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Video tags
Subtitles
Russian
00:00:01
Whose astronomer I work at Moscow State University There is a00:00:04
separate00:00:05
state astronomical institute named after00:00:07
Sternberg Well, the story will be about00:00:10
exoplanets, I just thought that00:00:12
this topic is still fresh for me But00:00:15
most of you are probably of00:00:17
conscious age already In ninety-00:00:20
five or not yet born or there00:00:23
certainly were after ninety-five, and it was00:00:26
precisely this year that exoplanets turned from myth00:00:28
into reality. They began to00:00:31
be discovered, so I must admit.00:00:33
Although in those years I was already a00:00:35
professional astronomer, I did not believe that00:00:38
exoplanets would be discovered in my lifetime,00:00:41
whatever you want, here I am grew up there at school,00:00:43
quasars, pulsars,00:00:48
interstellar masers were discovered, a lot of00:00:50
interesting things, but we all00:00:52
knew then that professional astronomers00:00:54
would take many, many more generations before00:00:57
we found planets around other stars, I00:01:00
’ll explain why, but we found them.00:01:02
You know the solar system, its composition.00:01:05
These are the main objects 8 planets and every00:01:09
little thing little things a lot of00:01:11
little things we call small bodies of the Solar00:01:14
System asteroids comets00:01:17
meteoroids, that is, very small00:01:19
steroids, look at the statistics of00:01:22
the discovery of these objects And why did this00:01:27
evil happen? It’s clear We moved from00:01:30
such manual methods of searching for new00:01:33
objects in the Solar System to00:01:35
automatic ones, CCDs appeared matrices and it00:01:38
was possible to immediately throw a picture from the telescope00:01:39
into the computer and now we have00:01:42
robotic telescopes themselves searching for objects in the00:01:45
solar system and this is the00:01:48
number of discovered ones. This is the number of00:01:51
reliable explored00:01:56
ones. And this is the lowest one. This is the number of named objects. We don’t have time00:01:58
to come up with names because every00:02:01
Every day we discover approximately00:02:04
250-300 new objects in the solar system00:02:07
because the names must still be of some00:02:10
kind with people or important00:02:13
organizations Try every day to find00:02:15
300 decent people in our time,00:02:19
but this is the privilege of those who discover and this does00:02:23
not stop and we have already00:02:26
stepped over. I then stopped00:02:28
drawing a graph there. We have stepped over a00:02:30
million and we are still continuing to open.00:02:34
This means that just yesterday we could not00:02:38
notice any objects in the solar system. Today we00:02:41
will certainly find find find find That is,00:02:43
even in the solar system we are still not everyone00:02:47
was discovered,00:02:48
who would it occur to any astronomer00:02:50
or would it occur to us that we can00:02:53
detect planets around other stars00:02:55
that are hundreds of thousands of times farther than our00:03:00
own star, and yet we found00:03:02
this picture I like it, my colleague and I00:03:06
wrote a new school00:03:08
astronomy textbook I shoved it there because00:03:11
it’s on the same scale,00:03:13
our Solar system, the star00:03:16
and the 8 largest bodies of the planets; everything else00:03:20
didn’t make sense to draw here because00:03:22
it was generally smaller than a pixel, but00:03:25
even among the planets. Well, okay Jupiter Saturn00:03:28
Saturn without a ring But here it is Saturn00:03:32
they still somehow compete with the sun but00:03:35
Try to find the earth here00:03:37
Let's have it from left to right What is the count00:03:42
Do you think you know00:03:47
one two three 4 That's right Yes 5 but00:03:53
by golly if someone flew00:03:56
through the solar system it's unlikely he would have00:03:59
paid attention to this little detail and it is00:04:02
the most interesting, as we know, so it is00:04:04
difficult to look for planets around other stars,00:04:08
although we never doubted that they00:04:10
exist. Why is our Sun better than others?00:04:13
No, of course, but when you look at this is a00:04:15
real photograph. Now we have such00:04:18
dense fields We are working large00:04:21
telescopes see distant stars but the stars are00:04:24
very bright They blind us and the hope of00:04:28
finding a faintly glowing object next to such a lantern is a00:04:31
planet, it seemed00:04:34
not perceptible not impossible And00:04:39
about one ten billionth of the sunlight falls on the earth,00:04:45
that’s everyone who is familiar with optics and photo00:04:48
equipment You understand that it is unrealistic to photograph00:04:50
objects at the same time, light sources00:04:54
that differ billions of times in brightness,00:04:57
this is called the dynamic00:05:00
range of such a range, not a single00:05:01
camera, we are in such a situation as an00:05:04
observer of some kind of lighthouse, we00:05:09
can assume that there is something there next to this00:05:10
lantern, but we won’t00:05:13
see this until we put out the lantern itself,00:05:15
but there was something there. Yes,00:05:19
you can even understand that there was some kind of00:05:21
Firefly. After all, we can’t00:05:23
put out a star. So that if we put out a00:05:26
star, we won’t see three planets next to it.00:05:28
She but it doesn’t glow on its own, as a rule,00:05:30
sometimes it happens that it itself therefore The problem00:05:34
was complex, nevertheless, they00:05:36
began to solve it. Let’s imagine that00:05:41
we are looking at our solar system from00:05:43
not particularly to the nearest stars,00:05:47
but flew away from the calf of the Centaur and are looking at our00:05:50
solar systems that we will see00:05:52
the maximum the angular distance of our planets from the00:05:55
Sun, well, these are all close within00:05:59
one angular second And these are quite00:06:01
far away00:06:02
Jupiter 4 seconds Saturn 7 seconds this is00:06:06
quite solvable even for an amateur00:06:09
telescope it would be solvable if00:06:13
their brightness was comparable but the Sun00:06:16
if you look at it from Alpha Centaur00:06:20
will have a huge brilliance, almost zero00:06:23
magnitude But it’s like Vega00:06:25
in the sky And some Saturn has 23 Well,00:06:30
who understands Star magnitudes up to00:06:37
and the sun itself is00:06:40
very easy, the sun is a hundred times smaller than an00:06:44
astronomical unit, which means its00:06:46
size would be one about one hundredth a00:06:50
fraction of an arcsecond00:06:53
is such a00:06:55
hundredth of a fraction that we are Although we00:06:59
can sometimes see a hundredth of a fraction of the earth, we have already seen00:07:02
the surfaces of some stars, but00:07:04
now we are talking not about the star but about the planets. So even00:07:07
being at an acceptable angular00:07:09
distance, still having such an insanely00:07:13
low brightness, they would only be visible00:07:15
against a dark background when no one nearby00:07:18
dazzles your telescope But the00:07:20
sun will always be nearby So these comrades00:07:23
who live there but with great00:07:26
difficulty would have seen Jupiter and Saturn00:07:28
certainly would not have seen the earth, here is an example of the00:07:31
same area in the sky A00:07:35
photographed with four different00:07:37
exposures, here is a bright star, it00:07:41
appears everywhere here. And up to magnitude 12, we00:07:44
extended the frame to 15 and so on,00:07:47
we see a bright star and several slightly00:07:51
less bright ones, very well, the bright star does not00:07:54
blur on the application, it is small00:07:57
next to it, something can be done see, but00:07:59
naturally we won’t notice the Planet there00:08:01
because the low exposure of the planet there is00:08:03
deep below the sensitivity level, we00:08:07
increase00:08:09
the exposure even more, we00:08:12
stretched out the image of faint objects even more. And00:08:15
what happened to the bright ones and its light flooded the entire00:08:19
surrounding area and we can’t make out anything there?00:08:23
Maybe there is something there some planets00:08:25
or a satellite of some star,00:08:27
but try to find it in this haze of Light,00:08:31
such a sad situation and astronomers00:08:36
understood that they needed to come up with some new ways00:08:38
to at least00:08:39
make sure that the Planet exists, they00:08:44
began to come up with ways But What do00:08:48
you think is common between black00:08:50
holes and neutron stars and00:08:52
exoplanets?00:08:54
It would seem completely different Yes, according to00:08:57
its properties of the object I found such a one, but it’s00:09:01
hard to see The00:09:05
Great And since last year, the00:09:09
wonderful Nobel laureate00:09:12
wrote in one of his books that he00:09:16
wrote the truth neutron Stars00:09:18
were theoretically studied, he wrote what an00:09:21
object with a size of There is several00:09:24
tens of kilometers there is no00:09:26
way to see it in Space. The hope of00:09:29
seeing it is as little as a planet from00:09:33
another star, in other words, there is no hope,00:09:37
that is, in those years he understood that the00:09:39
planets of other stars are not neutron00:09:42
stars We we will never see because00:09:45
they are small, dead, they don’t shine, and so00:09:47
on, as soon as he said this,00:09:49
literally a year after00:09:51
the book came out, neutron stars were discovered, the00:09:53
wind of radio pulsars And with the00:09:57
planets the story dragged on, we00:09:59
really had to look for new00:10:01
methods and they were found by00:10:05
indirect methods if we didn’t we see the00:10:08
planet itself Let's look at00:10:11
its easily observable star, obviously they00:10:14
revolve around a common center of mass Which00:10:16
means the star will also fidget a little00:10:18
under the influence of the planet's gravity00:10:21
this In general, an obvious idea had to be00:10:24
tested somehow, these fidgeting of the star,00:10:26
swaying it, but it was quite possible I would00:10:31
theoretically note that the most00:10:35
skillful people in this sense have always been00:10:38
astrometrists, those who measure the exact00:10:40
position of stars in the sky and let’s say you00:10:43
don’t see the planet, but the trajectory of the star in00:10:46
space would be such a00:10:47
sinusoidal sway relative to the00:10:50
center of mass and, in principle, Observing a star00:10:53
for several years you can It would be good to00:10:56
try to notice whether such an00:10:59
amplitude is large; if we00:11:02
observe the sun from the nearest stars, then it will be00:11:05
