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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:02
beauty is truly a beautiful planet, very00:00:05
beautiful and even close up here on00:00:08
this slide she is close we fly up to her00:00:10
on a spacecraft well it does00:00:12
n't always come from having seen we usually see her from the00:00:15
earth and honestly I00:00:18
can never resist don’t jump up00:00:20
from your desk, don’t grab00:00:22
the camera, and that’s how in this frame,00:00:24
just looking out the window, a picture from my window,00:00:27
the sun has just set in the sky, there00:00:30
are no stars yet, the atmosphere is still quite brightly illuminated00:00:34
from under the horizon by the sun’s rays,00:00:36
and Venus is already visible, here it is00:00:40
how beautiful it is, how bright it is,00:00:43
of course it’s a00:00:45
worthwhile sight and00:00:47
try to find the stars in the glowing sky,00:00:51
here is the morning dawn or the evening dawn, it’s00:00:54
impossible, it doesn’t give us the opportunity to00:00:55
see even the bright stars but the planets, but the00:00:59
moon, of course the moon is visible and the bright planets00:01:02
Saturn00:01:03
Venus and occasionally it’s possible to see00:01:06
Mercury up close horizon, but of course00:01:09
Venus is the most beautiful, the brightest, and there is00:01:12
nothing in the world in the sky brighter than venere,00:01:17
well, with the exception of the full moon,00:01:19
the sun rather prevents us from00:01:21
observing the final sun, but Venus decorates the sky,00:01:25
look at this wonderful photo, the00:01:28
path on the water from Venus, it is so00:01:32
bright that from sometimes there are notes of strength in the mountains,00:01:36
you work in a mountain observatory, shadows are00:01:38
even visible on the surface of the earth, this00:01:41
is a sky lantern and a path on the00:01:44
water, but it’s just from the moon and from Venus, and00:01:46
once in my life I saw Venus very bright in00:01:49
pictures of the night sky, it certainly00:01:52
interrupts the trace of the surrounding stars, well00:01:55
because firstly it is very close to00:01:58
us and secondly it is very close to the sun00:02:00
the author of these reflects the sun's00:02:02
rays well we always admire by the way00:02:05
this picture was taken in Siberia not far from00:02:09
Novosibirsk from the academic town my friend00:02:12
our graduate nickname professional astronomer00:02:14
Alexander Yuferev lives in a small00:02:17
rural house too can’t resist00:02:20
seeing Venus in the sky from00:02:23
taking good pictures,00:02:25
pay attention only to two female00:02:28
names in the sky that we see00:02:31
with the naked eye,00:02:32
Venus and Selena 1, aka the moon, these are the00:02:37
two most beautiful00:02:39
stars, but00:02:42
I like to call the moon a planet, so I00:02:45
won’t refuse I am pleased to say that00:02:47
two planets are the most beautiful, the brightest00:02:50
in the sky have female names and on business,00:02:53
especially on the eve of March 8,00:02:56
let's look at the solar system in it, a00:03:00
gigantic number of bodies, more than a million,00:03:03
astronomers have already discovered, but only00:03:05
eight large ones, we call them planets,00:03:09
among these eight there are four planets00:03:11
similar to the earth, terrestrial planets and00:03:15
4 giant planets, Venus is of course the most00:03:19
similar to the earth, and not only because00:03:22
it is the same in size and mass, not00:03:25
only because it is located00:03:28
at approximately the same distance from the00:03:30
sun as the earth, and here such a gray00:03:34
tone shows the area or range the00:03:40
distance from the sun00:03:42
within which on the planet we expect00:03:44
more or less and climate conditions close to terrestrial00:03:48
why well because if00:03:51
closer to the sun it is very hot the water on the00:03:53
planet00:03:54
boils and we will find liquid water there00:03:57
if further from the sun it is very It’s cold,00:04:00
but in this corridor00:04:02
we call it a zone of life, or rather, it was necessary to00:04:05
allow a zone of possible life because00:04:08
liquid water on the planet gives a chance for00:04:13
life, but this does not mean that life00:04:15
will take advantage of it,00:04:16
so this corridor, this zone of life00:04:19
is moving little by little century after century away00:04:23
from the sun, when the solar system was00:04:25
young, the sun was not so warm, it did not00:04:29
illuminate the planets so brightly, and then the life zone was00:04:32
a little closer to the sun and Venera, as it00:04:35
seems to us today, fell on the warm00:04:38
edge of this zone, and maybe then conditions on00:04:41
Venus were more favorable than00:04:43
today today it is very hot there,00:04:45
this zone is moving, the earth is still00:04:48
in it, today this zone is approaching00:04:51
Mars, but there is little chance that Mars00:04:54
will take advantage of this,00:04:55
it is small and it has already practically00:04:58
lost the atmosphere and the water00:05:00
shell from its surface, but who00:05:03
knows, maybe someday00:05:04
Venera will take advantage of it increasingly00:05:08
heated by the sun, this unfortunately00:05:11
led to possible irreversible00:05:13
consequences in its climate, in this00:05:17
picture I depicted all the planets, these are00:05:20
honest photographs of the planets on the same00:05:23
scale and I repeat once again the solar00:05:25
system is arranged very symmetrically 400:05:29
giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus and00:05:32
Neptune four terrestrial planets earth00:05:36
Venus Mars and Mercury in order to00:05:38
demonstrate that the pluto is very00:05:41
small and does not pretend to be a planet,00:05:44
I would also depict here it is really a very00:05:46
small giant and is divided in half by two00:05:50
gases, barely as we say icy, well,00:05:54
that is, containing not a little more00:05:57
complex substances than these00:06:00
hydrogen-helium giant balls two and00:06:03
two terrestrial planets are also divided00:06:06
in half two similar to earths 2 but not00:06:10
very similar Mars and Mercury are almost00:06:13
completely mercury and Mars is almost devoid of00:06:15
an atmosphere what are the symmetries here in00:06:18
half amazingly the solar00:06:21
system is so hierarchical and00:06:23
symmetrically, but now we’ll talk about00:06:26
just Venus00:06:28
next to the earth, it would look almost00:06:31
indistinguishable, the size is the same mass, the00:06:33
same force of gravity on Venus is00:06:36
almost the same as on the earth, a little00:06:38
bit smaller, and there is an atmosphere here and there, and there are00:06:42
clouds here and there, but the truth is that our clouds are00:06:45
all they still make it possible00:06:47
to see something between them from space, from the continent you00:06:50
can see the expanses of the sea,00:06:52
but on Venus the clouds are so00:06:55
dense that through them we cannot see00:06:58
the surface of the planets, I must honestly00:07:00
say even if there were no clouds00:07:03
the atmosphere is so massive there is so00:07:06
much gas in it that It’s unlikely that even00:07:09
between the clouds there were gaps, we00:07:12
saw something on the surface of00:07:14
the planet, a very massive atmosphere in the00:07:17
atmosphere of Venus, gases almost 100 times00:07:21
more than in the atmosphere of the earth,00:07:23
how scientists imagined the00:07:26
Venusian climate of the Venusian00:07:28
surface before the era of the first spacecraft flights there00:07:31
the fact is that00:07:34
nothing can be seen on the earth through a telescope and we00:07:36
had to wait until00:07:38
space probes landed there on the surface of the planet, and00:07:41
scientists still studied it, trying00:07:44
to imagine themselves, so in my opinion this is the00:07:47
simplest and surest way to00:07:50
quickly find out the ideas of scientists00:07:53
of some kind era about something cosmic is to00:07:56
take and read good science fiction, well, of00:07:59
course, there are science fiction writers and dreamers who00:08:02
write fantasy who come up with everything out of their00:08:05
heads, and there are authors of popular science00:08:08
books that are00:08:10
quite literary attractive but00:08:13
at the same time scientifically accurate; for their00:08:16
era they accurately reflected scientific00:08:19
ideas, for example Vladimir in00:08:22
the boat is a very famous writer of the forties00:08:25
and fifties of the early sixties, I am00:08:29
Ukrainian, but I wrote in Russian and Ukrainian00:08:30
and translated it into many other languages,00:08:33
he very accurately pressed the00:08:37
evolution of the scientists’ idea of \u200b\u200bVenus00:08:40
from the year 35 to the fifty-fifth year he was00:08:42
famous for several buildings00:08:44
he completed the novel The Argonauts of the Universe, but he00:08:48
already completed it and the chandelier, or rather, he passed it. From00:08:51
the illustrations, you can see how he00:08:53
imagined the00:08:55
surface of Venus, that it is a00:08:57
planet raging with life, similar to our00:09:02
tropical forests with huge insects00:09:05
and dinosaurs, but in general, adventures00:09:08
happen there, of course, with might and main, but he00:09:12
honestly reflected the ideas Scientists of that00:09:15
era00:09:16
believed that Venus was exactly like this before00:09:18
Venus is warmer than the earth, the date is a lot of clouds00:09:21
and what are clouds, but obviously it is water00:09:24
from it, it rains and the fruit means a00:09:27
tropical climate, and for example, in that00:09:31
era, I didn’t read it in the boat, I00:09:33
recently read it to me they suggested that there was00:09:36
such a writer, I somehow passed by,00:09:38
but the Strugatsky brothers00:09:40
are my favorite science fiction writers and you00:09:43
