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Вымирание

Шестое вымирание

Массовое вымирание

История

Другая История

Что если

Что если бы вы стали

На один день

Жизнь кроманьонца

Жизнь неандертальца

История человечества

Бутылочное горлышко

Глобальное вымирание

00:00:02

so much that it had to be

00:00:03

rebooted? Sometimes a reboot is the

00:00:05

only way to correct the situation, and

00:00:08

you will be surprised to know how many times

00:00:09

our planet has been rebooted,

00:00:12

yes, even on such a global scale,

00:00:15

due to various circumstances, life

00:00:17

on earth has been repeatedly subjected to

00:00:19

extinction, but how often has this happened?

00:00:22

What reasons caused the planetary

00:00:24

reset And is it waiting for us again?

00:00:27

Well, let's figure it out together. Take and

00:00:30

buy your own mortgage of 5% in an alpha bank

00:00:34

only in November, you will receive a suitable rate

00:00:37

for the entire term. Over the past 540 million years,

00:00:41

the earth has experienced about five major

00:00:43

extinctions and about 20 The slightly smaller

00:00:46

last one happened 65 million years ago,

00:00:49

destroying the dinosaurs. However, it is

00:00:52

not considered the largest, but first things

00:00:54

first. Let's try to

00:00:56

figure out what is the reason for

00:00:58

these very reboots, given

00:01:01

the number of extinctions, most of

00:01:03

them have different reasons, but at the same time similar in

00:01:06

their specificity, therefore, scientists divided

00:01:08

them into two large groups caused by

00:01:10

volcanic or near-cosmic

00:01:13

phenomena such as the fall of an asteroid and

00:01:15

other similar objects, the first

00:01:17

researcher of the phenomenon of global

00:01:19

extinction was the French journalist

00:01:21

Georges Cuvier, who at the beginning of the 19th century

00:01:24

put forward the theory of catastrophism. According to

00:01:28

this theory, certain types of organisms

00:01:30

dominated in each geological

00:01:32

period which then ended with their

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abrupt disappearance of the so-called

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Revolution leading to the replacement by other

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species due to sharp and sudden

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catastrophes, then the problems were dealt with by

00:01:43

Charles Darwin Luis Alvarez and many

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modern scientists, so the first

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mass extinction is considered

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Ardovician-Scolurian, it occurred

00:01:53

approximately 450 million years ago,

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this event received its name due to what

00:01:58

happened at the turn of the Ardovician, that is, the

00:02:01

second period of the Paleozoic era, and the

00:02:03

Silurian, that is, the third Paleozoic in the

00:02:05

ranking of global extinctions. It

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ranks third in the percentage of

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extinct genera out of the five worst

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extinctions in the history of the Earth and second in

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losses in number of living organisms,

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modern research has

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established that the reason that led to the

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Cordovician Scosilurian extinction was the

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large-scale movement of an ancient

00:02:24

supercontinent called Gandwana

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towards the South Pole; this move

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contributed to global cooling,

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glaciation and the subsequent

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drop in sea level; the

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retreat of the ocean boundary destroyed or

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damaged habitats along the

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continental coast because of this,

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according to modern estimates, more than

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85% of marine animals died;

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brachiopods, bivalves,

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echinoderms, bryozoans and corals were especially affected. However, the

00:02:55

latest data has found an even more interesting

00:02:57

reason for the Ordovician-Scosilurian

00:02:59

extinction; some scientists believe that the

00:03:01

cause of the extinction was a gamma-ray

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impact on the earth due to the explosion of a

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hypernova located at a dangerous

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distance from the solar system,

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over the course of 120 million years, a

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whole series of mass extinctions occurred; it all

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began with the Devonian extinction,

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which occurred approximately 372 million years

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ago. What is characteristic of this period is that by the

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late Divonian the land was completely

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developed and populated by plants, insects

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and amphibians, and the seas and the oceans were

00:03:31

full of fish. In addition, during this period there

00:03:34

were already giant reefs

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formed by corals from

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traumatoparata, and the two giant

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continents of Euro-American and Gangwana had

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just begun to move towards each other

00:03:44

in order to form the supercontinent Pangia in the future.

00:03:46

Probably the extinction

00:03:48

mainly affected marine life,

00:03:50

but its true causes are still It is still

00:03:53

not clear that a number of scientists believe that the main

00:03:55

causes of extinction in the oceans were

00:03:57

changes in ocean level; the opinion of

00:04:00

ocean waters containing oxygen is possible that

00:04:02

the activator of these events was

00:04:04

another global cooling or

00:04:06

extensive oceanic volcanism; however, the

00:04:09

fall of an extraterrestrial body

00:04:11

should not be excluded; some statistical

00:04:13

studies of the marine fauna of that time

00:04:15

suggest the idea that the decrease in

00:04:17

diversity was associated more likely with a

00:04:19

decline in the rate of speciation than with an

00:04:22

increase in the rate of extinction; in total, during the

00:04:24

Devonian extinction, 19

00:04:27

% of all families and 50% of all genera disappeared; it

00:04:30

affected mainly hydrobionts;

00:04:32

the number of their species decreased by 70%,

00:04:36

in particular, they almost completely

00:04:37

disappeared organisms that formed

00:04:39

coral reefs were the last irreversible

00:04:42

changes in the global ecosystem of the World

00:04:44

Ocean; the events of the Devonian period

00:04:46

led to a crisis on land for plants and

00:04:49

also significantly affected the

00:04:50

lopes-finned

00:04:53

fish and four-legged vertebrates that had just appeared by that time; take and

00:04:56

buy your own; mortgage 5% in alpha bank

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only in November; receive preferential rate

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for the entire period However, the events that occurred

