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Table of contents
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Table of contents

0:00
Introduction
0:53
The Calm
6:50
The Storm
13:43
After the Dying
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Video tags

Permian Mass Extinction
Permian Triassic
Permian
Evolution
Extinction
Synapsids
Gorgonopsids
Dimetrodon
Prehistory
Zoology
Dinosaurs
Paleontology
Helicoprion
Scutosaurus
Dicynodonts
Diapsids
Carboniferous
History of Life
Climate
Animals
Fossil
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00:00:00
our world has and continues
00:00:03
to endure many trials the actual
00:00:06
stone and rock of our planet has always
00:00:08
remained but instead it is the life
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which has evolved on earth that can be
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dramatically affected
00:00:13
by global catastrophe yet still life is
00:00:17
always endured
00:00:18
and its flame has never fully been put
00:00:20
out
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but at one time hundreds of millions of
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years ago
00:00:24
it nearly did more than any other point
00:00:27
in the earth's history
00:00:29
the greatest percentage of complex life
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died out during this time
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today we can find evidence of this
00:00:35
apocalypse in the distant siberian traps
00:00:39
evidence of the permian mass extinction
00:00:42
the moment 200 million years of
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evolution
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was nearly wiped off the planet
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[Music]
00:00:57
the time before the permian mass
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extinction was
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surprisingly enough the permian period
00:01:04
that spanned from 298 to 251
00:01:07
million years ago this period marks the
00:01:09
last steps in the vertebrates conquering
00:01:11
of the land
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the era that came before was an alien
00:01:15
and bizarre place
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known as the carboniferous period it is
00:01:19
a time where the earth was covered in
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vast
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humid swamps and rainforests the trees
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themselves weren't really even
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trees but giant ferns that created the
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first forests
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on earth the ruling animals were giant
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arthropods who could grow
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much larger than any insect of today due
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to the heightened oxygen levels in the
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atmosphere
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along with that amphibians diversified
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into many different shapes
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and monsters like the ariox dwelled in
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these swampy waters
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the only terrestrial vertebrates came in
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the form of small
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scampering reptiliomorphs lizard-like
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animals who are more closely related to
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birds reptiles and mammals
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than they are any amphibian it is
00:02:02
thought that they could prosper on land
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due to the structure of their eggs
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unlike amphibians soft eggs which
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require water to be laden
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a reptilia morse hard-shelled eggs could
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be laid on dry land
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and thus it grew independent from the
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waters
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even with their new life on land they
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still lived in fear
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of the giant bugs and frogs of this
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world-spanning
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rainforest yet at the end of the
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carboniferous came an ecological
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disaster the lush global jungle of the
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carboniferous
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collapsed and these tropical lands
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slowly shrunk into small pockets around
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the earth
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this led to the unique animal life too
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as well
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either shrink or go extinct in a lot of
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ways the permian saw a complete reversal
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in the ways of the carboniferous
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now most of the interior of pangaea had
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become dry
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rainless desert in this new land the
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reptilian morpha
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with their land-loving eggs who had once
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laid low
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now became the most adaptable to this
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arid place
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and diversified into many unique animals
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on land the reptiliomorphs diverged into
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two general groups
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synapsids and diopsides both groups are
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distinguished from the other
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by the number of holes in their skull
