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Pluto (Astronomical Discovery)

Владимир Георгиевич Сурдин

Astronomy (Field Of Study)

Сурдин

Политех

Архэ

ОРКК

Общество Федорова

Астрономия

Вселенная

Солнечная система

День космонавтики

Планеты-карлики

Плутон

Планеты

00:00:04

let's start with the pie, look at how

00:00:08

new planets were discovered in the solar

00:00:11

system, the first five were always known,

00:00:14

they are clearly visible to the naked eye,

00:00:16

even with not one hundred percent vision. Although I

00:00:21

don’t know how many of you have seen

00:00:23

Mercury,

00:00:24

Mercury everything is perfectly visible

00:00:28

only by the grace of coins when you look at

00:00:30

it like the rule is too close to the Sun,

00:00:33

but it’s not difficult to guess today, here in the

00:00:36

astronomical calendars the program

00:00:37

will tell you, and Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn is

00:00:41

perfectly visible, cool, everyone saw

00:00:44

and no one thought that there were planets yet, but

00:00:48

they were discovered at the end of the 18th century, Father

00:00:51

Herschel, a

00:00:54

famous country amateur,

00:00:56

accidentally discovered the first planet Uranus

00:01:00

himself about the fact that there are still planets

00:01:02

in the solar system began

00:01:04

to excite people

00:01:08

there are elements But today we spent who

00:01:11

will not tell us this neighbors

00:01:14

pavilion

00:01:16

it’s about the planet

00:01:21

right away It turned out that the movement of uranium does not

00:01:26

completely obey Newton’s equations

00:01:29

which at that time became the basis of

00:01:31

mechanics he a little violated the rules of

00:01:34

planetary movement and immediately arose among

00:01:39

many, by the way, the idea arose that

00:01:41

something was

00:01:43

preventing him from moving correctly,

00:01:45

but this problem was actually solved by one and a

00:01:48

half people, in the sense that one

00:01:51

solved it carefully and brought it to the end

00:01:53

or not and the French mathematician and the second,

00:01:57

being a young and inexperienced mathematician in

00:02:00

English, solved the problem a

00:02:03

little clumsily on pieces of paper, did not give it to an

00:02:07

experienced observer, did not complete

00:02:10

the calculations, but nevertheless he did it

00:02:13

2 years earlier, but his calculations will

00:02:17

not be useful to anyone and clearly brought it to the end and

00:02:20

said that

00:02:21

the coins must look for the planet that

00:02:23

interferes with the correct movement, the enemy brought

00:02:26

the telescope, they found Neptune, German astronomers

00:02:29

found such instructions from a French

00:02:32

mathematician, then all doubts

00:02:35

disappeared that there are many undiscovered bodies in the solar system

00:02:37

and, in fact, it became such a

00:02:42

main direction of research by studying the

00:02:45

movements of known ones to guess about the

00:02:48

existence of unknowns whose

00:02:50

gravity prevents them from moving correctly,

00:02:57

this is what

00:02:59

Herschel’s work looked like. When he was just

00:03:01

surveying the sky, he accidentally discovered

00:03:05

Uranus and this is one of the methods of

00:03:09

astronomical work, stupidly looking at

00:03:12

the sky. Well, the ax in the sense that you don’t know,

00:03:15

but just look and survey the sky to do

00:03:19

review and today this is one of your

00:03:21

directions, we don’t know what we will discover, but we are

00:03:24

sure that we will find something. If we

00:03:26

carefully explore everything no, he

00:03:28

found it. Hurray And the second method is the method of

00:03:32

mathematical discovery, that is, sit down and

00:03:35

not look at the sky at all, invest in

00:03:39

tables of the movements of famous bodies and believe

00:03:43

in the laws of mechanics to guess that there are

00:03:46

still unknown places where the gallery did it and

00:03:50

he directly said that here you need to look,

00:03:52

look, well, there was a small mistake,

00:03:55

ours next to the indicated place there was a new

00:03:58

planet [music]

00:04:02

and the idea won over many and they began to look for

00:04:06

new planets and Far from the sun of

00:04:09

Neptune and close to the sun inside the Orbit of

00:04:13

Mercury because Mercury also

00:04:15

moved incorrectly not obeying

00:04:18

Newton’s equations and

00:04:21

[applause]

00:04:22

they thought that inside the body of Mercury

00:04:24

there was some kind of known Planet, even

00:04:26

the name is a

00:04:28

volcano Well, they didn’t find it

00:04:30

today they didn’t find it It turned out that Mercury

00:04:33

already feels the

00:04:36

relativity its wrongness

00:04:39

is connected with the fact that gravity is wrong

00:04:52

and the health of the planets turned out better they

00:04:57

found the next Planet after Neptune the

00:05:00

next object Neptune they called the work

00:05:03

on it we need to talk a little

00:05:05

because today the topic is generally related to it

00:05:07

found it a young American astronomer,

00:05:10

also an amateur in general, amateurs are lucky

00:05:13

about discoveries,

00:05:16

there are places here You see here

00:05:25

[music]

00:05:30

thanks to the

00:05:32

initiative of another astronomy lover

00:05:35

Festival

00:05:37

Previously,

00:05:42

he came from a rich American family

00:05:46

traditional old and received a wonderful education

00:05:49

Harvard graduated became a

00:05:52

writer journalist stories diplomat

00:05:56

whatever he did in his youth

00:05:58

traveled around the Middle East in Japan in

00:06:01

Korea he worked

00:06:02

such pictures he took then quite

00:06:05

Quiet Korean people one thing

00:06:09

reached him were very popular articles in books

00:06:13

written by European astronomers

00:06:15

after the discovery of canals on Mars and

00:06:19

this idea captured him so much that he left

00:06:21

all his affairs and received a second

00:06:24

education as a mathematician, also

00:06:26

quite a competent mathematician and with all the

00:06:30

considerable money of his family, he built

00:06:32

several, at least two large

00:06:34

observatories for the study of Mars and

00:06:36

other planets. But basically Max

00:06:39

won him, his idea won him, the idea

00:06:42

that these straight lines on Mars. I

00:06:45

apologize for the quality of this device is not

00:06:49

very good. Well, it’s too bright So it’s very

00:06:51

Don’t blame me,

00:06:56

but still the channels

00:06:58

A caught Found wonderful places in

00:07:02

Arizona and he was one of the first who

00:07:04

generally understood how to look for suitable

00:07:07

places for astronomical observations, and

00:07:09

on such a mountain which he named Max

00:07:13

Kim set up the largest at that time,

00:07:16

an observatory with the best telescope in the world then the

00:07:19

second one was

00:07:22

built in Mexico and the Martian canals began to be followed.

00:07:25

His idea was that there

00:07:28

is a civilization on Mars, that the canals are the

00:07:30

work of

00:07:31

intelligent beings. You probably know the

00:07:34

story with the name itself, it was very

00:07:37

interesting to discover the first maps of the canal

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Italian countries called the

00:07:48

power of tradition because we are traditions,

00:07:51

dark areas on any planet on

00:07:54

other planets on Mars were called seas,

00:07:57

then we had something to call these

00:07:59

dark lines connecting them, he called them

00:08:03

in Italian in Canada What do

00:08:06

rules mean, is it normal for a natural

00:08:10

object between diseases and lamash

00:08:15

but when translating into English they are

00:08:18

a little incorrectly interpreted

00:08:20

in English there are two words that are close.

