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Эпигенетика и стволовые клетки

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Новые технологии в лечении болезней зрения

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Лечение нейродегенеративных заболеваний

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Выращивание органоидов

55:20

Возможности стволовых клеток взрослого организма

Физика элементарных частиц – курс Дмитрия Казакова / ПостНаука

Физика элементарных частиц – курс Дмитрия Казакова / ПостНаука

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История современной экономической науки — Иван Болдырев / ПостНаука

История современной экономической науки — Иван Болдырев / ПостНаука

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Языковое разнообразие — курс Владимира Плунгяна

Языковое разнообразие — курс Владимира Плунгяна

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История Германии XX века — курс Ильи Женина на ПостНауке

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Пробиотики и пребиотики — Дмитрий Алексеев / ПостНаука

Пробиотики и пребиотики — Дмитрий Алексеев / ПостНаука

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Структура и функции ДНК — курс Максима Франк-Каменецкого на ПостНауке

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Возможности стволовых клеток взрослого организма – Сергей Киселев

Возможности стволовых клеток взрослого организма – Сергей Киселев

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Перспективы борьбы с резистентностью антибиотиков / Константин Мирошников на ПостНауке

Перспективы борьбы с резистентностью антибиотиков / Константин Мирошников на ПостНауке

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Грех и спасение в католической и православной культуре — Михаил Дмитриев

Грех и спасение в католической и православной культуре — Михаил Дмитриев

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Истоки христианского искусства - Олег Воскобойников

Истоки христианского искусства - Олег Воскобойников

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ПостНаука

postnauka

лекция

наука

Сергей Киселев

гены

генная иненерия

стволовые клетки

изменение генов

биология гена

геном человека

искусственные органы

органоиды

лечение болезней

генная медицина

клеточная медицина

нейродегенеративные заболевания

выращивание стволовых клеток

плюриполентные клетки

генетические болезни

овечка долли

клонирование

клонирование клеток

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the human body, the entire human body

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consists of a large number of cells 10

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14 years old, a decent number of such half a

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square Leon generally leaves and all

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this variety of cells and the number of

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cells it once came from one

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single cell that arose

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after fertilization,

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it was this cell that began to divide giving

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the beginning of diverse tissues, and we have a

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lot of diverse tissues, more than

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200 types, and these colossal

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wheels of 1014 cells, that is, the cells

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multiplied and they became more and

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more diverse, it is clear that in this

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one cell

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all this potential of this development should have been laid

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firstly, it can divide so many

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times, it will double,

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not so much, in fact, if

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you count how much it turns out, 55 60

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divisions should go through in total,

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and on the other hand, passing through the separation

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should give a variety of tissues to

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make eyes, hair, skin, blood, so

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on and so on, and these are the potencies which

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she had, like they were big, if we are bulbs in

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scientific language, then the word big

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in Latin

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can mean cartoon yuri, for example, and

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such prefixes can be multi

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patent pluripotent, in fact,

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these multiplay prefixes, although they seem

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a lot similar, but linguistically they have a

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slightly different meaning, multi is

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most often in terms of quantity and the storm

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is a lot in the variety of forms,

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so these are the potencies and those cells that

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mean and exist initially during

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the formation of the body, they received

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the name pluripotent by scientists

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from those of which a large

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variety of tissues occurs in the future in

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order to build tissues, that is, our

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body quantitative, so that there is a

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big hand, a big leg, and so on,

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the cells must already be

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milty patent, that is, give a large

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number of cells into pluripotent

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cells, everything comes from them, that is, in

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fact, these are very interesting

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cells, if we learn to control

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this pluripotent sue, make everything out of them

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then in general and for each person

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we will be able to create additional

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tissues that he has, let’s assume the

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skin is crafted and what nature needs,

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these pluripotent cells naturally

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exist during individual

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development but do not exist for a very short

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period of time in humans these cells

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exist at the stage of embryonic

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development which is called the blastocyst

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exists for about 12 hours, after that they

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begin to specialize,

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before that they are not yet pluripotent, and

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after that they lose pluripotency,

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become multi-patented, and

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the development of the organism occurs.

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not a

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person, take it out, plant it in a culture on a

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cup and continue to grow them, they will

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grow

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outside the body, and it’s absolutely wonderful that

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you can learn to maintain them in such a

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state that they retain all their

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properties,

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which means they will retain their properties, which

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means that if you grow them on a

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cup, what - it’s time to even

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do something I can do some kind of genetic

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manipulation

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and then insert it back into the cavity of

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the blastocyst from where they were taken

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and this was station 100, plant the females

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as the embryo develops, continue the whole

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process, then then a normal mouse will be born,

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that is, after these

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pluripotent cells we worked with them

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in culture;

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nevertheless, they retained all their

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properties and patently give all the tissues

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and organs of the body; on the other hand, we

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can work with them in the laboratory and,

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moreover, we can carry out various

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genetic modifications and

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even for carrying out genetic

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modifications and obtaining after this,

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animals based on pluripotent

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stem cells of the mouse were awarded the

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Nobel Prize in 2007, three

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one Englishman and two Americans

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received the Nobel Prize for

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pluripotent stem cells and for the fact

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that they carried out certain manipulations with it,

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well, this mouse for humans is

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also possible to obtain pluripotent

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cells for this, of course, is not yes, but

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something to do specifically, everyone is probably

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familiar with this technology, which has already been

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used for more than 30 years in clinical

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medicine, this is in vitro

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fertilization or children in vitro. As a

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result of this application of this

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technology, embryos are obtained at the

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blastocyst stage, of which 12

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are transferred to the woman and

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you get children,

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the rest of the part either goes for storage

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if you agree and pay for storage, do

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we in general then throw out these

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discarded ones or those whose

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quality is not suitable for implantation, you

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can also get

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human pluripotent stem cells, essentially as if by

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giving by giving these here an embryo

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intended for the trash heap, a

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second life for a second life, as if outside

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the body, but in the hands of scientists and even so

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that they can be used for

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clinical purposes, why are they so expensive

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for scientists and for clinical medicine, not

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only because they can be used to get a

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whole mouse from them later with some genes

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removed, but then several

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decades and the first

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mouse embryonic stem cells were obtained in

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1981,

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human embryonic stem cells

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were obtained in 1998, during this

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time people learned to obtain from these

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pluripotent stem cells a

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colossal variety of

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specialized tissues and cells

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outside the body is not in the mouse Aries in

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the laboratory

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what does this mean it means that we can

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use these cells to, for

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example, grow in the laboratory blood

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liver skin

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for a sufficiently large amount of tissue and

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cellular the following specialties

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that can be useful to us of course

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there is always such a problem that we

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we encounter in transplantology,

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well, yes, we can grow them, we

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grew them, but what about whether

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they will be compatible with the organism that

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needs them? Yes, indeed, this is a

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problem because those lines of

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pluripotent stem cells that

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you received as a result of extracting them

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from a blastocyst, of course they are must

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be selected for the recipient, this

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takes time, but this is realistic, for example,

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as Japanese scientists and English

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scientists calculated, slightly different numbers for different populations,

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so I kind of

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focus this attention on the Japanese

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population, which is quite homogeneous to it

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phenotypically, that is,

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tissue compatibility in the Japanese population will be higher,

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so that’s it only 50 lines of

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apple patent stem cells obtained

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in this way for the Japanese population so

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that they are compatible with the family

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if the percentage of the population of Japan,

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that is, in general, a very small

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even number, but all but the difficulties

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still drive humanity, the progress

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of humanity is driven by why destroy

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the embryo after all let's not

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destroy this first, second, of course,

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I want to make sure that pluripotent

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stem cells with the help of which we

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can each get the tissue he needs

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are obtained and are as

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compatible as possible with this person.

