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Subtitles
Russian
00:00:02
[music]00:00:06
ancient legends of many peoples of the world00:00:09
mention ominous lakes and the waters00:00:14
bring death to anyone who looks into00:00:17
them for many years these legends were considered00:00:21
fiction, but today scientists are learning that00:00:26
some lakes really bring00:00:28
death in the world there are more than 10000:00:32
crater lakes and some of them00:00:34
are threatened lives of millions of people how00:00:37
calm lakes become killers00:00:45
[music]00:00:46
[applause]00:00:55
from the point of view of science killer lakes if00:01:03
there was a list of the main natural00:01:05
hazards, few would rank lakes00:01:07
at the top some of them have been00:01:11
revered as00:01:13
sacred places for centuries others have become00:01:16
tourist attractions and00:01:19
many are generally almost unknown,00:01:22
but they all have something in common,00:01:25
they are all located in the00:01:28
tic regions of the world and some are even in the00:01:30
craters of active volcanoes00:01:34
and today experts are learning new shocking facts about them the00:01:51
first alarm came from00:01:53
Cameroon on the west coast of central00:01:55
Africa this is Lake Nyos it is located in the00:02:02
crater of a dormant volcano in 198600:02:08
more than 10,000 people lived in the valleys00:02:11
surrounding the lake then without any00:02:15
warning tragedy struck a00:02:26
Catholic missionary father James00:02:28
Lena lived high in the mountains three hours'00:02:30
journey above the valley00:02:33
further on and the village was not us were part of00:02:36
his parish there there was a very free00:02:40
atmosphere, a lot of flowers, a lot of water, I00:02:45
love these places, life there is always00:02:48
dancing and joy, the people there are wonderful00:02:53
[music] On00:02:56
August 22, 1986, he was informed that00:03:01
something strange had happened in the village, on00:03:07
Friday morning there were already rumors that he00:03:09
had died the village head and that also00:03:13
skillfully many cows all Friday these rumors00:03:18
intensified on Saturday morning nylon decided to00:03:24
go to the nes along with his00:03:26
hydrangea system to find out what happened00:03:32
when they reached the outskirts of the usually noisy00:03:35
village they were amazed by those standing there the silence00:03:40
was very, very quiet no animals no00:03:44
birds nothing in the first house on the corner of the00:03:48
market square they made a terrible00:03:51
discovery00:03:53
all the people inside were dead00:03:57
some were even lying on the street father00:04:01
said we should move on and we00:04:04
came to the mission entering the mission building they00:04:08
also found dead bodies there whole00:04:11
families were killed at that moment when they were00:04:13
going about their daily affairs in00:04:16
one of the huts, all the people were dead,00:04:18
one woman who was preparing a large pan of00:04:22
porridge remained standing at the stove,00:04:27
she looked like she was alive, having reached the school, the00:04:33
mission did not find that the teacher Vincent,00:04:36
his wife and children whom they were holding on they00:04:39
were dead in their hands,00:04:42
moving from house to house, they began00:04:44
to find among the dead bodies you00:04:47
who were in a state of shock, they00:04:51
told about what happened on the afternoon of00:04:55
August 21, she was still fine, then at00:05:00
about nine o’clock in the evening we heard a00:05:04
sound from the direction of the lake that was reminiscent of thunder,00:05:10
apparently he's a [ __ ], I saw a light coming from the lake,00:05:14
I went outside and smelled00:05:17
a smell similar to the smell of rotten eggs, I didn't00:05:20
remember that such a smell was here00:05:22
before, the shepherds who lived on the hills above the00:05:26
lake said that a00:05:28
wave 25 meters high and00:05:30
color appeared on it the water turned bright orange00:05:43
my children were crying00:05:45
around me people were dying that terrible00:05:49
night00:05:50
al [ __ ] lost 30 one relative00:05:53
[music]00:05:57
at least 1700 people died00:06:00
[music] a00:06:04
few days later00:06:06
specialists arrive to investigate what happened,00:06:08
among them a little doctor george kling00:06:15
a year before the blade examined the lake00:06:17
news and found nothing unusual the lake had00:06:22
completely changed from the moment I00:06:24
saw it a year before it looked00:06:27
as if a huge wave had passed through it00:06:29
or a hurricane had destroyed all the vegetation00:06:32
and changed the color of the water all the survivors00:06:36
were talking about a sudden warming of the air00:06:38
and the smells of rotten eggs00:06:40
this led the mission to one conclusion, everyone00:06:47
decided that it was a volcanic eruption,00:06:50