00:08:22

Why is Ken this natural straits here is

00:08:27

lamash why is it still a man-

00:08:28

made

00:08:31

structure, a native one, some kind of system

00:08:34

and transferred from the Italian mosquito to

00:08:38

English like a hairdryer Well and the idea that

00:08:41

these are man-made structures on the wall

00:08:44

and

00:08:47

created maps of Martian canals was written

00:08:51

after all, he was a journalist and wrote well

00:08:53

in English, not very good books,

00:08:55

there is one that was once translated into Russian

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before the revolution, others, in my opinion,

00:08:59

they were never translated in -in English, they are

00:09:01

revered and are very captivated by the idea

00:09:04

that these are man-made structures on

00:09:06

Mars. There is a Polar, they are really

00:09:09

covered with a layer of ice,

00:09:12

water ice and a little special CO2 carbon

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dioxide, and when

00:09:18

Spring comes on the planet, the cap begins to dry out,

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somehow it pulls towards the pole, that is, it rises the

00:09:23

channels become clearly visible,

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such that they seem to make water flow

00:09:29

and there is vegetation along the banks, that

00:09:32

is, this is how everything fits together

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and from them to the arid

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equatorial authorities

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the Martians transport water through these

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channels is normal In general, a beautiful

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hypothesis that was not confirmed But

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then

00:09:48

it gained

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worldwide fame everyone read his books,

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today this is what the observatory looks like,

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it’s still private, it’s still

00:10:02

supported by a family of

00:10:04

families.

00:10:06

And this is one of the best in the world, that’s how it

00:10:09

then became one of the best in the world, today it’s

00:10:11

one of the best in the world,

00:10:13

collective planetary research, a

00:10:16

wonderful institution.

00:10:20

this became

00:10:22

interested in the search for planets beyond the

00:10:25

orbit

00:10:27

and as a mathematician, quite

00:10:30

competent in mathematics, tried to calculate

00:10:33

it in the same way as he

00:10:35

calculated the theoretical position,

00:10:38

he worked on this for a long time, several

00:10:42

calculation options suggested searching now there were

00:10:46

options

00:10:49

after death for the entire natatorium, they bought a very

00:10:53

good telescope, I will show you a little later

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and invited very actively from young

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observer That’s just what the tumba says, he

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got infected as a child

00:11:09

and dreamed of getting a university

00:11:13

education to become a professional

00:11:15

country, it didn’t work out then the years

00:11:18

were difficult, there were depressions and the family

00:11:22

was forced to move to the countryside, they

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had young people there, in general, he worked

00:11:27

in his rural

00:11:29

farm but

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with his own hands he made telescopes and

00:11:35

observed observed sketched the

00:11:37

surfaces of the planets in those years photography was

00:11:41

practically not used

00:11:44

explorers of the planet drew

00:11:48

and Let's send the London

00:11:51

Observatory it was liked by the

00:11:53

employees who were invited to work

00:11:57

What was the problem in finding

00:12:00

interesting moments two types there is a country

00:12:04

very powerful far from search with huge

00:12:09

objects, but they have a very small field

00:12:12

of view, this is one of the largest

00:12:13

telescopes of the 20th century, an American telescope

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at the observatory,

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and five meters long it was the most

00:12:23

telescope in the world. Its field of view is a

00:12:25

small piece smaller than the size of the lunar

00:12:28

disk if you try to look for something with such a telescope -

00:12:31

then in the sky,

00:12:33

hundreds of thousands need to be done, but to

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re-photograph the entire sky, one and a half million

00:12:41

in

00:12:42

a person’s life is not enough, so

00:12:45

these are not suitable for search work, but photographers need

00:12:49

wide-angle lenses,

00:12:52

but generally there are

00:12:54

very strict requirements for the quality of

00:12:57

photographs, so make a wide-angle one

00:12:59

the lens is quite complex and in the twentieth

00:13:02

century they only just began to appear.

00:13:04

Here is an example of such a wide-angle

00:13:06

solid lens on a telescope; it

00:13:09

captures

00:13:12

such a huge piece of the sky in comparison with the moon, and in order to

00:13:14

photograph the

00:13:15

entire sky you only need a little more than a thousand

00:13:19

exposures right there. A reasonable task

00:13:22

can be done there within a year or two they decided that it would be

00:13:25

useful then to make a

00:13:28

telescope, later after the Second World

00:13:30

War appeared And

00:13:32

in the morning there

00:13:35

was another one, they bought it for the observatory, a

00:13:38

very good German telescope, a

00:13:41

square with a diameter of 33 centimeters, it has a

00:13:43

lens lens here in front, but even here,

00:13:47

of course, photography had to be

00:13:48

photographed. in those years, and even for a

00:13:51

long time after, in the photo, it’s unlikely that

00:13:55

many of you held in your hands our

00:13:58

glass, thin

00:14:00

plates like window glass. These are of such high

00:14:02

quality and covered with a layer of

00:14:04

emulsion that they are sensitive to light, like

00:14:08

tomba. But he’s already dressed respectably

00:14:11

after became famous, so

00:14:12

to speak, and staged photography,

00:14:15

of course, in those general astronomers don’t

00:14:17

go well,

00:14:23

you know, this big one under the plate

00:14:25

puts it on the back of

00:14:28

this camera and for half an hour they make

00:14:33

an exposure; the telescope, it’s called an

00:14:35

ostrograph, slowly turns, watches the

00:14:37

stars, then we take pictures, they go to the

00:14:40

laboratory, they physically show

00:14:44

what does it look like, such a piece of glass,

00:14:48

you can see the black dots, these are the stars of

00:14:51

the image, the negative is

00:14:54

5 meters in diameter. And the largest one is now

00:14:58

what 6 m, and this is six meters for us and

00:15:02

they have 10.5

00:15:04

in Russia, which

00:15:10

means they developed it under the plate and so on

00:15:14

night after night Hour after hour a library is accumulating

00:15:16

under the news, we call it a

00:15:19

glass library. Here is an example of the

00:15:23

most important room in any

00:15:26

observatory, a glass library, here in

00:15:29

cabinets there are hundreds of photographic plates on which

00:15:31

the sky is captured. Well, for the last century and a half,

00:15:34

this is the most important thing that an

00:15:37

astronomer has in the last decade,

00:15:39

of course, from chemical photographs they

00:15:41

have moved on to electronic ones. But this still a

00:15:43

unique thing because 1.5 m of

00:15:46

the Universe was filmed on these glass

00:15:48

plates.

00:15:52

Well, today, of course, it started

00:15:56

today, it looks a little solid;

00:15:58

larger plates are scanned;

00:16:01

this figure is translated; all these are laid out for everyone;

00:16:03

now you can use these plates from afar;

00:16:05

this is an

00:16:07

invaluable thing; this is how

00:16:10

an astronomer works who makes surveys of the

00:16:13

sky in Hubble photography is known for the

00:16:16

famous large survey

00:16:19

telescope orphan, that is, the

00:16:21

astronomer doesn’t look at the telescope itself, that’s how

00:16:24

the plate works, he’s going to

00:16:26

look at additional small

00:16:28

telescopes Well, like an optical sight, they

00:16:31

call it a guide and and track so that the

00:16:35

main telescope does not go astray

00:16:38

exactly, he followed the movement of the celestial

00:16:41

sphere and he has in his hands the path that Well,

00:16:45

with buttons he controls the telescope a little,

00:16:52

this element is usually corrected in astronomers’

00:16:56

teeth No, this is the

00:16:59

Hubble tube He was a Dude and he couldn’t take photographs without the tube,

00:17:02

it was transmitted to him,

00:17:05

but of course no one will be there during

00:17:08

work

00:17:10

and So, night after night, we accumulated these

00:17:14

plates, then we need to look for such a new

00:17:16

thing, how it’s done. There’s a

00:17:18

special apparatus for this. And there’s a comparator in the ring.