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How did this happen? Before this,

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two technologies were developed for

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which in 2012 were also taught the

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Nobel Prizes the first technology of

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somatic cell nuclear transfer you are

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duplicated fathers such a long name

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but don’t be afraid of it all journalists in

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general the entire population knows the

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term planning and that means 2 the

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Japanese scientist received his part of the

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Nobel Prize for the fact that he, with the

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help of genes, only only 4 genes

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learned to obtain patent

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stem cells from from cells from any

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cells of living adult organisms this is

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probably the most remarkable discovery

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because compared to cloning

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it is technologically much simpler no

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need for

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nuclear transfer no need for an egg again there are

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some moral and

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ethical problems Of course, in the case of

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cloning, transfer is the

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use of genes or genetic

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programming for which Japanese

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scientists in Monaco received their share

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of the Nobel Prize, of course they look like

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some kind of magic, which is why

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these four genes

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were called a magic cocktail and the

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monks can enter any of these four genes

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cells of an

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adult organism, for example,

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first take skin cells in laboratory

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conditions, introduce these genes into them, and

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miraculously, after a while, after a month and

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a half, they will turn into a cell

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that will be exactly the same as the

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cells that we would isolate from a

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blastocyst, that is, with the first

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pluripotent words strong who were just

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now said, which are also called

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embryonic stem cells, these cells

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were called

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induced pluripotent stem

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cells, that is, they were once in them

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somatically,

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this body of our body itself, but

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through the introduction of

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genetic factors there, a change in the program occurred in the

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program and adults they

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returned to the embryo

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and state and acquired the properties of a legal

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patent sti in the same way if

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we are

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for a mouse their men and we take them

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then these induced pluripotent

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stem cells are made from the skin with the

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help of genes we can introduce back into the

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cavity of the blastocyst it was a statistic

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to implant the mice plant

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if I ragazze the little mice that is, in general,

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if you take a piece of skin from the tail of a

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mouse, add 4 genes and then introduce a

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blastocyst, plant a mouse, that is, the tail of a

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mouse, a mouse will be born, this narrows down a wonderful

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discovery, it is wonderful not only in

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terms of producing mice, of course, but it is

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also important for purely medical purposes.

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This means that for each

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individual person today we can obtain

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pluripotent stem cells from these

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pluripotent stem cells

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to make personal

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tissue or cell preparations for this person so that, for

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example, they can be used in active

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medicine or to study certain pathologies

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that today cannot be studied for

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example generative diseases.

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we can’t get sick neurons from people,

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but we can take a piece of skin when

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programming to pluripotency in a

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state to get to Iran and and on these

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neurons to reproduce the phenotype of the disease

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that occurs in an individual, but we

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can’t deliver that is, we have 2

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people in the laboratory to

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study with with the help of

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programming technology and using

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pluripotent stem cells,

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over the past couple of decades,

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such a

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direction in science as above genetics has very actively begun to develop;

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these

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kinetics are called epigenetics, this is

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what is, as it were, above genetics, what is

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meant by the term epigenetics

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from the point of view of an exact science genetics

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is an inheritance that is not related to the

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DNA of deoxyribonucleic acid with a

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change in the genetic code, it

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is inherited but with a change in the

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genetic code and scanning inside the

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genetic code, this is not related; in

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fact, quite funny

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experiments on epigenetics were

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carried out in my opinion in 2002, I don’t remember

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the name of the scientists when they they tried a

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genetically modified tower, they

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introduced a gene there that gives color, and if it was

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pale pink, it had a

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strange color, they decided it was possible to

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somehow change this color, the influence of

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external factors, and they began to feed it

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there with certain substances that contain a

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fairly large amount of such

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chemical methyl bases

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to tell this Guchkov fly to them,

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well, the color is simply clear and the basis she

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was still ill, she had diabetes, and so

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on, and for this we can cure,

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as if by external factors, lo and behold, the

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offspring of this mouse lost their agouti color

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and began to feel better

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Of course, for that period, while it was still

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feeding, what did it turn out to be?

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As a result of what is

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happening, this chemical reaction of DNA

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DNA is no longer

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available so that information is not taken into account,

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that is, in this case,

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the case of Agouti mice

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gave a lot of food composition of these methyl

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groups, the gene we have a lock and it inherited the

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environment of generations, it was preserved in the genome with

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it nothing, it’s just stopped working and the

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miracle mice lost their color and were even

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cured; this is precisely the influence of the

00:15:07

practical influence of epigenetics and how

00:15:09

it can be traced; epigenetics

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is everywhere and everywhere, starting from

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our birth,

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for example, when we arise from one

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single cell or from a group of

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pluripotent stem cells,

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then they specialize in one or

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another type of tissue, and these cells must

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remember

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what type of tissue they specialized in

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so that later throughout their lives they can

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form exactly that type of tissue,

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that is, they must fall into

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certain environmental conditions that

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will fix

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and happy genetic state, that is, a

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certain work of their genome,

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after all everything in a cell in our body they

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have the same genome the same

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genes but these genes work in blood cells from

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some of the genes from them work hair

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hair work other completely genes

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for this should be inherited and just

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these specialized programs

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genetically in one organism they

00:16:11

are fixed with the help of mechanisms and

00:16:13

genetics,

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as we have already talked to you, of course,

00:16:17

epigenetics is a certain environment,

00:16:20

including the environment,

00:16:21

as the wonderful example with

00:16:23

agouti mice shows, with the environment they are connected with the

00:16:26

environment, it actually surrounds, which

00:16:28

even with nutrition

00:16:29

and what does this say in fact, this

00:16:32

suggests that you cannot

00:16:35

enter the same water twice, as the philosopher

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Heraclitus said 500 BC,

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you cannot enter, you cannot repeat history

00:16:43

twice,

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that is, if we think about it, we have