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behind the eyes diopsids have two
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while synapsids only have one although
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this is a rather
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simplistic difference the two families
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would differ greatly
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or sauropsids became the ancestor of all
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modern reptiles
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and synapsids are the ancestor of all
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mammals
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during the permian they still remained
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somewhat reptilian
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and thus have garnered the name
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mammal-like reptile
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but really they are more closely related
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to mammals than any reptile although not
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really being
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mammals completely either i propose the
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name
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reptile-like mammal-like reptile mammals
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but for now let's just shorten it to
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synapses oddly enough although
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prehistoric times are usually associated
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with the rule of the reptile
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the true dioxide reptiles remained in
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the shadow of the synapses
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who evolved into many dominating forms
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during the permian
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of these early synapsids maybe the most
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recognizable are the informal group
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pelicasaur known for their sailbacks
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it is believed these creatures fared so
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well during the early permian
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because their large sails could help
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them better maintain
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their heat in an ecosystem whose
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temperature fluctuated from freezing
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cold
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to blistering hot by the middle permian
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these were mostly replaced by
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dinocephalians a name which insultingly
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means
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terrible heads they were a diverse group
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of synapsids who evolved into large
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bulky herbivores and carnivores some
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weighing two metric tons
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they get their name from their many
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different skull shapes
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some like the famous mosh traps had
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large strong heads that presumably used
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to headbutt one another
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while others like stamina such as had a
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skull adorned with many bizarre
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structures
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in the late permian these were once more
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overturned by
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other groups of synapsids of these the
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most well-known are the carnivorous
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gorgonopsids who in many ways mirror the
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much younger saber-toothed cats of
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cenozoic times
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even more peculiar was evidence of hair
00:05:22
on these animals
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making these 300 million year old
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creatures much more mammalian
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than we once believed along with the
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gorgon opposites were the herbivorous
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dissonadons which were small tusked
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creatures
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also by the end a group of diopsids
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known as the parareptiles roamed
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the lands with the synapsids the most
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notable being the
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armored scutosaurus life on land was
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diverse
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large and abundant in the ocean life was
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thriving as well there are few famous
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marine fossils from the permian
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but signs indicate abundant diversity
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various prehistoric invertebrates such
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as trilobites and euryptorids
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which at this point had existed for
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millions of years were still chugging
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along
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along with them many living marine
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invertebrates prospered
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such as clams corals and feather stars
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weird types of shark swam through the
