Download "Шустов Б. М. «Скрытая масса великая загадка Космоса» 31.10.2013 «Трибуна ученого»"
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FC4WW9Nr3Yyw%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
Please wait. We're preparing links for easy ad-free video watching and downloading.
Similar videos from our catalog
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252F9xs9w2_XF8w%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FMJtxbVc-ui8%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FTUs3WibHnpk%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FVySGqWxQzw4%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FYNyyU5slmhY%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252Fe4Nrk82qmEE%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252Fi81FIpYflpo%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FpDUvT2zw3n4%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FxCFPv-Xjlqg%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FB-n2v4TeHaQ%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:01
Today we are opening the next season of the00:00:03
scientist’s tribune cycle and the first lecture is00:00:08
the topic in front of you, you have already read everything,00:00:12
the topic is very relevant and very interesting and00:00:15
I hope we will get answers to many00:00:19
questions, we are proceeding to the lecture00:00:25
that came to us today and which00:00:27
Boris Mikhalych Shustov, director, laments00:00:33
Institute of Astronomy of the Academy of Sciences00:00:36
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences00:00:39
Member of the Academic Council of the Moscow00:00:41
Planetarium and a great friend of the Moscow00:00:44
Planetarium once again Boris Mikhalych hu-10000:00:46
welcome friends so hidden oil the00:00:52
great mystery of space dear friends00:00:58
you are all here, of course, friends of astronomy and00:01:01
I am very pleased to meet here00:01:04
again I was last year in December,00:01:07
two days before the end of the world, and then we, with00:01:10
that audience, prevented00:01:13
this end of the world, in my opinion, we did a00:01:15
wonderful thing for all00:01:16
humanity, and today we thank you, and00:01:21
today we will try to solve it,00:01:25
or at least get closer to the solution are00:01:28
extremely interesting and important and I would00:01:31
even say that it raises the mysteries of the cosmos00:01:33
which is called hidden mass I00:01:37
work to blame in the form of astronomy you00:01:38
see the logo and I am especially pleased00:01:41
to see there are colleagues from the institute well in general let's00:01:44
go well this is a general idea of00:01:48
what the universe consists of modern00:01:52
data, observation of the most diverse of00:01:55
this situation, the microwave background of the survey00:01:58
in galaxies and the trace of the intergalactic00:02:01
medium, remember the gift and other other things,00:02:03
made it possible to determine cosmological00:02:05
parameters, that is, parameters that describe00:02:08
our universe with fairly high00:02:09
accuracy,00:02:10
and now you see things,00:02:12
the universe here consists of 0 4 percent stars gas00:02:16
and planets, this is clear to everyone 3.6 percent00:02:21
is interstellar, intergalactic, even to a00:02:23
greater extent gas, too,00:02:25
but let’s more or less imagine what it00:02:27
is, but two sectors00:02:29
occupying the vast majority of the mass00:02:33
density, or rather the entire universe, are 2200:02:35
percent dark matter and 7 and 4 dark00:02:39
energy honestly speaking incomprehensible to00:02:42
the end or even to a large extent, not00:02:45
only to amateurs but also to professionals, I00:02:49
will talk about those small sectors00:02:52
that are located on the right of them,00:02:55
hidden to the mass00:02:57
about which, as in which the named lecture00:03:00
includes these 22 percent of dark energy00:03:03
and a significant part of that familiar to00:03:06
us we we call it physicists call00:03:08
baryonic matter, let's00:03:11
look at one of the definitions, the concept of latent00:03:13
mass, I saw quite a lot of definitions,00:03:18
including professional ones in the country,00:03:20
there is a pretty decent but still00:03:22
insufficiently accurate definition written by00:03:25
our specialists Konstantin Impass00:03:27
new Anatole for a particularly simpler one and took it,00:03:30
oddly enough material from Wikipedia sometimes00:03:32
you come across very good articles, I want to00:03:34
say thank you in advance to those authors,00:03:37
astronomers who write Wikipedia,00:03:39
competent good articles,00:03:41
here you have time while I’m talking,00:03:43
probably read it, I’m just skimming through00:03:45
this text,00:03:46
hidden masses and in cosmology,00:03:48
astrophysicists are often called dark00:03:50
matter or dark matter this is the general00:03:52
name for a set of astronomical00:03:54
objects that are inaccessible to direct observation by00:03:56
modern means in countries; they do not00:03:59
emit an electromagnet or00:04:01
nejtrino radiation sufficient to00:04:03
observe the intensity and not only do not00:04:06
emit but also do not absorb, but is00:04:07
observed indirectly by gravitational00:04:09
effects, that is, in other words, this is something00:04:12
that we do not by what means with00:04:14
what instruments we00:04:15
cannot see, but we see only by the00:04:18
gravitational influence that00:04:20
has on other bodies astronomically, this is00:04:22
how the artist apparently sees the00:04:26
hidden nose, this painting is on display00:04:29
in the Russian museum,00:04:30
you look here, besides Malevich,00:04:33
three more artists participated in. Each00:04:35
painted his own corner the square, of course, it00:04:37
didn’t work out, but it’s not the first one, the first one was00:04:41
written in 1915, it was called rheumatic soup.00:04:55
observed and now I have a more professional00:04:58
approach if you type in the most famous00:05:01
search engine for articles on topics on various00:05:06
astronomical directions,00:05:08
type the words hidden mass and here in00:05:11
English it says dark meter dark00:05:14
matter or dark matter and run00:05:17
this this year which is far from00:05:20
over two more months left invested00:05:22
you will see that more than a thousand articles have been written00:05:24
on this topic in 2000 there were 25000:05:30
in 2003 437 interest is growing very quickly and00:05:34
even exceeds,00:05:36
say, interest in such topics as00:05:38
star formation and so on the most powerful00:05:41
direction of modern astronomy00:05:43
astrophysics what does it tell us what00:05:47
evidence in favor of the fact that this00:05:50
really hidden mass exists00:05:53
here and here and not in such a lecture00:05:56
didactic order, listed00:05:58
each of them, we will discuss this observation of00:06:00
kinematics for galaxies, especially00:06:03
clusters of galaxies, rotation curves of00:06:05
disks and galaxies in people,00:06:07
X-ray radiation in galaxies and00:06:10
clusters of galaxies and gravitational00:06:12
lensing and microlensing I00:06:14
have listed the main ones here, they are very00:06:16
interesting in themselves,00:06:18
so observing clusters of galaxies, here00:06:22
in the photograph you see coma clusters,00:06:26
this is one of the richest clusters of00:06:28
galaxies, one and a half thousand, there may be00:06:31
more galaxies there in this cluster00:06:33
on the left, you see a photograph of Fritz Zwicky,00:06:36
who actually introduced the very the00:06:39
concept here is a version here in German and then in00:06:44
English dark matter dark mass00:06:47
and the article is called red shift00:06:51
outside galactic nebulae very00:06:54
little time has passed since the moment00:06:57
when nebulae and outer galaxies all00:07:01
shield galaxies were arrested the walls were00:07:03
allowed to stars and are still according to00:07:06
tradition in the answer in German they are00:07:08
called that way they were called then00:07:10
nebulae not the article was published in the00:07:12
thirty-third year in the journal of the00:07:15
Physical Society in Switzerland00:07:17
Helvetica Helvetia in Latin then00:07:20
Switzerland well and here is the text I am a free00:07:23
translation as observed from the average00:07:28
Doppler effect speed velocities00:07:33
observed from Doppler effects thousand00:07:36
kilometers of a second, then the average density00:07:40
in the coma cluster must be at00:07:42
least 400 times greater than the00:07:45
observed luminous matter derived from observations,00:07:48
well, then if we00:07:53
accept this in this, then we must also00:07:57
accept some kind of fantastic,00:07:59
discouraging result that the average00:08:01
that and there is dark matter,00:08:04
I specifically highlighted in German the words00:08:06
jungle of matter, which has a00:08:10
much higher density than00:08:12
luminous matter, this is how it appeared, this00:08:14
dark matter is here, and in the third year,00:08:17
when he finally moved to the00:08:19
USA, an article appeared in the00:08:21
main magazine of all astronomers in the worlds and00:08:24
the astrophysical journal00:08:26
dark knight has already opened there, that is, the English00:08:28
version of everything basic is laid out here00:08:29
how he came to this conclusion how00:08:33
Fritz Zwicky came to this conclusion he simply00:08:36
measured the red shifts and then00:08:39
only 4 years had passed after the discovery of the00:08:41
red shift the00:08:42
discovery of hubble by Edwin hubble and in00:08:46
cluster it turned out that each of00:08:49
the galaxies has its own red illumination and00:08:51
from the red illumination one can deduce00:08:53
the speed of movement of the galaxy along the line of00:08:56
sight and it turned out that the speeds00:08:58
differ there by 2 and a half three00:09:00
thousand kilometers,00:09:02
then Fritz Zwicky deduced what00:09:06
mass should be held and the galaxies so that they do not00:09:08
run away and it turned out that it00:09:10
exceeds the mass of luminous matter, that’s00:09:13
what he saw in stars 500 times, well00:09:16
at that time he could not yet know that in00:09:18
clusters there is hot gas, the mass of00:09:20
which is very large but still not00:09:23
so large that it can be supported and it00:09:24
is clear that this is the case I’ll explain this00:09:27
fantastic then dark matter00:09:29
dark matter here a little with00:09:34
terminology, the fact is that I00:09:36
was brought up in the Soviet Union and on00:09:38
books in particular the ring of the face of a big smart girl00:09:41
and which called matter not00:09:44
only matter but also fields that were already known00:09:48
at that time, so I like it better00:09:49
to say exactly dark matter, well,00:09:52
dark matter, okay, it’s also possible,00:09:56