00:17:22

Well, the comparator is clear. That is, compare

00:17:25

two photos of plates. Damn, well, in German,

00:17:28

this is a

00:17:29

flash set on fire, but in the sense that

00:17:33

an astronomer can quickly glance

00:17:36

from one photo plate to another Here

00:17:38

sits the same dress The house stands at

00:17:42

age shows How he does it

00:17:43

However, the plate there is different and one

00:17:47

microscope looks at one another to

00:17:50

another And here with this pen

00:17:52

Astronomov quickly quickly flips

00:17:54

the mirror which

00:17:55

shows

00:17:58

why

00:18:00

this work combines the plates so

00:18:04

that when moving

00:18:06

and the visual

00:18:09

direction does not change the overall picture,

00:18:13

here in front of us are two photo plates

00:18:16

taken on different nights in between. In

00:18:20

one day, approximately each star is in

00:18:23

its place and when your image is

00:18:25

quickly canceled one another you do not

00:18:28

notice movement exactly align their

00:18:31

position But if there is something new on this field

00:18:33

and an object of moving objects

00:18:36

exists, then you will jump and

00:18:40

his eye will immediately go into our eye, our eyes are not

00:18:42

like that at all, but moving small objects are

00:18:45

very good, here is a pluton and here he

00:18:50

was jumping like that. field of view power

00:18:53

about when it will start from this year

00:18:59

then for many more

00:19:01

decades astronomers worked in exactly the

00:19:04

same way I also looked for new objects

00:19:06

of the masters We open And and today they only

00:19:10

make computer programs and you

00:19:12

can create the same picture on the screen

00:19:14

Well, either with the eye or

00:19:18

search for new objects in the machine, why is this an object of the

00:19:21

Solar System? stars are far away and

00:19:26

cannot change their position overnight, so they

00:19:29

will all be glued in their places today and tomorrow in a week,

00:19:32

and if the object is inside the

00:19:34

Solar System, even at low

00:19:37

speed, it can keep up day two

00:19:39

to move noticeably. You see, here, here, here, here, here,

00:19:41

here he has moved, and this

00:19:45

indicates his belonging, which means he is ours,

00:19:48

which means he is all very much in the system, then the tracking

00:19:51

movement of 3-4 points in the

00:19:54

sky is received, that is, the picture is already

00:19:57

possible to calculate,

00:19:59

and to calculate the arbita, we compare with

00:20:01

catalog, this is a known object or

00:20:03

some kind,

00:20:07

if the army would calculate it, then everything is already the entire

00:20:11

geometry of its movement is known, generally

00:20:13

speaking, from three observations, it can be

00:20:15

completely restored Well, so to

00:20:18

speak, an electronic damn contraption, you

00:20:20

see several images of one area were taken in a row, a

00:20:22

star

00:20:25

cluster - this is a separate star they are

00:20:27

standing still, but we clearly

00:20:30

highlight it; this is the bird

00:20:31

cherry comet, now it is known, you see, it has

00:20:35

already begun to lower its tail sometime

00:20:37

in the end;

00:20:39

this was taken in July last year like this;

00:20:43

Well, it’s not easy, but you can

00:20:45

detect new objects,

00:20:47

and

00:20:48

although the tum-man tried

00:20:52

to use theoretical calculations

00:20:56

Well, through this the word did not work out. In

00:20:58

general, I did

00:21:00

not quite accurately predict the position.

00:21:03

Therefore, the fact is that I had to

00:21:05

re-photograph the

00:21:12

movement of the Sun during the year and all that is

00:21:16

gray here are the places that

00:21:19

Laika photographed

00:21:22

[music]

00:21:24

discovered several dozen asteroids

00:21:27

finally

00:21:30

[music]

00:21:31

and at the beginning of the thirtieth year

00:21:35

then all his life he was doing exactly this kind of

00:21:38

work, so he gave up, too, because he

00:21:40

became a little hunchbacked, but a very

00:21:43

respected man in the States,

00:21:45

the only American astronomer

00:21:47

who discovered a new planet when it was believed,

00:21:49

and he even after retiring, the

00:21:54

same telescope that he made in childhood

00:21:55

Still kept with him observation of

00:21:58

the case

00:21:59

But he discovered a lot of kasteroids and worked for

00:22:03

us and the War Ministry there with his

00:22:05

satellites followed very well lived the

00:22:09

life of a normal astronomer

00:22:12

Where did the name of the planet Pluto come from

00:22:15

Well, there’s some kind of

00:22:18

half-legend, half-truth, I didn’t particularly

00:22:21

Believe in this Legend That it was a little

00:22:23

English schoolgirl

00:22:25

who suggested this name The fact is that

00:22:28

this Venice Bernie’s grandfather worked in the

00:22:32

library. Of

00:22:34

course, his grandfather

00:22:37

suggested something else. In general, they together came up with the

00:22:40

idea of naming this new

00:22:43

coin. It’s a good, very beautiful idea. Well,

00:22:46

it’s bad,

00:22:49

very far from the sun in the dark, but here

00:22:54

the trick is forbidden from us

00:22:56

Pluto Pluto, the first two letters had to be

00:23:00

invented for some kind of icon, each

00:23:02

planet has its own, which means they were made up of the

00:23:04

first two letters PL And if you think about it, it

00:23:09

turns out that the

00:23:10

creator of the observatory where they opened it

00:23:14

seems like they didn’t name it in honor of the new one, but

00:23:17

here you can guess his name too

00:23:20

it turned out beautifully and that’s what they called it,

00:23:28

how it moves seemed to be completely

00:23:30

different from all the other planets and this

00:23:33

was already its first mystery and

00:23:36

dissimilarity. We are now looking at the

00:23:40

plane in the plane of criticism, that is, the

00:23:42

plane in the orbital plane of

00:23:44

movement of all the planets, the suns in the middle

00:23:47

if we move into this plane, all the

00:23:49

planets will walk

00:23:51

and only halftones will come out strongly on the

00:23:54

plane, a

00:23:59

very large planet, atypical for all

00:24:03

the others, this was already a big

00:24:06

strangeness,

00:24:10

its second completely unexpected, and the

00:24:14

strangeness was that its

00:24:16

Orbit

00:24:18

intersects the Orbit of another planet, everyone had

00:24:21

discovered it before All the big planets’

00:24:24

orbits don’t even come close to each other,

00:24:27

like Matryoshka dolls. They do

00:24:29

n’t intersect anywhere else.

00:24:32

It’s clear they collided and simply with

00:24:34

their own gravity the right people would interfere with each other,

00:24:36

and Pluto is in at least

00:24:39

two places.

00:24:41

Well, this is a projection; in fact, they are completely

00:24:46

intersect very close to the

00:24:49

orbit of the previous planet, that is, they

00:24:51

cannot collide

00:24:55

because they are already approaching each other, they are already beginning to

00:24:58

gravitate towards each other, and they could have done it a little,

00:25:01

but everything turned out very difficult. The

00:25:08

chrysonance movement, that is, making

00:25:12

three revolutions around the Sun in its

00:25:17

orbit, does the wrong thing. But it does the same thing.