however, when they check the00:06:52
vegetation for the presence of hydrogen sulfide00:06:55
volcanic gas with a smell00:06:56
reminiscent of rotten eggs, they00:06:59
find nothing, nothing also said about a00:07:02
change in temperature in the lake and no one00:07:04
reported that saw the eruption,00:07:13
but for some reason the water turned00:07:16
bright orange;00:07:18
more than 1,700 people died;00:07:21
scientists must find out why the00:07:29
clue is located almost 1,30000:07:32
kilometers from the scene00:07:34
[music]00:07:36
Oregon00:07:38
[music]00:07:40
Crater Lake has been a national00:07:43
nature reserve since 1902 the lake00:07:47
covers an area of more than 50 square00:07:49
kilometers and contains 1900:07:52
trillion liters of water00:07:54
its depth is five hundred and ninety-00:07:56
four meters making it the seventh00:07:59
deepest lake I can00:08:01
[music] the00:08:04
Empire State Building could be completely00:08:06
submerged in it from the foundation to the00:08:08
roof00:08:10
of the crater Mysterious deaths have never happened to our lake,00:08:15
but nevertheless, scientists are constantly monitoring it;00:08:17
this is what is revealed to them; it helps00:08:21
explain the terrible tragedy on its axis.00:08:27
Today, an employee of the reserve, Mark00:08:29
Bacteria K, takes measurements on the lake; the00:08:36
heir of a whole line of scientists who00:08:38
have studied this lake for a00:08:40
hundred years is00:08:44
important. to understand that we are inside a00:08:46
volcano and the entire turbulent evolution of the history of00:08:50
this mountain is here in front of us in the00:08:52
form of geological deposits and the relief of the00:08:55
crater formed around the funnel,00:09:04
in order to understand how this lake works and00:09:06
what light it sheds on the mystery of it,00:09:09
we need to go back 7 thousand seven hundred00:09:11
years back at that time, the landscape of these00:09:18
places was dominated by the active launched00:09:21
Congara mazom and at a height of 3700 meters,00:09:26
then an eruption of monstrous force occurred,00:09:32
the eruption was so powerful that the spider00:09:37
collapsed, creating craters ten00:09:39
kilometers from it, almost 8000 years later,00:09:46
rain and melt water accumulated here00:09:49
formed a crater lake00:09:56
today the lake looks calm,00:10:01
but you don’t know that the hot00:10:03
lava, which is the force of volcanic00:10:06
eruptions, still flows 12 kilometers00:10:09
below it, the local topography can00:10:13
undergo biological changes without00:10:15
visible manifestations on the surface,00:10:18
since everything will be hidden by the waters of the lake,00:10:24
he discovers this in 1988 when00:10:28
the first of all the researchers personally00:10:30
studies the deepest section of the lake bottom, a00:10:34
searchlight and a deep-sea vehicle00:10:36
highlight the bottom topography strewn with sharp00:10:39
stones and melted solidified upon contact00:10:42
with water00:10:47
using ultra-modern00:10:49
sonar technology tank you do not create a00:10:51
detailed map of the lake bottom,00:11:00
he also finds something unexpected two00:11:04
pools surrounded by colonies00:11:06
golden-colored bacteria, a colony of bacteria does not00:11:10
tend to live in complete darkness without00:11:12
connection with the energy of the sun; the00:11:16
bacteria understand that these colonies00:11:18
apparently receive the necessary energy from the00:11:20
pools;00:11:24
to check this, he takes00:11:26
temperature readings and discovers00:11:28
that the pools are several degrees00:11:30
warmer than the water in the surrounding lake,00:11:33
then he conducts analysis of the composition of the water00:11:36
which shows a 10 times higher00:11:39
salt content the00:11:43
water also contains carbon dioxide00:11:51
these are hot springs the heat00:11:54
and gas that feeds them are born many kilometers00:11:56
deeper where the magma flows00:12:00
every year thousands of tons of00:12:03
carbon dioxide enter the lake this gives us a hint00:12:07
that co2 may be contained and in other00:12:10
crater lakes such as the lake00:12:13
carried carbon dioxide could cause the00:12:16
death of people in Cameroon00:12:18
[music]00:12:26
[music]00:12:30
meet Dr. Mike Alihi this00:12:34
scientist travels the world studying00:12:36
biological species his experiments00:12:38
are unique and because his laboratory00:12:41
is his body allowing insects and an00:12:43
animal bites and stings himself, he00:12:46
talks about his symptoms00:12:48
until he is able to endure them cool00:12:50
job00:12:51
cool guy bite me travel00:12:55
virologist and on us gia00:12:57
hd channel national geographic00:13:03
represents the planet the movement of this00:13:09
story their journey00:13:14
they set off to00:13:18
survive the00:13:22
global body event the great migration00:13:25
in November on the National Geographic Channel00:13:29