00:16:46

pluripotent stem cells, or we

00:16:48

do cloning and so we want to

00:16:51

clone someone, so we want to

00:16:53

clone Einstein,

00:16:54

let's do it, what is needed

00:16:56

for this, it is necessary not only to

00:16:59

reproduce Einstein's gene pool, but

00:17:02

today it is simple with the help of

00:17:05

cloning technology that received a

00:17:06

Nobel prize and in the year one thousand and twelve,

00:17:08

take a piece of Einstein's skin, his

00:17:11

gene pool, transfer the nucleus everything will be well, what do

00:17:15

we need to do, we need to repeat

00:17:16

all the external conditions that accompanied

00:17:19

Einstein throughout his entire

00:17:22

development from one cell but right up to

00:17:25

birth and right up to the creation of the theory of

00:17:28

relativity, is it possible to do this, of

00:17:30

course it’s impossible, so if we

00:17:33

want to clone Einstein, yes we

00:17:35

we will get a person similar to Einstein,

00:17:37

of course, but will he be such an eccentric

00:17:40

who played the violin and, so to speak,

00:17:43

made a theory related passed the theory of

00:17:45

relativity is not a fact at all not a

00:17:48

fact this is all just the influence of

00:17:50

epigenetics in fact, because that is what

00:17:53

we always have in the body in life, these are

00:17:57

genes, they give us a range of possibilities

00:18:01

and this range of possibilities is

00:18:04

realized in certain external

00:18:06

environmental conditions and what is inherited is what is

00:18:10

inherited

00:18:11

as a result of these external

00:18:13

environmental conditions and that is, these genetic influences,

00:18:16

therefore, if we talk about sticking and

00:18:20

our stem cells about cloning

00:18:22

human, can we accurately

00:18:25

reproduce everything? Can we accurately reproduce

00:18:27

this or that organ? No, we

00:18:30

can reproduce it exactly

00:18:33

genetically, we can try to

00:18:36

reproduce it exactly structurally, but in

00:18:40

fact it will still be a

00:18:43

slightly different tissue; they don’t throw it in

00:18:46

because it developed in other external conditions,

00:18:48

well, it’s not scary, in most cases there is no

00:18:51

need to be afraid, for example, if we want to

00:18:54

renew our brain with the help of

00:18:56

native medicine, we will probably be able to

00:18:58

reproduce it in Iran, but will they

00:19:00

have memory

00:19:01

and memory is what api genetics is

00:19:03

what we want to preserve this is what

00:19:06

determines individuality, of course

00:19:09

we will preserve the structure of the brain, we will not

00:19:11

preserve the memory because the conditions and

00:19:14

genetic conditions in which we will

00:19:17

do all this in my organ, the path is

00:19:19

completely different in the case of the heart, well,

00:19:22

probably this is not so important, after all, the

00:19:24

heart is just a pump needed

00:19:26

contraction fulfills its function and here

00:19:29

we shouldn’t pay attention to epigenetics

00:19:32

when we talk about the immune

00:19:34

system, if we want to restore the immune system with the help of

00:19:37

patents on stem cells, let’s

00:19:39

assume the

00:19:41

immune system is in order to fight

00:19:43

sanctioned diseases or

00:19:46

some oncological things that

00:19:48

require memory

00:19:49

because it is immunology, this memory

00:19:52

that remains here, it turns out that

00:19:54

epigenetics says no, guys, we all

00:19:57

need to be trained in this matter first,

00:19:59

because this memory does not exist, the

00:20:02

remarkable appearance of epigenetics in

00:20:04

female cells, be it in the human

00:20:07

body, be it the most interesting

00:20:09

example, many people know who work with

00:20:12

animals This is on cats, women have two

00:20:14

x-chromosomes,

00:20:15

but in each cell there are two x-chromosomes, but

00:20:19

two x-chromosomes are too many for one

00:20:20

woman. a great luxury,

00:20:22

therefore, in each cell, one of the

00:20:24

x-chromosomes must be activated; it

00:20:27

should not work because the price will

00:20:28

work; it will lead to pathology,

00:20:31

but this is

00:20:33

inactivation for a small amount of none of the

00:20:35

x-chromosomes in each cell; it

00:20:38

occurs in the early stages of

00:20:40

embryonic development of the female organ

00:20:43

we and chaotically in one cell from the father in the

00:20:48

chromosomes of another from the

00:20:50

mother were activated and so on, then from it is fixed

00:20:53

and passed on by inheritance now if

00:20:56

we talk about cats why

00:20:58

why can’t we get some colors of

00:21:00

cats because they don’t get the

00:21:03

right color and therefore that their

00:21:06

color gene is located on the x-chromosome, if we

00:21:09

want to reproduce one or another

00:21:11

correct color, since

00:21:13

inactivation of the x-chromosome c

00:21:15

occurs randomly, then the

00:21:18

parents will not reproduce the color, which is why, by the

00:21:20

way, they refused to

00:21:22

clone cats because the owners

00:21:24

want to get a cat that looks

00:21:26

exactly just like the original

00:21:30

cat, but by chance epigenetics,

00:21:32

random inactivation of the x-chromosome gives

00:21:35

us a variety of more diverse traits, a

00:21:38

variety of adaptations to the

00:21:40

environment, and not only genetics provides

00:21:44

us with the opportunity to survive in this world, but

00:21:46

also epigenetics, which gives us a fairly

00:21:49

wide

00:21:52

interaction with the external the environment of

00:21:56

the eyes is such a special human

00:22:00

device that resembles and we all know

00:22:03

cameras,

00:22:04

because it is the light that passes through the

00:22:06

lens that is recorded before, it was recorded on

00:22:10

photographic film on film, which is now being

00:22:13

filmed for example, but now it is

00:22:16

fixed on a special substrate

00:22:17

that perceives pixels,

00:22:19

perceives individual light pulses

00:22:21

and converts in certain

00:22:24

signals, just like any

00:22:26

camera, any lens,

00:22:28

the human eye is designed, and this is how

00:22:31

light passes through the lens and gets

00:22:35

either onto the film

00:22:36

or onto the matrix containing pixels, a

00:22:39

signal appears about this

00:22:42

image, understandably, we can take and

00:22:44

drop the cameras, it will break.