tormented under the influence of gravity00:11:08
mainly to Jupiter. Jupiter is the most00:11:11
massive in the region of one thousandth of an00:11:15
arc second. It would be very00:11:17
small. We are from the earth. Well. in professionally00:11:20
good observatories, one arc00:11:22
second can be easily distinguished by00:11:24
modern equipment right here in the00:11:27
strain of 100 fractions of a second, but to have00:11:31
a thousandth of a second is almost00:11:34
fantastic, and yet the00:11:36
very famous00:11:40
American astronomer Peter Van Decamp took on this and00:11:44
he chose an asterisk to study00:11:46
one from the closest to us, the closest there is00:11:49
Alpha Centaur And this is the second Barnarta00:11:51
star of Bornart and is also called the flying00:11:54
Barnard, it moves very quickly00:11:56
in the sky, but because it is close to us and here it is, I00:11:59
began to explore, that is, to measure00:12:01
its position against the background of more distant stars00:12:04
using a long-focus astrograph00:12:07
since everything needs to be correct in the best observatory for those00:12:10
years,00:12:13
I watched for several decades and in the early sixties when there00:12:16
was such Euphoria when the satellite flew,00:12:20
Gagarin was about to fly, everyone was somehow00:12:24
inspired by space, he announced that he00:12:27
had discovered the planet of Barnard’s star, but00:12:32
several years passed and his students on a00:12:34
cooler telescope is the only00:12:38
telescope in the United States that works at the naval00:12:41
observatory, they showed that Barnard was00:12:43
mistaken, that this is how he made the trajectory of00:12:47
this Barnard's Star, oh, sorry, Bernard00:12:51
Vandacamp was mistaken,00:12:54
he outlined the trajectory of Bernardo's star, and the measurements of his00:12:58
students, young colleagues, seemed that there was00:13:01
nothing like Vandacamp until the very At the time of00:13:04
his death, he was sure that he had00:13:07
discovered the planet of Barnard's star, but it00:13:10
turned out to be a mistake, always working on the edge of00:13:13
the possible, you00:13:15
cannot take00:13:19
wishful thinking, it turned out later that00:13:21
it was systematic there00:13:24
to bend these telescopes and so on, very00:13:26
weak00:13:28
100 4 hundredths of a second two hundredths seconds00:13:31
one hundredth A fraction of a second at this at this00:13:35
limit you can always make mistakes00:13:37
today, of course, We have already got00:13:40
our hands on much more advanced00:13:43
equipment, several years ago the00:13:46
world's first00:13:47
astrometric satellite Geparhass flew When00:13:50
you go beyond the atmosphere,00:13:52
everything can be measured much more accurately And00:13:54
now it flies this is a hat00:13:57
called Gaia, the most advanced telescope in the world00:14:00
for measuring the coordinates of00:14:03
celestial stars, mainly galaxies, and it has00:14:07
already accumulated a lot of data, they have already been00:14:09
partially published, we think that with00:14:12
its help this method will be implemented,00:14:14
so to speak, the ostrometric method00:14:17
by the apparent movement of stars and we00:14:19
will find many planets around other stars, but00:14:22
so far this method almost doesn’t work there,00:14:26
a couple of planets have been found, data is still being accumulated.00:14:29
Think if we watched the00:14:32
sun, its swaying occurs with the00:14:36
period of Jupiter’s orbital motion,00:14:39
which causes these, and for Jupiter,00:14:42
one revolution in orbit lasts 12 years00:14:47
so you have to observe for decades to00:14:52
notice similar movements in other stars Geiss is a wonderful machine, here is00:14:56
the accuracy of its measurements, how many zeros are there? You00:14:59
can count00:15:00
Fantastic accuracy and of course it00:15:03
accumulates this data, they are already00:15:06
becoming in the coming years, they will simply be the00:15:09
most reliable foundation for all of00:15:12
astronomy because of the problems of measurement00:15:14
coordinates is also a problem of measuring00:15:17
distances; we ourselves are moving on the earth. Yeah,00:15:21
and together with the earth it moves around the Sun,00:15:24
and these are the preventive displacements of00:15:26
stars, they talk about their distances, so00:15:29
now we have excellent material in our00:15:31
hands, including for searching for00:15:34
exoplanets, but for now Andokamp didn’t00:15:38
discover the planet for us. And00:15:40
there were other methods, astronomers didn’t sit00:15:42
idle and indirectly became convinced that00:15:46
other stars had planets, they just had to find them,00:15:49
like him, an example of a star dying, we00:15:52
know from a planetary nebula, that is, the00:15:56
dying episode of a star like our00:15:59
Sun is the nucleolus stars are a shell thrown off to00:16:01
it. It gradually expands and00:16:04
goes into space. The ideal case is a star,00:16:07
a ball, a shell thrown off from a non-ball, everything is00:16:10
fine, but here’s another Planetary00:16:12
nebula, a completely00:16:13
different picture, what kind of Mirror00:16:17
symmetry? Yes, in the appearance of this00:16:20
nebula, how can a round star be like this00:16:22
in two directions? to get rid00:16:25
of the gas, the thought comes that obviously00:16:28
someone is interfering here.00:16:30
There is something in this plane that prevents the gas from going here00:16:33
and there, it’s obvious Well, or almost obvious00:16:36
that it’s the Planetary system of the planet that is00:16:38
intercepted00:16:40
on the shell of the star and only allows it to go this way00:16:43
along the axis planetary disk to leave00:16:47
another hint of the existence of planets was given00:16:51
to us by the Hubble telescope when it00:16:54
flew into space in 90,00:16:58
it began to send very good00:17:01
high-resolution photographs of nebulas,00:17:03
for example the Orion Nebula, they began to00:17:05
find such proto-Stellar objects, an00:17:08
asterisk was formed and around it you can00:17:10
still00:17:11
see the substance from which it00:17:14
was born, it is obvious that the star will no longer00:17:17
let him near it, it is already burning hot. And00:17:20
this is a typical simple stellar00:17:23
protoplanetary disk in which00:17:25
planets could probably form;00:17:30
it was clear then, now we think so. This is generally the right Idea, that is,00:17:33
some approaches It was already planned that there00:17:36
should be planets, young stars,00:17:38
old stars just need to be found, but then00:17:41
even micro stars, such brown00:17:44
dwarfs, also found disks under planetary ones,00:17:47
then they began to study these disks in00:17:50
higher resolution, this is the famous00:17:53
star beta painter, very bright in the00:17:56
Southern sky and a telescope Hubble has such00:17:59
a shutter. It’s a very useful thing that you00:18:02
can cover up bright objects to see00:18:05
what’s there next to it. It’s such an incredible00:18:08
Stellar Coronagraph, they call it, but it00:18:11
not only sees the crown of a star, it also sees00:18:13
a disk, here it is in artificial colors. And here00:18:16
in real ones, but since there is a gas disk00:18:20
dusty means something can00:18:22
form there, and by the way, later on this00:18:24
Star, planets were found00:18:26
in this disk, everything is fine, so00:18:29
it bends like this and we compare it with the00:18:32
disk of our solar system - this is a00:18:34
planet and Pluto is a micro planet00:18:37
Pluto and there the bend is also visible, that is,00:18:44
we saw some analogies with our solar system. But already in00:18:47
relatively recent times, the painter Betta Pictore00:18:49
found a planet that00:18:53
had formed there in the disk, and here the00:18:55
formation of further planets is still taking place.00:18:58
But still, these were some indirect00:19:01
some hints And I would like to find a00:19:05
planet of other stars, and the first00:19:08
method that became workable was the00:19:12
Doppler method, namely Let's00:19:15
follow the star, but not its00:19:18
movements perpendicularly in the00:19:21
plane of the sky, but its movements00:19:24
along the line of sight from us to us, maybe00:19:27
this turns out to be more productive and it00:19:29
turned out when the Planet we don’t see it00:19:32
but it rocks the star when the star00:19:34
leaves us, then the shift in the purity of the00:19:38
radiation of the quanta of its light into the Red00:19:42
region of the Spectrum shifts the lines towards us into00:19:45
the blue and they tried to detect these small shifts,00:19:47
but let’s00:19:50
figure out what they are they00:19:53
Jupiter moves in orbit at a speed of00:19:57
13 kilometers per second its mass is 100000:20:01
times less than that of the sun on the sun it will00:20:04
also move under the influence of Jupiter at a00:20:07
speed but only 1000 times less than 1300:20:10
meters per second this is a runner Yes00:20:15
Sprinter Runs at this speed for is there a00:20:18
lot of cars or a few? In those00:20:22
years when people took up this work from the00:20:25
early 90s, the00:20:28
accuracy of measuring00:20:31
radial velocities, that is, the speeds of00:20:33
movement of stars, was 10 kilometers per00:20:37
second. Any observatory could00:20:39
do this with good equipment. 1000:20:41
kilometers of error are the00:20:43
coolest spectroscopists here in00:20:47
Canada the schools there are very good,00:20:49
by the way we have a good one up to 1 kilometer per second they00:20:52
could measure the speed of stars But it00:20:55
was difficult And in00:20:57
general it seemed like science fiction00:21:00
almost unattainable 100 meters per second00:21:05
but 13 meters that is, another 100 times lower00:21:09
10 times lower it was impossible, and so it00:21:15
began to come up with new methods. And while optics were inventing them,00:21:17
radio astronomers discovered the first planets near00:21:21
strange stars, near neutron stars,00:21:25
no one expected this because a neutron00:21:27
star is the remnant of the explosion of a massive00:21:29
star, when a massive star explodes00:21:32
like a supernova, it is more than half its00:21:35
mass simply quickly resets00:21:37
itself even if this star had00:21:40
planets00:21:42
after the star has lost its00:21:45
mass, the planets fly away from it they00:21:48
cannot resist the star’s attraction, and00:21:51
suddenly radio astronomers are a00:21:55
Polish astronomer, but Valjean works in the States,00:21:57
he discovered this00:22:00
pulsar has a whole series Well, we thought00:22:03
that we would honor them, but in general there were three00:22:04
exactly planets quite similar to the Earth00:22:07
