern front when00:33:43
allied relations were bad00:33:46
weakened, but when00:33:49
successful operations took place on the eastern front,00:33:52
such as the battle of Moscow,00:33:55
and naturally the00:33:57
battle of Stalingrad and the Kursk00:33:59
Bulge, which determined the wedge of the wedge, not00:34:03
yet great throughout the entire00:34:05
Second World War, here a00:34:08
sharp revival of diplomatic relations took place in the00:34:13
fall of 1943, the Red Army crossed on the00:34:18
offensive on all fronts On00:34:20
November 28 in Tehran,00:34:23
the leaders of the allies met for the first time Stalin Churchill and00:34:26
Roosevelt00:34:27
Stalin was worried about only one question: when00:34:31
the allies would open a second front in Europe00:34:34
Churchill promised that the landing in00:34:37
France would begin no later than May00:34:40
194400:34:42
gratitude for the steadfastness and00:34:45
heroism shown in the battle of Stalingrad,00:34:47
Churchill gave Stalin a forged sword00:34:50
decorated with precious metals and00:34:52
stones00:34:53
on the hilt of the sword there was an inscription embossed on the hilt of the sword to the00:34:56
citizens of Stalingrad strong as steel00:34:59
from King George 6 a sign of deep00:35:03
admiration of the British people00:35:06
of course moral support00:35:09
should be rated quite high but00:35:12
moral support moral support00:35:14
but as they say and I will give advice not give00:35:17
us financial help, Lend-Lease was00:35:20
still the only thing that could00:35:23
help the Soviet Union before the opening of00:35:26
specific military operations. As for the00:35:29
military operations in North Africa and the00:35:31
Middle East, of00:35:33
course they pulled back some forces,00:35:35
but it was not serious compared to those the00:35:38
colossal battles that took place in00:35:40
the east before, which took over00:35:42
78 percent of00:35:45
all divisions00:35:47
of Hitler's Germany there, was of course a00:35:50
load-bearing wall, so00:35:53
Benglis should not be underestimated,00:35:56
he filled some of the gaps in Soviet00:36:01
industry, which arose00:36:02
objectively here by the fact that00:36:04
most of the European territory was lost on00:36:08
June 6, 1944 by the00:36:12
British -American troops landed in the00:36:14
north of France and fought to the00:36:17
east. Less than a year would pass and Hitler’s Reich would00:36:20
fall under the blows of the allied armies, which00:36:24
would celebrate the common victory over the most00:36:26
terrible enemy in the history of mankind. The00:36:30
Great Patriotic War lasted00:36:34
1418 days and claimed the lives of 27 million00:36:38
Soviet citizens.00:36:40
general the losses of the Western allies on all00:36:43
fronts of the Second World War did not00:36:45
exceed a million people;00:36:48
for every American, British or00:36:50
Canadian killed in battle, there were 800:36:54
Red Army soldiers,00:36:56
Senator Truman, who00:36:58
supported the Langley program from the very beginning, wrote down00:37:01
the money spent on Lend-Lease, certainly00:37:04
saved many American lives,00:37:06
every Russian, English or00:37:08
Australian a soldier who received00:37:10
lend-lease equipment and went into battle00:37:13
proportionally reduced the military00:37:15
danger for our own youth00:37:18
[music] the00:37:20
war radically changed the American00:37:23
economy,00:37:24
while in the USSR a00:37:27
third of the national wealth was irretrievably lost in the00:37:30
USA, an unprecedented industrial boom began during the00:37:33
war years, American enterprises00:37:35
received a colossal volume of expensive00:37:37
government orders and lucrative00:37:39
loans;00:37:41
small private firms that stayed00:37:44
afloat during the years of the Great Depression00:37:46
united into the world's largest00:37:48
concerns for the production of aircraft,00:37:50
cars, clothing and food;00:37:54
millions of Americans received permanent,00:37:58
well-paid jobs00:38:00
during the war years; the US economy00:38:03
almost doubled;00:38:05
calculations for lend-lease and the marshal plan00:38:08
subsequently made the American dollar the00:38:10
main currency of the world financial00:38:13
system00:38:14
[music]00:38:18
new factories appeared for general00:38:20
motors wallpapers before threats and others expanded00:38:25
capacity by receiving multi-billion dollar00:38:27