00:25:20

time that Pluto makes two revolutions of its army

00:25:24

and they are so synchronized in their

00:25:27

movement that they never arrive at these

00:25:30

points of approach at the same time. This, of course, was

00:25:33

not by chance that a small piece came

00:25:36

long ago to

00:25:38

know where the wrong massive planet

00:25:42

was drawn later, but in fact

00:25:45

now you will see less

00:25:48

and now there is an area between these two

00:25:53

points where Pluto becomes closer to the

00:25:57

Sun in some way, that is, they seem to

00:26:00

change places for a short while, so he was then

00:26:02

considered the ninth planet. But from the

00:26:05

seventy-ninth to the ninety-ninth

00:26:07

trial he was closer to the Sun than no one

00:26:09

Neptune became the ninth the eighth planet

00:26:16

that Pluto is somehow unusual,

00:26:20

they tried to measure its size. But

00:26:23

it turned out that it was very difficult to do this, and

00:26:26

its angular size when we look at it is

00:26:28

noticeably much less than one

00:26:31

arc second, and for astronomers it is

00:26:34

almost an incredible thing to resolve, that is, to

00:26:37

see a clarity of less than one the main

00:26:40

second of the atmosphere interferes with the telescope

00:26:42

blurs the image rarely rarely at

00:26:45

which observatory the quality of the picture

00:26:48

It happens that we can treat one arc second

00:26:53

Therefore, it was not possible to just look and measure

00:26:57

the radiator. You see how year

00:27:00

after year from the moment of its discovery to drink until

00:27:03

the end of the century the diameter almost decreased and the

00:27:08

radius A of Pluto, the measured country,

00:27:12

at first it seemed that he was large in the

00:27:15

radii of the family, it seemed that he was size

00:27:17

seven, then 22, in the end they realized that

00:27:21

he was not big. It was even

00:27:23

small

00:27:24

and did not attract large planets,

00:27:28

and it became unclear how neptunity could

00:27:31

disturb the movement there.

00:27:32

so small, which means it’s

00:27:34

not massive, which means, and in principle, it

00:27:37

was impossible to notice its

00:27:38

traditional influence, to predict its

00:27:41

position, that is, the discovery was accidental.

00:27:43

Well, well, they began to keep an eye on it, to monitor

00:27:47

all the objects of the Solar system,

00:27:50

astronomers regularly photograph

00:27:53

the position in order to

00:27:57

determine the computer more accurately, and now in 78

00:28:01

American astronomer Christie

00:28:04

noticed some strangeness in photographs of Pluto,

00:28:07

this is a highly

00:28:09

magnified image of Pluto under the

00:28:12

plates, here is the plate, a chemical

00:28:14

emulsion such as gelatin, gelatin is in

00:28:18

any case like jellied meat and silver chloride suspensions are suspended there,

00:28:29

this is what is called granularity

00:28:32

Now we are talking in pixels

00:28:34

but there wasn’t a plate of such clear geometry, it’s

00:28:38

just that there are

00:28:40

small crystals of

00:28:43

light-sensitive substance scattered in this beast and this is

00:28:46

[ __ ] This image of Pluto

00:28:50

is just a blurry atmosphere,

00:28:55

all this spot was seen there for 40

00:28:58

years after the discovery of Pluto and only

00:29:02

Christie noticed something here

00:29:05

they chose here he is not very large, another

00:29:09

might have given up on this matter, but he

00:29:11

began to look and saw that these

00:29:13

cubes were moving little by little around the center of

00:29:17

the image and realized that the satellite had discovered

00:29:24

this is a very important discovery, because

00:29:27

when we have

00:29:29

planets we can change its

00:29:33

arterial movement and the radius of the orbit And

00:29:36

from the period of motion and the size of the orbit,

00:29:39

calculate the mass of the planet

00:29:42

immediately look like dots - this is the checkmate the

00:29:46

estimated mass of

00:29:48

Pluto in the seventy-eighth year it

00:29:51

collapsed 100 times which part

00:29:54

turned out to be very small And it doesn’t even

00:29:58

look like it’s on our heads

00:30:01

and now it was opened there

00:30:04

were no problems there,

00:30:22

I should note

00:30:24

that even a year before the discovery of the

00:30:27

Uglyton satellite, its existence was

00:30:29

theoretically predicted by a wonderful

00:30:32

astronomer, we were once great friends with him,

00:30:34

he no longer has the right to give Keladze

00:30:37

And the Georgian astronomer is a wonderful

00:30:42

person for specialists, and he

00:30:45

worked alone without the Tumanskaya Observatory of the

00:30:47

best Soviet people of the observatory

00:30:49

now, of course, she is very strong in

00:30:53

general

00:30:56

anyway, he lives poorly, he purely

00:30:59

theoretically calculates the formation of

00:31:01

objects in the solar system and movements

00:31:04

predicted books written before the opening

00:31:07

Well, of course, the book was in

00:31:10

Georgian-Russian then it was written, it’s

00:31:12

unlikely that the Americans read it Most likely

00:31:15

not, therefore the discovery it was purely by chance

00:31:18

we saw it but the theory was confirmed like

00:31:22

this today we can

00:31:24

take a photograph separately and secondly but not by

00:31:28

the power of the earth how bad it turns out that’s

00:31:31

what we can from the Earth

00:31:35

The atmosphere washes away And this picture was taken with the

00:31:38

Hubbr space telescope when

00:31:40

the Atmosphere does not interfere the image is very

00:31:43

clear we see Pluto separately

00:31:46

Separately,

00:31:47

it turned out that this is a very strange pair. There is no

00:31:50

other good thing in the solar system. The

00:31:53

diameter of the crown, like a satellite, is only half the

00:31:58

size

00:31:59

and the mass of just two inputs is about 8

00:32:03

times less than plutonium. We did not know such a

00:32:05

relationship between the planet and satellites.

00:32:08

We always thought that our

00:32:10

earth, the moon, is unique system Moon

00:32:13

four three and a half times less 70-80

00:32:16

times less in mass they thought that this was a

00:32:19

double Planet no Here it is a double

00:32:22

Planet they are almost the same several

00:32:25

times in size and in mast it’s remarkable

00:32:28

they are so close to each other that it is

00:32:32

impossible to say who is orbiting whom

00:32:34

like this, if their orbits

00:32:37

draw the center of mass somewhere here,

00:32:40

Pluto flew beyond the boundaries of a

00:32:43

large

00:32:46

smaller

00:32:49

center of mass

00:32:53

and

00:32:55

turns,

00:32:59

we still don’t know what they look like,

00:33:01

but their movement is approximately the same in periods of

00:33:06

what I didn’t

00:33:09

understand. The period of rotation of the orbit of Charon

00:33:13

and how he may be glad that it was found

00:33:19

and he may be

00:33:24

at the same time shoes guy The

00:34:00

orbit of a very strange thing is

00:34:04

tilted sideways and to the plane of motion of all the

00:34:07

planets in the solar system, which is generally not enough

00:34:10

Clear Well, the two people who discovered the

00:34:14

Pluto system Karl are old age already

00:34:16

putting a house under the roof of Pluto is

00:34:18

younger, his own student, you can

00:34:21

say Christie, who discovered the satellite

00:34:24

of Pluto, and more precisely, the second part of

00:34:26

this double planet.

00:34:30

Well, today, from the ground, we can still

00:34:33

have a better telescope, we can

00:34:35

take fairly decent pictures where the

00:34:38

king is separately visible as a bright rogue, but of course it’s

00:34:41

better with a space telescope they

00:34:44

they wake up there and are clearly distinguished.