in mass. Why were radio astronomers00:22:10
the first and they can very accurately measure00:22:14
the frequency of radiation; they have much more00:22:18
subtle technology than Optikov and because the00:22:21
Pulsar00:22:22
fidgeted as the frequency of its radiation changed, it00:22:25
was discovered the presence of00:22:27
three planets next to it simply blew up00:22:30
astrophysics, how can this be, but then00:22:33
gradually they began to create all sorts of schemes00:22:36
like pulsars, or rather the ancestor of a pulsar, a00:22:40
massive star 10 substance, then00:22:43
partially attract it to itself, then00:22:45
form planets from it, now it00:22:48
remains such an00:22:50
incomprehensible discovery in astrophysics, for00:22:53
which an explanation in general has not yet been00:22:55
found, here are some diagrams showing00:22:58
fears, theorists came up with them, but it is00:23:00
impossible to verify them because this00:23:02
turned out to be a unique object. And at this time,00:23:05
optical spectroscopists began to00:23:08
rapidly improve their00:23:10
observation techniques and learned to monitor the00:23:13
movements of spectral lines with an00:23:17
accuracy of the order of ten meters per00:23:20
second, this is still well, I studied there00:23:24
in the seventies at the university, not all00:23:27
of this seems almost science fiction, but people00:23:29
learned this and then it became00:23:32
possible to follow the movement of a star and00:23:35
understand that there is a planet next to it, the00:23:37
spectra of stars today get it like this it is00:23:42
necessary to stretch it very much and in order not to00:23:47
bother with such a long colored00:23:48
strip, a special00:23:51
optical method is used to cut the spectrum into00:23:54
pieces from the reddest end to the deepest end, so-00:24:00
called spectra are laid out in such a stack. These are the00:24:03
spectral lines and you need to monitor their00:24:06
movement. Although this movement is00:24:08
much less than the thickness of the00:24:12
spectral lines themselves, this is00:24:15
almost a fantastic technology,00:24:17
naturally only the very best spectroscopists were able to develop there00:24:21
were00:24:25
not many of them, and now there are not many in the world, there00:24:26
were two groups, in fact, one00:24:29
American00:24:31
Jeff Marcy, he is a luminary and his graduate student, but00:24:36
then a collaborator Butler So the two of them00:24:39
took on this work they were the first to knock out the00:24:42
big Grand and, so to speak, they00:24:45
saw ahead. Well, we’ll watch for 30 years and00:24:49
get the result.00:24:53
Why 30 years, well, for the same reasons00:24:56
that a star can only be rocked by a00:24:58
massive Planet. But we know that all00:25:01
massive planets are on the periphery of a dream.00:25:04
Well, that means our solar system for00:25:06
others, too, Jupiter is 12 years old; Tom Saturn has a00:25:10
30-year period, so you need at least one00:25:13
orbital period there to observe the stars00:25:16
to see how it systematically00:25:19
changes its speed under the influence of the00:25:21
attraction of an invisible planet; I did not00:25:24
lay down a big project for the decade00:25:26
ahead; we observed many stars at this time in00:25:30
Switzerland00:25:33
another group of one and a half astronomers, that is,00:25:37
Major, he was a famous spectroscopist,00:25:41
it was still his student at the time, I think there were a00:25:44
kilo of children. So they also took up this00:25:48
work on a small telescope at an00:25:50
observatory00:25:51
in the south of France, bordering with Switzerland, but00:25:56
they didn’t have much money or time there was00:25:58
no big project, it was small,00:26:00
cheap, but they didn’t guess, they knew00:26:04
which star to look at, you can say00:26:06
they were lucky, and of course they made the technology00:26:10
no worse than the American one, maybe00:26:13
even in some sense better. The main thing00:26:15
was for a long time and it’s00:26:20
worth it to preserve the properties of the spectroscope00:26:23
sneeze and all00:26:26
the characteristics will go away. We always00:26:29
hang spectroscopes and spectrographs on the telescope00:26:32
somewhere in the main focus or00:26:35
in some side focus, they00:26:37
did it differently, they put00:26:40
the spectroscope in a thermally insulated00:26:42
room where they themselves did not enter for months00:26:45
so that the warmth of the human body, then they00:26:49
bring in and via optical fiber00:26:52
the light collected by the telescope was sent there and this00:26:56
was also a beautiful new idea,00:26:58
no one had done this before, and so they00:27:00
began to accumulate data and, oh joy,00:27:04
they noticed that one of the stars of the 51st constellation00:27:08
Pegasus, within 4.5 days, writes out for them00:27:12
such a sinusoid obviously this is00:27:15
the influence of a neighboring planet.00:27:18
Can you imagine how upset these two were00:27:21
because they started first, they have00:27:23
technology, they have money, they have everything, but there00:27:26
is still an element of luck, some00:27:28
kind of intuition, but even now the00:27:32
Nobel laureates of last year are00:27:34
major and kilo who for they00:27:38
received their Nobel Prize for this work and rightly so.00:27:40
What have they been waiting for so long? I don’t know in 95.00:27:43
They opened it, it was necessary to give it, obviously00:27:46
everything was here last year. They were given a00:27:49
radial velocity curve, there is a graph of the00:27:52
change in speed, plus minus 50 meters00:27:55
per second, not so bad because00:27:57
their accuracy, you see, the errors are very00:28:00
small and here there is no doubt that00:28:02
the star is00:28:03
fidgeting, but what does it mean 4 days00:28:07
and a giant planet with a mass several00:28:10
times greater than Jupiter is running around its00:28:13
star, which means how close it is to the star,00:28:16
this is fantastic, we still don’t know00:28:19
how can it be a giant Planet00:28:21
formed right in contact with the00:28:23
star Where it’s hot where there shouldn’t be00:28:26
any substance at all the star00:28:29
melts everything, throws everything around it Well,00:28:31
they are joyful with their Nobel00:28:34
Prize And the main thing is00:28:35
that I’m especially happy, of course, that00:28:39
during my lifetime I managed to find what I needed you00:28:43
didn’t believe at all that it was possible, even in the00:28:47
next generations, to realize00:28:49
such giant planets close to00:28:52
their stars, we call hot Jupiters00:28:55
by mass they are like Jupiter or there are 500:28:58
Jupiters00:28:59
And so close to a star that it is00:29:02
heated to two and a half thousand00:29:04
kelvins, that is, there in general,00:29:07
everything is boiling not only due to the fact that00:29:09
they have a large mass, they at least somehow hold this gas00:29:11
next to them, but in general it00:29:13
quickly leaves and they themselves even00:29:15
influence the star so much that00:29:19
it not only sways, but at the same time something is00:29:22
an artist, of course overdid it But in general there are00:29:25
tidal waves there on the surface of the00:29:26
Star under the influence of the planet,00:29:29
the planets also run around, of course the planets evaporate and this is the00:29:32
same fifty-first Pegasus that00:29:34
they first discovered, right behind it there is00:29:37
such a gas tail, it finally00:29:39
looks like Well,00:29:41
very warmed up,00:29:43
the theorists immediately rushed to calculate it, of course00:29:45
conditions on such planets00:29:48
are obvious that they are so close to the star, which00:29:51
means they rotate approximately like the moon in00:29:54
relation to the earth, that is, with one00:29:56
side stabilized, they00:30:01
always look at the star with the other hemisphere. Well, their nighttime is never00:30:04
illuminated, but under the influence of heat their00:30:07
Atmosphere of course seethes and transfers00:30:10
heat to the side of the night, never00:30:16
illuminated, for those who are comfortable with Venus. This picture00:30:19
resembles the image of Venus. It’s true that00:30:23
2 giant cyclones from the equator to one00:30:27
pole wrap up and from the equator to the00:30:30
other pole the story is the00:30:33
same; Venus has approximately the same00:30:35
picture. So that today we00:30:38
can theoretically even imagine the appearance of00:30:41
these planets, but who knows whether he is like this or00:30:43
not, but theoretically he should00:30:45
be. They should look like Venus. The second00:30:48
method is00:30:50
why the gif doesn’t work,00:30:54
everyone checked it, they didn’t check it,00:30:59
but push it like- something actually there00:31:03
should be running there should00:31:10
And it’s not running00:31:12
listen like some kind of computer Well okay00:31:17
well a gif an ordinary gif00:31:21
picture this is well, well, okay, sorry,00:31:24
so what was the idea, if we are lucky enough to00:31:28
be in the plane of the orbital00:31:31
motion of the planet, then it should from time to time00:31:34
passing time against the background of our native00:31:36
star means covering it partially and we,00:31:39
looking at the star, must00:31:41
observe microoccultations called in English No00:31:44
transits, but in Russian we still00:31:47
prefer the old one Our domestic00:31:49
term method of transits is like the transit of00:31:52
Venus across the disk of the sun, one way or another00:31:55
you can try to observe what we will00:31:58
see at the same time. Well, the star is the00:32:01
trajectory of the planet when it passes the00:32:03
planet passes in front of the star, we apparently00:32:05
do not see the night side of the planet itself,00:32:09
but it eclipses a piece of the star, which00:32:11
means the brightness should drop noticeably,00:32:14
then it begins to go away and we see00:32:17
more and more and most of its daytime00:32:19
hemisphere will now rise a little,00:32:21
then the Planet00:32:24
sets behind the star and goes out, which means00:32:26
it fades a little, but then repeats symmetrically.00:32:29
This is the ideal picture that one would00:32:32
expect. Well, there are always some00:32:35
errors, but oh, and it works. Well, at least00:32:38
this way A these planets pass in front of the00:32:42
star and the star attenuates a little; the00:32:44
amplitude is very small; it’s00:32:48
very difficult for Earth to notice this. Let’s compare00:32:50
Jupiter, which is 10 times smaller in diameter00:32:56
than our Sun. This means that its surface area is one hundredth of the Solar one, so00:33:00
it’s one hundredth and will cover one percent.00:33:03