from here he has00:09:57
now deduced a very important and clear indication00:10:03
that dark matter exists in00:10:06
galaxies, or at least in00:10:07
the vicinity of galaxies, this is a study of the00:10:10
disk rotation curves in galaxies00:10:12
similar to ours, here from00:10:15
the galaxy ngc 30 is shown 98 for astronomers I00:10:20
will say that I studied in the Urals I have such00:10:22
Ural astronomical jargon we are00:10:25
told ngc in Moscow ngc are burning you can00:10:29
immediately distinguish the Moscow astronomer00:10:30
tulyachka00:10:31
3198 this is a disk galaxy he said00:10:34
similar to ours, look at the00:10:36
top diagram showing how the00:10:38
density of matter is distributed among00:10:40
stars then there is a lot of density in the center,00:10:43
then it falls, falls, well, that is,00:10:44
per unit volume of stars there are fewer and fewer stars,00:10:47
but now below you see a curve00:10:50
of rotation, here it is, such a curve00:10:53
of rotation indicates that there are not enough stars00:10:56
to ensure such a curved00:10:58
rotation, there are not enough and gas,00:11:01
something else needs to be added so that the00:11:04
rotation curve should be flat, why00:11:06
let's see here is a regular picture00:11:09
that shows you the so-called00:11:12
Kepler hellish curve, the Kepler rotation curve00:11:15
for our solar system, this00:11:18
means that here it is shown00:11:20
in the center there are powerful gravity groves00:11:23
center the sun and the king planets, which are much00:11:26
lighter than the sun, can rotate, as they00:11:28
say, and ignore the gravitational00:11:31
influence, they do n’t rotate like from a test body, their00:11:33
speed is because mercury has 48 and so on,00:11:36
let’s say the earth has 30 and so on, all this00:11:38
falls, that is, the speed of the periphery falls,00:11:40
but about galaxies there is no you see it remains00:11:44
flat and00:11:45
so on Kepler the Ov part00:11:47
is provided with a disk here it is Kepler00:11:49
download pads00:11:50
there are galaxies and in our eye in other00:11:52
galaxies it is more extended00:11:54
but its contribution is not very large because the00:11:56
mass of the gases is small there ten percent of the00:11:59
star power is the maximum and or else00:12:03
less and it is clear that these two00:12:05
components are not enough; in order to00:12:07
get normal in this00:12:09
observed curve, doctors do not have to00:12:11
introduce some additional component00:12:13
which makes such a contribution to the00:12:15
rotation curve, so it was introduced and from the00:12:18
analysis of this curve it was shown that it is00:12:21
flat the rotation curve of the galaxy ngc00:12:24
398 is caused by a large spherical circle with a00:12:28
naked shell such with a00:12:30
density distribution like this, that is, this00:12:32
density distribution is similar to such a00:12:36
large small small plate, and00:12:41
if you throw this over, then let's say there is00:12:45
some small flat cake under00:12:48
this plate in the center that00:12:49
the galaxy is hiding the plate itself gives out such a00:12:51
density, and so we are now reading00:12:54
what we discussed with you, we will00:12:57
read it so that it remains in our memory the00:12:59
existence of extended ones, and in our00:13:02
galaxy this is about 200 kilos, sorry from the00:13:04
massive massive ones, five times 5-1000:13:07
times more massive than the stellar disk of someone, that00:13:10
is, shells These are typical00:13:13
for almost all spiral galaxies,00:13:15
within the optical size of the galaxy, the00:13:17
hidden mass does not exceed the mass of stars,00:13:20
well, of course, the peak is very large, and the00:13:23
masses are large. A00:13:24
similar picture is observed for00:13:26
dwarf irregular galaxies with00:13:28
galaxies of low surface brightness, and00:13:30
so on, and for elliptical galaxies,00:13:34
well, I I think that here is an astronomy lover,00:13:36
they all at least know that00:13:37
galaxies can be elliptical spirals,00:13:39
but others are listed in00:13:42
elliptical galaxies, the00:13:44
existence of hidden mass has also been proven by00:13:45
observations of hot gas, which is00:13:47
observed in the X-ray region of00:13:49
the spectrum, and in elliptical galaxies and in00:13:52
galaxy clusters, there is00:13:55
hot gas gas here is the hot gas00:13:58
that is observed in it ska genes in00:14:00
the range for the cluster indicated here00:14:03
optical you see the galaxies their00:14:06
images obtained on the 7-meter00:14:08
Japanese Subaru telescope located in00:14:10
Hawaii this is this this is in red00:14:14
of course x-rays are00:14:16
artificially colored and hot is shown here00:14:19
gas, it actually00:14:22
emits hot gas in X-rays and you see that00:14:27
powerful powerful such a basic formation00:14:32
for rich clusters of galaxies, the mass of00:14:35
gas is concentrated in such00:14:38
giant clouds or something from hot00:14:43
gas can exceed v10 510 times the mass of00:14:48
all galaxies, that is, this is a very00:14:49
significant fraction where he said that00:14:51
30 would still not have saved the 50000:14:54
dollar difference there, but nevertheless now00:14:57
the following00:14:58
and this gas naturally needs to be00:15:00
retained, the gas is very hot and it can00:15:04
only be retained if the gravity of the00:15:05
cluster is very high, that is, both the00:15:07
gas itself and the galaxies turns out to be00:15:10
that our own gravity is not enough and we00:15:12
need to add about 10 more masses in00:15:15
order to hold the hot gas so that it does00:15:17
not run away, here is the next channel through00:15:22
which we prove the existence of00:15:25
hidden mass, this is gravitational00:15:27
lensing, here a model of gravitational lenses is shown,00:15:32
here a certain gravity handle00:15:34
and a powerful gravity chewer are painted over in white center, but00:15:36
let’s say a galaxy or black gifts or00:15:40
something else that move against the00:15:42
background of more distant00:15:45
new galaxies, we see, look at this00:15:47
picture,00:15:49
the gravity of this powerful center00:15:52
distorts the rays that come to us from pain00:15:55
far from sources like Lisa and in the00:15:58
gravitational field like you you know, the rays of00:16:00
light are bent just like in a blend,00:16:03
but in a peculiar way the lenses are obtained, the00:16:05
closer to the source the stronger its00:16:07
distortion would appear in the spirit00:16:10
on the left appeared before the galaxy itself, the00:16:12
galaxy itself is so distorted not when the00:16:15
direction is exactly on the gravel on this00:16:18
very lens on gravity ru the center and00:16:21
on the object in this case, sometimes the kicks00:16:23
coincide, such a ring appears, it is00:16:25
called an Einstein ring, the dimensions of00:16:28
this rings are small, well, maybe00:16:32
one and a half seconds for such strong00:16:34
gravitational lenses, and if the body is weak,00:16:37
small and of low mass, then this ring is00:16:39
so small, these are milliseconds that it00:16:42
can’t be you won’t see it,00:16:43
but you will see the grumbling even here you00:16:45
see that the galaxy has become bright when it’s00:16:48
bright because the rays that would00:16:50
fly past our eye to the side as they00:16:53
say, and here the unfocused00:16:55
lenses are right in our eye through the telescope and we00:16:57
see this in this and growl here is a00:17:00
picture of gravitational lenses this is a very00:17:03
powerful tool of modern astronomy00:17:04
for studying distant galaxies because00:17:07
lenses enhance the brightness of distant objects as if an00:17:10
additional telescope is obtained here is an00:17:13
example of gravitational lenses this is a powerful00:17:16
cluster of galaxies here its00:17:18
number is indicated with an arrow the following blue00:17:21
arrow shows this00:17:23
galaxy itself which we we see a straight line, but00:17:25
these images were obtained with the help of a lens,00:17:28
because they are brighter, larger, distorted, but00:17:31
nevertheless, this lensing00:17:34
works, this is based on photographs of the sheep of the00:17:36
Hubble Space Telescope, but the00:17:42
leading one in this field is the cluster of00:17:45
galaxies Abel 168900:17:47
Collins, there are a lot of them and from the distortions00:17:52
you can restore00:17:53
and what kind of body will we say that Zarza00:17:57
gravity chewing in this very factor00:18:00
what is its structure that distorts00:18:03
the lens in here there is no distorting structure00:18:06
itself, that is, we see the image of00:18:08
the galaxy in the same Ravana lens and from this the00:18:11
right picture is derived from these distortions00:18:13
and this is this this is a vague distribution00:18:15
of the matter that we do not observe, on00:18:18
which00:18:22
all these galaxies are gravitationally distorted and here is a picture, but00:18:25
you can say a photograph of the dark00:18:27
matter is a cluster of00:18:28
ravils because it is not observed but00:18:30
acts gravitationally and is very stylish00:18:32
with distortions, it looks like the00:18:35
top of a box cut off the distribution of the00:18:38
density of a cluster of galaxies, you see the00:18:40
hill with a hall, is ensured precisely by00:18:43
the presence of this very hidden00:18:46
mass, these peaks are specifically00:18:49
each00:18:50
galaxy that are observed and the peak00:18:53
density here naturally00:18:54
increases the closer to the centers, the00:18:56
higher the density, this is such a beautiful00:18:58
picture, I already said that if gravity00:19:01
ru the bodies that are00:19:02
small, you won’t get Einstein rings,00:19:06
but rather, but so small that I00:19:08
can’t observe the new brightness treatment,00:19:10
you’ll see here it’s called00:19:12
microlensing, here it’s shown how00:19:16
microlensing is, but from a theoretician point of view,00:19:18
it can be described here there is an00:19:20
impact parameter b, that is, how00:19:23
close the beam passes through gravity and the body,00:19:26
well, the closer, the stronger00:19:30
the support of the body at the moment of passing00:19:32
it is near this very gravity ru00:19:35
I’m still the center, you see that the curves showing a00:19:39
surge in the brightness of the body, this is what they look like the00:19:42
closer the higher the more bright flash00:19:46
this is brightness bodies, and the characteristic00:19:49
scales of light too, how to distinguish00:19:53
such flares from flares of stars and other00:19:55
events that can change the brightness of a00:19:57
celestial body,00:19:58
and this is how it is necessary, the curve must be00:20:01
symmetrical, it is clear that the picture is a00:20:03
completely symmetrical passage00:20:06
will cope with this gravity of a body against the00:20:09