loans from states and00:38:29
accordingly increasing capacity they00:38:31
developed jobs, the big side00:38:34
literally developed very00:38:37
intensively due to this, at least00:38:39
42 countries were subtypes of visas, that is,00:38:42
practically America, with the help of Liandri for00:38:44
most of the world, then, as it were,00:38:47
pulled it closer to itself and00:38:50
began to have a serious influence on all00:38:52
spheres of life,00:38:55
America still came out of the war in a00:38:57
much more advantageous position than00:38:59
by combining strengthened positions, both00:39:01
political and military, with the atomic bomb with a00:39:05
huge military infrastructure around the00:39:07
world, and it is very important to conclude from this00:39:10
that security in general, peace,00:39:13
international stability, it is unthinkable without00:39:15
American leadership, only it can00:39:17
ensure real stability in00:39:20
this whole situation, there is no one else, the00:39:23
United States from here you are worse and00:39:26
everything else is global strategy and00:39:28
global presence of00:39:29
controlling this space00:39:32
of opportunity, yes, here begins a new00:39:35
global strategy with its00:39:36
predecessor, the Cold War, not you, the00:39:39
Cold War, it grew organically00:39:42
[music]00:39:44
Lend-Lease supplies were significantly00:39:46
supported by some branches of Soviet00:39:49
industry,00:39:51
American aircraft, tanks and artillery00:39:54
on average amounted to about 15 percent00:39:56
of Soviet production00:39:59
[music]00:40:01
after the war, Comrade Voznesensky, the00:40:04
chairman of the State Planning Committee, said that no00:40:07
more than four percent of the total00:40:09
gross income was during the war years, forge00:40:12
Lin, through the eyes of the West, thinks differently,00:40:15
a little more, but to say that it’s00:40:17
like now is trying to say that00:40:20
without Vendre, the Soviet00:40:23
troops would not have defeated Germany; this is00:40:24
wrong;00:40:26
without Lend-Lease, we could have gotten around the fact that we00:40:30
had a strong industry, the00:40:33
hardest of the period, when we actually00:40:36
had to survive and not lose; the00:40:39
absolute majority relied on our own, we could00:40:42
get by without Lindley again it would have cost00:40:44
more than a human life00:40:47
during the war, Lend-Lease deliveries00:40:50
were carried out to 42 countries of the world, their total00:40:54
cost is estimated at 50 billion00:40:56
dollars,00:40:57
more than half of them 31 billion00:41:01
were received by Great Britain 11 billion00:41:04
the Soviet Union after the end of the war the00:41:08
United States presented bills to everyone00:41:10
According to the00:41:13
American side, the participants in the program, taking into account combat00:41:15
losses and the return of equipment, the Soviet Union00:41:18
had to pay 1 billion 30000:41:21
million dollars00:41:22
in the conditions of the outbreak of the Cold War00:41:25
between the USSR and people, these demands were unacceptable,00:41:32
the Soviet representative of course00:41:34
refused this case, stated that up to00:41:37
224 1 thrown out were not met and00:41:42
then, with the00:41:44
intensification of the Cold War, amendments to00:41:46
the Constitution completely refused sanctions against the Soviet00:41:48
Union for00:41:51
more than 20 years, the USSR did not enter into00:41:55
negotiations on the payment of the Lend-Lease debt,00:41:57
a compromise was reached only in00:42:00
1972, the USSR undertook to pay00:42:04
seven hundred twenty-two million dollars00:42:05
until 2001,00:42:08
the first two payments were transferred to the00:42:11
states the next year, the Soviet Union00:42:14
paid 48 million dollars,00:42:17
but in general we did not have an official exchange00:42:19
rate of the dollar against the ruble,00:42:21
so it is very difficult to calculate the00:42:23
preliminary floating figure, I00:42:25
can immediately say 90 under Gorbachev, the vase00:42:29
came00:42:31
that we had to pay approximately the00:42:34
same amount and00:42:36
we and promised to00:42:39
pay everything they were unable to;00:42:42
of all the Soviet republics that were00:42:45
part of the USSR in the early 90s,00:42:49
only00:42:51
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan agreed to pay lend-lease debts. In00:42:55