00:34:47

At approximately this angle to the plane of motion of the

00:34:50

other planets they are located. How

00:34:53

this pair was formed. And as

00:34:57

it turned out, it’s

00:34:59

actually

00:35:00

not very clear how it was formed, so

00:35:04

we can say that Pluto Well,

00:35:07

of course, the main one in this pair and it

00:35:09

attracts us such an unusual object is not the

00:35:12

planet of heroes. This is the only

00:35:16

image that

00:35:18

we have today and who, thanks to pure

00:35:21

chance, moving like this along the

00:35:24

inclined Abode

00:35:26

and moving around the Sun, this pair

00:35:29

sometimes of the earth becomes visible. So

00:35:34

Harun passes against the background of Pluto,

00:35:37

covering pieces of it surface,

00:35:40

that is, an eclipse, you can say Well,

00:35:43

when it closes on the other side, that is, we

00:35:45

find ourselves not Earthlings of the plane of

00:35:48

motion of this satellite, and then with its

00:35:53

disk it scans and closes the diploma from us,

00:35:56

their overall brightness changes, and

00:35:59

this scanning can restore

00:36:02

these very blurry spots of brighter

00:36:07

and the darker surface of Pluto,

00:36:09

nothing more

00:36:11

clear and understandable. Unfortunately, we have not yet

00:36:15

been able to get this. This is the only thing. Well,

00:36:19

it’s possible from all sides, of course,

00:36:22

all 360 degrees. What we

00:36:27

know about it today is what these spots are, it’s very

00:36:30

cold there. Naturally, it’s far from the sun, the

00:36:33

temperature there approximately minus 250

00:36:37

Celsius, that is, most of the gases

00:36:40

froze or live as snow on the surface,

00:36:42

but you saw Pluto moves. So it is

00:36:45

sometimes closer to the Sun, sometimes further away, it is

00:36:48

quite symmetrical when we

00:36:50

get closer to the Sun. Oh, what gases

00:36:52

evaporate a little bit warmer and

00:36:55

Apparently it has such a light atmosphere Yes, it does

00:36:57

n’t rise And when it leaves

00:37:00

the sun it moves a little away The atmosphere

00:37:01

falls again let’s go, it was

00:37:08

also scanned and covered by the disk of a

00:37:12

larger Pluto Well, the picture is

00:37:15

good,

00:37:18

you can’t see anything,

00:37:21

just take a picture

00:37:29

I must say that since this

00:37:31

couple was discovered in the late 70s the population of the

00:37:34

solar system has increased significantly And

00:37:37

with the advent of electronic

00:37:40

cameras But this was somewhere in the late

00:37:42

90s so they started working,

00:37:45

look how steeply the

00:37:48

number of objects discovered in the solar

00:37:52

system began to increase, mostly of course these are small

00:37:54

objects asteroids

00:37:56

children 100 km the typical size of those objects

00:38:00

that are being discovered today, I

00:38:03

like to continue about 600,000

00:38:07

more than 100 million every night every

00:38:12

trial We are opening about 300 new

00:38:15

objects

00:38:16

and the end of this is not yet in sight The solar

00:38:20

system is very dense, well, small, these are

00:38:24

all asteroids, such small stones

00:38:26

that fill the space between But in

00:38:31

1992 for the first time it was possible

00:38:35

to discover an object in the same place

00:38:37

where Pluto moves, we believe the

00:38:41

Ninth plane of the system

00:38:45

there are quite a few two people who took

00:38:49

on this task, a

00:38:53

fully formed employee Jane Lu, a

00:38:57

young astronomer in the USA,

00:39:05

and so they began to make surveys around the

00:39:08

distant regions of the Solar system

00:39:11

for the first time they found an object here

00:39:14

when there are many objects And they do

00:39:17

n’t give proper names when half a million

00:39:19

asteroids are called criminal. It’s

00:39:21

no longer necessary. There won’t be enough.

00:39:23

They just give numbers either just

00:39:27

a number in the order of their discovery or a

00:39:31

preliminary number of the year of discovery. Well, in

00:39:33

this way another

00:39:35

month of the week and the day of discovery are encrypted here, so to speak, just do

00:39:39

n’t get confused

00:39:41

they give an outstanding object Of course,

00:39:45

they go through the numbers

00:39:48

and since then, since this very year, since

00:39:52

92, every year they began to open several tens of

00:39:55

meters there beyond the orbit of Neptune

00:39:59

where Pluto moves, it turned out that there are

00:40:01

many like it there, now this

00:40:03

area has its own name, search for

00:40:05

trains of which very prolific country

00:40:09

born and raised in the Netherlands and then

00:40:14

moved to the States there was a lot of activity there, there was a lot of

00:40:17

discovery,

00:40:19

he made a lot of satellites of the planet, he discovered And

00:40:21

when the Space Age began, he very

00:40:26

skillfully participated in the work in

00:40:29

preparing flights to the zone

00:40:31

of planets and in America he is very Generally,

00:40:35

this is all astronomy they appreciate it, but the story with

00:40:38

the name of that distant region which is

00:40:40

now called, of course,

00:40:43

the fact is that in

00:40:46

his two theoretical articles he

00:40:51

predicted that this region would be

00:40:54

empty, that there would be no objects there

00:40:57

because next to it there are the large planets

00:41:00

Neptune, they should all scatter their gravity

00:41:02

throw it out of here That is, he

00:41:05

just thought that this area would be

00:41:06

empty, and in parallel with him in the same

00:41:10

air in the late forties,

00:41:13

another little-known English astronomer,

00:41:16

he just wrote a short article that

00:41:19

no in this area there should be an object

00:41:21

they were discovered there And now called the

00:41:24

Kuiper belt, which believed that there

00:41:27

would be nothing there and that the

00:41:29

Americans don’t really remember how to hold out, but we still

00:41:33

are of the opinion that at least this is

00:41:35

necessary, the Engers

00:41:38

really did a lot

00:41:39

beautifully, the

00:41:50

street is also the street, that’s about the street

00:41:55

in America when it rarely gives you [ __ ] it,

00:42:00

but here we see we can offer

00:42:15

perhaps the most useful thing that was

00:42:19

named after him is a flying observatory

00:42:21

for about 25 or about 30 years, the

00:42:24

Americans had this plane

00:42:26

that had a window open here and

00:42:28

from where the telescope looked at the bottom because

00:42:31

the plane flies high on clouds there at an

00:42:34

altitude of almost 13 km, he can see the

00:42:38

infrared radiation of the skin to the

00:42:43

surface of the earth, it does not reach the surface of the earth, it is

00:42:44

absorbed by the parameters And these are

00:42:48

about the Red Kuiper Observatory, which

00:42:49

has served well, now they have written off

00:42:52

another more powerful one.