background of distant stars, therefore00:20:11
symmetry it must be absolute ah00:20:14
romantic this means that red and00:20:17
green and blue00:20:20
quanta are equally deviated and there is no00:20:23
chromatism and in different colors00:20:26
the picture will look the same and of course not00:20:28
repeatable such events, if00:20:30
they happen in a star field, a00:20:31
star has arrived and more and more this is no longer00:20:34
repeats not even planets or flies00:20:36
around the central body, it’s just against the00:20:38
background such experiments on00:20:41
microlensing were started00:20:45
about 20 years ago and our mutual friend00:20:51
and friend of our institute, in especially00:20:54
moments of recovery, the most famous00:20:57
astrophysicist of world Polish00:20:59
origin, Bardin Baczynski,00:21:01
suggested these flashes of brightness with00:21:04
such characteristics to observe and00:21:06
thus detect moments of instant00:21:10
microlensing, a telescope was built,00:21:13
this is growing on a Polish American00:21:15
project, its parameters are indicated here,00:21:17
technically it is not a very large telescope,00:21:19
one and three tenths of a meter, but quite00:21:20
sufficient to00:21:23
carry out this work and regular00:21:25
monitoring of many even hundreds of millions of00:21:28
stars00:21:31
select there is a data bank you see here is a00:21:34
characteristic microlensing curve in00:21:37
the service that satisfies all00:21:38
the characteristics that said this00:21:41
means it really flew past a00:21:42
gravitational body close do not00:21:44
connect us with one of the stars in the00:21:46
databases indicated here what is the meaning of such00:21:49
that the curve is not entirely smooth and it is not00:21:52
these two peaks grew, it turned out that00:21:59
small bodies that are located in the00:22:01
vicinity of a star, that is, read planets,00:22:04
also give microlensing, but00:22:07
shorter, narrower, and thus,00:22:09
for the first time, a micro lens was discovered using this method,00:22:12
but we will register two thousand00:22:15
events, but still, this is the number of00:22:18
detected ones these invisible but00:22:21
microlensing-causing bodies do not give00:22:24
reason to consider them a hidden mass and still not00:22:26
enough in the total when we00:22:29
integrated their mass it turned out to be small00:22:31
and so we already have an approximate idea of what a00:22:36
hidden mass is, now a more00:22:38
systematic analysis of two components of the00:22:41
hidden mass means it is baryonic00:22:44
ordinary dark the substance is also called in English the00:22:47
missing bar vans, that is, the00:22:49
missing ones were not found and baryons00:22:52
or baryonic dark matter are baryon00:22:55
and dark matter and the second part are those00:22:58
22 percent that are shown on the 1st00:23:01
slide, the second is dark which00:23:04
is of unknown nature is00:23:05
also called the dark meter and so let’s00:23:10
talk about the bar, it’s dark matter for us,00:23:13
the question is what fraction of baryonic00:23:16
matter, that is, ordinary matter,00:23:17
we observe their universe, now our00:23:20
instrument is quite large and we00:23:22
can penetrate so deeply that we can00:23:24
say video, well, relatively speaking, the00:23:26
entire universe is in the optical00:23:29
range of the star galaxies are00:23:34
guardians of cold gas in the radio range, this is00:23:36
also hot gas in the X-ray range,00:23:39
in general, using all means, we believe00:23:42
that everything that is in space in the universe00:23:44
emits or absorbs we see, so this is00:23:48
what we see from we see everything is like this,00:23:53
as the theory tells us only a00:23:56
small fraction of 30-40 percent of00:23:58
what there should be, the theory quite clearly00:24:01
indicates that there is00:24:04
4 percent baryonic matter, but as in the second layer, you00:24:07
remember there is gas and stars 4 percent and we00:24:10
observe much less where is the00:24:13
rest of the baryonic matter or00:24:15
maybe the theory incorrect, let's00:24:17
ask this question and try to look for the00:24:20
form in which ordinary00:24:23
baryonic matter comes, this is a condensed00:24:25
gas phase, this is, of course, stars, cold00:24:28
gas in galaxies, it is easy to detect, as00:24:30
I already said, this hot phase is also easily00:24:33
detected by X-ray00:24:34
radiation, then very hot gas at00:24:36
a temperature above 10 million kelvin00:24:39
diffuse phase diffuse phase these are clouds of00:24:43
neutral hydrogen and helium00:24:46
from which galaxies arose and then00:24:48
stars and so on initially the evolution of00:24:51
the universe00:24:52
the temperature of this gas at the time of the00:24:55
formation of the first stars and galaxies was00:24:57
low, maybe, but maybe there are00:24:59
several thousand degrees, no more than00:25:01
that it is considered cold, they are not calling for a00:25:03
substance, these structures are observed in the00:25:06
absorption lines of hydrogen,00:25:08
which means each of you remembers that the00:25:10
hydrogen atom is the simplest, it consists00:25:12
of a proton and an electron, and so an00:25:15
electron can move in different00:25:18
orbitals or we say level, otherwise for a00:25:22
feast in order for an electron to jump from the00:25:25
main level to 1, some00:25:27
energy is needed if it comes back, but00:25:29
it emits the Lyman alpha line if it is00:25:32
raised by Everton in the absorption spectrum,00:25:34
also like the Lyman alpha line and looks and00:25:38
finally, in the last twenty years,00:25:43
maybe 30, it is being discussed so called00:25:45
heat hot gases are a gas of intermediate00:25:47
temperature not cold not hot this00:25:49
gas cannot be detected in optics it is00:25:51
too hot and it is impossible or semi-00:25:55
difficult to detect in X-rays too00:25:57
cold discovered san only in the00:25:59
ultraviolet part of the spectrum where it00:26:01
emits and absorbs and everything in the world is00:26:04
shown here in the picture the history of00:26:07
the universe from the point of view of baryons from the00:26:10
point of view of the boiled density of the evolution of the00:26:12
mortal density, you see,00:26:16
the stars began to be compensated, they began to form somewhere in the newspapers and this is a00:26:19
cosmological factor, well, consider that00:26:21
here is the time of about half a billion00:26:23
here is our time and the age of the universe is00:26:26
almost 14 billion years stars00:26:28
are being formed burning these stars and not00:26:31
only stars heat the hot gas of the hot00:26:34
phase, this is the same one that we talked about,00:26:36
but the main content of the universe00:26:38
was initially cold, which means the00:26:40
amount of cold gas decreases00:26:44
warm-hot intergalactic gas00:26:46
that heats up in shock processes,00:26:50
primarily in shock waves, so its00:26:53
amount increases so it turns out00:26:55
that these very bad00:27:00
galaxies and the most important baryons and00:27:04
components of the galaxy and the universe00:27:06
are observed precisely in the ultraviolet00:27:08
range, most conveniently,00:27:10
now candidates for the carrier of00:27:14
baryonic dark matter, what00:27:18
can they say,00:27:19
which objects can carry this very thing00:27:21
the missing hidden matter they are00:27:24
listed here are planets brown00:27:28
dwarfs red dwarfs that is stars00:27:30
or star-shaped objects on very faint00:27:33
white dwarfs especially cooling ones which00:27:36
also emit little neutron00:27:38
stars distant objects black holes well00:27:41
they just don’t emit anything these are00:27:46
such compact objects but here clouds of00:27:49
cold gas just nick said00:27:51
hydrogen is not just evenly spread out00:27:54
helium in the universe,00:27:55
it has a cloud structure soon we00:27:57
will see and these clouds are on the00:28:03
spectra when we look at a very00:28:06
hot object, for example, a00:28:08
quasar in the spectrum of a quasar because the apple00:28:13
is cut out, as it were These are the00:28:16
absorption lines, these are the liminal and folic00:28:18
alpha we will now see and finally the00:28:20
warm-hot intergalactic gas, here00:28:22
they are now, are you talking about the Lyman alpha forest00:28:26
or about these very clouds, you see, this is how the00:28:28
Lyman alpha forest is formed, a very00:28:30
hot spring, this is the active00:28:33
galactic core quasar here00:28:35
the temperatures are the highest of these00:28:37
processes, this source is powerful and00:28:41
emits many ultraviolet photons00:28:43
and ultraviolet x-rays, and00:28:46
on the way to the observer these00:28:48
hydrogen apples are each at their own z and00:28:51
we know what this cosmological00:28:53
factor is and each z corresponds to one00:28:57
plus z is a displacement wavelength is the same00:29:01
cosmological one that was observed by Edwin00:29:04
Hubble and you see, it00:29:05
means the Lyman alpha line is emitted and00:29:09
then this line because cold gas00:29:11
emits hot gas and cold gas00:29:13
absorbs this line every moment of clouds00:29:15
it appears like this and now00:29:18
the spectra are actually observed00:29:20
and the spectra of the earth are not earth with the00:29:26
Hubble telescope, you are observing one00:29:29
spectrum here for a fairly close source00:29:31
z0 158, this is a classic quasar 3c 273,00:29:36
and the second quasar is further away, the further away00:29:39
the quasar is, the more clouds there are, this00:29:41
is all Lyman alpha lines in absorption, this00:29:44
is Lyman alpha forest, well, the question is here00:29:47
This is what we observe, of course, only the00:29:49
largest clouds, and how many small00:29:52
clouds can there be? small clouds contain hidden mass,00:29:55
because we see little of it for me,00:29:57
and if there are a lot of these small clouds,00:29:59
then maybe it’s00:30:03
hidden there, all that’s what we’re00:30:05
missing, well Well, it turns out no, but00:30:09
we’ll postpone this question a little later,00:30:11
now if we again take a00:30:16
very hot source, who against it even has a00:30:19
relatively hot gas at a temperature of,00:30:22
say, a million degrees, it will also00:30:23
seem cold if the source is00:30:25
very, very hot, it also gives00:30:27
absorption lines, this one the picture of the spectrum of00:30:32
the spectrum is fivefold without the call of nova00:30:35
oxygen and you see two series of lines,00:30:38
here and here they are shown to the star, here00:30:42
they are two shifted relative to each other,00:30:44
this means that two clouds under with such00:30:47
z with such cosmological factors00:30:49
that quite the difference is not very00:30:52
big but the instrument is night did not allow00:30:54
to divide is not located teach vision00:30:56