00:05:07

during the Divonian period were not even close to the

00:05:09

largest extinctions by modern standards,

00:05:11

we are talking about the mass Permian

00:05:13

extinction that occurred approximately 253 million

00:05:17

years ago for its scale. It also

00:05:19

received the name great chronologically

00:05:22

it divided the Paleozoic and Mesozoic as

00:05:24

a result of it more than 96% of all

00:05:28

marine species and more than 73% of terrestrial

00:05:31

vertebrate species died; the disaster became

00:05:33

the only known mass

00:05:35

extinction of insects, as a result of

00:05:37

which about 83% of the species of the entire

00:05:40

class of insects became extinct. Due to the loss of such a

00:05:43

number and diversity of biological

00:05:45

species, restoration of the biosphere took a

00:05:48

much longer period of time

00:05:49

compared to with other catastrophes

00:05:51

that greeted us, but what caused such a

00:05:55

large-scale catastrophe is sadly the exact

00:05:57

cause of such a genocide. Not yet,

00:05:59

however, scientists put forward several

00:06:01

plausible hypotheses, for example, a

00:06:03

theory is put forward that the great extinction

00:06:06

could have been caused by a collision of the Earth

00:06:08

with a steroid with a diameter of several

00:06:10

tens of kilometers or with several

00:06:12

asteroids about This is evidenced by the

00:06:14

possible presence of a 500-kilometer

00:06:16

crater in the Wilkes land area. A number of

00:06:19

scientists also consider that among the causes of

00:06:21

the great extinction, such a phenomenon as the

00:06:23

methane hydrate gun, in short,

00:06:27

it is a sharp and very large-scale release of

00:06:29

methane from under the surface of the ocean, which

00:06:31

contributes not only to an extremely

00:06:33

rapid change in currents but and the general

00:06:35

change in the chemical composition of the water in it,

00:06:38

as well as the temperature regime, the extinction of

00:06:40

old forms of life opened the way for many

00:06:42

animals that had remained in the shadow for a long time. The

00:06:44

beginning and middle of the

00:06:47

Triassic period following the first

00:06:48

was marked by the formation of archasaurs

00:06:50

from which dinosaurs and

00:06:53

crocodiles and subsequently birds descended. the

00:06:55

first mammals appear in the Triassic,

00:06:57

the following plastic

00:07:00

extinction is considered the

00:07:02

Triassic-Jurassic extinction, it occurred

00:07:04

approximately 200 million years ago and

00:07:06

was characterized by the destruction of 23% of all

00:07:09

families and 48 percent of all genera of at

00:07:12

least half of the currently known

00:07:14

species living on earth at that time, what

00:07:17

is interesting is the destruction of such a large

00:07:18

the number of living beings gave the

00:07:21

start to the era of dinosaurs, the reasons for the three

00:07:23

extinctions of our cousins, scientists also

00:07:25

call the fall of an unknown asteroid,

00:07:28

massive volcanic eruptions, as well as the already

00:07:31

familiar release of methane in the ocean,

00:07:33

take and buy your own mortgage of 5% in

00:07:38

alpha bank only in November get a

00:07:41

preferential rate for the entire term in fact

00:07:43

further We are going through the same

00:07:46

Melpolyogene extinction event that occurred

00:07:48

65.5 million years ago as a result of which

00:07:51

all non-avian dinosaurs died, by the way. Do

00:07:55

you know why they died? We

00:07:56

won’t predict, so we are waiting for your

00:07:58

only correct answer in the comments

00:08:00

in fact Despite the fact that it

00:08:04

took 10 million years for the restoration of biodiversity, this

00:08:07

extinction was still not the most

00:08:08

significant, inferior in scale to

00:08:10

others of the big five that we

00:08:13

talked about earlier, but nevertheless it is of

00:08:15

great interest to scientists

00:08:16

because it accelerated the evolution of

00:08:18

mammals, including

00:08:20

the emergence of man and what about

00:08:23

modern history, such

00:08:25

large-scale extinctions have

00:08:27

almost never occurred in modern history. However, there are

00:08:29

still some things in it, for example,

00:08:31

it is worth noting the late Quaternary

00:08:34

extinction, it began about 130

00:08:36

thousand years ago and ended only about

00:08:38

1000 years ago what caused it,

00:08:40

we, due to human activity,

00:08:43

suffered the so-called megafauna, that

00:08:46

is, animals weighing more than 45 kg, during this

00:08:49

period more than 65% of the megafauna representatives died

00:08:53

and Although scientists are now trying to

00:08:55

somehow compensate for the consequences of the

00:08:57

actions of our ancestors, we will not soon

00:09:00

be able to restore the population of those

00:09:02

Mamontov, this is precisely the

00:09:04

peculiarity of the late Quaternary

00:09:06

extinction. After it, the earth’s ecosystem did not

00:09:09

recover, so scientists identify an

00:09:11

even larger Holocene extinction,

00:09:13

which is currently occurring. Over the

00:09:16

past 500 years, almost 900 species of animals have disappeared from the face of the earth. They

00:09:22

are currently under threat of extinction.

00:09:23

more than 35.5 thousand species of animal plants, the

00:09:27

number of most species of wild

00:09:29

animals has sharply decreased over the past

00:09:31

100-200 years due to the disappearance of their

00:09:34

habitat as a result of

00:09:35

human activity, direct extermination by humans,

00:09:38

competition with introduced alien

00:09:40

species and other reasons related to

00:09:43

human activity, and

00:09:45

when exactly did it occur stopping depends

00:09:47

solely on you and me, this is the

00:09:49

most global issue, including

00:09:51

politics, ecology, sociology and just

00:09:54

absolutely every person on this

00:09:56

planet. However, that’s another story.

00:09:59

Until we meet again, friends

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