This is the very one percent of us here we observe00:33:06
it is quite difficult when you00:33:08
look through the atmosphere from the surface of the earth, the00:33:12
shine of the stars floats all the time depending00:33:16
on how turbulence in the atmosphere00:33:19
refracts the rays and this is a small00:33:22
amplitude, it is difficult to notice from00:33:25
space; another thing is there The atmosphere does not00:33:27
interfere, but here is another effect. Note00:33:30
attention, the star does not go out instantly,00:33:34
here it is well reflected the edges of the stellar00:33:37
disk, they are a little darker, this is called the00:33:39
effect of darkening towards the edge and at first a00:33:44
slight attenuation then maximum00:33:47
When it passes here, that is, in this00:33:49
way we not only discover the planet.00:33:52
We also scan the star itself and here you are,00:33:55
now people who are not00:33:58
interested in planets, they are interested00:34:01
in how stars are structured and exoplanets are a00:34:04
useful tool for them to00:34:07
scan a star in different00:34:10
ranges, this is Hubble in different colors, a00:34:14
cross-section of a star was obtained, how its00:34:18
surface brightness changes. So this is also a00:34:21
method of studying stars, I won’t go into that00:34:23
stop But to whom what to whom Planet to00:34:26
whom the stars are interested It turned out that this, so to00:34:29
speak, does not interfere with the other, on the contrary, it00:34:32
even helps So from space this00:34:35
method works very effectively there00:34:37
you can achieve high measurement accuracy00:34:40
and even a small space telescope, for00:34:43
example this French one,00:34:48
it is only 30 centimeters in diameter,00:34:52
it’s generally like an amateur one, but00:34:54
launched into space. It easily notices00:34:57
such micro eclipses. Transit of planets, but00:35:01
its disadvantage is that you00:35:04
have to look at each star separately. By the way,00:35:07
Soyuz launched our rockets into space.00:35:09
It worked well. But you can’t guess for each star00:35:12
whether there is a transit there there is00:35:14
no planet, but this Monster00:35:17
turned out to be really very useful; this is00:35:20
Kepler with a huge field of view; this is00:35:23
Schmidt’s camera, the so-called00:35:24
wide-field telescope, and he immediately00:35:27
covered with one glance approximately 20000:35:30
thousand stars over the course of several days of00:35:33
several years, looked at them using a00:35:36
huge CCD matrix. Well We still00:35:39
use it, he no longer works Kepler, but00:35:41
we use his measurements to00:35:43
discover more and more new planets, he00:35:46
looked at the00:35:47
point of view of the00:35:49
Milky Way and part of such a black sky,00:35:54
let’s say not bright in the constellation of the religion00:35:57
of this very swan And so he accumulated00:36:01
data we are about three and a half00:36:03
years old and look at the statistics of the discovery of00:36:06
exoplanets, this one. In the ninth year,00:36:09
Kepler flew before him, something was00:36:12
discovered, but when he flew, how00:36:14
quickly the accumulation of00:36:17
data began. I looked the day before yesterday, already00:36:20
more than four thousand, maybe dozens, not even00:36:23
counting we began to count exoplanets in the thousands,00:36:25
more than 4000 exoplanets00:36:29
have been discovered, that is, the fact of00:36:32
their existence has been discovered,00:36:34
most of them we have never seen00:36:37
photographs, we do not have them, we only have00:36:39
information that these stars have them,00:36:43
and interestingly, the00:36:45
methods00:36:48
are becoming more and more sophisticated,00:36:51
this is Doppler they talked about it00:36:54
ostrometrically, they talked about00:36:57
micronization, which also works due to the bending of00:37:00
light rays by the gravitational field of00:37:03
the planet. Well, imaging is00:37:06
direct photography, this is of course the00:37:07
most difficult thing, but there is already something in this00:37:10
sense, there are direct images of00:37:12
exoplanets like this Octopus usually draws, which00:37:16
means as search methods and research on00:37:19
exoplanets is becoming more and more00:37:21
diverse and what each of them gave,00:37:26
now we see that the00:37:28
radial velocities there are more than 60000:37:31
exoplanets discovered and the most productive00:37:34
method turned out to be transits, that is, the00:37:36
passage of planets in front of their star,00:37:39
almost 300000:37:42
in the eighteenth year, approximately the00:37:44
same ratio, then this transit00:37:46
turned out to be the most productive, but others00:37:49
also provide some information00:37:51
micro lensing An interesting method, although00:37:55
very complex because it allows not00:37:58
only planets, even moon-type satellites,00:38:01
exoplanets to detect when a00:38:04
star has a planet, then its gravitational00:38:08
field and the gravitational field of the planet they00:38:10
can refract light further located00:38:13
somewhere far away stars if only one00:38:16
star passes against the background of another star00:38:19
then it causes one hump like this And00:38:23
if there are planets next to it, they00:38:25
add some kind of bumps to this, but00:38:27
here, of course, they went a little too far with the00:38:30
picture This is a real picture, this is a00:38:33
real dimension, this is00:38:35
the flickering of a distant star when00:38:40
another not so bright one passes against its background, its light00:38:43
almost does not interfere here, but its00:38:45
Gravity, as it were, creates a lens effect, and00:38:48
here we notice this stove in an enlarged00:38:51
view. Yeah, this planet00:38:53
has shown itself next00:38:55
to the star that caused, of course, the00:38:58
main00:39:00
curvature of Light, the method is complex, a lot00:39:03
Observing for a very long time is00:39:05
unlikely that you will get there, but they00:39:09
discover planets that you00:39:12
won’t discover using another method, but the00:39:15
brightness And this is the magnitude00:39:19
Magnet This is the magnitude the00:39:23
higher the number, the weaker the brightness of the star00:39:28
Honestly, I expected some kind of00:39:32
astronomical Grand, but probably not everyone is from00:39:35
astronomy Yes, yes, well, well,00:39:37
future00:39:40
time and Days day day day day00:39:46
such Julian days of astronomers By the way,00:39:51
historians also have a scale of continuous00:39:53
counting of days without any leap years,00:39:57
non-leap years Right from even before the Nativity of00:40:01
Christ we are counting the days. These are the Yalyan00:40:04
days,00:40:06
here they are counting and the mass of the planets and the year of00:40:11
discovery, but it is absolutely obvious. The00:40:14
further time goes, the more sophisticated the00:40:17
methods become, and in addition to the massive00:40:19
planets, these are the masses of Jupiter, we are00:40:23
discovering more and more little things; the mass of the Earth is00:40:26
about 300 times less Jovian00:40:29
In recent years, we have already begun00:40:31
to discover planets like the Earth. Although this is00:40:34
very difficult, the Earth is rocking its00:40:37
sun, its star is very faint, it is00:40:42
almost impossible to notice, but nevertheless, there00:40:45
is a systematic improvement in methods00:40:47
and orbital periods, but naturally,00:40:50
if a planet spins close to the star,00:40:53
then this is possible it’s easy to notice and the00:40:57
amplitude of the star’s swing will also be00:40:59
large. And if the Planet is far from the star,00:41:01
go and notice how it’s been there for how many years. Well,00:41:05
nevertheless, with large masses of the00:41:06
planets, we notice00:41:10
even objects far from their stars, but00:41:13
at small masses. Only those close to their00:41:17
star, but this also what is called the00:41:19
selection effect that we can then open up the00:41:24
following possibilities the next years00:41:27
will fill this part for sure too How the00:41:31
planets are structured it00:41:34
turns out they cannot be too00:41:36
large in size This is a theoretical00:41:39
curve But it is very useful if00:41:42
the Planet is made like the earth from00:41:44
some kind of solid materials oxides iron00:41:47
nickel itself then the greater the mass of the planet the00:41:51
greater its size00:41:53
if it is made of light materials00:41:56
liquids of some kind water ammonia methane00:42:01
hydrogen Helium then it will be larger for the00:42:05
same mass but will still grow and the00:42:07
mass size will increase with the growth of mass but at00:42:11
some point an inflection occurs. For00:42:14
example, Saturn, Jupiter, our planet is00:42:17
giants, they are almost the maximum size00:42:20
generally possible for a cold body, they00:42:22
have planets that are cold bodies, if00:42:25
today we start bringing and00:42:28
dumping more additional matter on Jupiter,00:42:30
it may grow a little, and then by00:42:33
increasing its mass we we will not achieve an00:42:36
increase in size, but on the contrary, we will force Jupiter00:42:39
to shrink, not Jupiter any large00:42:42
planet, because the pressure of the overlying00:42:45
layers will compact it and it will00:42:49
become smaller, and thus knowing, for00:42:52
example, the mass of the planet and its size, we00:42:56
can already understand what it is made of and these are00:43:00
the pictures today very often in00:43:02
articles you can find and the mass of the planet00:43:05
is told by the00:43:06
Doppler method, how strongly it00:43:09
swings its star, and the size00:43:12
is told by the transit method. What fraction of the00:43:15
star’s disk was covered by the planet’s disk. So,00:43:19
we can find out both about the planet And00:43:22
then on theoretical curves, for example,00:43:25
from solids00:43:29
from pure iron The planet is made00:43:34
in half from oxides and iron and finally00:43:36
Pure water00:43:38
we can put an end to and understand that this00:43:42
planet there has such a composition, it is a00:43:45
different composition but the errors Of course are still00:43:47
not small But nevertheless But there are00:43:50
planets that do not fit into the00:43:52
theoretical curves at all So we have to think,00:43:54
most likely, the star heated them up so much that the00:43:57
Atmosphere simply expanded and the Planet00:44:00
became so loose and too large for00:44:03
its small mass, but we are00:44:06
interested, of course,00:44:08
ordinary00:44:10
astronomers are interested in everything, and the public00:44:13
is interested in planets like the Earth00:44:17
so that we can still speculate about00:44:20