00:42:53

So this did not leave Slava

00:43:03

today in this area, a lot of different objects have been discovered, the

00:43:07

latest

00:43:14

Saturn Uranus, almost no one is visible But

00:43:18

this is all the objects of the Kuiper belt; there are already

00:43:21

so many of them discovered there that they are starting to be

00:43:24

classified according to the type of movement according to the

00:43:27

type of inclined orbit and You see what kind of

00:43:30

falsification there is, we can translate it into Russian

00:43:32

For example, if a whole rock

00:43:35

asteroids or non-steroids in general, they are

00:43:39

here moving between the orbits of

00:43:42

Neptune, Uranus and Saturn they are called

00:43:45

Centaur Why are the titans and the very correct

00:43:49

name Centaur was like this,

00:43:51

made up of a man and a horse, that is,

00:43:55

double Yes, an object person and those

00:43:58

asteroids that were discovered here, they manifest

00:44:00

themselves both stone-like bodies and ice-like ones That

00:44:05

is, when they get a little closer to

00:44:08

the Sun, the tail begins to evaporate,

00:44:10

the father does not appear,

00:44:13

there are no signs of an evaporating gas atmosphere,

00:44:16

that is, they are of such a dual

00:44:18

nature, centaurs, a very apt name,

00:44:21

Trojans, these are objects that are in the orbit of a

00:44:23

large planet either in front of it or

00:44:26

behind it moves and is accompanied by it Well,

00:44:29

different You see, the classifications have all

00:44:31

been decided Because there are many different quarries

00:44:33

And this is what the search for a Kuiper looks like today

00:44:37

here we have

00:44:39

Saturn Uranus Neptune because of the orbit of the Neptunes, that’s

00:44:42

how many, by the way, even the old

00:44:45

pictures today were three times more

00:44:47

dots here because every day

00:44:50

more and more new ones are discovered

00:44:52

and they move very slowly, making a

00:44:55

revolution around the Sun in about 2-3

00:44:58

Centuries. The farther from the Sun the longer

00:45:00

the revolution, after all, in Europe

00:45:04

they stick to this name search

00:45:06

Serduchka is like this

00:45:08

But since the length turns out, we

00:45:11

sometimes to abbreviate we also say search for a

00:45:13

kuiper potato short surname

00:45:16

convenient for the

00:45:18

language But if the historical

00:45:21

adhere to the law after all I live was the

00:45:23

first who clearly said here we will find

00:45:25

the object in the face found and they did not interfere with

00:45:29

their organizations for example the driver they are

00:45:31

so easy Well, that is, if their

00:45:34

collect everything one can be done maybe

00:45:36

even several that is, the ship is not

00:45:39

scary and the Kings pass by without noticing a

00:45:42

much denser belt assists

00:45:45

collide

00:45:47

mother

00:45:51

of course yes But this is necessary a chain of ships

00:45:55

between objects

00:45:59

I have never considered this

00:46:01

Let's estimate About 100 times

00:46:05

economic units And even if they are

00:46:09

well a

00:46:10

million

00:46:12

cubic astronomical units In

00:46:15

general, significantly greater than the distance

00:46:19

between

00:46:20

Jupiter and Mars or Mars and the earth, that

00:46:24

is, on the order of an astronomical unit, that

00:46:27

is, they collided with each other. There is a chance,

00:46:30

but small ones

00:46:32

probably sometimes collide, but

00:46:35

is this the population of small

00:46:39

bodies around the solar system something

00:46:42

unusual no Here you go, one of the

00:46:45

stars closest to us is Vega, well, you know

00:46:48

clearly the intention of Lenin, this is our Solar

00:46:52

system and this is how the Kuiper will be drawn, and

00:46:55

this century it is larger than the star itself than

00:46:58

our Sun and here is the belt of small objects

00:47:01

around it, that is, for stars like the sun is

00:47:06

more likely an ordinary phenomenon when

00:47:09

large planets live inside, but they

00:47:12

all fly away with their gravity and there are

00:47:14

little things around that they most

00:47:18

likely threw them there

00:47:20

if you look at the distribution by

00:47:24

distance here the sun

00:47:26

That is, the same ones that I said here is

00:47:30

such and such a scattered disk

00:47:34

they look in completely different directions, even

00:47:37

rotation in different directions is happening

00:47:40

today; this is a large area of research

00:47:44

for astronomers, but so typical is the

00:47:50

discovery of a new object in the

00:47:54

Kuiper belt. We cannot distinguish any details on the

00:47:58

surface of these very distant objects.

00:48:06

the telescope is inaccessible, you have to fly there

00:48:08

to see it,

00:48:10

we only discover it as dots in the sky,

00:48:14

and rarely, rarely, some details are possible,

00:48:17

of course, with the help of a space

00:48:19

telescope, it’s better. Here’s a photo of

00:48:22

Pluto, its satellite Charon, I

00:48:26

told you that it’s still visible there for

00:48:28

a few seconds. Now let’s look at the

00:48:30

details of them. here is the second largest object of the

00:48:33

Kuiper belt Elite in English elite

00:48:38

I also have ways of what is present Well, of

00:48:42

course, we cannot distinguish the details of the surface there,

00:48:49

so when we see such drawings on the Internet, it’s the

00:48:54

artist’s imagination

00:48:59

What the surface looks like,

00:49:01

the astronomer can’t say anything yet

00:49:04

Well, something maybe I already said Pluto

00:49:09

This is a real image of Pluto is

00:49:12

what we have and the rest of the large objects

00:49:15

in this area are in the belt of the bunk But they are a

00:49:17

chef of the mesh several there is it’s all

00:49:20

fantasy Here they are shown their size in

00:49:24

comparison with the Earth with the moon As you can see

00:49:26

they are smaller than ours The moons are much smaller, but

00:49:29

still several times smaller in mass, one and a half

00:49:31

smaller in size,

00:49:34

and the

00:49:36

next thing happened somewhere

00:49:39

in 2006. Pluto was expelled from the

00:49:43

family of planets, why did this happen from the

00:49:46

very beginning, it was clear that it is unusual, it

00:49:48

moves differently and the mass is less than

00:49:51

planets are smaller in size so what’s wrong with it,

00:49:53

and in 2006 at the next

00:49:59

meeting of all astronomers of the world

00:50:02

there is such an international astronomical

00:50:04

Union, not everyone comes, several thousand

00:50:07

people come together, it was decided to

00:50:10

divide the family of planets into

00:50:13

normal planets, this is what we

00:50:17

call a planet and separate it out

00:50:19

planets of cards why such a double

00:50:23

name on the one hand they are planets in

00:50:26

the sense that they have a spherical shape

00:50:28

and therefore their Gravity is

00:50:31

strong enough to give it the shape of a ball if

00:50:35

it turns

00:50:37

so to speak it can deform its blacks with its gravity

00:50:41

But on the other hand what kind of

00:50:44

Planet is it if

00:50:47

other more massive planets fly along its orbit,

00:50:49

so to speak, around

00:50:52

you, you can’t lead your mother,

00:50:55

but inside yourself you can, so it’s kind of

00:50:57

like the planets are

00:51:00

large planets, such a writer. So

00:51:05

Pluto, on the one hand, was expelled from the

00:51:08

family of the planet, but on the other hand,

00:51:10

he became the ancestor of a

00:51:22

here is a man who is a

00:51:27

productive astronomer. By the way, he discovered

00:51:29

many objects in the Kuiper belt; his

00:51:32

book, How I Killed Pluto,

00:51:34

will be translated into Russian and is selling a good book. It

00:51:37

shows the whole kitchen how

00:51:39

astronomers work, but he was the first to propose

00:51:41

his proposal, it was decided to separate

00:51:43

Pluto and similar objects into a separate

00:51:46

category.

00:51:51

what kind of discoverer pay at home

00:51:54

no no

00:52:07

that they came up with this term themselves

00:52:10

Planet I found the other day in the library of

00:52:13

our institute old books

00:52:16

written by our very famous

00:52:19

meteorite researcher

00:52:22

Eugene please

00:52:30

51 years old

00:52:32

in fact in

00:52:36

this way

00:52:37

our Lepsa

00:52:39

restoration nomenclature Well here

00:52:42

they are planets maps for today Earth, Moon

00:52:45

and comparison, and today we consider these five

00:52:48

planets Pluto and the species Ceres

00:52:52

- this is an object close to us, it is in the

00:52:55

asteroid belt between Mars and

00:52:58

Jupiter, before it was called the largest

00:53:01

asteroids, but it is so massive, so

00:53:04

large that it is completely

00:53:05

spherical in its interior

00:53:09

life is a planet, so it can also be

00:53:11

classified as a planet. And these four are

00:53:14

far away there.