00:22:46

the lens will develop, the light will not pass through

00:22:48

randomly, why can you

00:22:51

be knocked out of a pixel, as now there is a

00:22:54

broken pixel, he has a TV with no cameras, but

00:22:56

life will have bits and pixels and light,

00:23:00

information will be lost where the pixie is broken,

00:23:03

the same thing happens to a person

00:23:07

when

00:23:09

eye diseases begin for example, there is such a

00:23:11

hereditary genetic disease

00:23:13

as he has acquired

00:23:15

libero and this is due to the fact that a

00:23:19

mutation occurs, a mutation has occurred in a

00:23:23

gene and in a certain genius which is precisely

00:23:26

responsible for receiving the signal, that is, we will

00:23:29

conditionally call it a certain pixel

00:23:33

only because it is these troubles and the gene

00:23:37

works in all the masonry cells of the eye,

00:23:39

the retina is what receives the signal, the

00:23:42

light signal, it turns out that

00:23:45

our entire matrix

00:23:47

has a broken pixel and well, they don’t accept the

00:23:49

person lives in the dark,

00:23:51

only one gene and complete blindness

00:23:54

from birth to the end of life, but it turned out, for

00:23:57

example, that if we restore if

00:24:00

we correct the function of this gene, then

00:24:03

vision can be restored, and here

00:24:05

it was not so long ago in 2010, the journal

00:24:10

science published this study

00:24:13

when a gene was taken that was damaged

00:24:17

in these people, it is called rp e65,

00:24:20

this gene in its normal form was

00:24:23

built into an adenoviral vector we all

00:24:26

know adenoviruses adenovirus infection

00:24:29

we get sick with this infection every

00:24:31

year

00:24:32

and you can manipulate this adenovirus

00:24:35

so we put the normal

00:24:38

rps 65 gene in it

00:24:40

and we took this adenovirus virus

00:24:43

and buried it in the eyes of those people

00:24:47

who had genetically a consequence of

00:24:49

the disease we We all know perfectly well how

00:24:52

an adenovirus easily infects our mucous membranes,

00:24:54

just as easily, this specially

00:24:57

designed virus infected the

00:24:59

mucous membrane of the eye, penetrated the cell and

00:25:03

restored the function of the damaged gene,

00:25:07

it was really like some kind of

00:25:10

miracle, of course, vision did not return completely,

00:25:13

of course, about this since this is the

00:25:15

very beginning of

00:25:16

talking more early, but people came out of

00:25:20

complete darkness, they began to distinguish some

00:25:24

gray dark

00:25:25

images, well, at least they could already

00:25:28

be among people quite

00:25:33

plainly to poke at an object and that is, they

00:25:35

began to orient themselves, of course, this is a

00:25:37

great, very great achievement; in

00:25:41

fact, not only genetic

00:25:43

diseases of the eyes,

00:25:44

but there are and eye diseases that are

00:25:48

associated with our age, because the eye

00:25:51

perceives

00:25:52

light quanta and at the same time

00:25:56

they are perceived by certain photo receptor

00:25:58

cells so that damage occurs to a

00:26:03

certain type of protein, exposure to a

00:26:05

certain

00:26:06

protein, and this signal converts the

00:26:10

light quantum converted into an impulse,

00:26:13

then it goes through the nervous system and

00:26:15

is detected how is there a fragment of that

00:26:17

lenovo image from the fact that

00:26:20

light quanta fall on this protein,

00:26:22

it of course becomes a defect over

00:26:25

time and must be removed in food

00:26:28

prescription cells this special

00:26:30

protein is

00:26:31

exfoliated and thrown out

00:26:33

because it has become old it can no longer

00:26:35

perceive this well quantum

00:26:38

of light, special cells that are located

00:26:41

next to the photo receptor absorb this

00:26:45

protein, removing the wrong protein, so that is, there is a

00:26:48

constant production of

00:26:50

protein, the arrival of light, fixation of this light,

00:26:53

this used protein is removed from

00:26:56

the cell and absorbed by other cells

00:26:58

that cleanse this space, but

00:27:01

how long can this happen but this

00:27:03

cannot happen indefinitely with

00:27:05

age, this system is disrupted and

00:27:08

is disrupted most often due to the fact that the

00:27:11

cells that

00:27:14

absorb this already

00:27:17

used protein begin to suffer, these cells are called

00:27:19

and are called the pigment epithelium of the

00:27:22

retina of our eye, they begin to

00:27:26

die, these cells somehow cells

00:27:28

begin to die,

00:27:30

there is an excess of this

00:27:33

protein has already been used and the

00:27:36

death of photoreceptor cells,

00:27:39

that is, our own cells, through

00:27:41

which our visual

00:27:43

impulse arises and we see certain images,

00:27:46

of course, this happens in those areas

00:27:50

where the maximum of light passes through the eye,

00:27:53

which is the maximum, of course central

00:27:56

vision because about

00:27:59

70 percent is central vision,

00:28:01

only the rest is about 20 percent, our

00:28:04

lateral vision is some kind of central

00:28:07

part of the eye, the macule, and it suffers from the fact

00:28:11

that before the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium were generated,

00:28:15

followed by photoreceptor cells,

00:28:18

about 50 60 percent of the world's population

00:28:22

at the age of 60 years they begin to suffer from

00:28:25

age-related macular degeneration, is

00:28:29

it possible to help them? Very interesting

00:28:33

experiments are no longer looking for tapes and even

00:28:35

clinical things were done by British

00:28:38

scientists when they took

00:28:40

peripheral pigment loops and I

00:28:43

am convinced that we have mainly central ones, they

00:28:45

took them from the periphery of the eye and

00:28:47

transplanted them both into the center and In this

00:28:49

way, vision was established, that is,

00:28:51

it was possible, as it often happens

00:28:54

that for transplantation for burns,

00:28:56

they use their own skin but taken from an

00:28:58

unburned place, here in exactly the same way,

00:29:00

that is, roughly speaking, the

00:29:02

pigment epithelium was

00:29:05

transplanted into the center without being burned by light, and

00:29:08

vision was restored in some in other cases

00:29:11

this is possible, in others it is less

00:29:13

possible because there may be

00:29:15

damage and peripheral

00:29:18

peripheral vision of the peripheral

00:29:20

pigment of the epithelium and of course they have always

00:29:23

looked for a source of this material

00:29:27

that can serve for transplantation

00:29:29

this source that can serve

00:29:32

for transplantation first turned out to be the so-

00:29:35

called human embryonic stem

00:29:37

cells

00:29:38

embryonic human stem cells

00:29:40

are cells that are universal in their

00:29:44

stem properties from which you can

00:29:45

get any specialized type of

00:29:48

cells, and it turned out that from them you

00:29:51

can quite simply get just the cells of the

00:29:54

retina pigmented epithelium we

00:29:57

get, these are our laboratory, we also have

00:29:59

articles published on this subject and the

00:30:02

only one the disadvantage of course is that it takes a

00:30:04

very long time, about

00:30:07

4-5 months, it takes about 4-5 months to bring out this

00:30:11

pigmented epithelium and mud on a cup,

00:30:14

but in fact,

00:30:17

cells that are full of pigment grow on the cups in the laboratory and

00:30:20

work professionally so

00:30:23

that they absorb proteins, eat proteins

00:30:26

actively, and moreover, as has been

00:30:29

shown American scientists first in

00:30:31

preclinical studies

00:30:33

transplanted this pigment

00:30:35

epithelium,

00:30:36

it helped experimental rats

00:30:40

created a model and restored

00:30:43

vision in 2009 in the green states it was

00:30:49

approved to begin a clinical trial of

00:30:51

cells pigmented

00:30:54

retinal epithelium obtained from

00:30:57

human embryonic stem cells to

00:30:59

restore vision, these experiments are the

00:31:01

first phase of clinical the trials

00:31:03

were completed at the end of 2004 2014

00:31:07

more than half a very small

00:31:10

number of patients were taken into the

00:31:12

study only 18 people if my

00:31:15

memory serves me correctly and in more than

00:31:18

half of the patients what

00:31:20

happened was that

00:31:23

generation stopped and vision improved

00:31:26

while they were transplanted with a very

00:31:29

small number of cells because that, of

00:31:31

course, this was done for the first time in the

00:31:33

history of mankind and they were afraid that

00:31:36

some negative effects could be caused,

00:31:39

no negative effects occurred,

00:31:42

everything turned out to be good, and thus

00:31:45

this method has now moved to the second

00:31:50

stage of clinical trials;

00:31:51

moreover, they began not only in the USA but both in

00:31:55

England and France in Australia they were

00:31:58

immediately carried out in large numbers, but these are

00:32:00

human embryonic stem cells,

00:32:02

in some cases we need

00:32:04

related cells, individual

00:32:07

personal cells, in order to be

00:32:09

able to carry out genetic

00:32:11

correction, so

00:32:13

Japanese scientists in Shine and Monaco a little later

00:32:17

than American scientists in 2014 year, he

00:32:21

began just clinical trials on the

00:32:25

transplantation of pigmented

00:32:27

epithelium and tissue,

00:32:28

but already obtained from the so-called

00:32:31

induced pluripotent stem

00:32:33

cells, what are the numbers, pluripotent cells

00:32:35

and these are the so-called programmed

00:32:39

cells from the patient, you can take skin,

00:32:42

for example, skin fragments in the

00:32:44

laboratory, make small changes

00:32:48

over these cells are modified and they

00:32:51

acquire the properties of embryonic

00:32:53

stem cells; from them, you can also

00:32:55

get pigmented 5-size ones, and so

00:32:58

in Japan,

00:33:00

clinical trials of this

00:33:02

method are now actively being tested, and I think that in a couple of years

00:33:05

we will really see a revolution in the

00:33:08

field of new methods of treating

00:33:10

eye diseases with the help cellular and

00:33:13

gene technologies is a

00:33:15

fairly large group of diseases

00:33:18

that affect humanity, especially those

00:33:21

associated with age, this is the Nair generation,

00:33:24

this is the well-known Parkinson's disease and

00:33:27

Alzheimer's disease, gasoline, who is on

00:33:29

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, well, in general,

00:33:31

the list is endless, a large number and

00:33:34

people suffer from these diseases and

00:33:37

great economic damage is caused,

00:33:39

of course It’s also possible to create and it

00:33:43

’s a sin from model

00:33:45

systems on animals, for example, or for

00:33:47

example on the Drosophila fly, it

00:33:50

really all works and it’s all

00:33:51

good, but you have to create

00:33:56

transgenic models, that is, wearing hyenas

00:33:59

normally, Drosophila flies don’t get

00:34:02

Parkinson’s and mice don’t get

00:34:04

Alzheimer’s either therefore, what is being created is

00:34:08

only somehow imitating,

00:34:11

simulating actual diseases in

00:34:13

people,

00:34:14

why not study this on a

00:34:16

closer object, well, this is practically

00:34:19

impossible since we cannot

00:34:21

get into a person’s brain during his lifetime, then

00:34:25

on a cruise there, who can I get sick

00:34:28

neurons from? who die, and in the case of

00:34:31

Parkinson's disease, this is one type of neurons,

00:34:34

dopamine energy neurons that

00:34:36

lie in one specific part of the brain,

00:34:39

and in the case of

00:34:41

Huntington's disease, for example, then

00:34:43

another type of neurons, functionally

00:34:46

this cannot be done during life, but

00:34:49

only just for the birth of a

00:34:52

person We can really

00:34:54

convey the true meaning of pathology, we

00:34:57

can find out in detail how it

00:34:59

develops due to what, and even

00:35:02

try to find medicines.