know that Boris Strugatsky was a00:09:45
professional astronomer,00:09:47
re-read his land of crimson clouds, you00:09:51
can already understand from the illustrations that I00:09:52
took from there that he himself, more precisely,00:09:56
they brothers imagined00:09:58
Venus as a young earth in the late fifties,00:10:02
well, here’s another writer who is also quite00:10:06
immersed, so to speak, in the scientific00:10:09
ideas of that era, this is Alexander00:10:11
Kazantsev, his planet of storms, but all00:10:14
the illustrations tell you what the00:10:16
conditions are there. By the way, pay attention, this is the00:10:19
first space novel about Venus where not00:10:22
only astronauts and cosmonauts study the language,00:10:25
but robots00:10:27
in our era are only robots, and then00:10:31
science fiction writers imagined such a00:10:32
community of man and robot on these00:10:35
planets,00:10:36
after we got this generally wonderful00:10:39
book, an amazing film was made, I don’t00:10:43
get tired of watching it for several00:10:46
decades because I created it he, together00:10:49
with Alexander Kazan, wrote the script,00:10:51
created it by Pavelko,00:10:55
of course, all00:10:58
filmmakers who generally take up00:11:00
science fiction know this last name of this man, because he was probably a00:11:03
pioneer of00:11:04
real science fiction in cinema, not some kind of rope00:11:07
cordon, so naive,00:11:11
but quite serious with special effects Well,00:11:15
you see an illustration from his films,00:11:18
the film is open on the Internet, you can00:11:21
watch it and I honestly advise you to00:11:23
do it, and he reflected the idea of00:11:26
Venus in the early sixties, already in the era of00:11:30
astronautics, but spacecraft had not yet reached the00:11:32
surface of00:11:35
Venus and we had no idea what the00:11:38
conditions were there. another frame from the film00:11:40
planet of storms, it’s clear, yes, that’s how we00:11:43
imagined the winner, what is the problem,00:11:46
why was it so difficult to study it, and it is00:11:50
closer than the earth to the sun, this so-called00:11:52
inner planet Mercury and Venus00:11:55
is closer than the earth to the sun, which means00:11:59
from any point in the earth’s orbit to at any00:12:02
point in the Venusian orbit we see this00:12:05
planet not far from the sun at a small00:12:08
angle; it moves away on the celestial sphere from the00:12:10
souls, therefore, pointing the telescope at it, we are00:12:13
sure to receive solar rays either00:12:15
direct or diffused in the earth's atmosphere,00:12:18
but mercury is generally not amenable to study by00:12:22
their telescope from the earth because it00:12:24
never Venus does not move away from the sun by more than00:12:26
28 degrees, it moves00:12:30
further away by 47 sometimes even 48 degrees, this00:12:34
allows you to at least somehow00:12:36
see something on it through a telescope, but look like00:12:39
this, Venus revolves around the sun00:12:41
when it is well illuminated by the sun, it is00:12:44
quite behind it far from the earth and even00:12:46
the sun is next to it in the sky when it00:12:49
approaches us towards the knife, it turns00:12:52
its night dark side towards the earth,00:12:55
nothing is visible there either, in general for00:12:57
astronomers it was a very00:12:59
difficult planet to study in this series of00:13:02
photographs you see as one and the same00:13:05
telescope month after month photographs00:13:08
Venus,00:13:09
almost no details are visible on its00:13:12
surface, but a series of photographs shows00:13:15
that Venus is close to us, but we can see00:13:18
starting from the sides, and when we see the00:13:20
daytime hemisphere, it is there behind the sun00:13:23
and quite far from the earth, and even our00:13:26
telescope is blinded by the sun's rays, but00:13:28
here is another series of such photographs, as00:13:31
you can see,00:13:32
these00:13:35
photographs do00:13:36
not show us any details on the surface, however, they00:13:39
demonstrate an interesting thing and I will return00:13:41
from here to this picture, look at this is the00:13:43
night hemisphere of Venus, but some kind of00:13:46
light rim, what is it? these are the00:13:49
sun's rays passing in our direction00:13:52
through the Venusian atmosphere,00:13:54
dissipating and there they tell us that00:13:57
the atmosphere exists, this is no less important in 100:14:02
TV, the effect was noticed by Michal silicium and the nose00:14:05
in 1761, this rarely happens, Venus00:14:09
passed against the backdrop of a solar00:14:12
disco and clematis for him a small00:14:14
telescope described such a phenomenon when00:14:18
Venus touched the edge of the solar disk, a00:14:24
thin light rim around the00:14:27
Venusian disk lit up against the background of the already dark sky and Lomonosov correctly00:14:30
understood this phenomenon that Venus has00:14:33
an atmosphere, of course I’m showing you pictures of00:14:36
our era, recently there was such a00:14:39
passage of Venus again against the background of the sun these are00:14:41
modern telescopes with special00:14:44
light filters in special conditions there00:14:46
was no such thing as Lomonosov, he was able to00:14:51
notice it, but at least he00:14:52
published a scientific article about it and00:14:55
became the00:14:56
discoverer of the00:14:58
Venusian atmosphere. Today we use the effect when00:15:02
studying planets around other stars,00:15:05
exoplanets and the same thing occurs00:15:08
when the rays of their home star pass00:15:11
through the atmosphere of00:15:13
these very exoplanets in world00:15:15
literature, scientifically this is called the00:15:17
Lomonosov effect.00:15:20
Venus surprises us then we studied it00:15:24
with the help of optical and radio telescopes,00:15:27
it turned out that it rotates very slowly00:15:30
around its axis, our earth00:15:33
makes a revolution in one a day, Venera00:15:36
makes a revolution in00:15:38
243 Earth days, while it makes a revolution around00:15:44
the sun faster in two hundred and00:15:46
twenty-five days, that is, one00:15:48
rotation of the planet around itself lasts00:15:51
longer than its flight around the sun,00:15:56
however, the upper layers of the atmosphere that we00:15:59
see through a telescope00:16:00
rotate much faster than a solid body the00:16:04
planets slowly slowly rotate, and00:16:06
even in the wrong direction, in the opposite direction,00:16:08
not like all the other planets in the other00:16:11
direction, but the atmosphere flies around the planet in 4 days in 500:16:15
days, this00:16:18
is called super rotation, well,00:16:20
indeed, a very fast rotation of the00:16:22
Venusian atmosphere is00:16:24
also still a mysterious phenomenon due to00:16:28
what the influx of energy this motor00:16:31
works why the atmosphere did not00:16:33
slow down due to friction and the solid body of the00:16:36
planet00:16:38
when astronomers observe Venus they00:16:41
see in different positions relative to00:16:43
the sun, well, we conventionally call these positions the00:16:47
upper conjunction with the sun, that is, from the00:16:51
point of view of earthlings, Venus is behind the sun00:16:53
as if above it the lower connection00:16:56
with the sun00:16:57
the maximum distance from the sun00:17:00
is called maximum elongation00:17:02
maximum western and eastern00:17:05
locations, of course at these moments Venus00:17:07
can be seen at least somehow through a telescope,00:17:10
but really half of its disk is dedicated from the00:17:13
point of view of earthlings, we see half of00:17:15
the day side, half of the night side, well, at least00:17:19
at least we can see something, the00:17:22
connection between the00:17:26
movement of Venus and the earth looks quite mysterious and I wo00:17:30
n’t talk about it in detail, I would00:17:31
like to dwell more on the climate of Venus,00:17:34
but for those who00:17:37
will teach astronomy and are deeply interested in00:17:40
our science, I’m showing you these slides specifically,00:17:42
it will probably remain record,00:17:45
try to understand it carefully, the00:17:48
amazingly mysterious00:17:51
property of the miner is that it is in00:17:54
each lower connection with the earth, that is,00:17:57
when the earth, Venus and the sun are on the same00:18:00
line, Venus between the sun and us00:18:02
manages to make exactly four revolutions00:18:06
around itself, exactly one00:18:09
thousandth there a fraction of the court is one thousandth of00:18:11
a revolution, this is within the limits of measurement errors, it is00:18:16
like how this synchronization has occurred,00:18:20
why how does Venus know about the earth, well,00:18:24
I say this in the physical sense, how its00:18:27
movement is connected with those moments that00:18:30
it is getting closer to the earth, and00:18:33
I will say even more, it is still synchronized. with Jupiter00:18:36
with the movement of Jupiter, in general, a mystery on00:18:39
a mystery, but when there is no astronomers00:18:41
figure it out and we return00:18:44
to the planet itself,00:18:45
this is a dense, thick, massive00:18:48
Venusian atmosphere, what it00:18:50
consists of, as it turned out, almost pure00:18:53
carbon dioxide, not the weight of 6 half00:18:56
percent of the Venusian atmosphere, this is00:18:58
carbon dioxide, a00:19:00
little bit of nitrogen of that but from which the00:19:03
earth's atmosphere is mainly made,00:19:05
but there is not so much of it, well, that00:19:09
means not so much, but we must remember that the00:19:12
Venusian atmosphere is a hundred times more massive than the00:19:14
earth's, so this is a small fraction00:19:17
of nitrogen, it is actually more than the00:19:21
total amount of nitrogen in the earth's00:19:23
atmosphere00:19:24
but at the same time it suppresses the00:19:27
amount of carbon dioxide on Venus,00:19:29
of course it prevails here, more than 96 percent,00:19:32