what an oxygen cloud is, it is clear that this is not00:30:59
pure oxygen, it is mixed with hydrogen,00:31:01
hydrogen is not visible at all,00:31:03
and they call and such observations00:31:05
allow them to find as much oxygen00:31:09
cloud as00:31:10
hydrogen, too, from them it can be00:31:12
established that in this place there is a00:31:14
fairly large00:31:16
cloud of hot hydrogen, here is an example of00:31:19
the use of the ultraviolet spectrum,00:31:21
but anything less than 3000 is an00:31:24
ultraviolet ultraviolet00:31:26
area hidden mass in the vicinity of the00:31:29
check mark 10 years ago,00:31:31
in general, a lot of noise was made with the00:31:37
help of such scientific with the help of an00:31:40
ultraviolet satellite fuse this is an00:31:43
ultraviolet observation just in the00:31:47
line of ionized oxygen,00:31:49
which means that this small00:31:52
device was accessible to observations of 100 quasars,00:31:54
here they are located on the celestial sphere, and00:31:56
in each direction00:31:58
clouds of this very five-fold zero of the00:32:00
new oxygen were discovered, which means in each00:32:03
direction they were not previously discovered,00:32:06
but the existing clouds00:32:10
of hydrogen of the people you you know that hydrogen00:32:13
is 10 in 10 in the fourth, then there are thousands of00:32:17
times more than oxygen here, this means00:32:19
that what is mine here we can roughly00:32:21
speaking calculate how much oxygen here00:32:23
will help me 4 then we get in general the00:32:26
mass it turned out that the mass is very large and00:32:30
also everything is in the vicinity our00:32:31
galaxy was so in our local00:32:34
system around our galaxy the mass of00:32:37
this heat of hot gas turned out to be 1000:32:39
12 of the sun, considering that the mass of galaxy 2 is00:32:42
11 5 times less, this is a very00:32:45
large volume and a discussion arose,00:32:49
maybe some kind of fantastic non00:32:51
you need to attract open mass, it’s just that00:32:54
it’s in this form,00:32:55
discussions are still ongoing, this is one of the00:32:59
same tasks, this is the working moment of the00:33:02
working problem that00:33:04
astrophysicists are solving, now of course we are00:33:07
interested in whether there is hidden mass somewhere00:33:09
closer and the galaxies are far away in the00:33:13
vicinity of the sun from the exact movements of00:33:16
the stars it is possible to derive the distributions, that00:33:21
is, gravity ru of the potential of00:33:22
the gravitational potential, that is, the00:33:24
distribution of the plunder of the moving masses, and it00:33:25
turned out that in the vicinity of the sun there is no00:33:29
need to involve the hypothesis of00:33:30
dark matter and if it exists,00:33:34
its density is a thousand times in the answer00:33:37
70600 x here is on 10 minus 5 600:33:40
100000 is00:33:41
a thousand times less than the density of00:33:43
ordinary baryonic matter, this00:33:48
once again suggests that if the dark head00:33:50
I must be very large and only00:33:54
due to its size the gigantic00:33:56
mass of the sun is gained if the hidden mass in the sun is the00:34:00
staff of our institute and00:34:02
Nikolai Smersh Kardashev they did a00:34:04
simple experiment they added dark00:34:06
matter, it’s like that, it doesn’t00:34:09
affect anything, they just added mass to the sun and00:34:12
the sun didn’t work out, it fell apart there is no00:34:15
dark matter in the sun and there is practically no dark matter in the stars,00:34:21
and if we talk about anything00:34:25
noticeable there is no presence of it, and in this room00:34:28
and in Moscow there are no dark thoughts, a lot of00:34:31
dark substances, few, now we00:34:34
will move on to that dark substance00:34:38
whose nature it may not be00:34:40
known at all with the boiled ones, we talked, but00:34:42
then the dark substances enter 22 percent, what is00:34:44
this We don’t know this yet and we are00:34:49
only building hypotheses. Putin, I’ll00:34:51
tell you. For 80 years we have been thinking about the00:34:54
mystery of dark matter and so far there is00:34:57
no solution, that’s why I say something is the00:34:58
greatest mystery of the cosmos, let’s00:35:01
see what dark matter should be,00:35:04
these words are not need to scare you, well, those00:35:08
professionals who sit behind them and you00:35:10
won’t scare them, but here the words by is00:35:13
efficiency means that dark00:35:14
substances do not glow, do not absorb without00:35:17
that navitelnost means particles dark00:35:20
substance other objects do not collide with00:35:21
each other, if they collide, then it’s00:35:24
naked this from this from these particles00:35:28
will be spherical it is not far from00:35:31
spherical00:35:32
the substance must be cold it is00:35:36
necessary because if the substance00:35:38
is hot well for example you can00:35:43
say but nejtrino example lead to00:35:45
particles that fly at the speed of00:35:47
light and otherwise cannot they simply00:35:49
will not exist if the matter is blown hot, then00:35:51
any density inhomogeneity that00:35:54
arises will be smeared by them,00:35:57
and only very, very large00:35:59
large-scale inhomogeneities in the00:36:02
universe and will be able to survive will not be00:36:04
pulled away by these hot00:36:06
fast particles, but such as, for example,00:36:09
pancakes Zeldovich is 10 15 mason with an00:36:13
absolute giant, but the galaxy you00:36:15
will never get it and you00:36:18
will never get a star, but you need to be cold,00:36:20
and fluidity says that particles00:36:23
cannot be gigantic, more than a00:36:25
million solar masses, such a particle00:36:27
cannot exist because its passage,00:36:29
say, would destroy the cluster of spherical00:36:33
other structures in the disk of the galaxy00:36:34
which we observe are such00:36:36
restrictions, but now which00:36:40
particles are suitable? We first of all00:36:45
narrow down the dark00:36:47
matter itself and which particles can00:36:49
correspond to one or another class in00:36:52
hot dark matter. I just didn’t00:36:54
say this, first of all, nejtrino or00:36:57
hypothetical00:36:58
I repeat particles axions with a very small00:37:02
mass of 10 minus 5 electron-volts, and it also00:37:05
allowed us to measure energy and mass00:37:08
in the same units, an00:37:09
electron-volt is an energy unit of00:37:12
cold dark matter, and it is00:37:15
now believed that the main candidate is the so-00:37:18
called weakly interacting00:37:20
massive particles of mass. no longer in00:37:24
electron-volts about giga ii in terra00:37:26
electron-volts means annihilation and00:37:29
scattering of such particles on particles of00:37:31
baryonic matter is weak but it can be00:37:35
vip but an example of00:37:38
such a neutral on such particles can be found, this is a00:37:40
combination of00:37:42
particles, again hypothetical, here they are00:37:46
here physics does not prohibit them,00:37:48
no one has found them yet, but physics allows them to00:37:51
be from these very particles, here you00:37:55
even see what is not Rabin is a00:37:58
combination there, the color of the Higgs boson, bracket00:38:02
zone, and so on, and finally warm00:38:04
intermediate dark matter is matter00:38:07
that can be composed from the so00:38:10
-called heavy nejtrino, these00:38:13
particles are in them and they are trying to find which one00:38:16
they will find, well, in sufficient00:38:20
quantity and there will be a candidate for dark00:38:22
matter that they are00:38:23
not looking for hot, well, it’s clear because00:38:27
I already said if it would be if00:38:30
dark matter was hot then we would not00:38:32
have gotten galaxies, and among cold00:38:34
dark matter and warm dark matter, before00:38:38
the search, many experiments are carried out,00:38:41
some of them are very expensive,00:38:47
costing billions of dollars,00:38:48
carried out to search for these particles, this is of00:38:51
course for the development of elementary particle physics,00:38:53
the most important most important00:38:56
experiments, and a way out for the dark00:38:59
matter, the main difficulty is that these particles are00:39:02
electrically neutral,00:39:04
there are two search options: direct and00:39:06
indirect, with direct and the00:39:08
consequence of the interaction of these particles with00:39:10
electrons or atomic nuclei is studied; this is in00:39:13
ground-based experiments; indirect ones00:39:16
are based on attempts to detect00:39:18
particle flows that arise, for example,00:39:21
due to annihilation, that’s when I talk00:39:24
about neutral, this is such a tricky particle00:39:26
that coincides with itself if00:39:28
1 neutral collides with another00:39:30
will produce annihilation, the place of 2 neutrals will00:39:33
appear gamma quanta, for example,00:39:36
we can say that even that00:39:38
gigantic project worth, if I00:39:40
’m not mistaken, more than 20 billion00:39:42
dollars, which is called the Large00:39:44
Hadron Collider, is also aimed at00:39:48
some part and to solve problems and00:39:52
this very hidden mass, that is, to find00:39:54
those particles that can be quite00:39:57
massive and at the same time, there are00:40:00
no dissipative ones here, well, it was announced,00:40:06
you know that just recently the00:40:08
Nobel Prize was even awarded for the00:40:10
discovery of the boson so we call the00:40:12
Higgs boson, but if we speak in simple words, the00:40:14
main idea is that we all00:40:17
are all in the field of these00:40:20
same particles or quanta, well, it’s better to00:40:24
say the Higgs field and we associate this with00:40:27
these particles with Higgs bosons and00:40:30
particles and others, all other particles00:40:32
acquire mass they all the time00:40:34
collide with these bosons,00:40:36
it’s better to say, and only00:40:38
in the process of00:40:39
these very collisions does the mass appear in the00:40:41
particles if the interaction is strong,00:40:44
tanas is large, if the interaction is weak, the volume of Mars is00:40:47
weak, this is where masses appear,00:40:48
none of you have ever thought00:40:51
about where it came from00:40:53
massively, what is it this is something like this00:40:57
at a very simple level; to be honest, I00:41:04
can’t give you a deeper description; this is a very serious, deep00:41:08
topic; it’s a pity that right now at00:41:11
this very moment a lecture is being held at the Korubo Academy,00:41:15
but it happened in the Museum of Cosmonautics;00:41:17
it’s under a stele near VDNKh.00:41:19
on the Higgs bosons, I think that00:41:22
maybe you can invite and even00:41:24
planetary you would be great to00:41:26
listen to such00:41:28
absolutely amazing things, here is an example, the Americans00:41:32
launched a gamma-ray satellite in order to00:41:34
observe the week tion is neutral and around00:41:37