HD00:13:30
[music]00:13:39
not many would name lakes among the00:13:41
main natural hazards, but lakes in00:13:45
regions of volcanic activity can00:13:48
contain dangerous gas, and in 2006,00:13:52
volcanic gas caused the00:13:54
tragic deaths of three people on the00:13:56
mammoth lakes of California,00:14:00
this resort town is located in the00:14:03
crater of a giant active volcano00:14:06
long were those who00:14:13
come here can see how00:14:15
volcanic gases hang in the air,00:14:18
most often there is an emission of00:14:20
water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur00:14:23
dioxide00:14:27
[music]00:14:33
professional geologist Charles here he is00:14:35
examining for danger Lake00:14:37
Hosh Noise located near the00:14:40
main resort of Mammoth Lakes important00:14:43
factor is the predominance of the00:14:45
surface topography of Penza Penza is a very light00:14:50
porous rock it is literally filled with00:14:52
gases when magma saturated with gases00:14:55
came to the surface it cooled00:14:57
and turned into stone as a result of which00:14:59
these bubbles were formed in the rock00:15:01
pumice is so light that it does not even sink in00:15:04
water this should remind us of that00:15:07
gas that pushed the magma to the00:15:09
surface that is still located00:15:11
in the depths of this huge crater, but the00:15:14
gas on the horseshoe lake can00:15:16
produce a more destructive00:15:18
effect,00:15:21
it is a silent killer lurking among the00:15:24
trees at the edge of the lake in the early00:15:29
90s of the last century on the northern shores of the00:15:30
lake began the trees were dying00:15:34
due to the high concentration of00:15:37
carbon dioxide in the air,00:15:40
scientists found that every day the waters of00:15:43
Horseshoe Lake emit about 100 tons of00:15:45
carbon dioxide,00:15:49
as a result, the gas content in the soil00:15:51
increased ninety-five times00:15:53
compared to normal, a simple test00:15:58
carried out on the shore of the lake shows00:16:00
what this means in practice, carbon00:16:04
dioxide is heavier than air and that’s what we did,00:16:06
we dug a hole that should be filled with00:16:08
carbon dioxide, displacing oxygen, and00:16:11
we extinguish it as if a new burner00:16:16
needs oxygen for combustion without it, the fire goes out,00:16:21
it doesn’t even re-ignite due to the00:16:27
high concentration of00:16:28
butane carbon dioxide in the air the burner can00:16:30
go out in a few seconds and this00:16:36
can also lead to the death of people the00:16:38
usual concentration of carbon dioxide in00:16:40
the air is thirty-five00:16:42
thousandths of a percent of that concentration of00:16:46
approximately 1 percent00:16:48
dizziness and headache and00:16:50
hallucinations begin00:16:54
18 percent loss of consciousness and death00:16:57
occur in a matter of seconds00:17:06
wind on mammoth lakes usually00:17:09
dissipate carbon dioxide, but in 200600:17:15
a commission of researchers confirmed that a00:17:17
deadly high concentration of gas in00:17:19
the air caused the death of 3 skiers who00:17:22
fell into a mammoth snow cave in00:17:25
the mountains, no volcanic eruption00:17:28
occurred,00:17:29
could carbon dioxide00:17:32
also lead to the death of 1,700 people on the00:17:34
lake not you in the eighty-sixth year,00:17:37
when a commission of investigators arrived at00:17:42
Lake Nyos, they found no traces of a00:17:45
volcanic eruption, however, they established that00:17:48
carbon dioxide in small quantities00:17:50
penetrated into the lake, an00:17:57
autopsy carried out the following00:17:59
week showed that the main cause of00:18:01
death was carbon dioxide,00:18:05
but here lies the secret Lake news00:18:09
releases less than 15 tons of gas per day00:18:12
compared to more than 100 tons per day00:18:14
at Horseshoe Lake,00:18:19
how could it kill so many people who were00:18:23
twenty-seven kilometers away from it00:18:33
[music]00:18:36
1986 further on news Cameroon more than00:18:40
1,700 people to the lake line die from00:18:43
suffocation due to carbon dioxide poisoning,00:18:51
scientists have calculated that this should00:18:53
have required one million seven hundred and00:18:55
fifty thousand tons of gas; until00:19:00
today, the release of such volumes of00:19:02
gas has only accompanied volcanic00:19:04
eruptions; however, the eruption on the lake00:19:09
was not yours,00:19:11
Dr. George Kling from the00:19:14
University of Michigan concluded that00:19:16
this volume of carbon dioxide00:19:18
should somehow already be00:19:20
contained in the waters of the lake in general the idea00:19:23
that the lake could contain00:19:25
so much gas seems rather00:19:27
strange magma lying under the lake news00:19:30
releases carbon dioxide which, passing00:19:33
through the earth's crust, falls to the bottom of the lake,00:19:38
scientists have calculated that every year00:19:42