life on such planets there are00:44:23
pictures like these in which the size of the planets known to us00:44:28
and those recently discovered with the help of the00:44:30
Kepler telescope is compared. We see00:44:33
that there are already discovered among those 400000:44:37
planets that have already been discovered planets that are almost the same00:44:40
size as our Earth Well, or00:44:44
Venus They are the same But I’ll immediately00:44:46
warn you from such a misconception,00:44:49
in all these pictures the exoplanets00:44:51
are drawn from some kind of geography with00:44:55
some details on the surface, this is00:44:57
of course the artist’s imagination and not in our00:45:01
era, not in the coming eras. Although God00:45:04
knows,00:45:07
at least not in the near future00:45:10
we will be able to map the geography of these planets study00:45:13
So this is all the imagination of the artist, but the00:45:16
size So we understand quite accurately00:45:18
because we see how they pass against the00:45:21
background of the star and how much it is00:45:23
eclipsed, but it is important that the planet was not only00:45:26
similar to the earth, but also the climate00:45:28
on it was like on earth for this it00:45:30
should be not too far and not00:45:32
too close from its star in any00:45:36
planetary system there is a narrow corridor of00:45:38
distances, we call it the zone of00:45:40
possible life, but bearing in mind life of the00:45:43
terrestrial type which needs liquid water00:45:46
to function and our Earth00:45:49
falls exactly into this corridor, this corridor00:45:52
motionless to me Because any star itself00:45:55
and our Sun also00:45:57
becomes an increasingly powerful source of00:46:00
heat with age. You see, 4 billion years ago the00:46:02
life zone of the solar system was here and00:46:08
Venus seemed to fall into it, now this zone has moved the00:46:11
Earth is still in it Venus is overheated but the00:46:15
life zone is approaching Mars about the bottom00:46:18
Mars has no atmosphere for a long time So00:46:21
of course there is, but who knows Maybe there00:46:23
is life there or someday there will be at00:46:26
least this range So00:46:27
we need to find planets that are physically similar to the earth00:46:29
and are also in the00:46:32
optimal distance from their stars00:46:34
they found they found a wonderful00:46:37
story connected with the star for 58100:46:40
Galezai, this is the author of the catalog in which this00:46:43
star appears. They found it, it00:46:45
seemed then they found about 10 years00:46:50
ago a huge planetary system of 600:46:53
planets, of which one is generally in the00:46:56
middle in the most optimal position the00:46:59
life zone falls into two more, it seems00:47:02
like this is also located at the edges, the00:47:05
weaker the star, the naturally the life zone is closer00:47:08
to it, so that when the fire goes out you00:47:11
move closer to it to warm up, and00:47:14
so the history of this00:47:16
planetary system is quite instructive00:47:19
because it seemed that they had found and this is it a00:47:21
star is a Planet and the nomenclature00:47:25
is the name of the star is given to each of the planets00:47:29
and the Latin letter also Hey is the star itself00:47:34
then00:47:35
and so on like the seats in an Aeroflot00:47:38
airplane there it means in the order of their00:47:42
discovery we see just the first planet they00:47:45
discovered this one but it is the most massive00:47:47
naturally then A it was at the end00:47:50
Discovered, but there seemed to be no doubt that00:47:53
it exists What a stir began We00:47:56
found a planet like Earth, the size00:47:59
corresponds, and even in our life, like00:48:02
our Earth, everything is fine, which means there must00:48:04
be life there civilization Radio telescopes00:48:07
listened to the radio signal does not come from there We00:48:10
sent it there ourselves just in case, a00:48:13
message to extraterrestrial civilizations Let's00:48:16
see how it really is At what00:48:20
level of errors is all this done? Here00:48:23
we have00:48:24
a measurement of the radial velocity of this00:48:27
star, these are days And this is the speed in meters per00:48:33
second, the error is quite small, how much is00:48:35
it, well, 4 plus minus 2 meters per00:48:39
second, amazing accuracy and so we00:48:42
measure the least You can do anything,00:48:44
some kind of systematics, someone all I00:48:46
for example don’t see, but subtle Fourier analysis00:48:50
begins to highlight some00:48:53
periodic components in this00:48:55
Seemingly chaotic movement of the star00:48:58
and here you go Planet B was discovered00:49:02
because It turned out that this is the00:49:03
periodicity in the movement of the star. Well, here,00:49:07
but obviously all the errors are small, the00:49:09
amplitude is large, they found the first planet with a00:49:13
period of five days, it runs around the00:49:15
star, they removed this period, that is, they subtracted00:49:18
it, they began to search further, well, quite well, yes, a00:49:22
sine wave is good, they found the next planet,00:49:25
but you can already feel it The mistakes00:49:27
are getting bigger in the end00:49:30
When they came to the discovery of00:49:33
this planet, there seemed to be something,00:49:36
some kind of swaying, but mistakes,00:49:40
but nevertheless they announced its discovery,00:49:43
this group announced it, and another group00:49:49
disavowed this discovery, they watched00:49:52
longer now I won’t say which00:49:54
groups so as not to disgrace, but in general it00:49:57
became clear after a few years that there is00:50:00
actually no planet in00:50:02
this planetary system, well, this is the00:50:06
same graph, only here are the periodic00:50:09
components from the Fourier image, but it is clear that00:50:12
the period is much higher than the errors are huge00:50:16
accuracy and then worse and worse, worse than error00:50:19
All higher higher that’s where the Planet is Here it is, that’s the00:50:21
level of errors But here’s the peak that00:50:25
they researchers fell for and announced the00:50:30
discovery of this planet they really wanted to,00:50:33
but it turned out that it was just00:50:36
statistical noise nevertheless there is Well00:50:41
then it didn’t work, but there are planetary00:50:43
systems. For example, Kepler 22, but it’s00:50:46
really called a super-Earth,00:50:49
but it’s 8-10 times larger than the earth in terms of00:50:52
mass, but nevertheless, it’s in its own zone of00:50:55
life. True, it’s on its hot edge, but it’s00:50:58
probably very warm there, but it’s quite possible to00:51:01
think about the conditions on such a planet00:51:04
as00:51:05
conditions possible for life one of the00:51:08
most interesting planetary systems and the00:51:11
most populated Kepler 90 there are 8 planets in the00:51:15
solar system and see00:51:17
what arrangement is closer to the star, small ones00:51:20
And then large ones just like ours Although this is a00:51:25
rare option our Planetary system00:51:28
very atypical, but it turns out there are00:51:30
such giants far from the star, a little thing00:51:33
closer, but the truth is that this corresponds to00:51:36
our Uranus and Neptune, they should00:51:40
be there, but we have already come up with a theory according to00:51:42
which the planets change places in the00:51:45
young planetary system and this can be00:51:49
explained in one word, there are almost exact00:51:52
analogues of the Solar systems, here’s Kepler 90,00:51:55
so to speak, on a scale, we have the most00:51:59
giants closer to the star than half giants,00:52:02
these are the ice giants00:52:05
Uranus and Neptune, and there’s just such an ideal00:52:08
picture.00:52:10
But it more or less corresponds to our00:52:14
planetary system, and finally, one of the00:52:17
most famous planetary systems00:52:19
one00:52:20
there are 7 planets and they are all like the earth, there00:52:26
are no real giants, the star is very00:52:29
tiny, such a red dwarf is00:52:31
small, but they are all like the earth. And in00:52:34
my opinion, three of them are in the zone of life;00:52:37
in general, it’s fantastic, here are their comparative00:52:42
sizes in relation to Venus, the earth, we are00:52:46
just almost copies And most of them00:52:50
are from the solar system and00:52:53
this is the zone of life, the green zone of life, three of00:52:56
them fall into the zone of life, that is, in general, an00:52:58
extremely promising planet for research. But these are the00:53:01
artists00:53:04
showing off. Whatever the conditions should be there,00:53:06
but it’s possible. That’s how it is00:53:09
It’s curious that they are very close to each00:53:12
other, these planets somehow shouldn’t00:53:14
disturb each other’s movement, but they’re00:53:17
running around in circles in orbits,00:53:19
and now a whole collection of00:53:22
Earth-like planets has accumulated; there’s even a00:53:24
certain Earth-likeness index00:53:31
by which00:53:33
several parameters are calculated, including mass, size,00:53:36
proximity to the star, temperature on the00:53:38
surface and therefore the index, some00:53:41
exoplanets are even superior to some00:53:44
planets of our solar system.00:53:48
I just don’t want to talk more about this today,00:53:53
but00:53:55
how many more minutes do I need 20 minutes, yes,00:53:58
probably possible, the00:54:01
closest exoplanet to Earth00:54:05
turned out to be near the nearest star00:54:07
at Proxima in the constellation Centaur But00:54:12
Proxima B00:54:14
with Proxima C of the second planet in this00:54:17
planetary system is still something incomprehensible.00:54:20
Either it exists or it doesn’t, but Proxima00:54:22
B definitely has a slightly larger mass and00:54:27
maybe even quite corresponds to the00:54:29
mass of the earth;00:54:30
the distance is very close to the star. The00:54:34
astronomical unit is The distance of the00:54:36
Earth from the sun is 20 times closer to00:54:39
its star, but its star also shines 20 times00:54:43
weaker, so this planet00:54:47
is in the life zone,00:54:49
in English, the zone means00:54:52
possible life and the ideal case is that the00:54:56
closest star to us has an00:54:59
terrestrial-type planet located in the zone00:55:02
possible life of this star, the only00:55:05
trouble is that Proxima itself is a00:55:08
red dwarf and red dwarfs shine00:55:12
weakly. But the flares on the surface00:55:15
are quite powerful, that is, for the00:55:18
planet to have more00:55:20
acceptable temperature conditions, it needs00:55:23
to be closer to the star and it is really00:55:24
very close and it is good on average00:55:27
it is warming up, but the flares that00:55:30
occur on Red Dwarfs will00:55:32