galaxies for hard gamma radiation00:41:40
if there is an alternative to dark matter00:41:43
Now we are still practical people and we00:41:47
either know or don’t know about the so-called00:41:50
philosophical Occam’s razor, but00:41:52
nevertheless we usually use it in the real world.00:41:54
What is Occam’s razor? This is a00:41:57
medieval philosopher with a robe who, in00:41:59
general, put forward such an idea that there is no00:42:02
need to invent entities beyond00:42:04
necessary, well, that is, if00:42:06
something can be explained by simple natural00:42:08
reasons, you should try to do it and00:42:09
only when all these means00:42:11
have been exhausted and only then come up with00:42:13
some kind of fantasy to deduce, well,00:42:16
nevertheless, let’s try,00:42:19
people tried and came up with an idea, let’s do it00:42:21
let's change the Newtonian law of gravity and00:42:25
introduce acceleration in a non-Newtonian form,00:42:28
bam like this with some such parameters,00:42:30
by adjusting we can generally00:42:33
do a lot of things for astronomers, say,00:42:37
solve the Tully-Fisher problem, we can00:42:40
explain dark matter, but then everything00:42:44
would be beautiful, but this is for him for different00:42:46
objects and directions different in one00:42:48
case, it needs to be adjusted in another way, not00:42:50
so, and of course it’s right away, well, just for00:42:53
simple logical reasons, it’s00:42:54
repellent to accept this approach, it’s00:42:58
too much of an adjustment in place in00:43:00
each case, it smacks of now we’ll00:43:03
look at this picture I00:43:05
drew a long time ago for schoolchildren now I00:43:07
need to do it a little differently with curved, let’s00:43:08
say, walls, but nevertheless the essence00:43:10
arises with:00:43:11
what is the role of dark matter in general in the00:43:14
evolution of the universe in the formation of00:43:16
galaxy structures, for example, this00:43:18
picture shows the entire history of00:43:20
the universe, starting with the big bang on the00:43:23
right, showing ages in years but if00:43:27
not in years, then here it is written seconds and00:43:28
on the left here is the same cosmological00:43:32
factor z we live in the era z000:43:34
and the closer we are to the past, the higher00:43:38
z is and you see that the galaxies the first00:43:40
galaxies stars were formed somewhere00:43:42
back 20 approximately at the formation of the sun00:43:45
and so on, but here it happened very00:43:47
close and this is the picture that actually00:43:53
reflects the00:43:55
entire history of the universe, galaxies and00:43:59
stars 1 were formed as I said in 21 of00:44:02
this, this whole part when there were no00:44:04
stars and galaxies is called the dark era00:44:06
or dark era dark Aegis in English00:44:11
here it is in this famous picture, rather in a00:44:17
film shot in the millennium project in the00:44:21
Berg Volker Spindle consortium of00:44:24
West Germany, you see a picture of the00:44:30
distribution of dark matter in the00:44:32
modern era,00:44:33
where did such a grid come from,00:44:36
imagine that initially this00:44:38
distribution was almost uniform with00:44:40
small fluctuations, but it turns out00:44:43
that if in a very distant era it was00:44:46
homogeneous with a small fixation of me to all00:44:48
filtration of the dark matter,00:44:52
twisting occurs and00:44:54
such a grid appears,00:44:56
you will see this grid with increasing00:44:58
magnification, that is, now about00:45:02
10 megaparsecs, well, you get there growing up up to the00:45:07
size of a typical cluster means00:45:10
dark matter in the form of particles,00:45:15
if it is released under the00:45:16
influence of gravity, this is how it happened,00:45:18
then it necessarily curls up or in a00:45:21
Suez cluster and this cellular00:45:25
structure develops at first weak, then00:45:27
larger and larger, sometimes it is00:45:29
about this size, this is a cellular00:45:32
structure large why am I talking about00:45:35
dark matter, yes because I have already00:45:36
mentioned several times the dark matter00:45:38
in the universe is 5-7 times more than00:45:42
usual00:45:43
and therefore how dark matter behaves in a00:45:45
gravitational sense is how00:45:48
the universe behaves, baryonic matter00:45:50
simply follows it little00:45:52
comparatively, and in this film you00:45:57
already see z20 from the moment when the00:46:00
first stars and galaxies begin to form,00:46:03
you see that the structure of dark00:46:06
matter, the baryonic matter of which00:46:09
less closely follows the structure, that is, into00:46:11
all these potential holes in the centers of00:46:14
gravity, baryonic00:46:16
matter falls and is formed as since00:46:18
well, galaxies here or clusters of00:46:20
galaxies are growing in temperature defense, the whole thing00:46:23
will become clear once it falls00:46:24
collides and this substance of collisions00:46:27
the temperature rises I will not00:46:30
explain the details to you then the next thing is00:46:32
also a very important phenomenon the phenomenon of the00:46:35
zenith effect blue in Zeldovich the topic of the00:46:38
lecture may be just too then00:46:41
the other one is blurry, but you see that00:46:43
first of all the00:46:45
dark matter evolves,00:46:48
followed by baryons into those clumps of dark00:46:51
matter that are00:46:53
formed naturally, nothing art was00:46:55
invented, it’s just the way00:46:57
mathematics works, the physics of the gravity system of00:47:00
living points is formed and you see00:47:03
that large00:47:06
clumps of matter appear. they are called bare00:47:08
dark matter and around there is a whole spectrum of00:47:11
small ones,00:47:12
say, for example, our00:47:15
local group of galaxies and clusters of galaxies,00:47:17
then thousands of00:47:21
such bare and potential appearances00:47:23
appear as a result,00:47:26
and in each of them baryonic00:47:28
matter falls and after all,00:47:30
galaxies or clusters of galaxies are formed in their pits and this00:47:35
picture is very, let’s say, accepted beautifully00:47:40
and gives a lot of00:47:44
let’s say in the direction of what it does next, what to00:47:47
observe, and so on, but there are also less and00:47:49
problems, so you saw that00:47:52
these I am a magician of gravitational ones, but I am a magician or I am a00:47:55
sword because there is00:47:57
accumulated baryonic matter in the00:47:59
end These pits form galaxies; there are many of them, but00:48:02
few are observed; for example, in00:48:05
the vicinity of our galaxy, the total number00:48:07
of them is well, no more than three dozen; where are those00:48:09
thousands? There00:48:10
are several explanations; while this00:48:13
contradiction is dark with dark matter,00:48:16
but the first part of its neighbors, our00:48:19
galaxy was eaten by a massive one, that is, if a00:48:21
small galaxy collides with ours,00:48:23
it no longer flies out with them, they get stuck, but00:48:27
there are hypotheses that, after all, not all the00:48:30
matter was cold, but part of the matter00:48:33
was warm, this is the darkest one, which00:48:36
moved faster than the cold ones, so00:48:38
it seemed to wash away these pits and forgot00:48:42
them spoke about the topic of combustible matter,00:48:44
but on large scales it blurs out00:48:46
any fluctuations in density and this also00:48:49
exists, which means that we are still working in this00:48:52
direction, now our00:48:54
institutions are continuing, the hidden mass of what we are doing and00:48:58
not only considering theoretical00:49:00
problems, but we are also leading the scientific part of a00:49:05
large space project, this00:49:07
called the space observatory00:49:08
spectrum f or the international name00:49:11
world space review triatr brings down the00:49:13
world space observatory00:49:16
ultraviolet this is a telescope but do you think00:49:18
that for all people you can say that this is00:49:20
our hubble00:49:22
from hubble in 2015-16 will stop00:49:25
working and our telescope should start it00:49:27
will be within ten years, the only00:49:29
such telescope used in space, well, that00:49:32
is, in general on earth, you can say00:49:34
space, it is designed specifically for00:49:37
spectroscopic spectra, it showed you00:49:39
one aspect00:49:40
hidden without spectroscopic00:49:42
studies of00:49:43
stars and galaxies and intergalactic00:49:47
space and the atmosphere around other00:49:50
planets, but in the context of our lecture it is00:49:52
also designed to search for hidden00:49:55
baryonic matter, here are the working00:49:57
moments on the tongs and the engineering model00:50:01
that is being tested here from the00:50:03
wacom screen for insulation on00:50:06
stands that simulates various00:50:08
loads the mirror is the main mirror it is in the00:50:12
process of sputtering, here from the chamber along00:50:14
the guide, set this layer of00:50:15
aluminum on top and then cover it00:50:19
war 2 magnet since this is a mirror00:50:20
designed for the ultraviolet00:50:22
range and such a coating is00:50:24
absolutely necessary, the work is ongoing, that is,00:50:26
we are planning according to the federal00:50:33
space program in 2015, we00:50:35
have completed the preparation of the project, the preparation of00:50:38
equipment in order to launch in 16,00:50:42
well, the future means I think that the launch will be a00:50:47
spectrum lion there will be a complete00:50:48
inventory of baryonic matter the00:50:51
train carriers of dark matter it00:50:54
will continue to drink from the invested00:50:57
tens of billions the problem has not yet been00:50:59
solved but it will continue here00:51:02
the physics of elementary particles is extremely well let’s say it is00:51:05
in demand perhaps a00:51:09
revision of cosmological concepts00:51:11
if it turns out that00:51:13
dark matter is not 22 percent less but00:51:16
baryonic which we talked about in00:51:18
the vicinity of our galaxy, more here00:51:20
we need to do something and, of course,00:51:22
models for the formation of00:51:24
currency and galaxies will develop, this part is00:51:27
essentially over as usual, at00:51:29
the end I give at least a few but some kind of00:51:32
poetic conclusions, this is an00:51:36
optimistic conclusion There are a lot of young people in the hall00:51:38
and I recommend00:51:43
listening to really young00:51:45
Pushkin, well done, he wrote the link below, you00:51:48
noticed that the00:51:51
links are shown in green on the slides so that00:51:53
anyone can check00:51:54
open this work to read as I00:51:57
hope you Evgeniy Nigana everyone read this00:51:59
nevertheless but also the conclusion of a more00:52:03
experienced person that behind the00:52:06
branch curtain of darkness, minds are confused in fortune-telling,00:52:11