about five thousand tons of gas penetrate into the lake, but00:19:47
what exactly leads to the accumulation of such00:19:49
volumes of carbon dioxide in this lake is00:19:58
not a deep lake, it contains00:20:01
180 billion liters of water, in some places its00:20:05
depth exceeds 200 meters, the weight of water and00:20:09
its pressure increase with depth,00:20:12
pressure at the bottom of the lake is 21 times the00:20:16
pressure on its surface00:20:21
and large volumes of carbon dioxide are00:20:23
dissolved in the liquid under high00:20:26
pressure,00:20:30
take a bottle of champagne00:20:33
and the sinfulness is provided by00:20:35
carbon dioxide which is driven into the00:20:37
bottle under high pressure and00:20:39
held in it with a cork, but00:20:44
remove the cork and pressure immediately will fall00:20:47
dissolved in the liquid, carbon dioxide00:20:49
will again return to gaseous form and00:20:51
come out of it in the form of hundreds of bubbles on the00:20:57
lake news the upper water layers act00:21:00
as a plug,00:21:03
the weight of these holds the gas in a00:21:06
dissolved state in the lower layers of00:21:07
the water00:21:08
where it can reach an incredible00:21:10
concentration of the lower water layers of the lake00:21:13
it is capable of holding up to two00:21:15
million tons of dissolved carbon00:21:17
dioxide, but for such a00:21:21
volume to accumulate, more than 300 years must pass. In00:21:25
most craters on the hoser, carbon00:21:27
dioxide dissipates annually during the summer00:21:31
due to the high air temperature, the00:21:33
surface water layers remain00:21:35
warmer than the lower ones00:21:38
according to a principle similar to circulation air00:21:40
in a balloon, warm water will00:21:42
always tend upward, but in winter, water at the00:21:48
surface cools faster, while00:21:51
its density becomes higher than that of water00:21:53
at depth and it sinks to the bottom00:21:56
while the lower layers rise00:21:58
to the surface, circulation occurs00:22:03
when water rises from depth00:22:05
pressure falls in it and it releases00:22:08
carbon dioxide dissolved in it, this00:22:12
prevents the accumulation of00:22:14
large volumes of carbon dioxide in the reservoir, but there00:22:18
are no cold seasons on the lake,00:22:20
in this equatorial region, the00:22:24
heat constantly emitted by the sun00:22:27
all year round keeps the water on the00:22:28
surface warm and light after00:22:34
a while00:22:36
water layers of different densities are formed in the lake, such00:22:40
a structure resembling a layer cake00:22:42
is called stratification, which means00:22:47
that carbon dioxide can accumulate in the00:22:49
lower layers of the lake for many00:22:51
centuries, a team of scientists from the00:22:56
University of Cambridge is trying to understand how00:23:01
carbon dioxide accumulates in stratified lakes.00:23:08
red dye shows the behavior of00:23:11
dissolved carbon dioxide in lake00:23:13
news it accumulates in the denser00:23:19
lower water layers and cannot00:23:21
break through to the surface, but just like you00:23:29
need to remove the cork from a bottle of champagne00:23:31
to release the gas on the lake00:23:33
news On August 21, 1986,00:23:37
something had to happen for00:23:39
more than a million tons of00:23:41
carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere gas00:23:46
[music] the00:23:48
collapse of one of the steep cliffs of a00:23:51
volcanic crater could well00:23:53
lead to a tragedy00:23:58
the fragment falls into the lake causing00:24:00
vibrations00:24:01
for the sake of the infected00:24:04
it pushes water saturated with carbon00:24:08
dioxide to the surface where an00:24:12
explosion occurs with the release of gas a00:24:18
cloud of carbon dioxide fills the crater00:24:22
then it is digested over the edge of the gas it00:24:27
spreads along the ground, it is one and a half times00:24:32
heavier than air and flows along the mountainside in00:24:34
search of lowlands like a flood,00:24:41
most villagers simply00:24:44
have no chance00:24:46
[music]00:24:58
today 12 thousand people still00:25:01
cannot return home a00:25:06
pipe system that safely pumps gas out of the00:25:09
lake has been installed in 2001, the00:25:17
level of gas in the lake news is gradually00:25:19
decreasing, but it still contains00:25:22
more co2 than was emitted into00:25:24
the atmosphere by the eighty-sixth.00:25:28
Was it by chance that the axis was not isolated or00:25:31
other volcanic lakes can also00:25:33
accumulate large volumes of carbon00:25:35
dioxide and become potentially dangerous,00:25:40
the presence of three is necessary important factors: the00:25:43
volume of carbon dioxide dissolved in the water entering the lake;00:25:47
depth of at least 50 meters to00:25:50
create sufficient pressure and00:25:53
location in the equatorial belt00:25:54
so that dissolved gas cannot escape00:25:57
to the surface during cold seasons; in00:26:02