hit the atmosphere of this star, God willing. It will be00:55:35
good if it protects its00:55:38
supposed living beings there from these00:55:40
flares, but by the way, our Atmosphere00:55:44
protects well from solar flares. So00:55:46
the water is generally ideal. So the00:55:49
conditions in the ocean are quite good. for life there00:55:52
may be an image The00:55:55
first image was obtained of00:55:58
exoplanets, also using the Hubble00:56:00
telescope Hubble, I said it has00:56:02
a shutter, they closed the bright body of the00:56:06
star Fomalhaut and next to it they saw a00:56:10
planet in an enlarged form and it even00:56:12
moves in its orbit from year to year We have already00:56:15
traced it 15 We've been observing it for almost years and it's00:56:19
running there. True, lately there00:56:21
has been some doubt that this planet00:56:25
seems like a bunch of such protoplanetary00:56:27
matter has not yet been collected, so to speak. The Planet Well, someday it will be00:56:29
collected, at00:56:31
least this was the first image of what00:56:33
seems to be an exoplanet, but then off00:56:35
we go, here's that one the same00:56:39
ice, we’ve been following it for many years.00:56:41
That is, it’s clearly an object that00:56:43
is running in orbit. Well, what is it, either a00:56:46
giant planet or a bunch of garbage, it’s not00:56:50
entirely clear yet,00:56:51
different astronomical techniques00:56:55
make it possible to dim the brightness of a00:56:59
star in order to detect it next to it00:57:01
something faintly glowing Here they are00:57:04
developing these techniques in the eighth year they00:57:07
managed to dim this star Hair 879900:57:11
and next to it we see three clearly separate00:57:15
bodies and we follow them and see how they00:57:19
move in orbits, that is, without a doubt,00:57:21
planets. True, they are very far away. Well00:57:25
this is a beautiful thing, it’s just the00:57:26
garbage that remains from the image of a00:57:29
star, it’s not possible to completely00:57:31
extinguish it, but it doesn’t prevent us from observing00:57:34
these planets, these are their real00:57:37
images. That is, we have already received light from them00:57:40
and we can observe something00:57:43
moving and we can study it color00:57:45
Spectrum to obtain the chemical composition to study using00:57:49
it, but the00:57:51
driving distance to the planets is large,00:57:54
here are 20 astronomical units, there are about 5000:57:57
astronomical units, that is, on the00:57:59
scale of our solar system, these are some kind of00:58:01
giants that would have to walk there as a subluton,00:58:04
well, in general, this is not00:58:07
very interesting Planet of the Earth like00:58:09
hiding in this garbage, which00:58:11
in those years it was not possible to extinguish,00:58:14
then new methods were learned, they00:58:17
began to use the polarization of Light,00:58:19
and now we extinguish the star so much that it00:58:23
does not remain in the picture at all and the image of the00:58:26
planets is present, this00:58:29
wonderful method is very good,00:58:32
here you go, GIF like this which00:58:35
shows how these same 4 move from year to year00:58:38
By the way, if it00:58:42
moves slowly in orbit And these Well, it’s00:58:44
clear the faster the faster the more00:58:47
Orbital speed here is a living00:58:50
Planetary system of another star we will00:58:53
watch it for centuries00:58:56
The light of the star has already been extinguished so that almost00:58:59
it doesn’t interfere with observing00:59:03
Well, it’s the same thing And these are different00:59:07
methods I won’t describe them But they are all00:59:10
already being improved and work It’s just00:59:12
possible to turn off the star from the picture and00:59:16
leave only the image of the planet,00:59:19
but as a rule the Planet is formed by00:59:22
single stars Well, like our Sun, here’s a00:59:24
single star It does not interfere with another00:59:27
massive component, the second star does not00:59:30
interfere with the formation of planets near the00:59:33
first star, but such options also happen that00:59:35
double stars00:59:38
have triple planets and even00:59:42
4 multiple stars have already discovered00:59:45
planetary systems, how they00:59:47
form there, the gravitational field is00:59:50
very chaotic because several00:59:51
stars, but we understand in principle how a00:59:54
Planet must either be located Away from a00:59:58
binary star so as to feel its01:00:01
Gravity as if from a single body,01:00:03
either next to one or next to the other,01:00:06
these are the hierarchical star systems we01:00:09
know, and it is in them that01:00:12
planetary systems are formed that discovered01:00:15
Many01:00:17
generations of astronomers tried to mentally01:00:20
imagine how planets could01:00:22
form around stars. Well, in general, they01:00:25
correctly imagined that Kant01:00:28
Laplace01:00:29
developed the theory of planet formation that a01:00:32
star was born next to it,01:00:34
some substance remained in it,01:00:37
other small bodies of the planet are formed, and so on01:00:39
All this was in the mind, all this was drawn in01:00:42
pictures in textbooks, but no one thought01:00:44
that we would be able to see it,01:00:47
but we saw it. Here is another picture01:00:51
that says why rocky planets01:00:55
like the earth form close to the star01:00:58
and massive gas giants in the distance, because the01:01:01
young star has all the gas here the ice01:01:05
melts the gas, it expels it, it is hot, it01:01:08
flies to the periphery of the solar system, it01:01:10
freezes there. Gas giants01:01:13
are formed from it, but all this was pure01:01:15
theory until the Almet telescope appeared, an01:01:20
international project, mostly01:01:22
American money in Northern Chile,01:01:26
on a high mountain plateau 5 kilometers01:01:30
high,01:01:31
technodor such a plateau More than 6001:01:36
millimeter-wave radio antennas that01:01:39
work together and make it possible01:01:42
to synthesize a single image from the individual signals they collect,01:01:46
and now for01:01:49
several years now we have been receiving an01:01:51
image of01:01:52
protoplanetary disks exactly as the01:01:56
theory predicted01:02:00
in the center of a young star, even a01:02:03
forming not yet quite ready01:02:05
star around it gas -dust disk,01:02:08
this light comes from dust gas, it01:02:12
shines poorly in a cold state, but01:02:15
dust heated by starlight, it shines well in the infrared01:02:18
range01:02:19
and these same radio antennas01:02:23
detect and even such01:02:26
gaps are visible that hint that a01:02:29
massive body has already formed there and01:02:32
it is cleaning captures this dust, this01:02:35
gas along its orbit and cleans it01:02:39
its orbit from nearby these01:02:42
rarefied substances, that is, it already sweeps it away01:02:46
from here, we can assume that these are just01:02:48
the places where planets are formed,01:02:51
here you go, a protoplanetary type disk,01:02:54
that is, this is a young star and the telescope01:03:00
helps, it is the only one capable01:03:03
of such clear images in the infrared and01:03:07
submillimeter range, and today he01:03:10
gives us such things.01:03:15
How could one still study the01:03:18
planet, but first it is desirable01:03:20
to receive its light either reflected and light or at01:03:25
the moment when the Planet passes against the01:03:28
background of some star part of the stellar01:03:30
Light can pass through the atmosphere of the01:03:33
planet through the rim.01:03:35
Both of these, in principle, can be observed and01:03:38
studied the chemical composition of the atmosphere of these01:03:41
planets. In the solar system, we do this01:03:44
When we have Venus. For01:03:46
example, Venus passes against the background of the sun01:03:48
and we, so to speak, practice such01:03:51
methods by observing his own planets01:03:53
Mercury Venus passing by the sun,01:03:56
but the first, by the way, and a01:04:01
significant result was obtained by Lomonosov in01:04:03
this sense, he observed the passage of01:04:06
Venus across the disk of the sun in 1761, there were a01:04:10
lot of expeditions all over the world, he01:04:13
was quite ill, he stayed in St. Petersburg01:04:15
and just from the window from his office, a01:04:18
German looked through a small telescope and01:04:20
said about Venus - this is the Atmosphere,01:04:23
sunlight broke in there when it01:04:25
was on the edge of the solar disk, no one01:04:28
noticed, but he noticed01:04:30
how, in my opinion, this is a mystery purer than any01:04:34
astronomical one, like old sick01:04:37
Lomonosov noticed from a St. Petersburg window something01:04:41
that dozens of powerful expeditions01:04:44
scattered throughout the planet that year could not01:04:47
discover. Well, intuition helped.01:04:50
Probably this is still an international01:04:54
practice called the Lomonosov effect01:04:56
when starlight passes through the01:05:00
upper layers of the planet’s atmosphere and we01:05:02
thus get the opportunity to01:05:06
judge their chemical composition because there are01:05:08
lines of chemical elements01:05:10
located in this atmosphere that we01:05:13
can hope to01:05:15
find there that would tell us about the01:05:18
presence of life there, well, some kind of01:05:21
spectral biomarkers, that is, the presence of oxygen is01:05:24
easiest in the form of ozone, it01:05:27
gives such good ultraviolet lines And the01:05:29
presence of water01:05:30
Well, maybe there01:05:34
methane is unknown what kind of metabolism they have there01:05:37
Our cow is01:05:39
releasing methane into the atmosphere We too Yes, all01:05:42
living beings almost fill the atmosphere01:05:45
with methane, too, you can think that this is a01:05:47
sign of life on the planet in a word,01:05:50
these are the biomarkers today biologists predict for us, they01:05:53
tell us to look for You will find all this01:05:57
together it means there is01:05:59
earth-type life there, we are looking for the same one that was01:06:02
first discovered by01:06:04
51 Pegasi, it has a gas tail and when passing01:06:08
against the background of its star, it simply01:06:11
shows us the spectral lines of its01:06:14
atmosphere,01:06:15
look there, basically what is easy to01:06:17
notice is nothing interesting giant And these01:06:21
methods began to be worked out with us on earth01:06:24
in a curious way. Well, generally speaking, how01:06:28
could one test this method? It would be necessary to01:06:30
fly away from the earth somewhere01:06:33
far away, see how our globe01:06:35
passes against the background of our Sun, and01:06:38
thus try to feel the earth’s atmosphere01:06:40
as if it were an exoplanet01:06:43
far from above the cosmic apparatus01:06:45