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waters such as the dentally questionable
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helicoption which could grow a massive
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five to eight meters
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also common were these little guys the
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canthodes
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they really didn't do anything i just
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think they're cool
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the animals present during the permian
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mark the end of the steady evolution of
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life
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during the paleozoic era the era started
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with the cambrian explosion
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and a surge of complex life and when the
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era ends at the permian
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it would also mark the greatest crisis
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for animal life
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unlike what you may expect the permian
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extinction
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which began some 252 million years ago
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was not one massive apocalypse caused by
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a single quick event instead many smaller
00:07:06
problems all caused the perfect disaster
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for an actual life for instance it
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appears that life was still recovering
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from an earlier extinction event
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the poorly understood capitainian
00:07:17
extinction
00:07:18
which occurred only 8 million years
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prior now the actual reason for the
00:07:22
extinction we're talking about the
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permian triassic extinction event
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has never been completely pinned with
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certainty on one thing
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like the meteor that ended the dinosaurs
00:07:32
instead it has undergone
00:07:34
much debate one theory states a rise in
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methane-producing microbes
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who may have filled the atmosphere with
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methane to the point of climate
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disruption
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other theories state the formation of
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the supercontinent pangaea
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may have played a role in this
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extinction the colliding of the tectonic
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plates may have destroyed ocean habitats
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and disrupted
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currents causing climate differences
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across the continent
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of course scientists can never be too
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creative and some do propose a meteor as
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well
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just like the one which killed the
00:08:04
dinosaurs all of these for one reason or
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another
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are not accepted as the main reason the
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most plausible main cause was much more
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eruptive
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by the end of the permian a massive
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number of volcanic eruptions occurred
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in what is today western siberia the
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region lie in a constant series of
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intense volcanic activity
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for more than a million years this
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activity would eventually create the
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siberian traps
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a region in siberia blanketed in igneous
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rock
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for scale traps cover some seven million
00:08:40
square kilometers
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all of which were created in about a
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million years
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surprisingly a giant cluster of land
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mass creating volcanoes
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is not good for the environment they
00:08:51
would have caused major climate
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disruption
00:08:53
which as can be seen in our modern world
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causes extensive
00:08:57
environmental problems gases from deep
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in the earth billowed into the
00:09:01
atmosphere
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like the world's biggest industrial
00:09:03
plant and they poison the earth and its
00:09:06
inhabitants
00:09:07
this would have caused a mass death in
00:09:09
plant populations
00:09:10
who would have died due to the poisonous
00:09:12
atmosphere and maybe even the lack of
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available sunlight
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for photosynthesis thus terrestrial
00:09:18
fauna who relied on these plants
00:09:19
would have died with them before we can
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go over the mind-boggling rate of animal
00:09:25
extinctions
00:09:26
we first must do a bit of review a
00:09:29
species is the most specific level
00:09:31
of taxonomy for example homo sapiens is
00:09:34
our species the genus homo represents
00:09:37
the next
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more broader grouping and consists of us