00:53:19

No. Not yet, but there are, so to speak,

00:53:22

contenders for this title. And today,

00:53:26

surveys of such distant areas are

00:53:31

mainly done with cosmetic

00:53:34

telescopes because the Sun’s

00:53:37

rays reach there very poorly and

00:53:40

they are reflected back even weaker since

00:53:43

the surface of these bodies is sometimes quite

00:53:45

dark, but infrared rays pass through

00:53:47

easily and these are the kind of satellites how many

00:53:51

satellites are very

00:53:53

actively observing in the distance what areas of the

00:53:56

solar system discover a lot of

00:53:58

objects a small American satellite

00:54:00

but it discovered more than 33 thousand new

00:54:03

objects and videos No, basically

00:54:09

what we know about these bodies is a

00:54:12

fantasy What the surface of a

00:54:15

fantasy looks like but something, well, wait

00:54:19

or really want

00:54:21

not just

00:54:23

And

00:54:25

we know what kind of lordship they say

00:54:30

Alberta is the reflectance coefficient of Light of

00:54:34

objects and it turns out that they are

00:54:37

extremely light 96 percent of Light

00:54:41

is reflected by the surface of this small

00:54:43

planet 6 percent, this is freshly fallen

00:54:47

snow, just the purest snow, this is

00:54:50

approximately 96 percent of reflected light,

00:54:53

even in the city there is no money, only

00:54:57

all areas That is, their surface is

00:55:00

white, almost white, almost the same as

00:55:04

what they are made of. Well, Irina, for example, the

00:55:07

average density is 2.5 g cubic

00:55:10

centimeter what is it? This is not a stone, a

00:55:13

stone, after all, three and a half four

00:55:16

grams of cubic centimeters, but not ice,

00:55:18

this ice is about one tap centimeter,

00:55:22

which means it is some kind of mixture, maybe a

00:55:25

stone core, an ice shell, something like this is what

00:55:28

we now imagine

00:55:31

to so to speak, to feel this

00:55:35

characteristic of lunch, I show you

00:55:37

different balls and here they have from zero, but there is

00:55:40

no such thing as an absolutely black body. By the

00:56:00

way, our Moon reflects only

00:56:04

8%. it’s black, almost like a fresh nakata, it’s a

00:56:08

strange thing, but

00:56:10

it’s not like this, these are mostly

00:56:13

bright Well, here’s another thing: Compare the Earth gives birth

00:56:17

approximately 30% Light thanks to the clouds

00:56:21

The Moon about 10% of the color the object almost all

00:56:26

the light is reflected But let’s say the nuclei of a comet

00:56:31

asteroids sometimes there’s less than five

00:56:32

percent there

00:56:35

and the largest objects by Kuiper weight

00:56:39

and among them there are candidates for dwarf

00:56:42

planets, that is, this group

00:56:45

has not been formally recorded, but they are quite massive

00:56:48

with their satellites, sometimes with

00:56:50

several satellites,

00:56:52

maybe the most interesting object

00:56:55

among the dwarf planets is Khulumea,

00:56:59

it rotates so quickly that it takes on a

00:57:02

shape melons are so strong with a plus, that is, the

00:57:05

size ratio is one to two,

00:57:08

she has two more satellites, she has what she needs,

00:57:11

she rotates quickly, maybe she collided with

00:57:13

someone A and therefore spun, in general,

00:57:17

this is her own kind of elevator of completely

00:57:20

unexplored topics unfamiliar to us that still

00:57:23

need to be explored A this is the same

00:57:26

Mike Brown who proposed to single out

00:57:29

this group and he

00:57:31

believes that today you can say

00:57:34

how many objects

00:57:38

have been discovered such rocky planets, how many

00:57:41

are claiming and so on it

00:57:43

is possible to estimate there are about 400 of them there

00:57:47

oh he can estimate because our

00:57:52

telescopes can today and what there is no

00:57:54

formal definition of what we call a

00:57:56

dwarf planet if it is an isolite It is

00:57:59

easier to give itself a

00:58:01

spherical shape and it is not so strong

00:58:03

with a diameter of more than 400 km it will already be

00:58:06

a Planet if it is purely Rocky then

00:58:09

gravity needs more to And then

00:58:13

to form a ball like this with a diameter of 900

00:58:18

It’s 1000 kilometers Well, on average, it’s

00:58:21

about 500-600 kilometers, this is a

00:58:23

typical diagnosis, more than the typical diameter of the

00:58:25

planet is

00:58:28

12,500 kilometers, almost that size.

00:58:31

It’s curious that this year, just in the

00:58:34

next few months, we will collide, not us,

00:58:39

spacecraft will collide with two

00:58:41

planets and collide

00:58:45

they will begin to explore closer to them, now they have flown up to the

00:58:49

whole

00:58:51

between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the American apparatus has flown up,

00:58:54

tons, it has already entered the

00:58:58

Orbit around the center, it is slowly

00:59:00

pulling together, that is, it is approaching,

00:59:02

approaching the surface, we can already see

00:59:04

what the first of the planets looks like,

00:59:09

which we can study

00:59:14

with this apparatus, it

00:59:17

is necessary to say that the photographs are not

00:59:20

very good yet because the device

00:59:22

flies far from it

00:59:24

[music]

00:59:27

here to this

00:59:30

here there is a bright light spot, it

00:59:33

seems that a fresh crater and a deflection of the

00:59:36

solid crust of this planet, a

00:59:40

meteorite showed us its interior and the

00:59:43

interior is most likely summer because it is so

00:59:45

bright bright spot

00:59:49

In general, in the next two or three months, the device

00:59:52

will approach the house even closer, it will directly come out

00:59:56

to the surface and begin to

00:59:59

transmit details to the surface, we will study different

01:00:01

California, this small planet, and

01:00:07

another device is approaching the pluto, the

01:00:11

Americans have been in flight for several years, and

01:00:14

this year in the summer it will fly there And while

01:00:17

he was flying there, all the astronomers were trying to

01:00:20

properly study the surroundings of Pluto

01:00:24

so that when it passes, the device

01:00:26

will not be able to

01:00:28

explore what is there, and

01:00:32

in 2006, in addition to Pluto and the corona, they

01:00:36

discovered two more small satellites

01:00:38

Nix and Hydra at the corona, and then

01:00:41

they pushed harder and two more were found, but it

01:00:45

was already difficult to do that because the brightness

01:00:47

you see how brightly the plutonian

01:00:49

corona glows with its light, they clog

01:00:51

the image they were blocked with a special

01:00:55

black shutter to reduce the Light, well, a

01:00:57

light filter Here they are, in unison. These are

01:01:00

next to them, these two new satellites,

01:01:03

they are also bright. and two more were found,

01:01:07

here is the fifth and fourth That is, in total Well,

01:01:12

you can say this, the double planet Pluto

01:01:15

has four small satellites for

01:01:18

itself 25 for those who deal with mechanics,

01:01:21

this is a very strange situation because

01:01:25

there the traditional field due to the movement of

01:01:28

two objects is very heterogeneous, how did these

01:01:30

survive here small, maybe temporarily

01:01:33

Maybe there Or maybe it’s what

01:01:36

we guessed just like that Well, it’s hard to

01:01:38

say okay, let’s see now they have

01:01:41

time and the verse and the church as you want

01:01:44

Well, too, all this is from the

01:01:47

underground Hades yes And in July and he has that

01:01:53

difference of companions but he’s not a satellite, he’s a

01:01:56

space umbrella, he won’t become a satellite,

01:01:58

he’ll just rush past Pluto

01:02:03

Yes, he’s going there and to the Kuiper belt Well, that’s the

01:02:09

outermost part of

01:02:11

him, he has a source of electricity, here’s an

01:02:14

atomic battery, here’s a

01:02:17

radioesopic generator Well, for about 50 years he

01:02:26

’ll have enough electricity to fly by then

01:02:28

electricity

01:02:30

Well, so far it works very well and the

01:02:35

first photos Here it is already eating up

01:02:38

in its

01:02:40

pictures you can already sit down the movement of the

01:02:42

plutonian corona Well, it will fly up to the middle

01:02:53

and thus We are opening, as it were, a

01:02:57

new region of the solar system, what

01:02:59

we knew before is 8 large planets

01:03:01

includes the earth and now before us are

01:03:04

thousands of small planets that today

01:03:07

and who knows what expeditions will be made to them

01:03:10

in the future, they are very interesting,

01:03:13

if only because they remember the past of the

01:03:16

solar system, where life is almost

01:03:18

frozen, the temperature is almost absolute, but

01:03:21

no chemical reactions occur; the

01:03:24

substance of these small bodies is well,

01:03:26

primitively frozen state, you can

01:03:29

study them if you manage to get behind them.