there is also a little bit of water vapor, oxides00:19:36
and dioxide,00:19:38
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,00:19:41
noble gases, but these are all little things, these00:19:44
little things are in the atmosphere of any planet,00:19:46
but the main basic components are00:19:50
true another strange thing in00:19:54
the atmosphere of Venus, these are the clouds that00:19:56
we see from which they could be from00:19:59
anything crystals of some frozen00:20:02
gas or droplets, as it turned out, yes they are00:20:05
droplets, but these are droplets of00:20:07
concentrated sulfuric acid and00:20:10
they will eat soda, sulfuric acid is also00:20:14
not the most pleasant for clouds of life and an00:20:17
atmosphere that is not the most suitable for life, but00:20:20
everything is known in comparison to us, for00:20:23
humans, an atmosphere that is not very suitable,00:20:25
we cannot breathe carbon dioxide, but00:20:28
many microorganisms on earth breathe and00:20:31
feed on carbon dioxide, and plants00:20:34
too, so from what point of view should00:20:37
we look at what some plant will say00:20:40
that this is a favorable atmosphere,00:20:42
rarefied droplets of sulfuric acid are not00:20:45
very niche, biologists say that in such00:20:48
conditions it is quite possible to live, some00:20:51
can live, the appearance of Venus, of course, it00:20:54
greatly depends on what kind of00:20:56
camera you take photographs in what00:20:59
range of radiation it is believed that00:21:02
this photograph is a closest to00:21:06
what the human eye would see if a00:21:08
person flew up to Venus, and so the00:21:10
yellowish-greenish tint is apparently00:21:13
characteristic of the00:21:15
Venusian surface if we00:21:17
look at it with human eyes from a00:21:20
close distance, of course, astronomers00:21:23
have much more diverse00:21:25
equipment, this wonderful picture00:21:28
consists of two parts00:21:30
made from the side of the pole, this is the pole, the00:21:35
south pole, Venus, one half of the planet is00:21:38
illuminated by the sun, this is the day side,00:21:41
the other half itself glows with the thermal00:21:45
radiation of the atmosphere on the hot00:21:47
avenir, it glows in the infrared00:21:49
range and we connected them, it turned out to be a00:21:52
single photograph,00:21:54
I’ll return to this one you noticed00:21:57
that the00:21:58
vegan atmosphere has a large-00:22:02
scale pattern, something like this00:22:05
goes like this, and the equator and from the equator, the side of00:22:10
one pole, a00:22:11
giant00:22:14
single cyclone wraps around all the hemispheres of the00:22:17
planet, one cyclone from the side of the 2 poles,00:22:21
also one giant cyclone, it’s even better00:22:25
to look at it from the side of the pulse, so00:22:27
we trace the clouds and see how00:22:31
a cyclone swirls around the pole, in00:22:34
general, this is expected of any planet, heating the00:22:37
price in the region of the equator by the sun most00:22:40
strongly and the air begins to swell towards the00:22:43
cold pole, but if on a rapidly00:22:46
rotating earth this leads to the fact00:22:49
that the Coriolis Basil and the00:22:52
planets arising due to rotation twist the00:22:54
atmosphere into such compact cyclone chiki00:22:56
we know in the earth's atmosphere there are many small00:22:59
cyclones measuring one thousand and a half thousand00:23:02
kilometers, Venus rotates slowly and00:23:05
therefore one giant cyclone on00:23:08
one pole is wound on it and the second00:23:11
giant cyclone is wound on 2 where does the00:23:14
gas go, so it moves in a spiral to00:23:18
the pole and cools there and then where00:23:21
does it go, these are funnels above the winner poles, the00:23:26
gas cools and goes down into the lower00:23:30
layers00:23:31
but not quite into the middle psc all of its00:23:34
Venusian atmosphere00:23:36
there it is cool and sent back00:23:38
so the vataru heats up in the equatorial00:23:42
region rises and again travels00:23:45
to the pole and this is such a circulation of00:23:48
the atmosphere on Venus has one cycle in each hemisphere,00:23:50
it provides such a00:23:53
movement, in this photograph in00:23:56
ultraviolet rays taken very00:23:59
clearly visible from the equator there is a00:24:02
winding cyclone ok through the forest and 200:24:05
cyclones from the pole by the way,00:24:08
Saturn’s satellite00:24:10
Titan looks about the same, it also has a slow rotation, a00:24:13
dense atmosphere and here are 2 cyclones00:24:17
on each hemisphere in one00:24:22
visible range, the00:24:25
radiation from Venus probably doesn’t00:24:29
look very contrasting, this picture is also00:24:32
not three, astronomers present it as00:24:35
characteristic of human vision, I don’t00:24:37
know which one is more accurate, you just need to check,00:24:39
fly up to Venus, but they say that00:24:41
maybe it’s not the network does not look very contrasty00:24:45
because there is a haze hanging on the top layer of clouds00:24:48
and it scatters the light,00:24:51
maybe at least we see that Venus00:24:54
reflects sunlight well,00:24:57
astronomers have a special word00:24:59
albedo which we denote the00:25:02
coefficient of light reflection from the00:25:04
surface of the planet, well, it’s clear that up to00:25:07
0 an absolutely black body does not00:25:09
reflect anything, everything absorbs planets, the albedo of00:25:12
one is an absolutely white body like a00:25:15
billiard ball, these are approximately the00:25:17
albedo ranges that00:25:20
our earth's surfaces have, snow,00:25:24
say, when it has just fallen, it is white,00:25:27
bright, and reflects sunlight well at a00:25:30
low lunch, and by March, here in Moscow, for00:25:33
example We have already filmed an almost black00:25:36
city of a large industrial00:25:38
automobile and the snow has already turned black and00:25:41
almost does not reflect light. I know that in00:25:43
Siberia such a range of struggle to snow is00:25:46
not observed00:25:48
when I teach at an academy in the town of00:25:50
Novosibirsk there the snow even in March00:25:52
has a clear crystal whiteness and00:25:56
this the albedo of various space objects,00:25:59
our moon is quite black, about00:26:02
ten percent,00:26:03
there are even darker black surfaces,00:26:06
there is, on the contrary, very light, for example,00:26:08
Saturn’s satellite Enceladus,00:26:10
it constantly renews its snow00:26:13
cover, there is a water geyser that00:26:16
throws out clean water from under the ice and00:26:19
it is white and white, but here’s another thing for00:26:21
comparisons albe up to 10 percent this is00:26:24
fresh washed asphalt albe up to 5000:26:28
percent of this fresh washed concrete on00:26:31
something like this you need to imagine the asphalt00:26:34
remember a clear sunny day here00:26:37
you go you are walking along a concrete path00:26:39
but it is warm but nothing particularly warm00:26:41
warm stepped onto the asphalt00:26:44
unhot and soft why it does not00:26:47
reflect sunlight, it absorbs and00:26:50
heats up,00:26:52
it would seem that we do not understand00:26:56
the mysterious thing, this picture is a very00:26:59
mysterious00:27:00
astronomical thing, look at the two00:27:03
planets Mercury and Venus, let's00:27:06
think about what conditions on their surface00:27:09
we could expect based on two00:27:13
characteristics, firstly, Mercury is close00:27:16
to the sun is its distance from the sun in00:27:19
astronomical units and venera is almost00:27:22
twice as far away, which means less00:27:23
sunlight falls on it, so mercury00:27:26
should be hot, but where does this color00:27:29
go? Mercury has a very low00:27:32
albe, yes, it reflects seven percent of the light00:27:34
from 93 absorbs, which means it should00:27:38
get hot it is closer to the sun and almost00:27:40
black, and Venus is farther from the sun and almost00:27:44
90 percent of the sun's rays it00:27:46
casts, the clouds reflect the color, which means that00:27:49
only about 1000:27:52
percent of the sun's heat will break through the surface.00:28:01
let's see what's really there in the00:28:05
equatorial region door ria00:28:07
average temperature but from day to night but00:28:09
we combine plus sixty-seven nothing00:28:13
special at the poles of mercury in general the00:28:14
cold is terrible Venus and at the equator and at the00:28:20
poles both day and night on the surface of the00:28:24
planet absolutely hellish heat plus00:28:26
four hundred and sixty-odd degrees,00:28:29
what’s the matter, also this riddle is00:28:32
quite easy to solve, so I00:28:34
made this illustration for housewives, you00:28:39
need to boil a large pot of water, you00:28:42
put it on the fire, turn it to maximum, the00:28:44
burner is heated, it’s heated, the water doesn’t boil at all,00:28:47
why but because the lid is00:28:50
open and it’s warm goes comes and goes00:28:52
comes and goes the temperature does not reach00:28:55
boiling what to do close the lid the00:28:58
heat influx is the same but the losses have become less and00:29:01
the temperature has increased and the water has boiled00:29:04
everyone knows this is called in such a00:29:08
beautiful word the greenhouse effect, you00:29:11
could call it a kitchen effect but00:29:14
they call it a greenhouse effect why and00:29:16
then the greenhouses are designed exactly this way,00:29:19
this transparent00:29:21
shed, through its glass or film,00:29:24
sunlight penetrates inside,00:29:27
heats the earth00:29:28
when the earth can cool down, if we close the00:29:31
greenhouse door, warm air will not00:29:33
come out of here, but could you conduct thermal00:29:36
infrared rays that cool00:29:39
ordinary earth? through transparent glass00:29:43
or some kind of00:29:45
synthetic film, infrared light has difficulty00:29:48
getting through, almost cannot pass through,00:29:51
so the heat does not accumulate in the greenhouse00:29:53