most volcanic lakes, a combination of00:26:04
these three factors is present to me,00:26:07
but one the place still worries00:26:09
specialists Lake Kivu on the border of the00:26:17
Democratic Republic of Congo and00:26:19
Rwanda is 2000 times larger than Lake Nyos00:26:22
and thousands of times more dissolved carbon dioxide has accumulated in it;00:26:30
it is also located near an00:26:32
active volcano and some scientists00:26:34
believe that00:26:37
catastrophic eruptions and carbon dioxide emissions will occur here00:26:38
gas will threaten the lives of two00:26:41
million people living on the shores of the00:26:43
lake a00:26:51
rare combination of circumstances makes00:26:54
such volcanic lakes as not loss00:26:56
Kiev deadly but the fatal00:27:01
combination of water obuls of conical systems00:27:03
is found not only in the equatorial00:27:05
regions of Africa in the United States 150,00000:27:10
people are also facing00:27:12
another but no less terrible threat00:27:15
emanating from a volcanic lake00:27:17
[music]00:27:30
[music]00:27:33
three two one terrorist attack and00:27:40
earthquake00:27:42
stars need to know00:27:46
how these disasters affect people Tim00:27:49
herself is trying to measure something that has00:27:51
never been measured by everyone Bernie00:27:54
he risks his life knowledge comes00:27:57
to us when something Masters of00:28:00
disasters happen on Sundays at 210000:28:05
in the battles of the Second World War our fate was decided a00:28:11
chess game on a global scale00:28:15
battle of military geniuses a00:28:18
duel of generals00:28:24
in Europe and Africa base and the Pacific Ocean00:28:29
[music]00:28:32
not George's schedule studies their00:28:35
strategic moves00:28:39
war of generals on the National00:28:42
Geographic channel hd00:28:44
[ music] the00:28:51
combination of lakes and underground volcanic00:28:53
currents can lead to dire00:28:56
consequences, and experts have discovered00:29:01
a threat from the interaction of water with a00:29:03
volcanic system in one of the00:29:05
American states, the state of Washington,00:29:15
Mount Renner is located one hundred and eight00:29:18
kilometers southeast of Seattle; it is00:29:21
one of the volcanoes included in the chain of Cascade00:29:23
Mountains that also include Mount00:29:25
St. Helens stretches across the western part of00:29:27
North America for more than one thousand one hundred00:29:30
kilometers00:29:31
its peak is at an altitude of 4000 39200:29:35
meters it is often hidden behind clouds00:29:37
it is difficult to notice with the naked eye that00:29:40
it has a crater lake however among00:29:43
26 glaciers Mount Rainier is00:29:46
really hidden a tiny lake00:29:48
measuring 15 by 20 meters near the lake is hidden by00:29:53
ice caves formed as a00:29:55
result of the rise of warm air from the00:29:57
depths of the volcano;00:30:03
volcanic gas is the reason why this00:30:05
melt and lake, as well as the frozen water in the00:30:07
crater above it, threaten the lives of more than00:30:10
one hundred thousand people; the main threat00:30:18
here is sulfur dioxide or00:30:21
sulfur dioxide00:30:24
to find out why we go to00:30:27
the laboratory, take some sulfur,00:30:33
carry out a combustion reaction with oxygen and00:30:36
get 2 esers00:30:37
by mixing it with water we get sulfuric00:30:40
acid,00:30:48
put a volcanic rock in our flask with sulfuric acid00:30:50
and00:30:52
tiny bubbles form around it, the00:30:55
actual acid reacts with00:30:57
the stone, forming new elements that00:30:59
change the chemical composition of the stone, we lower a00:31:06
piece of stone into a stronger acid and00:31:08
the process will accelerate at the bottom of our flask,00:31:11
only the sediment of Mount Rainier will remain;00:31:28
in water it00:31:31
reacts with it to form sulfuric acid00:31:37
ideologue Kevin Scott spent five years00:31:40
studying the effect of acidic water on the00:31:42
condition of Mount Rainier seeping00:31:46
through cracks and cavities of a volcano00:31:50
this substance changes the structure of solid00:31:59
volcanic rocks volcanic rocks00:32:02
stone is formed when lava or00:32:05
magma cools it is a durable stone00:32:08
it is not easy to break or break but00:32:12
over the centuries the acid changes its00:32:14
structure it becomes so weak that it00:32:16
crumbles right in the hand it happens in00:32:23
everyone to nowhere sulfur dioxide00:32:25
mixes with water but renner is especially00:32:29
dangerous it is a million00:32:34
years old it is one of the oldest volcanoes00:32:39
in the cascades mountain00:32:40
acid penetrated its structure and00:32:43
changed it much more than on00:32:45
neighboring peaks, for example on Mount00:32:47
St. Helens, which is only 50 thousand years old, the00:32:53
altered rock of Mount Rainier is00:32:55
internally weakened, saturated with water and00:32:57
can collapse at any moment if a00:33:02