01:03:32

Well, the outermost part is far

01:03:35

away. Here they are, the planets of the solar

01:03:39

system. What happens is if

01:03:41

we take all this to a different scale and immerse it

01:03:43

here, then around the solar system

01:03:46

there is an area inhabited by hundreds of

01:03:49

millions of ice blocks that we

01:03:53

call I finally approaching the Sun

01:03:56

they become normal, they warm up

01:03:58

in the gas air, they let in And there they

01:04:01

fly absolutely cold, this is the fair

01:04:04

in honor of him, he predicted there are no

01:04:08

problems here and the Dutch country and this

01:04:14

cloud of small bodies around the Sun than the

01:04:16

system

01:04:20

at what distance the

01:04:24

outermost border

01:04:28

should practically touch the same clouds

01:04:30

surrounding neighboring stars, that is, here

01:04:33

about a

01:04:34

light year and a half

01:04:37

further away already Gravity of neighboring stars

01:04:40

keeps its

01:04:44

feed And home internal Boundary at

01:04:48

a distance And about 30 astronomical

01:04:51

units externally something like 55-60

01:04:54

astronomical

01:04:57

[music]

01:05:03

theory only when they break from there

01:05:07

they change the systems inside their husband to be

01:05:09

wonderful and how they have been conventionally drawing for a long time

01:05:12

since we see what comes from

01:05:15

different directions, most likely It is

01:05:17

more or less, but with the physical, this is

01:05:20

what I wanted to tell you, I told you in

01:05:21

a little more detail, it is written in the

01:05:24

book that I wrote Now the

01:05:26

third edition is near there, of course, I

01:05:28

was very interested in the details,

01:05:31

everything, that is, it turns out that there are

01:05:33

asteroids And there are small

01:05:35

planets, there are large planets, there are

01:05:40

asteroids and nuclei, Of course

01:05:43

there are dwarf planets,

01:05:46

but in fact, the new philosophy of the

01:05:48

candidates is

01:05:54

exactly the hotel I don’t know the size

01:05:58

When we find out, most likely it contains a

01:06:00

company

01:06:02

but now let's

01:06:06

who should I not be elongated because

01:06:11

it is Stone will

01:06:14

come out

01:06:15

The planet has a high rotation speed around

01:06:19

its stars must be gas

01:06:21

giants and why is it a dwarf

01:06:25

Planet is elongated why is it turning so quickly

01:06:29

it says goodbye

01:06:32

because someone hit it

01:06:35

God

01:06:37

collided with some other body when

01:06:40

two people run and collide, each

01:06:43

of them begins to rotate like this. The

01:06:48

same story

01:06:50

happened to

01:06:58

many planets of our solar system;

01:07:01

their rotation of some is perpendicular to the

01:07:05

plane.

01:07:13

Well, we imagine. So the big

01:07:16

planets were collected from small ones, and as the

01:07:20

small planets stuck together, a big

01:07:22

pile of course was not the axis could definitely become

01:07:26

perpendicular, this is a random process

01:07:29

there, it is stronger and it turned these

01:07:32

planets near Jupiter, it is perpendicular to

01:07:35

the orbit of Saturn Almost like the Earth there at

01:07:39

30 degrees,

01:07:44

at Venus it is perpendicular to Venus in the

01:07:47

opposite direction, it rotates in the opposite direction, in general,

01:07:50

each planet has some peculiarity in

01:07:52

its rotation and not everything

01:07:54

is clear

01:07:56

[music]

01:08:02

no

01:08:03

Hurray Hurray Hurray

01:08:09

please

01:08:11

but for all of them

01:08:13

they are not in the Fixics region but like Pluto,

01:08:19

some are close, some are further away, but everything

01:08:23

in general is quite different for all the groups,

01:08:25

it seems that they

01:08:28

were thrown there by the Gravity of more massive

01:08:31

planets when Jupiter Saturn gained mass,

01:08:36

it’s nonsense to gain mass, they began

01:08:38

to clear the space around themselves, their

01:08:40

gravity throws them out to the periphery and

01:08:42

they threw them out naturally Randomness in

01:08:44

the direction There are

01:08:47

no such ones that are not there yet I must

01:08:51

say they weren’t looking much there, they were looking

01:08:54

mainly for eclecticism planes, so

01:08:55

they could have missed that there’s not much people

01:08:58

are engaged in this work, it’s generally not a

01:09:00

rewarding job every night, these

01:09:03

searches are searched for searches are carried out and large

01:09:06

telescopes are not often given for such work

01:09:08

somehow it’s considered not popular and not a

01:09:13

fashionable direction black holes

01:09:15

neutron

01:09:17

base And this is Well what Well what else are we 100

01:09:21

you will find Well, what else is it actually

01:09:24

still accumulating and then a completely

01:09:26

qualitatively new picture of the Solar

01:09:28

system

01:09:30

for such a question

01:09:32

is obtained even if you search

01:09:35

and otherwise there will be

01:09:40

rides that pass through this plane,

01:09:47

then it turns out that

01:09:50

simply by dividing the number of

01:09:52

such planets found high approximately

01:09:55

you can meet them

01:09:58

there are now

01:10:01

several thousand objects in the belt,

01:10:04

that in total there are about 100,000

01:10:09

large ones, more than 10 kilometers in size,

01:10:13

and probably even more small ones, but

01:10:15

the distribution by inclination The orbit is

01:10:18

a little more complicated, you know, there is no

01:10:21

certainty that

01:10:24

this is correct, such an extrapolation is

01:10:29

successful, you can make a mistake

01:10:33

[music]

01:10:37

Well, enough rough infrared regions

01:10:40

and it is clear that frozen methane lies there,

01:10:47

all occupied gases that are usually

01:10:50

present in the atmospheres of planets

Description:

Лекция "Плутон и его братья. Карликовые планеты Солнечной Системы" прочитана 12 апреля 2015 года в рамках фестиваля "Пора в космос". Почему Плутон лишился статуса полноценной планеты. Какие еще объекты находят астрономы в поясе Койпера. Как может быть планетой объект, не имеющий формы шара. Все ли карликовые планеты являются транснептуновыми объектами. Каковы характерные особенности карликовых планет, как их наблюдают и изучают. Лектор - Сурдин Владимир Георгиевич, астроном, кандидат физ.-мат. наук, доцент физического факультета МГУ, старший научный сотрудник Государственного астрономического института им. П. К. Штернберга. "Архэ" в ВК: https://vk.com/kpc_arhe "Архэ" на ФБ: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser "Архэ" в Instagram: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Адрес центра: г.Москва, м.Спортивная, ул.Малая Пироговская, д.29 (ИФТИС МПГУ) (https://arhe.msk.ru/?page_id=363 Все вопросы относительно посещения лекций, просмотров трансляций или покупки видео можно задать по почте: [email protected]

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