when will the curtain collapse with a crash,00:52:14
see you, how wrong we were and this00:52:17
is possible, from this balance of such optimism and a00:52:21
certain critical approach,00:52:23
science is born, so I think that we are00:52:28
now finished the lecture and I just00:52:30
want00:52:32
you to feel for yourself that you00:52:35
have touched this very great00:52:37
secret of the cosmos which00:52:40
the title of the lecture was announced thank you thank you very much00:52:43
thank you so now friends questions00:52:54
let's ask a question00:53:02
remember00:53:03
about wow such a young man00:53:06
question rotation speed galaxies from00:53:11
disks is connected with their luminosity00:53:15
and such a well or with mass such an00:53:18
interesting dependence 4th degree here are00:53:21
the hypotheses how this is where it comes from00:53:25
why such a high degree of dependence00:53:27
the more luminous we are and the dark galaxy00:53:30
rotates very faster and a very00:53:33
strong dependence this problem is00:53:35
different ways and it’s quite00:53:37
difficult to explain not the first degree of the square from00:53:39
precisely the 4th degree, this is Tully-Fisher,00:53:43
but how do you know such things, did you learn this from a00:53:46
lecture or was you a good guy before,00:53:52
listened to a lecture, but heard one squeeze out00:53:54
well done, thanks to you for00:54:00
asking the first this question, I always00:54:02
go for souvenirs, come here, I’m now00:54:05
reminding you about such an Adam, this is00:54:10
such a composite and puzzle magnet with a00:54:13
logo, look for a beautiful picture of00:54:15
our institute, study then you will come to00:54:18
work for us, we are engaged in physics and00:54:21
galaxy, and in general, it’s such a good thing that there are a00:54:24
lot of us young people and g00:54:26
[applause]00:54:36
hello, thank you for the excellent00:54:38
lecture, I have such a survey if any00:54:40
observational data in the gamma range00:54:42
penetrated your yad tired since there is almost no dark00:54:45
matter yet, that is, there are00:54:49
no confidently confirmed ones, but you always want to00:54:51
see something for sure no thank you, do00:55:00
n’t ask shy, maybe00:55:01
not even a pony on the topic, this is a lecture00:55:03
at all, if all this is painfully00:55:05
interesting, Malorita doesn’t almost always00:55:11
ask about there about the end of the world, this00:55:13
asteroid and so on, nightmares, why not,00:55:17
let’s all thank you for the sounds, I know00:55:24
where it’s coming from now, they’re working for00:55:26
how long I know the radioastron project, but00:55:29
why, without knowing, I don’t find much information,00:55:33
that is, if we say there are00:55:35
American telescopes when00:55:38
they are launched, and there are a lot of articles and based00:55:42
on their scientific discoveries, then there is00:55:46
practically nothing on the country’s radio, I think00:55:48
that none of the Peters suffered the same00:55:51
fate,00:55:52
well you are absolutely correct in touching on00:55:55
the topic of00:55:57
informing, that is, I yes yes yes yes yes00:55:59
even before the moment you launched I did00:56:03
n’t know anything about this project despite the fact00:56:04
that there is quite a fundamental thing00:56:07
up to the star you are right but on the site00:56:09
and to the c is drunk that is the institute drunk and00:56:12
specifically this unit as the00:56:16
one who was involved in the project, of course it00:56:17
was, but there00:56:21
was probably no widespread notification like this is done in the USA or in Europe. I00:56:25
think that this is a00:56:26
defect in the general information00:56:30
policy that is taking place in00:56:32
particular in space science and in00:56:35
some way to a certain extent, this is even due to a00:56:37
lack of understanding of the importance of informing the00:56:40
taxpayer population, if you00:56:42
like,00:56:44
in the leadership of Roscosmos, I myself00:56:47
encountered this when I was not00:56:49
allowed to attend a conference on the00:56:52
ultraviolet telescope of the future,00:56:54
although doing this very spectrum of noah00:56:57
because in Roscosmos it was a00:56:59
sale maybe six years ago00:57:01
7 said that but this tourism, you00:57:04
do things, this is tourism, that is, they don’t00:57:06
understand this now, according to the information, the information00:57:10
now is still there, look00:57:13
at those sites that I spoke about, and as00:57:15
for scientific information,00:57:18
this attitude is hard to come by; they are there; it’s00:57:21
hard to come by and connected this is due to the fact that00:57:23
technically it is not possible to solve the problem of00:57:26
precise positioning of the device,00:57:29
imagine that the accuracy that is00:57:31
needed is 15 meters in order to00:57:34
work effectively, but in fact00:57:36
500 has to be many, many times more,00:57:39
and it takes effort to get the00:57:41
result from -for this, now there00:57:44
will now be a special issue of an astronomical journal00:57:46
and a page of the journal with the00:57:49
results dedicated to00:57:51
this very mission, so wait,00:57:56
you are not an astronomer by yourself, no,00:57:59
probably not a physicist, but00:58:02
astronomical physical information of00:58:04
watchdogs by training is a company you00:58:07
know, I won’t tell jokes00:58:10
about the philosopher, we all know, I can00:58:13
make you happy, I’ll tell you, Mikhalych, I00:58:16
can make00:58:17
the audience happy in this current cycle,00:58:20
the topic will be covered and we hope that00:58:24
Nikolai Semyonovich God Mordashov will come with00:58:27
this topic or someone from his institute00:58:29
who he will be sent to us so I think00:58:32
we will find out all your secrets00:58:34
yes it will be expensive00:58:36
the Internet is really our success00:58:39
thank you very much for the lecture it00:58:41
was very interesting the question is not quite on the topic here00:58:43
in the diagram which showed a00:58:45
fashion show with a logical distance z if00:58:49
we see in the optical range, handed over from00:58:51
Hubble, well, back 20 videos,00:58:53
galaxies are forming, can we say00:58:55
that we see the boundaries of the universe in the00:58:57
optical range, we don’t see00:59:00
anything at these distances, maybe just00:59:03
the border is already like this, just to which00:59:05
let me give you now I’ll tell you the00:59:07
first stars that are born on z20,00:59:10
these are not ordinary stars, they are very00:59:12
massive, in general, a topic for a separate00:59:14
lecture, the first stars and galaxies are very00:59:16
interesting, which means they are very mother00:59:19
very massive, hundreds maybe even00:59:21
1000 masses of the sun, they must be00:59:24
short-living very bright objects00:59:26
emitting in in the ultraviolet range,00:59:29
but because of the large z, you know, you need00:59:32
this and lambda ultraviolet and many on and00:59:34
nitsa plus 20, well, that is, twenty times00:59:36
more will turn out and the radiation of the thread00:59:39
shifts to the infrared range,00:59:42
here is a telescope that should probably be launched00:59:45
in the seventeenth year Angie and dst00:59:49
now it is called in honor of this00:59:53
six-meter American00:59:54
infrared telescope, in particular,00:59:57
it is designed to detect00:59:59
these very stars, well, not infrared points in the sky,01:00:02
but they should explode and01:00:05
also a supernova massive star does01:00:08
not live for a long time, it explodes like supernovae and01:00:10
those first supernovae they should01:00:12
to give an impulse and enough to be01:00:14
visible and even at such gigantic01:00:16
distances in the infrared range, it01:00:19
says that there is no limit yet,01:00:21
but not ethnically further develop what is there01:00:24
for the money, yes, there are such01:00:27
theoretical works that maybe the01:00:28
first stars have appeared even on the z100,01:00:31
well, back 80, I myself read the first stars and01:00:34
studied and I have a lot of interesting01:00:36
things in astrophysics, to be honest, so I01:00:38
can talk to you about the topic of rights,01:00:41
now I can ask some of you,01:00:43
here are the three of you,01:00:46
and please give it to these young people01:00:49
people and a young man with a lady01:00:51
who is sitting take another one you01:00:53
asked questions I still have a01:00:55
small supply I have this kind of01:00:58
real bribery oh yes please I never01:01:03
thought that before that the earth does01:01:05
not just rotate in a circle we01:01:07
will share around the sun but I saw that01:01:10
she is a scythe rotates in a spiral because the01:01:12
sun moves around the center of the galaxy01:01:15
and it’s interesting at what angle the01:01:19
solar system is relative to the01:01:22
plane of the galaxy at what it’s clear not to01:01:26
drive the plane in the direction of flight until it’s01:01:28
interesting that there’s a big bang, at first01:01:32
it turns out that it’s dark in general now01:01:34
they have it, let’s separate it was successful at one01:01:37
point and around what was then, that is, how01:01:40
that is, it was focused in01:01:43
one and at one point and around what was01:01:45
then they will not understand once in childhood in01:01:49
such a scientific one, it was written that there is in the wounds of01:01:55
this Russian Academy of Sciences they01:01:56
listened to me a little I was talking about01:01:59
doubt without why01:02:02
we are flying in a crazy spiral to the constellation of Hercules, but this is a joke,01:02:05
indeed our solar system01:02:08
is moving in this direction not01:02:11
perpendicular to the direction of movement there the01:02:13
degrees have increased under such a01:02:15
corner with the direction of movement like this, well, it’s01:02:18
about as clear that if01:02:24
the spiral also forms a circular01:02:26
translational movement, from these two, a01:02:28
spiral is formed like this, well, here’s01:02:35
a spiral, let’s go like this like this,01:02:37
like this, this means speed about01:02:39
unity,01:02:40
and now we’ll find out if we talk01:02:44
about the earth, it means what the speed is, who01:02:47
remembers what is the speed of the earth moving01:02:49
around the sun? orbit around the sun, well,01:02:52
about01:02:53
how much 30 oh well done well done up to 3001:02:59
kilometers but in the direction of that01:03:02
very constellation which is less than 2001:03:04
kilometers of a second but approximately like this you01:03:06
can calculate this spiral yourself the01:03:08
solution the dimensions you know now you are a couple01:03:12
big bang01:03:13
let’s do it with us about the big explosion there01:03:15
will be a special war by Boris to make an01:03:18
anode sample, and just now someone who is01:03:21