collapse occurs at the top of the volcano, it00:33:05
can turn into mud a landslide00:33:07
of which will crawl down the slope of the mountain00:33:11
to understand what kind of crawl it will be00:33:15
imagine a flow of liquid concrete00:33:20
these mudflows are called la choirs00:33:25
eruption on Mount St. Helens in00:33:29
1980 just 80 kilometers from Mount Raen00:33:33
their destructive power the 400 meter00:33:36
top of the volcano collapsed and rolled00:33:38
down the slope it was the largest landslide00:33:40
in history and00:33:43
in a matter of minutes, rolling debris00:33:46
added masses of snow and ice, which00:33:48
led to the appearance of numerous00:33:49
factors; their density was twice the00:33:53
density of water and the speed00:33:54
reached 72 kilometers per hour; the00:34:00
largest of them traveled about 11300:34:02
kilometers, demolishing almost two thousand houses00:34:05
caught in its path over the past00:34:10
few decades, lahars have claimed00:34:13
more lives than a volcanic eruption, but00:34:19
if Mount Rainier happened in Locarno, it will00:34:21
pose an even greater threat to people;00:34:23
here, not only weakened00:34:25
rocks can collapse at00:34:27
any moment, but also a huge volume of00:34:29
accumulated water at the top Mount Rainier00:34:34
holds more than four cubic00:34:36
kilometers of glacial snow and ice,00:34:38
which is 5 times more than the entire00:34:40
volcano of the Cascade Mountains combined. A00:34:42
collapse can not only make a hole in the00:34:45
crater on the debris, but also collapse the00:34:47
glaciers above them. In00:34:51
some cases,00:34:53
other forces only require a small00:34:58
but Mount Rainier differs from Mount St.00:35:01
Helens in that there are no records of both later ones on it;00:35:04
however, Scott studies the terrain,00:35:06
looking for evidence of events that00:35:09
could have taken place before00:35:11
people appeared here; this helps him understand00:35:14
how serious the danger the00:35:15
mountain poses;00:35:17
in order to determine the danger emanating from the volcano,00:35:19
geologists need to study00:35:21
his story is like tracking an animal,00:35:26
for example, if we see the tracks of a polar bear in the snow,00:35:31
we understand that if we follow them,00:35:34
sooner or later we will stumble upon a bear;00:35:40
if sugars have already happened on Mount Rainier00:35:43
in the past, then it is likely that they00:35:45
can happen in the future on the lower On the00:35:50
slopes of Mount Rainier, Scott finds00:35:52
trees buried under a layer of earth and00:35:54
stones. He continues to investigate the distance00:36:00
from the mountain and in the surrounding valleys and00:36:02
makes an astonishing discovery: a00:36:10
block of stone weighing 25 tons00:36:13
was once part of the peak of Mount Rainier.00:36:18
Lohan carried it at a distance of 5000:36:21
kilometers and now it rests in one00:36:23
of the suburban gardens in the city of parting00:36:28
five hundred years ago lahore hid a00:36:31
river valley under itself with a file now in this place the00:36:34
city stands00:36:39
evidence found 55 la hour of they00:36:43
varied in the distance traveled from00:36:45
small to more than 100 kilometers00:36:48
the largest of them is not you volume of00:36:50
debris three cubic kilometers, which is00:36:52
equivalent to the volume of a million 200 thousand00:36:55
Olympic swimming pools, at least00:37:02
five of them passed through the Paul Valley00:37:05
about the largest Lahore and reached the places00:37:09
where the cities of Tacoma and Seattle are now located00:37:11
and devastated areas that00:37:14
today are inhabited by more than 150 thousand people,00:37:18
landslides of this magnitude occurred every00:37:21
500 thousand years,00:37:28
so the most important question for the00:37:30
residents of the Kart today is the question00:37:32
of when the new la cour will fall on the valley,00:37:38
the small amount of volcanic rock that00:37:40
collapsed during the previous sunsets00:37:43
is a threatening fact, we00:37:46
know that here on Mount Rainier,00:37:48
landslides can happen even without00:37:49
volcanic activity, part of the mountain00:37:56
may collapse without any00:37:58
warning00:37:59
[music]00:38:01
acoustic monitors installed on the00:38:03
mountain will sound an alarm only when the00:38:06
la is good and the00:38:09
geological survey service of the00:38:10
United Nations has begun00:38:13
and00:38:14
its 40 minutes of it all in the worst case scenario00:38:19
millions of tons of ice and00:38:21
rocks will develop the speed00:38:25
now of the00:38:27
Puget Sound Bay itself00:38:29
located 100 kilometers from the mountain,00:38:32
the threat hidden in the crater lakes00:38:34
comes from the interaction of volcanic00:38:37
gases with water, but gas is not the only00:38:41
way a volcano can00:38:43
make a lake deadly. In 2003,00:38:47
researchers discovered a danger00:38:49