00:35:04

Of course, it is absolutely wonderful and

00:35:08

breakthrough, and the discovery was the programming technology; it just

00:35:13

allows you to

00:35:16

program the cells of an adult

00:35:18

organism than any cells taken from

00:35:21

a patient for

00:35:23

shares of some negative

00:35:25

disease, you can take either a little

00:35:28

blood and a little skin or a little

00:35:30

cells from the hair to

00:35:34

program these cells and then

00:35:37

get induced pluripotent

00:35:38

stem cells, which are

00:35:42

universal stem cells, but from

00:35:44

these universal stem cells

00:35:46

you can already get a specialized type of

00:35:49

neurons which will be genetically

00:35:53

absolutely identical to the patient from

00:35:56

whom we took the initial ones,

00:35:58

let’s assume blood, blood cells

00:36:00

or skin fibroblasts, and

00:36:03

thus we get, firstly,

00:36:05

personally for this person and

00:36:07

secondly, it is on the neurons of this person

00:36:09

to conduct our experiments, the first

00:36:12

such study was carried out in In

00:36:14

2009, for patients with hereditary

00:36:19

de sautron, the causes of the disease were not known about it, it

00:36:21

was known that

00:36:23

motor neurons die and that this

00:36:27

subsequently leads to the death of the

00:36:29

patient;

00:36:30

motor neurons are difficult to study in

00:36:33

general;

00:36:38

defects what was done were done

00:36:42

as I said,

00:36:44

induced pluripotent stem

00:36:46

cells were obtained from these patients, motor neurons were obtained from them

00:36:51

in parallel from normal control

00:36:54

people, pluripotent stem cells and control motor neurons were also obtained, reduced pluripotent stem

00:36:57

cells and

00:36:59

control motor neurons were compared

00:37:03

in these two samples and

00:37:05

which genes were Are the genomes transcribed at

00:37:08

what level with the help of modern

00:37:10

methods? It is

00:37:11

full of guilty analysis and

00:37:14

it turned out that one of the genes has an

00:37:18

additional variant. Today, by the

00:37:21

way, attention is paid to the

00:37:23

splyce variant of the gene. Here they are

00:37:26

above had an additional place variant

00:37:28

and the researcher then decided to watch

00:37:31

hockey, but what if we take and let's try in

00:37:35

some way to remove this spice

00:37:37

option, what will happen to us,

00:37:39

they took an analysis of the available

00:37:42

chemical molecules today,

00:37:45

which were analyzed and found

00:37:47

one substance, the movie then, which can

00:37:53

somehow regulate

00:37:55

this additional option of genes, this

00:37:57

was known from other works they They took

00:37:59

and poured this substance onto the diseased

00:38:02

motor neurons outside the patient, of

00:38:04

course, and it turned out that the

00:38:08

level of this gene actually normalized and these

00:38:11

motor neurons

00:38:12

outside the body stopped dying quickly,

00:38:16

that is, as a result of the work done,

00:38:20

it turned out that the scientist first found

00:38:23

why the disease developed, this

00:38:26

appearance additional

00:38:28

spice variant of the gene a and CAT and, moreover, they

00:38:32

found a medicinal substance that

00:38:34

could potentially be useful for these

00:38:37

people, why potentially because it

00:38:39

is clear that they showed this in preclinical

00:38:42

studies on the model system of

00:38:44

human motor neurons of just these

00:38:47

patients, but

00:38:49

all this still needs to be confirmed in clinical trials

00:38:52

experiments and, in fact, now

00:38:55

permission has been received from the

00:38:57

relevant US ministry

00:39:00

to conduct clinical

00:39:01

trials of this drug,

00:39:03

that is, it actually turns out that we can

00:39:07

use these things to look for studying

00:39:10

painful lugeratives and

00:39:12

accordingly select drugs and

00:39:14

substances. Similar work was carried out

00:39:17

on

00:39:19

patients with amyotrophic lateral

00:39:21

sclerosis, this disease which

00:39:25

today does not have any types of

00:39:27

therapy at all and of course it

00:39:30

develops very hard even without knowing the

00:39:35

causes of the disease,

00:39:40

the researchers took

00:39:42

induced pluripotent stem

00:39:44

cells from patients received with

00:39:47

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,

00:39:48

obtained motor neurons from them and these

00:39:51

motor neurons died in culture

00:39:54

they took a whole range of chemical

00:39:57

compounds and began to kind of pour labor on

00:40:00

this motor and see

00:40:02

what it leads to

00:40:03

and selected several candidate

00:40:06

compounds there, out of half a thousand, they

00:40:08

selected about 5-7 candidate

00:40:11

compounds that stopped the

00:40:14

death of motor neurons, that is, in this

00:40:16

case They didn’t even set the task of finding out

00:40:19

what the molecular mechanisms of the disease were,

00:40:22

but another fundamental task was set:

00:40:24

Kaaba, of course, and how to cure and

00:40:28

scrimmer, I screened about

00:40:31

half a thousand drug substances, they

00:40:34

found about

00:40:35

half a dozen potential

00:40:38

candidates that are worth studying in

00:40:40

more detail and actually moving on

00:40:43

I think that this is a very

00:40:46

fantastic achievement

00:40:49

that allows us to take a fundamentally

00:40:52

different approach to drug development.

00:40:55

I would also like to mention our

00:40:58

work that is related to the study of

00:40:59

Huntington’s disease should

00:41:03

be published in 2015 and we studied

00:41:07

Huntington’s disease on food cheese tour patents on

00:41:11

stem cells obtained from three

00:41:14

patients and we decided to conduct

00:41:18

electrophysiological experiments with the

00:41:19

help of our colleagues from St. Petersburg,

00:41:22

namely to confirm or refute

00:41:24

the hypothesis about the involvement of calcium currents

00:41:28

in the cell in the pathology of ginseng tone and

00:41:33

you understand that the most surprising thing

00:41:35

happened, we confirmed that calcium is

00:41:37

involved but what was the

00:41:40

surprise so we had three

00:41:42

people, we took a piece of

00:41:44

skin from each, fibroblasts from each independently,

00:41:47

by cultivating fibroblasts from each, we

00:41:49

independently obtained induced

00:41:51

pluripotent stem cells, then

00:41:53

for each we received these neurons, then

00:41:56

we took the toph to the St. Petersburg

00:41:58

laboratory, people began to measure and found

00:42:01

that In all three samples, the

00:42:03

deviations of the calcium current are absolutely

00:42:05

identical, that is, this is a fantastic

00:42:08

reproducibility of the method, that is, this

00:42:10

suggests that this model is

00:42:12

absolutely adequate and it can be

00:42:16

standardized for some other

00:42:18

applications,

00:42:19

that is, the apparent duration is

00:42:23

first programmed, then

00:42:25

differentiated, of course not knowledgeable people do

00:42:27

n’t even understand these words, but they need to understand the name, they

00:42:30

need to know from this part of the story to

00:42:35

know that we are getting a standardized

00:42:37

model system that can be

00:42:40

used and this, of course, is when you

00:42:42

come to the fusion of

00:42:44

biology and, in general, some more accurate

00:42:48

tax Today,

00:42:51

research is developing very well in the field of

00:42:55

studying the energy of a generative

00:42:59

disease such as Parkinson’s,

00:43:01

also in a recently conducted study,

00:43:04

it was actually carried out in 2012.