April00:42:56
1993, the government of the Russian00:42:58
Federation announced that it assumed00:43:01
responsibility for all the debts of the00:43:03
Soviet Union. meant taking00:43:06
over and for a long time00:43:09
six hundred seventy-four million dollars were paid to America under Lend-Lease;00:43:14
Russia made the last payment under the Lend-Lease program00:43:16
in00:43:17
2006Description:
Вторая мировая война. Фильм 3. Ленд-лиз. Документальный фильм. По заказу АО "ЦТВ". Производство: Студия Град (History Lab). © 2019 К началу 1941 года большая часть Европы была оккупирована гитлеровской Германией. В считанные недели была разгромлена Польша, захвачена Бельгия, Голландия, Франция, Норвегия и Дания. Великобританию ежедневно бомбили эскадрильи люфтваффе. В этой ситуации Соединенные Штаты принимают решение помочь союзникам. 11 марта 1941 года президент Рузвельт подписал закон о ленд-лизе – экономической помощи странам, воюющим против Гитлера. Спустя полгода эта программа была распространена на СССР. За годы войны, преодолевая трудности и смертельную опасность, американские конвои доставили в Советский Союз миллионы тонн военных грузов, тысячи танков, самолетов и автомобилей. Какую роль сыграла американская помощь Советскому Союзу? Когда Россия рассчиталась с долгами по ленд-лизу? И как эта программа повлияла на экономику США? Цикл документальных фильмов "Вторая мировая война" приурочен к 75-летию победы в Великой Отечественной войне. Проект расскажет о малоизвестных страницах в истории Второй мировой войны, экономике воюющих держав, секретах закулисной дипломатии, судьбе простых солдат, военнопленных и узников концлагерей. В основу проекта легли уникальные архивные документы, воспоминания очевидцев, письма, фотографии и редкая архивная кинохроника. ___________________________________________________________ Подпишитесь на канал! Нажмите колокольчик! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClCTOKrNGBcXwVFFTENXAoQ History Lab – это уникальная кинохроника в HD качестве, документальные фильмы собственного производства, интервью с известными историками и многое другое. Мы работаем с крупнейшими архивами кинодокументов, сотрудничаем с всемирно известными научными организациями и хотим, чтобы история стала частью вашей жизни. © Все авторские права защищены. Копирование и использование любого материала возможно только с письменного разрешения правообладателя. ___________________________________________________________ Больше интересного видео смотрите в наших плейлистах: Вторая мировая война: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkEe07BLfS1tBZu_Fq3G110 История России от А до Я с Николаем Борисовым: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkgO2rR5ywYkhkpdtJVCS72 История России. ХХ век: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPmRUCSt9X3kMnyyg9BpMAmG 30 лет распада СССР. История в лицах: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnHK0_FLtAy2uXUdLEqKaSG Исторические места: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkE_ayEuNs65877OSm0LuS4 СССР. Империя наоборот: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPlIqfI6wOTO3Up4u2dHKXzk СССР в цвете: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPm0v0-5fOs0qmlnOY7O2L62 Русские тайны. ХХ век: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnJXjJuDIXhsFyUPZcbzbZx Спасённые шедевры России: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnui49V_K0k5lmdvkQYrqxo Китай глазами советских операторов: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPmCoAtlCHjI7-kFmBMGLsWO Живая история. Хроника: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklp3vMGN2Kthmj1aMyiTK History Lab. Лекция: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPkS_v5LM0ZoQul6ezTduYHL Фильмы Алексея Денисова: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPklbVXSu6j_N6NNa1tjBbOm Телепередача Русский мир: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgctnI88vkPnznhgNJKf-uchOG9zXZvH5 ___________________________________________________________ Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях: Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser VK: https://vk.com/historylab.online Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Twitter: https://twitter.com/lab_history Одноклассники: https://ok.ru/group/61091614949414 Telegram: https://telegram.org/
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