threatening America's first and oldest00:38:51
national park, Yellowstone.00:38:54
gas has nothing to do with it anymore00:39:09
[music]00:39:13
as a child we were forbidden to play with fire lift00:39:18
weights00:39:20
draw on walls throw more00:39:24
meet people who turned00:39:26
childhood dreams into their work00:39:30
[music]00:39:35
profession destroyer further00:39:39
[music]00:39:43
meet doctor Mike Alihi this00:39:46
scientist travel the world study00:39:48
biological species his experiments00:39:51
are unique because his laboratory is00:39:54
his body I allow insects and animals00:39:57
to bite and sting himself he talks about00:39:59
his symptoms until he can00:40:02
tolerate them cool work00:40:04
cool guy bite me travel00:40:07
virologist on us gehe ich die dinge00:40:21
and the tower of tongue is00:40:26
with you again the most vivid depiction of the00:40:29
realities of prison life especially strict00:40:34
regime on Tuesdays 220000:40:38
[music]00:40:46
lakes of volcanic regions may00:40:49
look outwardly calm but in00:40:52
fact they are only a visible part of a complex00:40:54
water system that can stretch for00:40:57
many kilometers underground; it is the00:40:59
volcano that sets this system in motion in00:41:03
2003 year, geologists discovered in the00:41:06
oldest national park in America a00:41:08
natural mechanism due to which a00:41:09
crater lake can become a killer00:41:18
state of Wyoming this is Lake Yellowstone00:41:27
located on an area of 35000:41:30
square kilometers it is the00:41:32
largest alpine lake in North00:41:34
America it is located in the southeastern00:41:39
part of the park and looks absolutely00:41:41
serene,00:41:48
but Yellowstone's more than 10,000 geothermal00:41:50
springs make it obvious00:41:52
that the park is an area of00:41:55
volcanic activity. Dr.00:42:02
Morgan Forest works for the00:42:04
United States Geological Survey, she understood00:42:09
the mechanism of how an underground00:42:12
volcano can make this calm lake00:42:14
deadly00:42:19
in 1999, Morgan and her colleagues,00:42:22
using modern00:42:24
multi-beam echolocation technology, created the most00:42:26
detailed00:42:28
corrugation of the lake bottom that has ever existed; we made dozens of new00:42:33
discoveries and really changed the previously00:42:37
existing understanding of the lake. Morgan00:42:43
discovers at the bottom of the lake a dome that00:42:45
rises to a height of 30 meters and is00:42:48
longer than its size. 5 football00:42:50
fields00:42:52
she believes that the reasons for the formation of00:42:54
that dome was heat emanating from under the00:42:57
earth's crust under Yellowstone am there is a00:43:02
vast magma chamber and in00:43:05
some parts of the park it runs00:43:06
only 5 kilometers underground the00:43:12
temperature of the magma contained in this00:43:15
chamber can exceed 800 degrees Celsius00:43:17
this temperature grows, heating00:43:22
groundwater throughout the park, including00:43:24
Lake Yellowstone, so flowing along the00:43:31
bottom of the lake can heat up to 24000:43:34
degrees Celsius as the temperature rises, the00:43:39
water expands, increasing pressure00:43:44
Morgan is confident that the expansion of water and the00:43:47
increase in pressure steel causes the00:43:49
formation of a dome at the bottom of the lake,00:43:53
the famous Yellowstone geysers00:43:55
are the most an obvious consequence of the00:43:57
high pressure in the groundwater of the00:43:59
park,00:44:00
Yellowstone Park has more than 100 active00:44:02
geysers,00:44:03
the largest of them is the source of old00:44:06
faithful,00:44:08
it spews water and steam with a temperature of00:44:09
more than one hundred and seventy-seven degrees to a00:44:12
height of 55 meters and it does this00:44:15
approximately every 74 minutes and00:44:22
[music]00:44:27
the geyser works similar to a whistling kettle00:44:31
[music] a00:44:34
heat source from below heats the00:44:37
water placed in the container an00:44:40
electric stove heating the kettle00:44:42
while the heat for groundwater comes from the00:44:45
magma chamber with increasing pressure and00:44:49
temperature the water expands00:44:53
and finally it finds its way out through00:44:55
the only possible exit steam00:44:59
rapidly rushes out through the00:45:01
whistle kettles00:45:02
geysers the same water is pushed out under00:45:05
high pressure according to the same principle00:45:08
water erupts as long as the00:45:10
pressure00:45:13
[music]00:45:16
but between the old faithful geyser and the dome00:45:19
at the bottom of the lake00:45:20
there is a significant difference with the geyser00:45:26
the situation is so in it has00:45:28
a kind of release valve and there is an00:45:32
area where the escaping water can rush out00:45:34
and there is no release valve in the dome00:45:40
Morgan fears that if the temperature00:45:42
gets too high it could00:45:45