00:43:07

We also quite recently also

00:43:09

identified several medicinal

00:43:11

substances that can be

00:43:14

potentially used and similar

00:43:16

clinical trials are already underway for

00:43:19

treatment

00:43:21

patients with Parkinsonism but with

00:43:24

certain genetic mutations

00:43:27

that new cell technology gave us,

00:43:30

they essentially

00:43:32

gave us the opportunity to transfer part of the brain

00:43:36

from the body to the investigator’s laboratory and

00:43:40

this is not the brain of a Drosophila,

00:43:42

not the nerve cells of a mouse or rat, but this is

00:43:45

precisely part of the human nervous system and

00:43:48

this is a real nervous system and

00:43:52

how real it is, of course, we’ll

00:43:54

talk about it in the future and how it can be

00:43:57

used for other experiments. The

00:44:00

great achievement of the very beginning of the

00:44:03

twentieth century was that people

00:44:07

learned to cultivate cells of the

00:44:10

human mammalian body

00:44:13

outside the body; for this they used a

00:44:17

petri dish, that is, flat surfaces

00:44:20

where

00:44:22

these cells were planted in general at the beginning, even

00:44:25

the cultivation took place in a place of a

00:44:27

drop without a surface, that is, the drop

00:44:30

hung down and in this drop,

00:44:33

cells attached separately floated,

00:44:36

then the technology began to improve,

00:44:39

we learned to grow cells on the

00:44:41

surface so that it was convenient to

00:44:43

look at them with a microscope to observe what

00:44:46

is happening and of course this is all

00:44:48

cell biology and the result is that cell

00:44:52

biology and genetics have developed greatly, taking

00:44:56

into account the fact that we have been able to

00:44:59

cultivate the cells of our body

00:45:01

outside the body for a very long time,

00:45:05

growing them on dishes, but as you always

00:45:08

understand,

00:45:10

we always reach some boundaries

00:45:12

when the cup is full, we talk about the

00:45:14

need to move somewhere further because

00:45:16

there is no longer enough of this as well, and

00:45:18

humanity has now ceased to have enough of

00:45:20

this

00:45:22

two-dimensional spread of cells on the

00:45:24

cup because we are all three-dimensional, we are

00:45:28

not flat, smeared like

00:45:31

on asphalt and you exist three-dimensional,

00:45:33

how does this

00:45:36

community of cells exist in three dimensions,

00:45:40

our all organs are also three-dimensional, that

00:45:44

is, in general, with the development of

00:45:47

technology,

00:45:48

researchers have the opportunity

00:45:51

to study not flat cultures, but three-dimensional

00:45:55

cultures, or as they are

00:45:57

now called organoids, a similar direction

00:46:00

appeared very, very recently,

00:46:02

literally over the last probably 35 years, it is

00:46:06

clear that there has always been a desire to assemble

00:46:09

some kind of voluminous

00:46:11

organ with the help of something, but one must

00:46:15

understand that in the process of individual

00:46:17

development of the formation of an organism,

00:46:20

no one collects it from the outside, it all

00:46:22

happens as if from inside the cell

00:46:25

lay themselves down and those who didn’t

00:46:27

fit in where they needed to be, who didn’t

00:46:30

end up in the right neighborhood,

00:46:32

they actually die, finding there

00:46:35

helping hands from a neighboring cell, here the

00:46:38

task is just back, we need to collect the

00:46:41

various cells so that they are

00:46:44

friendly with each other and continue to

00:46:46

grow well, in general, it is not possible to do this

00:46:49

for all types of cells and cultures, but

00:46:55

recently there has really been a

00:46:56

lot of progress in artificial such

00:47:01

organoid growing. The first

00:47:04

remarkable work was published in

00:47:07

2013 when Austrian

00:47:11

researchers grew an organoid which they

00:47:14

called cerebellar organoids

00:47:18

they worked with stem cells and

00:47:21

how immunology grew them on plates in a

00:47:25

plane in culture,

00:47:26

but then

00:47:28

we decided to move them away from

00:47:31

the surface and transfer them floating in a

00:47:34

suspension culture so that the cells did

00:47:36

not attach, and in order for them not to

00:47:39

attach, they fit into a bioreactor

00:47:41

mixed like that for everyone the perimeter did

00:47:44

not allow these cell cultures to attach,

00:47:46

you or the physical form,

00:47:48

small spheres were formed and then

00:47:51

surprisingly they began to increase

00:47:54

more and more in size, it turned out that in the

00:47:58

bioreactor

00:47:59

conditions when, in general, we are actively

00:48:04

changing the flax culture around the growing tissue you the environment, thereby

00:48:07

providing oxygen and nutrition,

00:48:09

this is growing, growing formation,

00:48:13

cellular formation, then the cells

00:48:15

feel good and the correct processes are going on in them,

00:48:19

so scientists

00:48:22

have studied, studied, used in their experiments,

00:48:25

embryonic stem cells in

00:48:28

embryonic stem cells in

00:48:30

temporary early differentiation in the

00:48:32

direction of neurons, of course,

00:48:35

the potential is laid for the formation of the entire brain and that

00:48:38

After some time, they

00:48:39

really saw that when they gave the

00:48:43

neuronal culture the opportunity to grow

00:48:46

in three-dimensional space and at the same time

00:48:49

provided it with nutrients,

00:48:52

what they got was the

00:48:55

beginnings of a peasant, when they extracted

00:49:00

these cultures and began to

00:49:01

analyze them using the so-called

00:49:04

sections, that is, they cut

00:49:07

all the options into very thin ones under a microscope and began to

00:49:09

look at what the structures looked like

00:49:12

histologically, that is, how the cells

00:49:14

lay there, it turned out that it really looked like it was

00:49:16

happening to a peasant,

00:49:19

after that they took special

00:49:22

marker proteins and, using special

00:49:25

marker proteins, stained these sections and

00:49:28

it turned out that before it turns out that

00:49:30

we actually grew them, they more precisely

00:49:33

grew

00:49:34

this structure of a peasant there, the

00:49:38

cells were located in the same way in the same layers,

00:49:41

they formed the

00:49:42

same communities of cells, that is, in an

00:49:45

amazing way it turned out that

00:49:47

outside of the human body they

00:49:51

used just

00:49:52

embryonic stem cells and

00:49:55

programmed human cells, we

00:49:57

formed a fragment of a human

00:50:00

organ,

00:50:01

another group of scientists a little later

00:50:04

from England they received

00:50:09

similar organoids, but what they

00:50:12

observed by slightly changing the

00:50:13

cultivation conditions turns out to be there and there was an

00:50:17

organoid of the cerebral cortex, that is, we

00:50:21

can grow

00:50:23

some small organs, they were

00:50:25

named that way my organoids which will

00:50:28

repeat the structures of individual

00:50:33

human organs, thereby giving us

00:50:36

the opportunity to study in more detail

00:50:38

some processes and

00:50:40

model something in general, the most

00:50:43

remarkable thing about these organs from Nair

00:50:46

modeling is the ability to model

00:50:48

something human but without

00:50:51

human participation, other similar organoids were

00:50:55

intestines, again, human

00:50:59

pluripotent stem cells were taken as starting cells;

00:51:02

above them,

00:51:04

scientists

00:51:06

influenced them in a certain way with the help of

00:51:08

certain growth factors,

00:51:10

and then grew to a certain stage,

00:51:14

they realized that plants in large quantities

00:51:17

would not be very good in a dish and a bioreactor.