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and our extinct relatives
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like the neanderthals with the plural of
00:09:44
genus being genre
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family is an even broader group which
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for us would mean the hominidae
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which is all of the great apes and even
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more broad than that is the
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classification of
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order our order includes all of the
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primates
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which includes probably hundreds of
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species all over the world i tell you all of
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this to truly grasp the level of
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destruction that occurred at the end of
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the permian
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in total 70 of land vertebrate species
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were wiped out these include all of the
00:10:16
genre of large carnivorous gorgonopsids
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as well as their large prey the
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parareptiles
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other groups of vertebrates such as the
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giant amphibians
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were not completely erased but their
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numbers decreased drastically to the
00:10:30
point of near extinction
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all in all it took vertebrate some 30
00:10:35
million years
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to recover insects were also severely
00:10:39
affected with the permian representing the
00:10:41
largest extinction event for them
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with many orders of insects going
00:10:45
completely extinct
00:10:47
among those bugs the most notable is the
00:10:50
entire order
00:10:51
of paleodectorance a type of six-winged
00:10:54
herbivorous insect which went completely
00:10:57
extinct
00:10:58
but the damage does not stop there
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because plants absorb carbon dioxide
00:11:03
and therefore regulate the climate their
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extinction further exaggerated
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the worsening climate problem
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with the climate destabilizing it was
00:11:13
the oceans which took the brunt of the
00:11:15
damage during this period of extinction
00:11:17
the changing climate had depleted the
00:11:19
oxygen levels within the ocean
00:11:21
causing what is known as anoxia in case
00:11:24
you don't know
00:11:25
although water is just water it can have
00:11:27
different levels of oxidation
00:11:29
and marine life depends on steady oxygen
00:11:32
levels to be able to breathe thus this drastic
00:11:35
lack of oxygen in the oceans
00:11:37
caused widespread problems worsening the
00:11:40
seeds was the surplus of now unabsorbed
00:11:42
carbon dioxide
00:11:44
which instead went into the ocean
00:11:46
unhealthy co2 levels in the ocean
00:11:49
causes its ph level to rise which
00:11:51
creates ocean acidification
00:11:54
the same thing which in modern times
00:11:56
bleaches and kills off
00:11:57
coral reefs ocean life is much more
00:12:00
susceptible to being harmed by oxygen
00:12:02
and carbon changes
00:12:03
especially those with hard calcium bones
00:12:05
who easily fall victim to this
00:12:07
acidification it is because of this that
00:12:10
this global ocean disaster
00:12:12
hit marine life even harder than their
00:12:14
land brethren
00:12:16
with about 96 of all marine life going
00:12:19
extinct
00:12:20
and 81 of marine animal genre vanishing
00:12:24
all marine life was heavily affected the
00:12:27
brachiopods
00:12:28
gastropods anthozoans crinoids and
00:12:31
ammonites
00:12:32
all experienced a percentage of extinct
00:12:34
genre over 95 percent
00:12:37
of the animal groups which went
00:12:39
completely extinct
00:12:40
the entire order of the european sea
00:12:43
scorpions
00:12:44
in order of ammonites known as goneats
00:12:48
multiple orders of corals the order of
00:12:50
clam-like orthods
00:12:52
the order of the sand dollar-like
00:12:53
blastoids and the ancanthodian class of
00:12:57
fish
00:12:58
maybe most notably of the marine life
00:13:00
who died out
00:13:01
the vast group of arthropods known as
00:13:03
the trilobites
00:13:04
which had crawled the ocean floors since
00:13:06
the cambrian period
00:13:08
were finally wiped off the face of the
00:13:10
earth
00:13:11
all in all the permian mass extinction
00:13:13
killed off roughly 60 percent
00:13:16
of all biological families 80 percent of
00:13:18
the genre
00:13:20
and ninety percent of the species on
00:13:22
earth
00:13:23
the extinction's length seemed to have
00:13:24
varied for instances might have lasted a
00:13:27
million years on land
00:13:28
and only a fifth of that time in the
00:13:30
oceans that either way
00:13:32
it was a slow burn for generations after
00:13:35
generations life on earth slowly was
00:13:37
poisoned starved and suffocated
00:13:49
the earth was a changed place
00:13:52
both plant and animal life were altered
00:13:54
and damaged
00:13:55
nearly beyond repair and many took
00:13:58
millions of years to fully recover
00:14:00
for example in italian rocks it was
00:14:02
discovered that a once lush
00:14:04
permian conifer forest was fully
00:14:06
replaced by
00:14:07
fungi during the following period
00:14:09
presumably these massive colonies of
00:14:11
fungi
00:14:12
were able to feed on millions of years
00:14:15
worth of dead trees
00:14:17
the change was so drastic scientists
00:14:19
mark it as the literal
00:14:20
end of an era not only did the permian
00:14:23
period transition to the triassic
00:14:25
but the paleozoic era would lead to the
00:14:27
mesozoic
00:14:29
yet for all of its change a few
00:14:31
creatures crawled from the ashes
00:14:33
and prospered
00:14:36
the synapses destiny as rulers of the
00:14:39
land had crumbled underneath them
00:14:41
however one group those grappy designers
00:14:44
were able to survive through the great
00:14:46
dying
00:14:48
these adaptable herbivorous animals soon
00:14:50
came to dominate the early triassic
00:14:53
as by far the most common large animal
00:14:56
the pig-like liskersaurus might have
00:14:57
been the most abundant
00:14:59
and some dig sites have over 96 of the
00:15:02
animals fossilized
00:15:03
being just this creature the cyanodance
00:15:06
would continue being the dominant type
00:15:07
of large herbivores