already interested01:03:22
will tell about the big explosion onotole01:03:24
for the sake of ambushes and it will be on November 8 in the01:03:28
conference hall, we invite those interested,01:03:30
which means this is a topic that is01:03:33
really needed to devote a lecture01:03:34
because if from just to say something to01:03:38
you, you’re not saying something, I won’t finish it01:03:41
because I don’t understand it very well, and01:03:43
you won’t understand and you’ll have trouble sleeping,01:03:45
why, come on, well done, and01:03:51
please tell me, is a black hole01:03:55
dark matter or not, well done well, it01:04:05
definitely worked already, yes there is such01:04:10
an idea that part of that very01:04:14
hidden mass of the hidden mass, let’s better01:04:17
say yes, it’s due to the presence of01:04:20
I identified their undetected black01:04:22
holes, there is such a thing, but let’s say against the01:04:27
essential one, there should01:04:30
be a lot of just simply black ones, these are them Yes,01:04:32
they use gravity, they compensate and everything on01:04:34
them should be too much, they are not01:04:36
observed in such quantities, and then01:04:39
but all 2 houses earned us money on01:04:43
this very thing, come on and you,01:04:44
aunt Thai, bring it, okay, who asked01:04:47
the question, did you come up with the question yourself or is that01:04:50
all for you - they suggested it and you don’t know01:04:56
[laughter]01:04:58
yes, let him give you two for01:05:02
grandma grandma too, hello, I really01:05:07
want a souvenir from you, can I ask a01:05:09
question about ours, stupid, but still,01:05:13
in one of the first graphs that you01:05:15
showed us in your presentation, there was01:05:18
a division What is dark matter and dark01:05:21
energy?01:05:39
we think in models,01:05:44
models then no, but with long legs and a01:05:46
short skirt, a01:05:47
model of this is what is in our heads, how01:05:50
we imagine the world around us,01:05:52
including people, just imagine, let’s01:05:54
say a girl sees a young man,01:05:57
does she know him and thinks there, let’s say01:06:00
marry him whether to marry or not, how she01:06:01
makes a decision, she builds a model in01:06:04
this person’s head, so he is so-and-so,01:06:06
so-and-so, if the model is01:06:08
good and matches reality, the girl01:06:11
can make the right decision, but if it01:06:12
’s bad, but then you have to sort things out,01:06:15
this is always our way01:06:18
human thinking models01:06:20
in a different way, we did not create the world in the01:06:22
same way and the universe from the entire set of01:06:24
facts that exist on 5-6 main01:06:27
directions to give was listed on one01:06:30
of the first slides in order to01:06:32
bring all these averages together so that they did01:06:34
not contradict the construction of a01:06:36
cosmological model of the universe,01:06:38
well, for example, let’s say they discovered that for some reason01:06:42
supernova 1 and in the distant ones scatter01:06:46
across the spectra of supernovae spectra01:06:50
shows that there is some kind of acceleration at01:06:53
very large distances, that is, as01:06:56
if the universe on the scale of the entire universe01:06:57
begins to expand rapidly, that this is what it is01:06:59
when they try to find in01:07:02
the description this very model of the01:07:05
Tula universe, it turns out that you need to enter,01:07:09
but I won’t say words like Linda dick01:07:11
there and so on, this is all this already such a01:07:14
technique begins to circle like01:07:16
this here there is nowhere to go01:07:18
Occam’s razor does not help in any real way to01:07:20
explain they can’t be like this, it’s not01:07:26
necessary for it to be consistent with others01:07:28
because if we only assume this01:07:30
and that’s all, and the others will be contradicted by a01:07:32
factor, out of all of them there are 5 6 main01:07:35
directions in which01:07:37
observational cosmology is built, it is necessary that01:07:39
the model corresponds as much as possible to01:07:41
each of them, well, you’ve earned it, thanks01:07:46
by the way for the fact that you are helping me,01:07:48
otherwise there won’t be any left later, keep it01:07:53
somewhere I’ll put the question yes yes01:07:55
please no what is a question01:07:56
a little maybe from a practical point01:07:58
of view good evening Boris Mikhailovich01:08:00
now very many people are talking about the01:08:03
energy of free space about01:08:06
energy ether, are you working on this01:08:08
issue, if you are studying, I really wanted to01:08:11
launch your lecture and how to01:08:13
connect all this with your teachings, and most01:08:17
importantly, how to learn how to extract the energy of01:08:19
free space, convert01:08:22
it into heat into electricity, let me01:08:24
just give you this, I won’t say anything01:08:26
don’t understand anything01:08:29
please take it but I had a question of my own01:08:36
rather such a skeptical part of your01:08:39
lecture was devoted to particles that01:08:41
need to be discovered to explain01:08:43
dark matter while at the beginning of the01:08:46
lecture it was clear that the creator of the wiki believed01:08:48
that 400 times more mass was required and01:08:50
then part they found this mass, then they also01:08:52
discovered these small microlensing objects,01:08:55
here it is there now, you01:08:58
send a telescope into space, it will also01:09:01
most likely discover something,01:09:02
maybe they are not really needed, these particles,01:09:05
please reveal in more detail that they are01:09:08
really really needed, well,01:09:10
for now passively at the moment, yes, thanks01:09:13
for the question, I want to repeat once again that01:09:15
at the moment there are no resources01:09:19
under these even hidden bars, it is not01:09:21
enough to cover these 22 percent, but the01:09:24
more or less understandable substance above you is that01:09:27
if you just01:09:30
take it and 22 percent of baryons01:09:33
are produced in the universe, then it is violated01:09:36
just by the thickness of what we said,01:09:39
it is violated by others, let’s say the flows of01:09:43
information will be contradictions, for example,01:09:45
the content of deuterium, here deuterium is very01:09:48
sensitive, the primary t-rex to the content of01:09:52
baryons and non-baryon matter01:09:56
models, it turns out that it falls iriya that the01:09:59
substance of an ordinary baryon on should be01:10:01
from four to five percent, no more than the01:10:03
deuterium content, another thing is how01:10:06
primary deuterium is01:10:08
really a mystery and there is, say,01:10:12
spectral observation01:10:14
and chewed molecules of distant01:10:18
objects of distant galaxies of distant01:10:20
clouds01:10:21
that were carried out, for example, from the01:10:23
Institute of Physics, this is already01:10:26
St. - Petersburg and I iv and an academician01:10:29
went through things in Moldova with the guys, he01:10:31
showed that01:10:33
deuterium is not only him and especially01:10:36
I like the work, he showed that after01:10:37
all, the content of deuterium is consistent01:10:40
with the long-range range, that is, the01:10:42
primary one with this 4 percent barrier,01:10:45
I can advise01:10:47
those who doubt and you should always doubt01:10:49
this component of science has already spoken01:10:51
about this, and even Omar Khayyam me,01:10:53
or rather, supporting Omar Khayyam,01:10:56
you should doubt, you can recommend01:10:58
the work of 2004 by Joe Silk there is an01:11:02
American astrophysicist who says01:11:04
that the standard cosmological model01:11:06
is also based on the assumption if you01:11:08
add some substances, excuse me,01:11:14
this is not a curse word isokuru Baturity,01:11:16
which is the universe, that is, does not violate, then01:11:19
the content of the baryon can change greatly,01:11:21
but if you are interested01:11:22
professionally, I can give a link01:11:25
because no, there is no such picture that01:11:29
somehow the multiplication table will begin01:11:31
to doubt, here it is and everything is01:11:32
not so far, you have already received such a young man01:11:36
and you don’t want to01:11:38
help anymore, yes, thank you, give me your question,01:11:43
thank you, I’m kidding, you’re Michelle around your01:11:57
axis before there are uneven rotations of the01:11:59
earth, very serious tasks hang in us,01:12:02
leave, we are engaged in the so-called01:12:04
third floor and the rotation of the earth but this is01:12:09
not just let’s say a ball of the rest in which01:12:12
nothing happens, the earth, it is a complex01:12:15
structure inside the earth,01:12:18
there are streams from the very depths of the earth, there are01:12:21
streams of molten matter that are01:12:23
actually responsible even for the01:12:24
magnetic field of the earth for generation, that01:12:27
is, since the streams are a redistribution of masses,01:12:29
now climate changes are occurring on the earth01:12:31
this is not very significant, well,01:12:33
let’s say clouds of snow were dragged somewhere there,01:12:36
etc., etc. atomic all this01:12:39
is insignificant, but in astronomical01:12:41
terms it is already noticeable and the rotation of the earth,01:12:44
maybe you’re teaching physics, but not yet,01:12:48
well, you can do it in sana with01:12:50
you there is a spinner in the world that01:12:52
rotates your hips, you can spin01:12:55
then spread your arms and you will spin01:12:57
slower, that is, there is such a concept as01:12:59
the moment of rotation, this is connected with this, that01:13:02
is, before the definition of as, especially01:13:04
radial leads to the fact that the speed01:13:06
of rotation changes the01:13:08
owl aries the spinning table is01:13:10
somewhere - something,01:13:11
well, on a swivel chair you01:13:13
spin around and then I’ll try to stretch out my legs and01:13:15
tuck my legs in, stretched out, slowed down,01:13:17
slowed down, tucked in, the earth is also01:13:20
like that, stretch out your legs there just01:13:22
kidding, well, here are some of them and this change is01:13:25
not very very small, but in the astronomer01:13:28
it cunning to measure yes please01:13:33
pass the microphone please to01:13:39
annihilation then when let’s say a01:13:41
positron electron collide and here’s01:13:44
how you can be cleaned identically that’s when01:13:46
they collide that’s why they are that’s why01:13:48
I’m01:13:50
they’re not the same they’re both at the same time01:13:54
that’s exactly why I and I say that I regret01:13:58
that I can’t get to01:14:00
Academician Rubakov’s lecture now, and I would have asked exactly the same01:14:03
question, will we wait, or will energy01:14:08
be generated,01:14:09
but it won’t be generated anywhere, but the energy of,01:14:13
say, masses, particles and01:14:15