00:51:19

become and then

00:51:21

they decided to do such a trick,

00:51:24

they transplanted these rudiments of organoids

00:51:27

into the mouse and in the mouse it

00:51:31

began to develop further and in the mouse it

00:51:34

developed in the place where to

00:51:36

transplant the rudiments they actually

00:51:38

developed it into the intestines with scripts with all the

00:51:41

necessary glue

00:51:42

Komi and gave moreover when this

00:51:47

intestines who developed a person who

00:51:50

developed in a mouse,

00:51:51

they infected hello with the bacteria pylori

00:51:54

Helicobacter benchmark, or he turned out to be

00:51:57

infected and seemed to show all the

00:52:00

signs of ulcers of the disease, that is, so it

00:52:04

turned out that on the one

00:52:06

hand we began to create, of course, something

00:52:08

outside of human organisms, cups in the

00:52:11

laboratory, then for in order to

00:52:13

get a more adequate model,

00:52:15

they transferred it to an animal, but even in

00:52:19

this case, it completely imitated

00:52:22

what happens in the human body, that

00:52:25

is, such organoids, of

00:52:27

course, today provide a colossal opportunity

00:52:31

to use this, probably

00:52:34

primarily for the development of new technologies

00:52:35

in the first place

00:52:36

to search for new drugs to

00:52:38

model those other diseases, this

00:52:41

no longer relates so much to the field of

00:52:44

scientific knowledge, but rather to the fact

00:52:47

that we use scientific knowledge to

00:52:49

develop a certain technology for

00:52:51

creating this organ,

00:52:53

one of the ways to create organs,

00:52:55

of course, is bio printing;

00:52:58

rudimentary

00:53:01

form because of course printers are

00:53:04

already well developed, but so far for

00:53:07

bioprinting there is not enough ink that

00:53:12

would behave in the same way as well, the

00:53:19

connective tissue program of the body behaves during

00:53:22

development so that first each cell

00:53:25

is isolated

00:53:26

and then when we an organ was printed, we

00:53:29

got an organ consisting of cells

00:53:31

that interact with each other but

00:53:33

go along a different path, we didn’t use

00:53:37

the print, but let’s say a bio assembly, and in

00:53:41

our laboratory we quite successfully

00:53:43

use a similar

00:53:44

assembly; for example, we obtain separately

00:53:47

vascular endothelial cells

00:53:50

through which blood passes

00:53:52

We get liver cells separately and

00:53:57

we get stromal fibroblasts separately, we

00:54:01

get all this from induced

00:54:02

pluripotent stem cells, that is,

00:54:04

genetically it all belongs to

00:54:06

one patient,

00:54:07

then we mix under certain

00:54:10

conditions vascular cells, endothelial cells,

00:54:13

liver cells and fibroblast cells, stromal

00:54:16

cells,

00:54:17

we form spherical structures

00:54:20

that consist they just represent the

00:54:24

embryo of the liver, a small fragment

00:54:28

like a honeycomb,

00:54:29

but if we take a lot of these honeycombs

00:54:31

that you can easily assemble and then

00:54:33

put them together and they

00:54:36

communicate with each other, which is

00:54:38

exactly what we are doing now, then

00:54:40

we will get a large liver, but the assembly

00:54:44

will happen in an artificial way, not

00:54:47

like in the first case, a cerebral

00:54:50

organoid created through the program of

00:54:52

internal cells, not like bill

00:54:55

printing when we forcibly push cells

00:54:57

somewhere, but then when we

00:55:00

got three cell populations and they

00:55:02

themselves form one structure

00:55:04

similar to the one that exists in

00:55:07

naturally in the liver,

00:55:09

well, probably these are the most

00:55:13

striking examples today of the

00:55:16

existence and development of artificial

00:55:18

organoids that the

00:55:22

human body consists of 10 to 14

00:55:25

powers of

00:55:27

individual cells and

00:55:29

we lose a very large number of cells during

00:55:32

life, for example, a person

00:55:34

loses about 300 kilograms of skin cells in the process of life

00:55:37

exfoliates

00:55:40

and we lose it, we lose it every day once

00:55:45

a week, or rather, the lining of the

00:55:48

intestinal cells is renewed because we

00:55:50

consume different foods, it is quite

00:55:52

aggressive, it is digested and along with

00:55:56

it, the cells also come out with the remains,

00:55:57

but all this must be

00:55:59

established and indeed in the

00:56:03

adult body in the mature in the body,

00:56:05

all these layers of cells are

00:56:08

restored,

00:56:09

skin cells are restored,

00:56:12

intestinal epithelial cells are restored,

00:56:15

hematopoietic cells are restored, which we

00:56:18

lose tens of millions of every minute, these

00:56:21

lost cells must somehow be

00:56:22

restored, the restoration of

00:56:25

these lost clients in the process

00:56:27

of life of the adult organism

00:56:29

occurs precisely due to the

00:56:31

stem cells of the adult organism,

00:56:34

which each tissue has its own specialized

00:56:37

stem cells,

00:56:41

just the first discovery, for the first time, stem

00:56:44

cells were experimentally discovered,

00:56:47

these are blood stem cells, it

00:56:50

was experimentally shown on

00:56:52

blood cells

00:56:53

that in an adult body there are

00:56:56

words I am a cell that can

00:56:58

completely restore all hematopoiesis,

00:57:00

for this, American scientists took

00:57:03

a mouse and and they were irradiated so that it completely

00:57:07

stopped hiding the jam from another

00:57:10

mouse, they took one single meaningful

00:57:12

blood cell and transferred it to the irradiated

00:57:15

mouse and this irradiated mouse acquired a

00:57:19

second life in its

00:57:21

hematopoiesis developed and this mouse later

00:57:23

lived, which

00:57:24

means that in this way the

00:57:25

stem cells of an adult

00:57:27

nismo were discovered to say that the discovery of

00:57:30

stem cells in adult organisms, in

00:57:33

particular blood cells, was immediately

00:57:36

picked up by medical experimenters,

00:57:39

and if for the first time the first experiments to

00:57:43

discover the

00:57:44

glory of blood cells in mice were

00:57:47

carried out in 1051 of the last century, then

00:57:50

already in the late 60s they began to

00:57:55

transplant bone marrow

00:57:57

which precisely contained

00:57:59

blood stem cells, and they began to

00:58:01

transplant them very successfully, so that

00:58:05

almost from the very beginning, such

00:58:08

transplantations began to help people

00:58:11

who, suppose they were either irradiated

00:58:14

or had some kind of

00:58:17

logical diseases, it immediately began

00:58:20

to help,

00:58:21

and by the way, for the development of treatment methods for a

00:58:25

similar method of treatment with With the help of

00:58:27

stem cells,

00:58:28

a little later the Nobel Prize was awarded to an

00:58:32

ordinary person, Thomas, who

00:58:35

was the first to do such

00:58:37

transplantations,

00:58:39

that is, we realized that stem cells of an

00:58:42

adult organism

00:58:45

exist today and are well used, for

00:58:48

example, blood stem cells

00:58:49

and, of course, the development of technology and

00:58:54

instrument technology for characterizing cells The

00:58:57

cultural environment of the

00:58:58

consequences allowed scientists to detect

00:59:02

stem cells not only in the blood, not

00:59:04

only in the bone marrow, but also in other

00:59:07

tissues. By the way, if we talk about stem

00:59:10

cells in the bone marrow,

00:59:13

then there was a very large contribution from

00:59:14

Russian scientists

00:59:16

Frieden Stein and subsequently Chertkov,

00:59:19

who discovered exactly what to indicate in the bone

00:59:21

marrow Every person lives

00:59:24

and there are two types of stem cells: the

00:59:27

hematopoietic stem cell and the so-

00:59:29

called stromal cell, the weak cell, the

00:59:32

hematopoietic stem cell, the hematopoietic stem cell, which gives rise to

00:59:34

all blood cells, astral

00:59:37

or mesenchymal words, I cell, there are

00:59:39

different, this name gives rise to

00:59:41

tissues such as bones, fat, and therefore

00:59:46

cartilage and they exist in rows, but these are 2

00:59:49

different stem cells and they cannot

00:59:51

exchange each other’s functions,

00:59:54

and this was just shown by Russian

00:59:56

scientists by Soviet scientists and

00:59:59

this is actively quoted and everyone all over

01:00:02

the world knows them and, in general, respects the

01:00:04

discovery he made

01:00:05

later Stem cells were discovered,

01:00:09

for example, hair from muscle stem cells

01:00:14

that are present and cells

01:00:16

that can restore the

01:00:18

myocardium of glory and brain cells, that is, in

01:00:21

general, as it turned out, there

01:00:25

are germ cells in almost every tissue that can

01:00:28

restore this tissue;