and the plants there are fragrant in early spring; in the00:29:57
beds it is still cold, almost nothing00:29:59
grows; the00:30:01
greenhouse effect is a00:30:03
very important thing for the climate of the planets;00:30:06
sunlight passes through the atmosphere,00:30:09
some fraction is reflected, but00:30:11
usually we get most of it at least00:30:14
on the ground on the surface, the surface00:30:16
heats up to throw off warm air,00:30:19
the space of the planet cannot, it holds it with00:30:22
its attraction, and infrared light does00:30:28
not pass through many gases that are present in the atmosphere, but this water vapor00:30:33
carbon dioxide methane and some others00:30:36
they trap infrared radiation and00:30:39
therefore00:30:40
the planet overheats to such an extent00:30:43
that infrared light begins to00:30:47
cool something makes its way through00:30:49
the atmosphere but for this the temperature00:30:51
must rise very much, sometimes00:30:53
very noticeably, this is how the greenhouse effect00:30:56
affects climate of the planet if the planet00:30:59
does not have an atmosphere like Mercury, after all, but the moon00:31:02
or some other mass-free00:31:05
bodies, well, there is no greenhouse effect00:31:07
if the atmosphere is rarefied like Mars, the greenhouse effect is00:31:10
still noticeable,00:31:12
small near the earth, the greenhouse effect is00:31:15
very noticeable, almost 40 degrees, he00:31:18
adds to the average temperature of our00:31:20
planet, if it weren’t for him,00:31:23
the average temperature of the earth today would be00:31:25
- about 25 degrees,00:31:28
the earth is frozen, the oceans are covered with ice, a00:31:31
terrible thing, and on Venus, the greenhouse00:31:35
effect adds half a thousand degrees,00:31:36
so the surface there is so hot,00:31:41
well,00:31:43
it’s clear, Allah, that studying clouds is still00:31:47
not enough you need to somehow get to the00:31:50
surface, of course, mostly00:31:54
space probes, especially in recent00:31:56
years, have been studying Venusian clouds, that is,00:32:00
its atmosphere is quite00:32:02
difficult to descend to the surface for several years, from 5 to00:32:05
15, a very good European00:32:08
device, venus express, flew and has now already00:32:11
completed its work. The Japanese00:32:14
Akatsuki apparatus is flying, it is still operating, I think it00:32:17
will work for a long time, it has00:32:19
special telescopes that are configured to00:32:23
look into the depths inside the00:32:26
Venusian atmosphere, and so they00:32:29
looked there, but what did they see? They00:32:31
looked at the depth of the00:32:33
upper layers, which is about00:32:36
60 65 kilometers from the surface of the planet, a00:32:42
Japanese telescope looked to a depth of 48,00:32:46
there from 48 to 50 4 kilometers, it’s already00:32:50
deep there, it’s already warm and visit a picture of the00:32:53
night side of the00:32:55
Venusian surface at night it00:32:58
glows with its own thermal radiation,00:33:02
but the deeper it is, the naturally hotter it’s an00:33:08
amazing thing that Venus00:33:11
even when it doesn’t attract attention and00:33:15
for our own study, those who fly often00:33:18
end up on the path of space probes,00:33:21
or rather, those who are00:33:25
launched towards mercury, that is, even closer to the00:33:29
sun and to the sun itself00:33:31
are forced to fly past venere we are00:33:34
now approaching the sun closer and00:33:36
closer to the wonderful00:33:39
solar probe apparatus named after the astronomer Parker00:33:43
astrophysics parker parker sample salon and00:33:46
he uses the attraction of Venus to00:33:50
get closer to the sun why it is00:33:52
very difficult to send a spacecraft from the earth's orbit00:33:56
directly to the sun because the00:33:58
earth flies in orbit at a speed of 3000:34:00
kilometers seconds for a rocket or a00:34:04
space probe to start falling on the sun00:34:06
this speed is necessary reset to zero slow down and00:34:10
then the fall will begin, we don’t have rockets00:34:13
that could00:34:15
accelerate the spacecraft in the opposite00:34:17
direction at such a speed,00:34:18
so it does this;00:34:20
they slow down the spacecraft a little and it00:34:23
begins to approach Venus, and00:34:26
flying past Venus, due to its00:34:29
attraction, turns towards the sun, but this is a00:34:32
rough00:34:34
scheme, in fact it is a little more00:34:36
sophisticated, but in principle, Venus, with its00:34:39
attraction, allows you to change the00:34:41
direction and speed of flight of00:34:43
spacecraft, this same00:34:46
Parker makes such pirouettes every00:34:50
time he crosses the orbit of Venus, he00:34:52
meets the planet itself, then doesn’t he00:34:55
hit it next to it the steam flies00:34:58
and at the same time flies closer and closer to the00:35:01
sauce00:35:02
flying past Venus,00:35:04
generally speaking he should not have studied00:35:08
her other tasks to explore the sun, but00:35:10
the scientists thought, why are we flying up to them00:35:12
winner let's take a photo from00:35:14
the photo the role of the night side of Venus and00:35:18
it turned out to be00:35:20
on the Venusian clouds about the continent was printed,00:35:23
there it is below, such a00:35:27
big rise, the land of aphrodite, it’s00:35:30
called, it’s like he left his image on the00:35:33
top layer of clouds, it was00:35:37
very unexpected, and we understand partly00:35:41
why this happens, there the wind00:35:43
bounces over the continent,00:35:45
it cools a little, and then a cold spot00:35:47
turns out in one word it turned out that00:35:51
the clouds can serve as a00:35:54
kind of screen on which the00:35:58
relief of the solid surface of Venus is imprinted, such a00:36:01
pleasant unexpected discovery, as00:36:04
you can see, they planted carp00:36:07
radars for sure, it turned out that this is00:36:09
the topography and the hard surface was00:36:13
imprinted yael, which left its00:36:15
imprint on the top layer of Venusian00:36:19
clouds, but this of course was It wouldn’t be enough00:36:21
to introduce00:36:24
spacecraft into the atmosphere of Venus there, but00:36:27
also to try to land them on the surface.00:36:32
Our domestic Venus One was the first to go back in the sixty-first year,00:36:34
but there was not even00:36:37
a chance that they would land on the surface; there was00:36:40
a desire to at least reach this planet;00:36:43
they looked like like this, well, when there was00:36:46
simple rain and at that time there00:36:51
were actually no compact00:36:54
computers yet, we can now00:36:56
carry such a computer in a cell phone,00:36:58
as before it had to occupy a whole house00:37:02
in this spacecraft flew,00:37:04
of course, without00:37:05
computers without control systems, it00:37:08
was very difficult simply to hit a distant00:37:12
planet, but they still sometimes hit00:37:15
higher if it was before the summer before the planet had to00:37:18
leave some kind of sign, a00:37:20
memorial sign that we had reached another00:37:23
planet, but on our first devices of the00:37:25
Venus series there were such nerves 0 and00:37:29
memorial signs00:37:31
from the outside it’s like opening the globe of the earth,00:37:34
there’s a special medallion00:37:36
written where the flight was from when00:37:39
our first launch was unsuccessful the rocket00:37:43
took off but couldn’t get off the00:37:45
ground and fell back to the surface of the00:37:47
earth but fell and disappeared and00:37:51
many years have passed and so many by the way several00:37:54
years in the sixty-third year in the00:37:56
Krasnoyarsk region, a boy was swimming in the river00:38:00
and injured his leg on something when he didn’t bring it,00:38:04
but my dad was surprised that it00:38:06
turned out to be difficult and handed the matter over to00:38:10
scientists, it turned out that this was the very coat of arms00:38:13
who wanted to send the lands to Venus,00:38:17
but it didn’t fly to Venus, fell to the ground00:38:20
and surprisingly was found a few00:38:23
years later, these kids are00:38:25
somehow00:38:27
very rare, you can say 0 chance that00:38:31
this could happen, but it happened,00:38:34
then the next devices in the early00:38:37
seventies began to hit Venus,00:38:39
release a parachute and try to land on00:38:42
the surface, but the first ones did not land, they00:38:45
died in the lower layers of the Venusian00:38:48
atmosphere, the fact is that no one00:38:50
imagined what gigantic air pressure the00:38:54
spacecraft was experiencing as it dropped00:38:58
lower and lower in the atmosphere, remember how the00:39:00
science fiction writers described Venus, put on their00:39:03
spacesuits, went for a walk, the pressure is like on00:39:06
earth nothing like that, our first probes of the00:39:09
Venusian atmosphere00:39:11
were simply crushed into a cake, well, in the end00:39:14
they began to make everything more durable and they already00:39:17
reached the surface of the planet and worked00:39:21
there because it was not known what was on the00:39:24
surface, so there00:39:26
were such amazing things, for example, this00:39:29
detachable radio antenna on a sugar00:39:32
castle of00:39:33
sugar the lock was supposed00:39:36
to be used so that if the device fell into a00:39:39
body of water, then the sugar would dissolve there and00:39:43
release a spring that would throw it away; the00:39:45
antenna the antenna would float up; if the device00:39:48
even sank, then it could be supported by the00:39:51
earth like this; they did00:39:53
n’t exactly imagine00:39:56
Venus, but in the end, of course, they understood00:39:59
how this planet is she prepared the conditions for00:40:02
us and our landing00:40:04
apparatus began to reach the surface, here is a00:40:06
typical apparatus of the Venus series, it00:40:11
was all a protective capsule because00:40:13
the temperature outside is four hundred and00:40:15
sixty degrees, like in a blast furnace, the00:40:20