telescope Space launch was made01:06:47
easier We all saw the Moon when it has a01:06:50
thin young crescent or there is a01:06:52
thin old crescent and the sun is not illuminated01:06:56
but visible, this is part of the01:06:59
lunar disk, what is it01:07:02
called? Those who have not studied astronomy01:07:09
and those who have taught the01:07:11
ashen Light of the moon Have generally noticed we01:07:15
noticed this. This is called the ashen01:07:18
light of the moon. And who illuminates this dark01:07:22
side of the moon? The sun is just a rim; here01:07:24
it is scorching the sun somewhere here under01:07:27
the horizon. And it is our Earth that illuminates it with01:07:30
its reflected light, that is, from the01:07:33
sun the light falls on the earth onto its01:07:36
daytime hemisphere. And it falls on01:07:39
the Moon On its dark side and we see01:07:41
this illuminated earth towards the Moon01:07:45
as the light went, it passed through the01:07:47
atmosphere once, the second time it passed through the01:07:50
atmosphere, it was reflected from the Moon the third time it01:07:53
passed and we caught it here, it01:07:55
passed through the earth’s atmosphere three times, we looked01:07:58
to the moon and saw there the spectral a01:08:03
lines of our earth’s atmosphere and discovered01:08:05
that in the earth’s atmosphere there is oxygen, water,01:08:08
and so on. That is, they checked a01:08:11
literally in a new way, even01:08:15
closer to what we01:08:17
plan to do on exoplanets,01:08:21
see Not so long ago, this began, in01:08:24
my opinion01:08:25
what year 19 2019 was a lunar eclipse01:08:30
lunar eclipse such a Moon falls into the shadow of the earth01:08:33
for those who have not studied astronomy01:08:36
And during this eclipse the01:08:40
Hubble space telescope also looked at01:08:44
the Moon during a lunar eclipse Although it01:08:47
seems that this eclipse gave us01:08:49
hiding in the shadow of the earth but through the01:08:52
atmosphere of the earth a little bit of Light there it01:08:55
hits the moon, it looks so burgundy01:08:58
but still not completely dark,01:09:00
that is, sunlight passes through the01:09:03
atmosphere of the earth a little illuminates this01:09:08
Hubble telescope facing us towards the Moon looked there, this is exactly what it01:09:12
means, an analogue of the passage of a planet on01:09:15
against the background of its star, it would be better if01:09:18
Hubble stood on the Moon, of course, but this is01:09:21
not the case, but nevertheless, it almost01:09:24
turned out that way, he saw the reflected light, I01:09:27
discovered it in the Earth’s atmosphere. Well, what is01:09:29
supposed to be in it, that is, the method01:09:31
works and it must be applied as for01:09:33
planets, I will show you several places01:09:35
where people actually do this; these are the01:09:38
best observatories in the world; not01:09:40
every one is capable of this; this is the01:09:43
European Southern Observatory01:09:46
in the north of Chile in the01:09:50
Chilean mountains; there is such a scientific collective farm; all01:09:55
Western European countries have brought01:09:58
their equipment there01:09:59
and are doing this even more, perhaps01:10:02
cool place it’s on the top of the01:10:04
Mauna Kea volcano on the island of Hawaii, it’s 401:10:07
kilometers high, the largest telescopes01:10:11
here are 8-10 meter ones, but only the01:10:15
best telescopes in the world are capable of this,01:10:16
and of course you need to go into the01:10:19
infrared range, this graph01:10:22
shows the radiation of the sun, which is01:10:26
mainly optical01:10:28
reflected optical radiation of the sun01:10:31
from the planets of the planet reflects But it01:10:35
cannot compete with the sun, there is01:10:37
a billion gap, but the01:10:40
planets heated by sunlight still glow in the01:10:43
thermal infrared range and here01:10:46
the competition with the sun is not so01:10:49
hopeless, much smaller here the gap01:10:51
means the infrared range of the planet is01:10:55
more clearly stand out next to their01:10:58
stars and in this sense we have hope01:11:02
for infrared01:11:03
space telescopes, soon such a01:11:06
James Webb telescope will fly, and in order to01:11:09
prepare the ground for it to01:11:11
find the most promising01:11:13
exoplanets on which it will work, they01:11:15
launched two such space01:11:18
reconnaissance aircraft, this is a01:11:21
four-eyed device American01:11:24
4 cameras with a wide field that01:11:27
directly cover a huge piece of the sky and01:11:29
he has already fully explored something there and this is a01:11:32
relatively small European01:11:36
device with one eye but also a wide field01:11:40
camera and now they are flying and01:11:44
all over the sky Kepler has explored only one piece of the01:11:46
sky A these are plowing all over the sky01:11:48
and preparing01:11:51
promising objects for that giant01:11:56
that will never fly into space, but we have been01:11:58
waiting for its launch for a long time, a James01:12:01
Web telescope with a huge lens, this mirror01:12:04
lens is 6 meters or more in diameter, it’s01:12:08
so big that you can’t fit it into a rocket,01:12:12
so it’s foldable and then it01:12:14
will unfold and take on an01:12:16
ideal shape, that’s the whole catch, so01:12:19
that it will then turn from a compact one01:12:21
into such a huge football01:12:24
field, almost a device, everything needs to01:12:27
work flawlessly in space, there01:12:29
will be no one there to fix it, well, it seems like the01:12:33
launch has been postponed again to next year01:12:35
now We hope that in01:12:37
a year and a half it will fly,01:12:40
but there are other methods that allow the01:12:43
light of a planet to be separated from the color of a star,01:12:46
this is called01:12:47
interferometric, two telescopes01:12:49
observe and add their light, then the image of both the01:12:52
star and the01:12:57
planets next to it takes on this01:12:59
striped appearance, either bright stripes or01:13:02
gaps between them, and if01:13:04
these01:13:07
two telescopes are positioned appropriately, then the light of the planet will appear in01:13:11
the gaps between the light of the star and then01:13:14
it can be isolated. It’s beautiful,01:13:17
such interferiametric methods, we are01:13:20
already starting to test them, while on Earth there01:13:23
is such a two-eyed binocular we01:13:26
call it a telescope, in fact there are two01:13:28
lenses he01:13:30
works in Arizona in America and he01:13:34
shows that the method is capable. It’s only01:13:36
advisable to01:13:38
implement the project in space, here are 4 space01:13:42
telescopes that collect light,01:13:44
drop it on the fifth base and there it01:13:47
forms such a01:13:49
striped image interface Well, the01:13:52
project is easier to do than to manufacture and01:13:55
launch money while there is no time to implement01:13:58
such projects, it’s a pity,01:14:01
but theory and theoretical calculations show01:14:04
that the star will be able to be extinguished and the01:14:07
planets will be visible next to an empty01:14:09
space; in general, the star will not show its light in any way;01:14:12
finally, perhaps, from my01:14:16
point of view, the most interesting01:14:21
movie project, the movie didn’t work for us, so I01:14:24
I’ll show you a few of his static01:14:27
pictures, a01:14:28
large telescope is launched, so cooler than01:14:32
Hubble, a mirror with a four-meter diameter01:14:35
and Separately, well, maybe docked01:14:38
to it, maybe separately, this is also a01:14:39
structure that is separated, begins01:14:43
to unfold and takes the form of a01:14:47
huge screen,01:14:49
and it’s not just that it’s not for beauty01:14:52
It’s so optimized edge that01:14:57
Well, in general, that it will cover the01:14:59
light of the star well, there will be no secondary maxima01:15:03
and so on, and it moves away,01:15:05
flies far, far, far away01:15:08
and becomes such a screen that will01:15:11
cover the star and leave it visible01:15:15
visible to the telescope and the planets that are01:15:19
next to this star can be Well, of01:15:22
course, we must know in advance that they01:15:24
are there, and they can be done separately01:15:27
and starlight will not interfere.01:15:30
Separately, studying this is of course an extremely01:15:32
interesting thing, but expensive, two01:15:35
heavy rockets will need to be done01:15:37
together to finely control the01:15:40
position of the screen and telescopes that01:15:42
will be tens of thousands of kilometers away from it01:15:45
somewhere to fly, but it’s a very01:15:47
promising thing. Well, the01:15:49
movie doesn’t work, but that’s how I showed it to you.01:16:01
Well, it’s also01:16:04
not cheap to throw something on the far side of the Moon. Yes, except for01:16:06
the Chinese, no one has yet been able to do this. But01:16:09
there mainly radio astronomers want01:16:12
to get there. Yes, but it’s not particularly useful for optics.01:16:16
Although of course I would like it to be expensive. Here’s01:16:21
a thing that is almost ready and which01:16:25
will give us the opportunity to study the nature of01:16:27
exoplanets, that is, to obtain spectra,01:16:30
chemical composition and atmosphere, study, and01:16:33
so on. This is a giant telescope01:16:35
that is being built already in the process of01:16:37
just construction So you01:16:39
don’t have to think about money; the diameter of the lens is 4001:16:42
meters of a completely crazy size;01:16:45
the design of its area; the mirror of the01:16:48
lens will be approximately equal to the total01:16:52
area of all currently existing01:16:54
telescopes in the world; it will immediately double our01:16:57
capabilities; Well, in principle, it01:17:00
will of course be much more powerful than any of the01:17:02
existing ones and the last thing I want01:17:05
to say is that we discovered them, we will01:17:08
study them from afar, fly to them,01:17:10
he especially wants to, let's01:17:14
raise our hands. Who knows? And there are01:17:19
a few hands about Yuri Miller. So we need to tell you. Yuri01:17:24
Miller graduated from our university, Moscow State University,01:17:26
physics department, that's where I studied, he also01:17:28
studied me, became a theoretical physicist in the01:17:31
90s, there is nothing to eat, the family is starving, and01:17:35
he left theoretical physics for01:17:37
practical commerce, he created the Mail Group01:17:40
and became a01:17:43
dollar billionaire,01:17:46
that’s how he teaches at our physics department, and he01:17:49
still lives in California, but still- he is a01:17:53
theoretical physicist at heart, and once he gave 10001:17:56
million dollars, he established something01:17:59