01:00:32

another thing is how much we know how to

01:00:36

use today stem cells of an adult

01:00:39

organism when

01:00:43

stem cells were discovered stromal stem

01:00:48

cells or another name then the

01:00:50

glory and cells just discovered by our

01:00:53

compatriots happened, come

01:00:55

on, after a few 10

01:00:57

decades at the beginning of the twenty-first

01:00:59

century they began to actively try to

01:01:02

use them for the treatment of, for example,

01:01:05

cardiovascular diseases

01:01:07

stood out quite clearly, either a

01:01:10

certain phenotype of cells was isolated from the

01:01:14

bone marrow fraction,

01:01:15

or the entire bone marrow fraction was used

01:01:18

and this was administered to patients

01:01:22

who, for example, had a myocardial infarction.

01:01:27

Well, several clinical trials were conducted

01:01:31

in a number of countries, both in Europe

01:01:34

and the USA, and in general it was shown that

01:01:39

some

01:01:42

not very large and not very stable

01:01:45

effects are actually observed, what is this connected with, well, firstly, most

01:01:49

likely with the fact that the cell

01:01:52

population that was used

01:01:54

was not very well characterized

01:01:57

and it still remains unclear

01:01:59

which cells exactly but from the entire

01:02:02

bone marrow can have a

01:02:04

positive effect, in general,

01:02:07

today this technology is not used

01:02:10

routinely, although in clinical trials

01:02:13

as an experiment and this continues in

01:02:16

many countries of the world, that is, treatment of the

01:02:18

myocardium using a cell population

01:02:23

isolated from the bone marrow, most

01:02:25

likely containing stem cells

01:02:27

but in fact, for many cases,

01:02:31

we know that even stem cells are not needed;

01:02:34

transplantation goes well; firstly,

01:02:38

blood transfusions;

01:02:39

transplantation of various tissues, for example,

01:02:42

skin; exploitation goes well, and

01:02:44

in fact this led to this idea, and

01:02:48

not so much scientists as practitioners;

01:02:51

what if we try

01:02:53

cells which make up our skin,

01:02:56

fibroblasts,

01:02:57

skin fibroblasts are used

01:03:02

to correct some defects

01:03:05

associated with appearance, well,

01:03:09

appearance defects can be different, it can

01:03:11

be, of course, just age-related wrinkles,

01:03:13

but on the other hand, it can be

01:03:15

some kind of post-operative scars and scars,

01:03:19

burns, so this part, of course,

01:03:22

remains very important because due to the

01:03:24

scars that exist, the

01:03:27

plaque remains postoperatively, but a

01:03:29

person may

01:03:30

feel uncomfortable in society. Well, of course, this

01:03:33

can also be used

01:03:34

for cosmetic purposes, and this is also a

01:03:36

certain direction in medicine, so a

01:03:39

technology has been developed for

01:03:41

which They removed their own

01:03:43

Europlast and humans,

01:03:46

cultivated them in laboratory conditions

01:03:48

and then transplanted them

01:03:51

into places that needed improved

01:03:55

nutrition, we gave them to these places, that is, not

01:03:58

us, but those who did it, gave a

01:04:01

large dose of fresh cells that

01:04:05

secrete proteins and collagen,

01:04:08

collagen abilities for gum which make

01:04:11

ducks eat up the elasticity of our skin and in

01:04:15

general this has led and leads to

01:04:17

very good results abroad and

01:04:21

in Russia we have approved

01:04:24

similar technologies and they are, let’s say,

01:04:27

routinely used in cosmetology

01:04:31

practice either for purely

01:04:34

cosmetic matters or for

01:04:36

restoration and after burns, some

01:04:38

defects in operating rooms, and so on, that

01:04:41

is, when we talk about the use of

01:04:44

cells of an adult organism, it is absolutely

01:04:46

not necessary to go down, it

01:04:48

must be a stem cell, it is quite possible to

01:04:50

use those cells that

01:04:53

are not stem cells but with which we

01:04:55

can manipulate,

01:04:56

another thing you need to know how for what

01:05:00

nosology are they used in recent

01:05:02

years, great success has been achieved in the

01:05:05

study of

01:05:06

intestinal stem cells, the Dutch

01:05:11

scientist Hans Clover

01:05:14

devoted a lot of time to this and I

01:05:17

published perfect tactical

01:05:19

works in my works, he showed that an

01:05:24

intestinal stem cell can be

01:05:26

cultured into the body and

01:05:30

Moreover, it can then be used in a

01:05:34

large number of practical things,

01:05:37

for example, it can be specialized

01:05:40

in one or another intestinal tissue and

01:05:45

potentially used for

01:05:47

transplantation. While these are preclinical

01:05:49

studies, but soon there

01:05:52

will probably be clinical studies. This

01:05:53

system can, for example, be

01:05:56

used to carry out

01:05:59

studying the screen of new forms of drugs

01:06:03

that can help with tumor

01:06:05

diseases, probably Hans Klever can be

01:06:08

part of the contenders for the Nobel

01:06:11

Prize in the next few years, in general,

01:06:14

stem cells of an adult organism are not

01:06:17

as actively used as we would

01:06:19

like, mainly these are hematopoietic cells,

01:06:21

fibroblasts,

01:06:23

indeed cells to the isolated

01:06:27

adipose tissue but their use is

01:06:29

limited, why, well, because

01:06:32

indeed the potentials are not

01:06:35

limitless, although they are attracted by their availability,

01:06:38

they do not require manipulation, they can be

01:06:40

taken from each person and, with minor

01:06:43

manipulations,

01:06:44

transplanted back, the question

01:06:46

remains where, therefore, despite the fact that the

01:06:50

cells of an adult organism are

01:06:52

quite well accessible and easily

01:06:54

cultivated but

01:06:57

their practical therapeutic use is still

01:07:00

quite limited

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Все, что нужно знать о последних открытиях в областях изменения генов и клеточной терапии за час. Содержание курса: 00:00 Начало видео 00:10 Способы получения плюрипотентных клеток 12:32 Эпигенетика и стволовые клетки 21:55 Новые технологии в лечении болезней зрения 33:15 Лечение нейродегенеративных заболеваний 44:00 Выращивание органоидов 55:20 Возможности стволовых клеток взрослого организма Это видео собрано из материалов курса биолога Сергея Киселева «Гены и стволовые клетки». Расшифровки и дополнительные материалы читайте здесь: https://postnauka.org/courses/50118 Сергей Киселев доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией эпигенетики Института общей генетики им. Н. И. Вавилова РАН Поддержать ПостНауку — https://postnauka.org/donate/ Больше лекций, интервью и статей о фундаментальной науке и ученых, которые ее создают, смотрите на сайте https://postnauka.org/ ПостНаука — все, что вы хотели знать о науке, но не знали, у кого спросить. Следите за нами в социальных сетях: VK: https://vk.com/postnauka FB: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser Twitter: https://twitter.com/postnauka Одноклассники: https://ok.ru/postnauka Telegram: https://t.me/postnauka

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