00:15:09
throughout the triassic some growing as
00:15:11
large as elephants
00:15:13
but these synapses would themselves die
00:15:15
out by the end of the period
00:15:18
the other group of surviving synapses
00:15:19
were the cynodons
00:15:21
these small dog rat creatures these
00:15:24
animals would never dominate
00:15:26
the world like the cynodons during the
00:15:28
triassic but instead would scrape by and
00:15:30
eventually evolve into
00:15:31
all mammals it is from these creatures
00:15:34
that 180 million years after the permian
00:15:37
synapses would finally reclaim their
00:15:39
seat as the dominant life form
00:15:41
on land but starting in the triassic the
00:15:44
creatures that would take over the land
00:15:46
would be those pesky dioxids aka the
00:15:49
reptiles
00:15:50
who would eventually replace the
00:15:51
synapses in almost every manner possible
00:15:54
you see after a giant extinction event
00:15:56
like the great dying
00:15:57
a whole slew of ecological niches are
00:16:00
left empty
00:16:01
anything from large carnivorous animals
00:16:03
to small tree dwellers
00:16:05
had completely vanished and thus
00:16:07
presented a perfect opportunity
00:16:09
for creatures that survived this is
00:16:11
called adaptive radiation
00:16:13
where organisms rapidly evolve and
00:16:15
diversify
00:16:16
from one ancestor when the opportunity
00:16:18
strikes
00:16:19
and with a good nine tenths of your
00:16:21
neighbors killed off
00:16:23
this meant a lot of weird adaptations
00:16:25
from reptiles
00:16:26
in the trees the tree climbing
00:16:28
trypanosaurus with monkey-like
00:16:30
prehensile tails
00:16:31
and narrow heads began to clamber onto
00:16:34
branches
00:16:35
aito swords grew armor and became common
00:16:38
large herbivores
00:16:40
mirroring the armored dinosaurs that
00:16:41
would come later
00:16:43
where the mighty gorgonopsis had once
00:16:45
reigned as alpha predators
00:16:46
the ragis emerged and although they
00:16:50
might look like dinosaurs they actually
00:16:52
aren't instead being terrestrial
00:16:54
relatives of crocodiles
00:16:56
and this might look like a crocodile but
00:16:58
it isn't
00:16:59
it's a phytosaur a group of aquatic
00:17:01
reptiles with long narrow snaps to catch
00:17:04
fish and fill out the niche crocodiles
00:17:07
would eventually
00:17:08
take in the oceans reptiles took over as
00:17:10
well
00:17:11
both ichthyosaurs and nothosaurs took
00:17:14
over the seas
00:17:15
and for the rest of the mesozoic ruled
00:17:18
as dominant marine animals
00:17:20
other weird triassic reptiles include
00:17:22
the fashionable
00:17:23
longisquama a long-snouted terra
00:17:26
terpedon
00:17:27
and of course big man tan tennis grovius
00:17:30
and his neck of the gods this abundance
00:17:33
of unique animals would themselves die
00:17:35
out during a minor extinction event
00:17:37
at the end of the triassic which would
00:17:40
pave the way for dinosaurs to take over
00:17:43
but their very existence proves the
00:17:45
durability
00:17:46
of nature the paleozoic era may have
00:17:49
ended in ash
00:17:50
with hundreds of millions of years of
00:17:52
evolutionary progress
00:17:53
sunk but the creatures which would
00:17:56
emerge would evolve into modern life
00:17:58
as we know it when the very earth seemed
00:18:01
to want to choke the life out of itself
00:18:04
animals would prevail remember
00:18:07
that life always finds a way and thank
00:18:09
you for watching
00:18:11
see ya
00:18:15
[Music]
00:18:22
[Music]
00:18:51
you

Description:

Hello Everybody! Here’s another longer video, about maybe my biggest and broadest topic yet: The Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction, AKA The Great Dying. I hope it turned out well. Thumbnail Art by SharkeyTrike on Deviantart: https://www.deviantart.com/sharkeytrike Wikipedia Articles for the animals/eras with you want to learn more about them: (By the way, I mentioned way more things than the ones listed here, this is just an outline). Permian Mass Extinction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event Carboniferous Period: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous Permian Period: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian Reptiliomorpha:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha Diapsids: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapsid Synapsids: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsid Pelycosaurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelycosaur Dinocephalia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinocephalia Gorgonopsia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonopsia Dicynodonts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicynodont Cynodonts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynodont Parareptilia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parareptilia Helicoprion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoprion Triassic Period: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic Sources Used: https://www.livescience.com/43219-permian-period-climate-animals-plants.html https://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10298.short https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-extinction/Alteration-of-the-carbon-cycle https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4983274/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7988102/ https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/637886 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856103/ https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2008/5785.html (Non royalty free) Videos used: Note: All videos should presumably fall under fair use, as not only is a small fraction of the video used, but my video and the means I use these videos falls under education. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG_X-cx5Szg& https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W29z6k6gsCA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38DmNpAV6Dw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VLHcE1VVZ8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXQK3AgOyM4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YN2_rkpyC3g “Why the Conan the Barbarian Music”: So the reason I chose the theme from the Conan the Barbarian Movie is because of the shared themes in both the world of Conan and of the Permian. Conan lives in the mythical Hyborian Age, which is supposed to be some prehistoric earth, where great kingdoms and empires ruled, but were all long forgotten by the time of modern humans. Likewise, the Permian is the same: it was a time ruled by many different ages of now long forgotten animals, but for all of their success most were wiped out, leaving only the survivors to cling to life and repopulate the world. The earth forgot about the era, the triumph and falls of those animals, the only remnants to be the fossils lodged in the stone of the earth. Plus I think the theme is great. Introduction 0:00 The Calm; 0:53 The Storm; 6:50 After the Dying; 13:43 "Correction: 11:51 pH levels LOWER during ocean acidification"

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