like the Nobel Prize, only it’s cooler, a01:18:04
person receives more than 3 million money a year, and the second time he gave 10001:18:07
million dollars to support the project of01:18:11
searching for extraterrestrial civilizations. This project is being01:18:13
promoted in an hour and will be some01:18:15
probably results and the third time he gave01:18:19
100 million dollars for the project of an01:18:23
interstellar probe and this umbrella is already in the01:18:28
process of01:18:29
development, it’s impossible to say that it’s01:18:32
being manufactured yet But the idea is very beautiful, that01:18:35
is, Miller wants that during his lifetime01:18:37
they will fly to neighboring stars,01:18:40
the idea itself the device will be very small, it will be about the01:18:44
size of a fingernail, there will be a microchip in01:18:47
which there will be everything, a control system and01:18:49
monitoring devices, a communication system, all01:18:52
in one microchip, it is so light that01:18:55
in general it is quite easy to push it, and01:18:57
for this purpose it will be attached to it or it will be01:18:59
tied to a small sail 3 301:19:04
meters just here it01:19:07
would easily fit, but the pressure of01:19:11
sunlight would not be enough and the pressure of the01:19:14
laser beam would have to organize a01:19:17
powerful system of lasers that01:19:20
would shine on this sail and, with the pressure of Light,01:19:23
literally in a few minutes they would accelerate01:19:26
it to almost 20 percent of the speed of01:19:29
light and it in 15-12 years it will reach the01:19:33
nearest stars. That’s the idea, what01:19:37
the problem is not in the microchip; microchips01:19:41
can now be made; the problem is in the material01:19:44
for this sail, because gigawatts of01:19:48
energy will fall on it from these powerful01:19:50
lasers if this sail does not reflect at01:19:53
least one millionth part of this heat will01:19:57
immediately evaporate, you need to make the material01:20:00
absolutely mirror-like. Absolutely without01:20:03
discounts that would reflect everything back,01:20:07
then it would be able to withstand this01:20:10
heating And the pressure would be transferred and the01:20:14
apparatus would rush off to the right place. Such01:20:17
a device, by the way, is already working on this material.01:20:20
I know people who01:20:23
they receive salaries from these 100 million01:20:25
dollars and maybe the material will be01:20:28
created and01:20:31
then these things will become cheap to01:20:34
produce, it will be possible to throw them in the hundreds01:20:36
to all the nearest stars and01:20:39
see what is there nearby, but while we are01:20:43
thinking about how we can fly there, they01:20:46
fly from there into our solar system01:20:49
that several years two years ago an01:20:53
asteroid flew into the solar system,01:20:56
flew unnoticed through the orbits of all the01:21:01
planets inside the orbit of Mercury, flew01:21:04
right close, close to the Sun, rushed and01:21:06
already at the end we noticed it from Earth, but01:21:09
it was already flying away so quickly, this01:21:12
very famous one object But01:21:14
probably almost everyone has heard about it Except for those who do01:21:16
not study astronomy, and muammua is01:21:21
in the language of the natives of the Hawaiian Islands,01:21:23
its name means the first Messenger from afar,01:21:27
this is really the first01:21:30
body noticed by astronomers that flew into the01:21:34
solar system God knows from where so01:21:37
far we have studied Only our01:21:39
own objects no For the first time, this is,01:21:42
of course, not a photograph, this is an01:21:43
artist’s drawing, but it accurately conveys the01:21:45
ratio of sizes, approximately 300 meters01:21:49
in length. Well, one in ten there, or one in01:21:52
eight, the width is a very strange shape, we have01:21:56
already discovered a million asteroids in the01:21:59
Solar System and there01:22:01
is not a single one that looks like a pencil. And this one the first one01:22:05
flew in and didn’t let anyone take the01:22:08
spaceship, in fact, such an idea immediately01:22:10
arose in people’s heads, what if it was01:22:13
really a spaceship, by the way, no01:22:15
one said that it was not so, but it01:22:18
flew away so quickly that we didn’t even have time to01:22:21
properly see what was01:22:32
in it -there’s just no problem01:22:34
when the solar system was young, there01:22:38
was 100 times more simply01:22:41
planetary material in all this little stuff, and when the01:22:44
big planets Jupiter, Saturn and01:22:47
so on were born, they cleared the01:22:49
solar system with their gravity and threw out all this garbage01:22:52
and He’s somewhere- then it flies, and from others01:22:56
the same one flies to us. It’s just that no one01:22:58
thought that now he would arrive, he01:23:01
flew that he came to him. And a year later, a01:23:06
comet flew between Stellar,01:23:09
this asteroid, and a comet flew behind it. I’m01:23:12
not very proud that it was01:23:16
discovered by an employee of ours. Institute01:23:18
Gennady Borisov, no one will01:23:20
use a homemade telescope;01:23:23
science fiction amateurs can still be so01:23:26
open, but he’s not an amateur actually. He01:23:28
graduated from Moscow State University, but still he made the telescope01:23:32
himself, which means they fly into our01:23:36
solar systems and you can study other people’s01:23:39
objects.01:23:41
This is the same comet Gennady Borisov,01:23:44
of course, the largest telescopes01:23:46
rushed to study this Hubble telescope and01:23:49
took photographs, and when the astronomers01:23:52
realized that it was flying, sometimes they began to01:23:55
look and maybe it was flying towards the ground.01:23:59
We have such special01:24:02
patrol cameras, fireball patrols,01:24:06
which all the time photograph the sky from01:24:08
different points there at a distance of 10001:24:10
kilometers from each other, there is a camera site01:24:12
and when something in the Earth’s atmosphere01:24:15
burns up, it is possible to photograph the exact trajectory01:24:17
from different places and01:24:19
restore the Orbit, they looked01:24:22
and it turned out that in the01:24:25
fourteenth year01:24:27
some kind of meteoroid flew into the Earth’s atmosphere, apparently not01:24:30
large, small in01:24:31
size, half a meter there of course, it burned in the01:24:36
atmosphere, but having restored its Orbit,01:24:38
we realized that it was not ours, not from the Solar01:24:41
System, but came from somewhere outside, that01:24:46
is, they even end up in the ground, these01:24:48
interstellar wanderers,01:24:52
it just never occurred to anyone before,01:24:54
I’ve come to the end of the story, I’ll show you the books01:24:58
that are on this account may be01:25:00
of interest to you, we have translated such a book from01:25:02
English into Russian, it may be01:25:03
good, although it’s already 15 years old. But it’s01:25:07
really good because Jones01:25:09
is a major specialist in all sorts of01:25:12
extraterrestrial affairs, and of the currently published two01:25:16
books, especially this is me just01:25:18
purely dedicated to exoplanets, I01:25:21
edited it. I don’t know that it’s01:25:23
well-written, there’s a lot of good01:25:25
material. In my opinion, it’s still on sale01:25:27
Alpina is a non-fiction book and it turned out good. Such a01:25:30
full-fledged modern book on01:25:33
exoplanets, of course there are many01:25:35
professional ones, now we can’t01:25:37
translate them all, but in English of course you01:25:39
will find much more, wow, and there01:25:45
is already a reference book on exoplanets. Well, we have been studying them for 25 years01:25:49
and all sorts of01:25:52
semi-popular individual books are also in English,01:25:55
that is, there is already just a flood of interesting01:25:57
material in this area. Well, you01:26:00
can also read my book and it’s also interesting01:26:03
Thank you all, the question actually01:26:06
asked me, I’m wondering why there isn’t01:26:08
another method of searching for exoplanets, that is,01:26:11
we saw that the angular distance of a01:26:13
large01:26:14
sun, the size of the sun, is small,01:26:17
heated planets accordingly emit if01:26:20
Jupiter is01:26:22
in the range itself can emit But like01:26:24
Jupiter Why not for the sake of interferometers01:26:26
Of course radio astron the angular01:26:29
resolution is already very small there, we select a01:26:31
certain zone and look for a planet in it. It’s01:26:35
easy just like that, sitting on a chair. Yes, that01:26:40
means radio astronomers generally01:26:42
do this until they take it up; they only01:26:45
work on radio pulsars; in addition to the01:26:47
first one, two more Neutrons from01:26:50
radio pulsar stars have not been discovered01:26:52
discovered nothing01:26:56
in the infrared, in my opinion, there were one or two01:27:00
discoveries. These are the same, that is, imaging a01:27:03
direct image, we look at a star,01:27:06
we see planets. But these are01:27:08
ineffective methods, these are the ones that are01:27:11
now being practiced by radial01:27:13
velocities and changes in the brightness of a star,01:27:16
they are more productive and cheaper01:27:19
telescope with a diameter of 2 meters and this is in01:27:22
universities everywhere, in others we have it01:27:25
with a good spectrograph with little01:27:27
time spent making it possible01:27:30
to discover exoplanets. And interferometers01:27:33
are a huge expensive international01:27:36
program that should be just very01:27:39
expensive and ineffective, I think01:27:42
that’s whyDescription:
Обнаружение и изучение экзопланет - одна из стремительно развивающихся областей астрономической науки, в которой за последние 30 лет произошла настоящая революция, позволившая обнаружить на текущий момент более 4 тысяч экзопланет! Об истории открытия первых экзопланет и методах их наблюдений, о разнообразии их типов и изучении обитаемости экзопланет. Владимир Георгиевич Сурдин - советский и российский астроном и популяризатор науки. Кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент. Старший научный сотрудник Государственного астрономического института имени П. К. Штернберга, доцент физического факультета МГУ. Лауреат Беляевской премии и премии «Просветитель» за 2012 год Лекция состоялась 30 сентября 2020 г. Официальный канал автора: @surdinpodcast Подпишитесь на канал: https://surl.li/czabv Смотрите и слушайте лекции в плейлистах: ВСЕ ЛЕКЦИИ ПОДРЯД: https://surl.li/czatt Владимир Сурдин: https://surl.li/czabn Станислав Дробышевский: https://surl.li/czaca Сергей Попов: https://surl.li/czacb Михаил Котов: https://surl.li/czacd
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