air is almost very dense, so the heat00:40:22
penetrates there quickly and it is necessary to protect it from00:40:25
it electronic equipment and00:40:28
nevertheless, although they did not work there for long,00:40:31
within an hour and a half at most the internal00:40:35
contents of this probe were heating up and breaking down; the00:40:38
electronics were deteriorating,00:40:40
but they managed to drill the surface, take a00:40:44
soil sample there through a special gateway,00:40:47
send it inside and there, with special00:40:50
instruments, examine the mineral and00:40:52
the chemical composition of the air,00:40:54
of course, we studied a lot of many other things, it00:40:57
was all very cool to do00:41:00
the last two flights, by the way, all the00:41:02
landings and work on the surface of Venus00:41:06
are the merit of domestic engineers and00:41:10
astronomers, it’s amazing, our00:41:13
cosmonautics was fast then, of course, it00:41:15
was advanced in this direction,00:41:18
we managed then so that until now no one00:41:21
will repeat the last two flights,00:41:24
they were completely unique00:41:26
devices, they were not called Venus Avega, this is00:41:29
an abbreviation of two roots, it is Niera Galileo, Halley00:41:33
's comet then flew00:41:36
past the sun, and they decided, flying past00:41:39
Venus, we would drop a landing apparatus there,00:41:42
this ball was in it, a landing apparatus the00:41:44
rest of the space probe00:41:47
is sent to meet00:41:50
Halley's Comet and went and flew up to it and for00:41:53
the first time in the history of science explored and00:41:56
then a huge television complex00:41:58
explored the nucleus of Halley's Comet, a00:42:01
wonderful experiment and the00:42:03
landing apparatus was uniquely00:42:05
interesting, please note once again00:42:08
I return to film dragging chances00:42:10
planet of storms there in the cinema 3 starship 300:42:15
planet of flight00:42:17
sent to venus look at the title of00:42:20
one of them vega feel the era and the00:42:26
sixties were repeated from the eighties00:42:28
with the same name I don’t know the creators of00:42:31
this device saw the film semi chances00:42:33
probably saw so they called it that Vega00:42:37
and its00:42:39
landing apparatus, Vega, was uniquely00:42:43
versatile; it not only00:42:45
lowered the probe to the surface by parachute; it also00:42:50
threw itself out during the descent; the balloon was00:42:53
inflated and, while flying in the atmosphere of Venus,00:42:56
it carried scientific equipment that,00:42:59
for several days,00:43:00
explored the00:43:02
upper upper layers of the Venusian00:43:05
atmosphere. it’s cool and00:43:07
the equipment worked for a long time, I hope in00:43:11
Moscow if the Institute of Space00:43:13
Research00:43:15
there is a good museum of various space00:43:19
probes instruments, so I was there recently and00:43:21
photographed working samples of our00:43:25
Venus probes and by the way, the00:43:27
balloons with its scientific instruments, the00:43:29
scale is so apart and a person’s00:43:32
height is about seventy meters, well and here it’s about00:43:35
a meter and the00:43:36
diameter of this ball is how it all00:43:39
looked then now in the museum then, right00:43:42
on Venus, landing on the surface, space00:43:46
probes took photographs of the Venusian00:43:48
surface; on board each of them there00:43:51
were two cameras on one side00:43:54
and on the other side, each camera was00:43:56
slowly turning the lens made a00:43:59
wide panorama from one horizon,00:44:02
then under the feet of the camera and another00:44:05
horizon, but perhaps the clearest00:44:08
photographs of those years were captured by Venus00:44:11
13-14, they are quite clear, but the contrast is00:44:14
high and a little unusual, and this is a00:44:18
curved00:44:20
surface, in fact it is flat,00:44:22
but since the cameras I turned around and00:44:25
it turned out to be such a convex photo,00:44:27
then you check them a little, and the color00:44:31
was restored here, fill in Elinor, this is a00:44:34
special colored stripe, it’s00:44:37
colored here in order to00:44:40
restore the white balance and the true color of00:44:43
the surface to see it’s00:44:45
orange for what reason, yes, it’s easy00:44:49
to understand this is not the atmosphere of Venus00:44:51
transmits through itself non-blue and00:44:54
green rays of the yellow ones, very little to00:44:56
pass through only the red orange color00:44:59
could break through the surfaces of the planets otonashi00:45:02
orange turned out later these pictures you00:45:07
took like this, this is correct00:45:09
there are horizons horizons even00:45:12
even horizons but it’s also inconvenient00:45:14
to look at such long frames and a00:45:18
few years after these flights, one of00:45:21
our acquaintances, an00:45:22
engineer from Nasa Don, asked00:45:26
us for these pictures and turned them into00:45:28
this, in fact, he acted cunningly,00:45:31
he cut off the edge parts and inserted their00:45:34
middle, that is, from a fake00:45:36
photograph,00:45:37
but assembled from separate pieces of those00:45:40
panhards, but somehow familiar to the00:45:43
human eye it shows us the00:45:45
appearance of the surface, the00:45:47
composition of the surface is quite similar to00:45:50
our volcanic rocks, basalts, well,00:45:55
the winner is probably volcanic, and00:45:58
there are quite a lot of volcanoes not done00:46:00
anything, also the color tried to convey the00:46:03
color there is some kind of not very00:46:05
diverse00:46:07
black and white, I like the pictures better; they00:46:09
show a lot of shadow of the details that00:46:11
in our old photographs were in front of the00:46:13
ravana contrast, but here00:46:17
the contrast is leveled out and in a more even more even00:46:21
photograph, by contrast we see00:46:24
some small details that we00:46:26
had not noticed before, here is the coat of arms of the Soviet Union here00:46:28
on the00:46:29
step of this very station, this device00:46:33
is thrown for research on the ground,00:46:36
this penetrator is stuck into the rock, well,00:46:39
in general, all this is before our eyes and00:46:41
by the way there was an interesting story,00:46:43
look here in front of you lies such a00:46:46
white cap, it was dropped from the00:46:49
camera lens after landing, well00:46:52
fell on the ground and the device was dropped00:46:55
studied the surface of Venus and this is another00:47:00
panorama and where is the lid where she00:47:02
answered let's look for it and we don't see00:47:05
ignorance because here it lies it fell00:47:08
where after a few seconds the00:47:12
device for studying Mars the Venusian00:47:15
soil stuck right into this the cap and00:47:18
studied it in detail transmitted to the ground and its00:47:21
composition, the chance was almost zero, but it00:47:24
happened like this, sometimes in00:47:27
science you don’t expect it, it turns out pitifully,00:47:31
of course, I could have studied Venus, I studied00:47:33
our own camera cap produced at a00:47:35
plant near Moscow, some00:47:40
water came out00:47:45
in the same era,00:47:47
American engineers astronomers00:47:50
studied the atmosphere of Venus in some detail, they00:47:53
sent there the00:47:55
pioneer apparatus Venus One, which transported00:47:59
several young atmospheric probes to Venus,00:48:03
threw them out from00:48:05
one-two-three-four simultaneously to different00:48:07
points of the Venusian atmosphere,00:48:09
I’m not asking for it, one umbrella was released00:48:12
on the day side, the other night00:48:15
one in area of the equator 3 there in the middle00:48:18
latitudes a little closer to the pole it00:48:21
was a very interesting experiment00:48:22
simultaneous study of00:48:24
different areas of the Venusian atmosphere,00:48:27
to say the least, one of the probes fell to the00:48:31
surface and turned out to be alive, although they didn’t00:48:34
count on it, but it00:48:35
turned out to be strong, but no research was00:48:38
carried out there, it’s just a beach there were no instruments on it00:48:40
to study the surface, well,00:48:43
it lay down for a bit, warmed up and00:48:45
was used to00:48:47
study the00:48:49
topography of the surface of the planet from and all of00:48:52
it is covered with clouds, not only with the help of00:48:55
radar, why was such a location00:48:57
undertaken using ground-based00:48:59
radar, the results were not particularly good, after00:49:02
all, it was the fault so00:49:04
far away then the pioneer of Venus, this00:49:08
very00:49:09
remnant of this apparatus of his00:49:11
radio antenna probed the Venusian00:49:15
surface through the clouds and this is the00:49:17
first very rough map of the00:49:19
surface of Venus, such elevations are visible,00:49:22
yellowish with a greenish light, this is you,00:49:25
well, which one00:49:27
is raised and places higher places00:49:30
of luck became heights in kilometers shown00:49:32
well you can say continents, although in the same00:49:36
sense as on earth there are continents, on00:49:40
Venus there are no such continental plates, but there is00:49:42
something convex, there is Frodi’s earth00:49:45
there and so on,00:49:47
and the lowlands are drawn in blue,00:49:52
of course these are not oceans of liquid water, there00:49:55
cannot be there, but so the color is conventionally blue00:49:56
we see that these are lower places00:49:59
and on the same map we marked the00:50:02
landing sites of our spacecraft, here are the00:50:06
Venus Vega series 1 and 2 and here is that same00:50:10
American one umbrella that fell to the00:50:13
surface than some continued to00:50:15
work there, it has already fallen, that is, as you can see, it’s00:50:18
equatorial the region of Venus has been studied in00:50:21
more or less separate points,00:50:24
I would like, of course, not to00:50:27
send space probes to other places, but so far this has00:50:29