explode years later the lake geologists00:45:49
call it a hydrothermal explosion00:45:55
Morgan explored the park to find out00:45:58
if this has happened before a00:46:01
volcanic eruption leaves behind00:46:04
sediments including cooled lava but a00:46:07
hydrothermal explosion leaves behind00:46:09
other evidence hot water00:46:12
dissolves minerals that boil and00:46:14
react or hydrothermally00:46:16
change the structure of the surrounding00:46:19
clay rock surface finally00:46:22
she finds what she was looking for she00:46:26
discovers layers of clay sediments their00:46:29
color was hydrothermal00:46:31
altered by the minerals that were poured into them00:46:34
nearby, she finds me with00:46:37
veins of silicon minerals, this is00:46:40
another sign of hydrothermal00:46:41
intervention;00:46:43
in total, she recorded evidence from00:46:46
25 large hydrothermal explosions over the00:46:49
past twenty thousand years;00:46:54
for comparison, over the past two million00:46:56
years, only three volcanic explosions have occurred in Yellowstone00:46:58
eruptions, it00:47:05
returns to the chalakation picture of the00:47:07
Yellowstone lake, on its northern00:47:11
shores there is a Mary Kay crater 200:47:13
and 4 tenths of a kilometer wide,00:47:17
samples of mineral deposits taken from it indicate00:47:19
hydrothermal changes, this crater00:47:22
was formed 13,800 years ago as a result of the00:47:25
largest hydrothermal explosion, the00:47:30
air rose more than 400 A00:47:38
gigantic amount of boiling water passed through the lake,00:47:44
it covered an area of more than00:47:46
25 square km,00:47:57
so should we expect a new major00:48:00
explosion in Yellowstone Park? Morgan00:48:03
is studying the evidence of 20 thousand years of00:48:08
twenty-five explosions,00:48:11
which means one explosion approximately00:48:14
every 800 years, and the last one happened00:48:16
about 3000 years ago,00:48:21
it turns out that the timing of a new explosion on00:48:24
steel is already a very long time ago, but can we00:48:30
predict when it will happen?00:48:33
Morgan believes that not only pressure00:48:35
becomes the cause of the explosion of groundwater;00:48:39
another condition is necessary - it is a closed00:48:43
system00:48:44
and it remains quite stable until00:48:49
something triggers a00:48:51
sharp drop in it pressure in the case of the00:48:56
Rebei craters, such an initiator 14,00000:48:59
years ago was an earthquake,00:49:03
the weight of the water in the lake had enough00:49:06
pressure to stop the00:49:07
explosion, but tremors shook the00:49:12
ground under the lake, which caused a drop in the00:49:14
water level in the sea. Hit00:49:17
less water means less pressure,00:49:20
remember the cork removed from a bottle00:49:22
of champagne groundwater trapped inside00:49:25
exploded00:49:37
thousands of small earthquakes00:49:39
occur in yellowstone every year but00:49:44
morgan doesn't know when one of these00:49:46
earthquakes will lead to a massive00:49:48
hydrothermal explosion00:49:51
the only warning is the00:49:53
earthquake itself just a00:49:55
few seconds before the explosion00:49:59
but it has happened many times before and will00:50:02
happen in the future, a00:50:13
huge number of victims at the lake in00:50:15
1986 was a00:50:18
warning about the dangers00:50:20
posed by the interaction of large00:50:22
volumes of water with volcanic systems;00:50:28
recent research at Mount Rainier00:50:30
and Yellowstone Park has revealed new00:50:32
threats hidden in the ominous depths of00:50:35
crater lakes around00:50:40
Since ancient times, people around the world have feared and revered00:50:42
fire and water, the twin elements,00:50:47
but only today are we beginning to00:50:49
truly understand the threat that the00:50:52
seemingly calm waters of00:50:55
killer lakes carry.00:51:05
The program is voiced by Ark TV studio. The00:51:08
text was read by Peter To BelevichDescription:
Мой ТГ-канал — https://t.me/cocmichub ___________________________________________________________________________ Древние легенды многих народов мира упоминают о зловещих озерах, чьи воды приносят смерть любому, кто заглянет в них. Многие годы эти легенды считались вымыслом, но сегодня ученые узнают, что некоторые озера действительно несут смерть. В мире существует более ста кратерных озер и некоторые из них угрожают жизни миллионов людей. Как спокойные озера становятся убийцами? ___________________________________________________________________________ В видео содержится контент, защищенный авторским правом. Я НЕ являюсь правообладателем данного видео. Правообладатель "National Geographic" монетизирует данное видео. -Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. -I Do Not Own Anything.All the Rights in This Content Belong to Their Respective Owner __________________________________________________________________________
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