antiparticles collide, and yes, this is the mc01:14:18
square which characterizes each01:14:20
particle, plus a small reserve of01:14:22
kinetic energy, this all goes into the01:14:25
radiation energy of quanta, if high01:14:28
energy means gamma quanta, but they didn’t01:14:30
say they can be very high,01:14:33
high energy, that is, mass01:14:35
becomes energy,01:14:36
well, energy radiation by the field, but01:14:41
this is a vitz mug at the Moscow01:14:42
planetarium at home, no kids, it’s abnormal01:14:45
to notice the mug because you’ll take it yourself01:14:47
later and the young man has already driven it01:14:50
completely hello, here’s the last object the01:14:53
farthest to is at a distance of01:14:56
13 1 billion light years yes, well, what01:14:59
I read on the Internet well 1301:15:04
yes no, I don’t, I can’t tell you now01:15:07
what it means, what, in any case,01:15:12
such a format exists on the Internet, I’m01:15:14
more interested in something else, it’s written that01:15:16
they find01:15:18
the age of this object to be 13 billion01:15:20
light years, it is located at a01:15:23
distance of 30 billion light years from us, but01:15:25
how can this be correlated? you are reading what kind of01:15:29
ugliness you did, so I do01:15:31
n’t have a question like that, I don’t quite understand your01:15:34
question, it means that this is the most distant object01:15:36
that is actually observed, but it’s01:15:40
even more likely not an object of that fluff, here’s the01:15:42
relict radiation, it’s z1000, you can01:15:47
say there’s 13 and 5 or 13 Even 601:15:51
billion years, here it is, this01:15:54
relict radiation is observed, which01:15:55
comes to us from all sides in the picture, it is01:15:58
drawn there, but there was no time01:16:00
to stop, this is what you are reading,01:16:03
don’t believe anything, check it, take it,01:16:06
I would like to build who wrote what he01:16:09
wrote, here he is now in Internet is possible [ __ ]01:16:11
right now I can’t Internet we have a01:16:13
discovery,01:16:14
that is, tell me to delimit01:16:18
the size of the universe after all, in light01:16:20
years, at least I don’t know which ones exist,01:16:23
probably not, well, come on, that’s what I usually01:16:25
tell students here, the very word of words01:16:29
size can make sense, and here you are for01:16:31
everyone here the word still needs to be for01:16:34
but the meaning01:16:35
but usually I leave like this a student01:16:37
when they ask a question at the annual school of01:16:40
young astronomers the pig says the01:16:42
lecturer should so if you have a question the answer01:16:46
they know right away can clearly say he01:16:47
says a good question but he doesn’t know01:16:51
says an interesting question but you and everyone01:16:53
asked an interesting question, so here you01:16:58
need to look carefully, Kerry, what01:17:00
is size01:17:01
k, just like the girl asked the size, what’s01:17:05
around there, there’s a big explosion there, and so01:17:07
on, there may not be a concept of sizes01:17:09
at all, and Boris Mikhalych, thank you very much for01:17:13
another wonderful lecture my01:17:16
question is a little off-topic, the question will be01:17:19
like this and probably you are the same person who01:17:23
will answer it most fully,01:17:27
recently, you know, there have01:17:29
been conversations about interest, but this01:17:32
was said by someone of the year about the interests of the01:17:35
state, already on the street, the Ministry of01:17:38
Defense in monitoring extraterrestrial objects01:17:43
that have the ability threaten the earth01:17:46
and, accordingly, accordingly, somehow01:17:49
pays attention to what the question is, yes, they have been there for a long time,01:17:53
but before that, as it were, interests, by01:17:55
and large, were not paid to, and here is the01:17:58
actual question and how is this expressed,01:18:00
how will it be expressed, is there01:18:03
some kind of program therefore? until01:18:06
I wait, we will see what is being done on this issue in the01:18:10
near future, well, not01:18:13
only Shoigu, our first deputy prime minister, he01:18:17
loudly even now says that these01:18:19
objects are almost the main task of01:18:22
astronautics, even a few days ago,01:18:31
American astronaut Edward Lu took place at the regular session of the UN General Assembly a very respected01:18:34
person and wanderer who was at that01:18:36
lecture, the so-called gravitational01:18:38
tractor, this is the idea he spoke from the01:18:41
rostrum, he spoke from a great standpoint, that it is time for the earth in01:18:43
general to create systems for earthlings01:18:46
united, this detection system,01:18:48
what is being done on the side, we are an expert01:18:51
working group on space threats to01:18:54
decide Roscosmos and the Academy of Sciences01:18:56
have prepared the01:18:57
concept of a federal program01:19:01
to counter space threats. The01:19:03
first sector of this program, of course,01:19:06
relates and the highest01:19:08
priority relates to the creation of a01:19:11
system. They are discovered while the country in our country has a01:19:14
detection system and has an environment of mass01:19:17
detection none two three four 2001:19:20
steroids or comets open open all01:19:23
dangerous steroids have a detection level of01:19:25
approximately 200,000, so for now this system is01:19:28
not there, but we have outlined the steps that need to be01:19:33
taken, whether it will be accepted by01:19:35
the government or not, whether the words are real or not, the01:19:38
near future will tell whether this is true or just like that, an01:19:41
asteroid flew by and shook and01:19:44
time will tell, but we are working and stubborn01:19:46
stubbornly means we are trying to ensure that there is a01:19:49
national program for01:19:50
the detection of dangerous objects, and then there are01:19:53
details that you can01:19:54
tell us, just Boris’s faina will01:19:57
never forgive me from there, so01:20:04
who else hasn’t received my01:20:09
last question, hello, thank you for01:20:13
lecture and to summarize this01:20:16
evening, I would like to ask the following question01:20:19
when preparing for this lecture upon01:20:23
receiving a response to it today,01:20:26
which of the above opinions are you more01:20:30
inclined to the opinion of Pushkin, who01:20:32
looks at the future positively, or01:20:36
still Omar Khayyam? that in the future we will01:20:39
still be disappointed in our knowledge about01:20:42
the universe about the world01:20:43
about ourselves, well, I said that there01:20:47
should be a balance between these two positions,01:20:50
there should be a balance, there should be01:20:52
both, a01:20:54
set of bones does not lead to either01:20:57
disappointment or a lack of01:20:59
progress if there01:21:01
will be no doubt about progress, but if you01:21:02
are enchanted and throw yourself into a visit,01:21:05
disappointment is inevitable, give back my01:21:07
both, we will maintain a01:21:10
critical approach and01:21:12
interest, a young interest in analogies to01:21:15
astronomy in particular, so inside01:21:18
we always give rice rushed about,01:21:20
I want to thank01:21:23
the audience who like always01:21:24
prepared came very interesting01:21:27
questions very deep and very wide01:21:29
range of energy but I join da01:21:32
di torino axes well doneDescription:
31 октября в Большом Звёздном зале Планетария Москвы состоялось открытие нового сезона лекций из цикла "Трибуна ученого". Сезон открыл член-корреспондент РАН, директор Института астрономии РАН, Председатель Экспертной рабочей группы по космическим угрозам при Совете РАН по космосу, член Учёного совета Планетария Борис Михайлович Шустов с лекцией "Скрытая масса - великая загадка Космоса". В лекции Борис Михайлович рассказал о проблеме скрытой массы, о возможных направлениях ее решения и о наметившемся в последние годы изменении в устоявшейся парадигме скрытой массы, по крайней мере, на масштабах Галактики и галактических окрестностей. Подписывайтесь на нас в социальных сетях: Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser VK: https://vk.com/planetarium_mos Twitter: https://twitter.com/planetarium_mos
Preparing download options
* — If the video is playing in a new tab, go to it, then right-click on the video and select "Save video as..."
** — Link intended for online playback in specialized players
Questions about downloading video
How can I download "Шустов Б. М. «Скрытая масса великая загадка Космоса» 31.10.2013 «Трибуна ученого»" video?
http://unidownloader.com/ website is the best way to download a video or a separate audio track if you want to do without installing programs and extensions.
The UDL Helper extension is a convenient button that is seamlessly integrated into YouTube, Instagram and OK.ru sites for fast content download.
UDL Client program (for Windows) is the most powerful solution that supports more than 900 websites, social networks and video hosting sites, as well as any video quality that is available in the source.
UDL Lite is a really convenient way to access a website from your mobile device. With its help, you can easily download videos directly to your smartphone.
Which format of "Шустов Б. М. «Скрытая масса великая загадка Космоса» 31.10.2013 «Трибуна ученого»" video should I choose?
The best quality formats are FullHD (1080p), 2K (1440p), 4K (2160p) and 8K (4320p). The higher the resolution of your screen, the higher the video quality should be. However, there are other factors to consider: download speed, amount of free space, and device performance during playback.
Why does my computer freeze when loading a "Шустов Б. М. «Скрытая масса великая загадка Космоса» 31.10.2013 «Трибуна ученого»" video?
The browser/computer should not freeze completely! If this happens, please report it with a link to the video. Sometimes videos cannot be downloaded directly in a suitable format, so we have added the ability to convert the file to the desired format. In some cases, this process may actively use computer resources.
How can I download "Шустов Б. М. «Скрытая масса великая загадка Космоса» 31.10.2013 «Трибуна ученого»" video to my phone?
You can download a video to your smartphone using the website or the PWA application UDL Lite. It is also possible to send a download link via QR code using the UDL Helper extension.
How can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "Шустов Б. М. «Скрытая масса великая загадка Космоса» 31.10.2013 «Трибуна ученого»"?
The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.
How can I save a frame from a video "Шустов Б. М. «Скрытая масса великая загадка Космоса» 31.10.2013 «Трибуна ученого»"?
This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.
What's the price of all this stuff?
It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.