not been possible, and later, after a few years,00:50:33
they realized that they needed to carefully study the entire surface00:50:36
using radar,00:50:38
and then first00:50:41
two Soviet spacecraft Venus 15 flew up to Venus00:50:44
16 their radars mapped approximately a00:50:48
third of 30 percent of the00:50:52
surface of Venus in the00:50:53
northern hemisphere. Later, a00:50:56
few years later, the American00:50:58
Magellan apparatus, also with a radar, flew up and00:51:01
probed almost the entire surface. It was00:51:04
almost left unexplored.00:51:06
This radio map is much more00:51:08
detailed and a lot of things are visible on it. what is00:51:10
interesting, of course,00:51:13
you can’t show everything on one globe, but if you00:51:16
zoom in on individual areas, you can see quite a lot of00:51:18
details, this is how our two00:51:21
radar satellites with00:51:23
folding antennas00:51:26
looked and this is our first in00:51:28
history00:51:30
radar maps of the Venusian00:51:32
surface00:51:33
obtained several years before the00:51:36
Americans the global map was obtained00:51:39
with the help of Magellan, well, on our00:51:43
maps there are very small details, the folds of the00:51:45
surface of the crater are visible.00:51:48
Magellan worked very well and based on its00:51:52
results,00:51:55
detailed maps of the Venusian surface00:51:57
with good resolution were built, I00:51:59
will show you, for example, this area00:52:02
if you can’t see much here Yes, the details00:52:05
there cannot be discerned if we enlarge it,00:52:08
everything is clearly visible here, this is a mountain, most00:52:11
likely a volcanic mountain, lava flows00:52:13
are visible, but is this00:52:16
modern lava or this ancient lava, it is still00:52:19
unclear, you still need to get closer there and00:52:22
feel it, something quite old00:52:24
flows, but when Someday we will do this,00:52:28
here is a complete map of the Venusian00:52:30
surface, a radio map, and it was decided to00:52:34
give a geographical name to female00:52:37
names, well, the planet is female Venus, and they gave everyone,00:52:40
with only one exception, and all00:52:44
the details on the surface of Venus female00:52:47
names, and these are women and those living today00:52:50
through school, for example, and the00:52:52
ancients, outstanding woman and mythical00:52:56
and fairy-tale,00:52:58
for example, there is the name Baba Yaga or00:53:03
we don’t do 1 half-point, then there is also00:53:07
the Snow Maiden, but such fairy-tale ones,00:53:10
but one name is still male, you00:53:12
will find here if00:53:14
you look carefully here here here on00:53:18
earth Ishtar there is a big one such a rise,00:53:21
well, a mountainous mountain region of lakshmi like00:53:26
our Tibet, such a 5 elevation and the00:53:29
highest possible where we are where my00:53:33
pointer water is the highest mountain00:53:36
or even a chain of mountains there is called mountains00:53:39
max wella there the peak reaches 1100:53:44
kilometers, we have 9 kilometers everest00:53:47
and there 11 kilometers but preferred maxell00:53:51
deserved such respect because00:53:54
James Clerk Maxwell is a00:53:58
British physicist who in the 19th century00:54:01
created the theory of00:54:03
electromagnetic waves, namely00:54:05
electromagnetic waves made it possible to00:54:07
obtain this map on Venus, many00:54:10
interesting things, for example, there are meteorite00:54:13
craters and 70 rhythm craters are large,00:54:16
small, it is not clear why a small00:54:19
meteorite cannot it can pierce the dense00:54:22
thick Venusian atmosphere, which is large,00:54:24
so the crater there is large, there are00:54:27
such original bulges that00:54:30
we don’t find on earth, such cookies that00:54:33
lava flowed there, no, through the vents of a00:54:37
volcano right over a large area, by00:54:40
the way, we in Siberia also have00:54:42
such volcanic00:54:44
provinces, he said nothing amazing00:54:47
earth was once also hot00:54:50
mountains, there are high mountains, for example, Mount00:54:54
Mat is one of the highest, well, at peak max00:54:58
it’s higher, and mother is also 8 kilometers or00:55:01
more like our everest, but you00:55:04
have to look at these pictures, understanding that00:55:07
they are vertical the scale and00:55:10
horizontal scales are different here, the00:55:13
vertical scale is increased by 22 times and00:55:16
a half so that00:55:19
this shape of the mountain and the00:55:22
concept is more clearly manifested, that is, if in a normal00:55:24
projection there was a mountain so high but00:55:27
quite extended00:55:28
and not very clearly expressed, but here it was00:55:32
enlarged scale in height and it has become00:55:35
so strongly convex with steep slopes,00:55:38
in fact they are not so steep, but if we00:55:41
approach it here and there on the00:55:43
surface we can see it is not yet clear00:55:46
whether these are meteorite craters,00:55:47
toilets, some kind of fat old00:55:50
volcanic ones, because here there is00:55:52
more likely a volcanic flow everything merged through this00:55:55
small00:55:56
valley logo00:55:59
is generally interesting and the topography of Venus is the00:56:03
entire Venusian radial globe00:56:06
radio of that bright area there are00:56:09
radio waves strongly reflected and dark areas00:56:12
reflect radio waves poorly for some00:56:16
reason we will never understand this,00:56:18
apparently the content of metals is still00:56:21
greater where so we see these bright00:56:23
areas, so they reflect the00:56:26
radio beam well, I must tell fans of00:56:31
astronomy and cosmonautics00:56:34
this thing,00:56:36
probably each of us has a00:56:39
map of the globe hanging somewhere on the wall, or a00:56:42
globe is standing there, or a map is hanging on mine,00:56:44
hanging in another room, but after all, maps of00:56:47
the planets are also interesting to look at, so the00:56:50
maps of Venus are probably better and, in00:56:53
my opinion, the best,00:56:56
different maps of the topography of Venus were created at our institute00:56:59
in different languages, both in English and in00:57:02
Russian or English.00:57:06
Latin names are, so to speak,00:57:09
international astronomical practice00:57:11
of giving Latin names terra earth00:57:14
and so on, but also in Russian, too,00:57:16
either duplicated or made separately,00:57:18
these maps are made at our institute,00:57:21
but here is the department of the moon and planets and there the00:57:24
coolest space cartographers make00:57:27
beautiful maps of Venus and the large ones are of such a00:57:31
large format for the wall and the small ones,00:57:33
say, on the table, I can just put them00:57:36
I recommend that for those who are passionate about this, either00:57:40
write to us in the water of the moon and planets of00:57:42
the State Astronomical00:57:43
Institute named after Sternberg, or when00:57:45
you have a mask and stop by these employees are00:57:48
very kind and often give these cards and00:57:50
there they sell them for some small rubles,00:57:53
well, because everything is for their own the bill00:57:55
is printed somehow you have to get out of it, but00:57:58
honestly, the map of Venus is worth00:58:00
looking at it even with a magnifying glass. The00:58:04
internal structure of Venus, of course, we are00:58:07
purely theoretical, while we are imagining it,00:58:10
no one has drilled it properly yet, it00:58:12
has not been probed with seismic instruments, but00:58:16
we believe that it is not very different from the00:58:19
earth because is very similar to the earth in00:58:22
its basic parameters, probably there is00:58:23
also an iron core of iron, a nickel00:58:26
mineral mantle, but also punishment about our00:58:29
earthly punishment, it is cold, but Venus00:58:32
still has almost 500 degrees even on the surface,00:58:34
so the crust is so soft, semi-00:58:38
molten, there should be, well00:58:41
now life and00:58:43
living conditions are quite narrow, first00:58:46
of all, this temperature can be withstood and00:58:49
high pressure and salinity, acidity of00:58:52
the environment, but the temperature dictates a very00:58:55
narrow range for us because liquid water00:58:58
should be that on Venus it is Venus plus 50000:59:01
almost what kind of liquid water is there of course00:59:03
there is no water on the surface no, there00:59:06
were jokes back in the day when these00:59:08
first panoramas came to us from Venus,00:59:11
people looked so closely at some of the00:59:13
details in these panoramas and then00:59:15
traced them with a pencil and talked about00:59:18
Venus, they didn’t find them, but we all laughed at00:59:22
this joke and forgot about it,00:59:24
all except one person,00:59:27
Leonid Vasilich Xanfa pray00:59:30
wonderful planet lock00:59:32
electronics engineer his device or waist00:59:34
on Mars on Venus as part of space00:59:37
probes in the Soviet Union00:59:38
he did an interesting job he collected00:59:43
all the photographs that were given as a00:59:45
souvenir and for an hour and a half an hour the00:59:48
same places were photographed repeatedly00:59:51
he did not compare are there00:59:53
any differences and it seemed to him00:59:56
that some details appear and disappear00:59:59
in these photographs, he01:00:03
drew our attention to them, he even gave them01:00:05
such conventional names, but I don’t01:00:08
know if it looks like a scorpion or not,01:00:10
but01:00:12
this comrade who01:00:15
he made us laugh then, he still singled him out, called him an01:00:18
owl and01:00:20
it seemed to him that these could still be01:00:22
manifestations of some kind of life, he didn’t01:00:24
insist on this, he just drew01:00:26
the attention of those who will explore Venus in the future,01:00:29
don’t close your eyes and01:00:32
your brain to what’s on Venus there may be01:00:38
heat-loving forms of extraterrestrial life before01:00:42
terrestrial forms, of course, will not survive there, it’s01:00:45
like everything will burn in a stove, but who knows,01:00:48
maybe there may be some original forms of01:00:50
life on Venus, and for this01:00:53
you just need to fly and01:00:55
explore the surface has01:00:57
been going on for many years preparation of the01:01:01
experiment venera d the letter d in this01:01:05
case means long-lived, it’s clear01:01:08
that it’s a pity to launch a device onto the01:01:11
surface that will work there for a01:01:14
maximum of an hour and a half and was01:01:15
spoiled by the high temperature, we need to01:01:18
come up with something so that it works for a long time and01:01:20
maybe even travels on the surface in01:01:23
due time there were such and the Venus project of01:01:26
moves was clearly not how they were supposed to work01:01:29
on the Venus the dense air was quite01:01:32
strong wind and the rating was supposed to01:01:34
spin these impellers the drive on the wheels01:01:36
and such a machine was supposed to01:01:38
travel well, go through the project it seems like it01:01:40
should have been forgotten a long time ago but no01:01:43
recently in NASA engineers presented their project01:01:47
Venus Hoda feel the idea01:01:50
also uses the power of the wind, but01:01:55
American engineers still hope01:01:57
that01:01:59
they will be able to create electronics capable of01:02:03
operating at the temperature of a blast furnace,01:02:06
but at a temperature of 464,170 degrees01:02:10
above zero, almost such electronics have already been01:02:13
created something close to this is already01:02:15
appearing and maybe this will serve as01:02:19
the basis for making01:02:21
truly01:02:22
long-term space probes and they01:02:26
will be able to penetrate Venus by the way, I am again01:02:28
returning to my favorite film for01:02:31
vocals, the chances are there in this film01:02:36
the expedition to Venus was international, the01:02:39
composition of the expedition were Soviet and01:02:42
American and01:02:43
engineer astronaut and they01:02:47
brought a robot there with them, here he is in the frame01:02:49
and the robot, by the way, they say saved them, he himself01:02:53
died there in the volcanic lava flows01:02:57
but saved the astronauts listening to this, this may01:03:00
be a prediction, this may happen again01:03:03
when we are on good terms with them. I01:03:06
hope that along political lines, scientists01:03:09
never quarrel with each other and01:03:11
social policy is famous when01:03:14
we make peace with the Americans again, maybe we will01:03:17
organize joint experiments like this,01:03:19
its composition will probably be01:03:22
robots, and who knows, maybe people, and01:03:24
now a few words about I have a question for the01:03:28
presenter Sergei Arthur and I also have five more01:03:30
minutes, of course 5 minutes until I wo01:03:34
n’t detain you any longer, but still I need01:03:37
to show you okay okay I agree for 1001:03:41
minutes thank you01:03:43
Venus is a sample of a planet that needs to be01:03:48
discovered in large numbers next to01:03:50
other stars in the environment of exo planets there are01:03:52
similar ones on Venus they are also close to01:03:55
their star, it’s heated up, here in front of01:03:57
you are the statistics of the discovery of planets around other01:04:01
stars, you won’t go in recent years, we01:04:05
are discovering one planet per day01:04:07
on average, you look at the last three years,01:04:11
thousands of new planets have passed, 100901:04:15
Audreys have been discovered, that turns out to be 300 planets year01:04:17
science fiction astronomers are now discovering01:04:19
many planets, but what we know about them is almost01:04:22
nothing not very far from us now01:04:25
new space telescopes are flying, here is a01:04:28
test of wonderful work four01:04:30
telescopes on board are discovering01:04:32
new planets one after another small compare001:04:35
but a very productive European01:04:38
telescope is working in space Cheops also01:04:40
discovers exoplanets, but our hope,01:04:43
of course, is in that giant01:04:45
James Webb telescope which has already entered01:04:48
orbit, which is already setting up its01:04:50
equipment and is about to begin exploring01:04:54
distant exoplanets with its giant mirror lens.01:04:59
How can we find out whether there is01:05:03
life on it or not? Well, we can study the01:05:05
composition and atmosphere if we01:05:08
find oxygen there, water vapor, maybe01:05:12
methane as a waste product, this01:05:14
will tell us that these planets have their own01:05:17
life, and Venus today is like an01:05:23
experimental planet for us,01:05:25
looking at it we learn to explore distant01:05:28
exoplanets hot from the dense atmosphere,01:05:31
and in recent years, amazing messages began to appear in the01:05:36
fall of 1919, astronomers01:05:40
reported that judging by the way01:05:44
some large spots in the01:05:47
atmosphere of Venus reflect and absorb light, they may consist of01:05:51
large colonies of microorganisms;01:05:54
this, of course, alerted astronomers; the fact is01:05:59
that the upper layers of the earth atmospheres,01:06:01
too, there are such translucent clouds01:06:04
of microorganisms,01:06:06
what if on Venus, if it’s hot down there,01:06:10
then the upper layer of clouds is not so01:06:13
bad, the pressure is about one atmosphere, that01:06:16
is, our room pressure, the temperature is01:06:18
about zero degrees, in general, our earthly01:06:21
temperature there are conditions for life there,01:06:24
could there be conditions for life there? being living creatures, this01:06:27
alerted other scientists, primarily01:06:29
for the sake of astronomers who decided to study the01:06:33
molecular composition of the01:06:35
Venusian atmosphere. The fact is that01:06:38
molecules emit mainly in the radio01:06:41
range, but the waves that01:06:45
molecules emit have a short wavelength and do not01:06:48
pass through the earth’s atmosphere well,01:06:51
so look at it this way a year after year, then01:06:54
optically the radio, then again optically,01:06:57
then again radio astronomers rise01:07:00
higher and higher into the mountains, and finally, in the last01:07:03
few years, several01:07:05
high-altitude radio observatories have appeared; they are at01:07:09
high altitudes, for example, at an01:07:10
altitude of more than 4 kilometers and here they are01:07:14
covered with special shelters, one might01:07:17
say telescope towers in fact, what01:07:20
works here are non-01:07:22
optical radio telescopes of a very01:07:24
short wavelength range, precisely the one in01:07:27
which the molecules emit light, these01:07:31
radio telescopes have a very precisely01:07:33
polished surface because01:07:34
they can receive radio waves with a length of01:07:37
millimeters, even a fraction of a millimeter,01:07:40
especially these good ones at an01:07:43
altitude of 5 kilometers above the earth, the01:07:46
high-mountain Atacama desert in Chile, in the01:07:49
Chilean Andes, there are families of01:07:52
Alma-Ata radio telescopes, a large01:07:56
set of 60 millimeter telescopes in Kama,01:07:59
and just in the01:08:03
fall of the twentieth year they01:08:05
began to look at the Venusian atmosphere01:08:09
and01:08:10
discovered 2 interesting molecules there, well,01:08:14
it would seem the most interesting this is a01:08:16
rather complex organic molecule,01:08:19
the amino acid glycine,01:08:21
but this did not interest astrobiologists very much01:08:24
because glycine, although it is an01:08:27
important molecule, is one of those 2001:08:30
amino acids that make up the01:08:32
proteins of our body and all01:08:34
other living beings on earth,01:08:36
in fact, glycine is in space There is a lot of it01:08:39
on comets in the interstellar clouds,01:08:42
and here it is interesting but not01:08:45
stunning, but this molecule, when01:08:48
they announced the discovery of01:08:50
Fas Finn page 3, she was interested01:08:55
in the fact that Fas Finn on earth01:08:58
produces a01:09:00
microorganism and the so-called swamp01:09:02
gas when it is there at the bottom swamps of rotting01:09:06
occurs to the top bubbles of the face of the Finn are01:09:08
just rising so if this is01:09:11
a microorganism on earth then maybe01:09:13
it is a microorganism on Venus too01:09:15
produces interesting things but here things have taken01:09:20
such a complex turn some01:09:22
radio astronomers say that they see01:09:24
radiation from the facet, others doubt it,01:09:28
we are not yet sure that Fas Finn,01:09:31
everything is clear about glycine, but01:09:34
everyone is interested in facing as a product of the01:09:36
vital activity of microbes, but there is01:09:41
no certainty that we have discovered it on Venus yet, additional research is underway01:09:44
in the fall of last year, Venus again became01:09:46
visible above the horizon, this is my planetarium01:09:48
and I drew it like that now01:09:51
radio astronomers continue to explore, let's see how01:09:54
it ends or whether it will continue01:09:58
special astra biological01:10:00
international journals dedicate entire issues01:10:03
to the search for life on01:10:07
Venus, this means that astronomers have01:10:10
sharply reoriented themselves, everyone was01:10:13
previously attracted to Mars as a place where01:10:15
life can be found, now we have seen, priests,01:10:18
Venus is also not without a chance to have01:10:21
life and it’s true, this picture01:10:26
shows earlier we talked about the zone of life01:10:29
in relation to the sun closer to the sun01:10:31
further from the sun and there is also this look01:10:34
at the life of the planet itself, what are we01:10:37
talking about and where on any planet can they01:10:41
adapt to live well our01:10:45
familiar living creatures,01:10:47
for example, on the earth where there is a zone of life and high01:10:51
in the atmosphere, it is01:10:52
cold and thin air, there is01:10:54
no life deep underground, it is hot there, too, there is no01:10:58
life, the zone of life on earth is somewhere01:11:01
from a height of, well, 6 kilometers, well, 801:11:05
kilometers above ground and three kilometers01:11:07
underground, this is a narrow layer of our01:11:10
planet where life is possible, if you are01:11:13
collected, if you01:11:14
collect it in a bunch, you will get01:11:18
this volume of the life zone of our planet, and01:11:21
on Venus this is an even larger zone of life,01:11:24
but it is all in the atmosphere, in the upper layers of01:11:28
the atmosphere somewhere from01:11:30
45 to 60 kilometers high, this is approximately01:11:34
this region of atmospheres, but it01:11:37
has a huge volume, there is room for life on01:11:40
Mars, life zones under the surface there,01:11:43
inside, and we are now looking there, we will look for01:11:45
life in01:11:48
Martian caves on the satellites of01:11:51
some planets on Europe, under the ice, for example, a01:11:53
satellite Jupiter also has life zones, an01:11:56
ocean of liquid water, but as you can see, the earth and01:11:59
Venus again turned out to be very similar in some ways, we01:12:01
need to look for life in the01:12:04
Venusian atmosphere before the earth is good01:12:07
on the earth, there is a lot of liquid water on Venus,01:12:10
maybe in the clouds there is also a place01:12:12
for life01:12:14
here this frame below shows the address01:12:17
and YouTube where you can watch01:12:20
a film dedicated to Venus and there is no01:12:23
part about it dedicated to the fact that, in principle,01:12:27
some inflatable devices on01:12:30
balloons on airships can fly in the01:12:33
atmosphere of Venus and quite feel01:12:36
such pleasant climatic conditions01:12:38
below It’s better not to go down there when it’s hot, but01:12:42
above the top layer of clouds it’s quite01:12:44
possible, I can set up colonies, maybe even01:12:47
someday scientific laboratories will fly there with a01:12:50
person on board, the future will01:12:53
show in the end01:12:56
some books will be recommended to you, here’s my book,01:12:58
she tells something about this easily accessible01:13:01
networks, my colleagues and I wrote such a01:13:05
review on the planets of the solar system, it is01:13:07
very modern in 1919, the last01:13:09
building was well, and other Russian and01:13:12
English-speaking authors also write about this, and01:13:15
regarding exoplanets, these are the last two01:13:17
books, especially this book I recommend to01:13:19
you factory exo planets tasker is a01:13:21
professional astronomer, she01:13:24
writes very well about exoplanets and how01:13:26
our planets can be used01:13:29
as a laboratory to prepare for the01:13:31
study of exo planets, and once again01:13:34
I remind you about the Kushan film Planet of01:13:37
Storms at this address, you01:13:39
can also easily find it on YouTube and watch and01:13:42
enjoy01:13:43
I really love this film thank you so much01:13:50
Georgievich they pay so much thank you01:13:53
so dear listeners who are here01:13:57
in the hall are there any questions so I see a01:14:01
raised hand up there are01:14:03
questions from youtube and how01:14:06
real are the projects for terraforming01:14:08
Venus01:14:10
I don’t know Sergey Arthur what we will answer01:14:13
to this question, but I have great doubts01:14:17
about this, a couple of brains,01:14:20
the atmosphere is too dense, too much to01:14:23
burn,01:14:25
someday in 1000 years, maybe there01:14:29
was something like this, Carl Sagan01:14:32
proposed throwing01:14:34
our blue-green algae into the atmosphere of Venus, which they01:14:37
love very much carbon dioxide chlorin01:14:39
says so they will multiply there, eat01:14:42
all the carbon dioxide, turn it there01:14:45
partly into oxygen partly into carbon,01:14:48
good and water there and where will we get it from, the01:14:51
atmosphere of Venus is very dry but there will be an01:14:55
oxygen atmosphere there and I don’t know but01:14:58
carbon in the form of coal or graphite There is01:15:03
still no surface water in01:15:06
the atmosphere of Venus, but there is hope there.01:15:09
Volcanoes seem to be active there, and volcanoes01:15:12
usually emit water vapor from themselves,01:15:14
apparently a little, apparently all the water that01:15:18
volcanoes could throw out on Venus, they have already01:15:20
thrown it out, it evaporated into space, in a01:15:23
word, this is a weak project but you know,01:15:26
never say never, today it01:15:28
seems like science fiction to us, but if you look at it in a01:15:32
hundred years, he’ll say, well, let’s start01:15:36
remaking the winner,01:15:39
so the01:15:41
questions are also01:15:46
like how do you feel about the01:15:49
prospect of searching for non-protein forms of01:15:52
life on Venus, but I’m not a biologist it’s01:15:57
not my business, not my mind’s business, but01:16:02
my friends, I’ll tell you the point of view of01:16:05
biologists. I’ve been teaching for many years in the01:16:07
Novosibirsk academic town, there’s a very01:16:09
powerful biological institute there, and there,01:16:12
once I was telling Venus in a large01:16:13
circle, hundreds of people were sitting there, and I asked the01:16:16
biologists how you were. treat the option of01:16:20
high temperature life, they said01:16:23
with interest, we don’t close this hypothesis for01:16:25
you, we see some basic01:16:29
components from which an01:16:31
organism could be put together, acting well, to01:16:35
no avail, then they started talking about the fact that01:16:38
they will not be carbon-based, of course this is01:16:41
not ours earthly life or maybe01:16:43
silicates, well, in general, they began to fantasize,01:16:45
but for biologists this is an open topic, they do01:16:48
not completely close this hypothesis, it’s01:16:53
understandable then to prepare new ones, they talked about a01:16:57
large number of01:17:00
similar things that characterize01:17:03
our earth and our nearest neighbor,01:17:06
Venus, but I want to remind you that there is01:17:09
significant differences regarding the01:17:11
absence of a magnetic field on Venus to01:17:14
people, it turns out that as if01:17:17
the planets are the same size,01:17:19
most likely we expect the same01:17:22
internal structure, that is, the core of the01:17:24
manticore, but there is no magnetic field, that’s01:17:27
what we can say here,01:17:30
modern physicists, geophysicists01:17:34
believe that the planet’s magnetic field can01:17:37
appear in the presence of two facts:01:17:40
firstly, we have a molten01:17:43
electrical conductor made of metal; the01:17:46
earth most likely has a souvenir, most likely a01:17:48
layer of an iron core where the iron is a so-called jeep.01:17:53
can circulate01:17:54
and play the role of a dynamo, but the dynamo01:17:58
machine still needs to be turned so that it01:18:00
generates electricity just like that, it wo01:18:02
n’t do it, the earth is01:18:04
spinning avenir, it almost doesn’t spin,01:18:07
it’s 250 times not for the earth, well, that’s01:18:11
the result, which means the physicists are not mistaken01:18:13
speaking about the fact that the dynamo machine works for some01:18:16
planets and for others who do not01:18:19
want to spin it and the magnetic field01:18:21
will not be01:18:23
clear, so if you01:18:28
have any other questions, yes here please microphone01:18:31
now just a second microphone so01:18:35
everyone can hear us and hello my name is01:18:36
Nadezhda Savelyeva I will have a very01:18:38
short question, what inspires you and01:18:45
what do you think, if after all01:18:48
there is01:18:49
life on Venus, what do Venusian women look like?01:18:55
I understand March 8, Donat jumps, they are01:18:58
beautiful nights, imagine the whole being,01:19:01
withstanding the temperature of a blast furnace,01:19:04
they are at least ardent, I can01:19:08
say that with by train grounds01:19:12
thank you01:19:15
so do we have another question and what01:19:19
inspires you Vladimir Dergachev your01:19:23
research in general in your work01:19:25
Sergei Arturovich we are inspired by the01:19:28
curiosity of both you and me and all01:19:31
our colleagues, but I just really want to01:19:33
know how this world works, all this is01:19:36
the only01:19:37
childish curiosity for knowledge of the world01:19:40
and we are happy that01:19:43
we have been given such an opportunity to study01:19:45
the universe at the expense of society, after all, we are01:19:48
paid some kind of salary and with this01:19:51
money we have the opportunity not to dig01:19:54
potatoes, look through a telescope, and this is01:19:58
what we have dreamed of since childhood, this01:20:01
inspires us01:20:02
deeply old age, that’s exactly it, well, dear01:20:07
friends, let’s once again thank01:20:09
Georgievich in these worlds for the wonderful01:20:11
lecture thank you thank you thank youDescription:
Венера. Онлайн-лекция Владимира Сурдина Онлайн-лекция об одной из самых загадочных планет Солнечной системы – Венере. Модератором встречи выступил директор Астрономической обсерватории Иркутского госуниверситета, доктор физико-математических наук Сергей Арктурович Язев. Мероприятие прошло в гибридном формате: зрители смогли увидеть лекцию в удобном кабинете библиотеки, где находился модератор, и задать свои вопросы Владимиру Сурдину, астроному, кандидату физико-математических наук, доценту физического факультета МГУ, который находился в прямом эфире из Москвы. Земля, Венера и Марс – родственники, но не близнецы. Земля – живая планета, на Марсе жизнь возможна, а что мы знаем о Венере? На ее поверхности адская жара – там плавятся олово и свинец. Роботы—первопроходцы погибали, исследуя Венеру. Какие тут могут быть разговоры о жизни? Оказывается, могут! Официальный канал автора: @surdinpodcast
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