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the universe is a vast and mysterious
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place that has been the subject of human
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curiosity for thousands of years
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from the ancient Greeks to Modern
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astrophysicists we have been searching
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for answers to the biggest questions
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about our Cosmos what is the universe
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made of how did it begin and what is its
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ultimate fate
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the answers to these questions have come
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through a combination of observation
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experimentation and theoretical models
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which have shaped our understanding of
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the universe and our place within it
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with the latest theories and
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observations we'll explore the mysteries
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of this vast expanse of space and delve
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into the secrets it holds
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have you ever looked at the sky and
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wondered why anything exists at all
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there are approximately 200 billion
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trillion stars in the known universe
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or to put it another way 206 dillians
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the number is so big it's hard to
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imagine
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but hundreds of years back we didn't
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even know all these things existed
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stories of our Cosmos have been debated
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for centuries and can even be traced
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back even to the second century
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let's take a brief history
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in ancient Greece philosophers such as
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anaximanda and aristarchus made early
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attempts to understand the universe
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anax Amanda believed that air was the
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primary substance that held the universe
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together
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he believed that air was infinite and
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divine
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apostolated
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Eternal motion along with the apiron as
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the originating cause of the world
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the apiron was infinite and could not be
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created or destroyed
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while aristakas believed that the sun
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was at the center of the universe and
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that the Earth and other celestial
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bodies revolved around it
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however these early theories were not
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widely accepted
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it wasn't until the work of tillemi in
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the second century that the idea of a
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geocentric Universe with the Earth at
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the center became dominant
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this Theory held sway for over a
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thousand years until it was challenged
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by the Polish astronomer Nicolas
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Copernicus in the 16th century
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Copernicus argued that the sun was
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indeed at the center of the universe and
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that the Earth and other planets
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revolved around it a concept popularly
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known as heliocentrism
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this idea was further developed and
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refined by the German mathematician and
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astronomer Johannes Kepler and the
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Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo
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Galilei
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however their work was met with
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resistance from the Catholic Church
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which saw it as a threat to the
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long-held belief in a geocentric
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universe
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despite this opposition the evidence in
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support of heliocentrism continued to
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mount and by the 17th century it had
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become the dominant model of the
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universe
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this was cemented by the work of the
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English physicist and mathematician
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Isaac Newton who developed the laws of
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motion and gravity
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Newton published one of the most
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celebrated works of science the
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principia in 1687. in it he described
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that the force that pulls objects toward
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the ground is the very same force that
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underlies the motion of the planets and
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stars
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Newton formulated this insight into a
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mathematical equation known as the law
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of universal gravitation when combined
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with knowledge of geometry and Newton's
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other equations of motion we can use
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them to make predictions about the
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movement of the planets the parts of
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comets or how much force is needed to
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get a rocket to the moon
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we acknowledge Newton not just because
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of his idea but because he was able to
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formulate his idea into an equation that
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made predictions with greater accuracy
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than ever before
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but it wasn't perfect he didn't describe
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how gravity works the way it does
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Newton was well aware of this when he
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said
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gravity must be caused by an agent
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acting consistently according to certain
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laws but whether this agent be material
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or immaterial I have left to the
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consideration of my readers
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the concept of a heliocentric Universe
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dominated scientific thinking for the
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next few centuries until the development
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of the theory of general relativity by
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Albert Einstein in the early 20th
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century which provided a new and more
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complete understanding of the nature of
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the universe
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before Einstein the prevailing view was
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that space and time were separate
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entities absolute and unchanging with
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objects moving through them Einstein
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proposed that space and time were
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intertwined and could be affected by the
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presence of matter and energy forming a
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four-dimensional fabric known as
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space-time
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space in its simplest form refers to the
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physical space that surrounds us
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a three-dimensional area that we can
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move around in and experience
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this physical space is often referred to
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as euclidean space and is thought of as
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an absolute and unchanging backdrop to
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our existence time on the other hand is
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a little more complex
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time is the progression of events or
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memory in the frame of space
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it's also thought of as a dimension just
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like the dimensions of space
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however time is different from the
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physical dimensions of space because it
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has a directional aspect time only moves
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forward and this flow of time is
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referred to as the arrow of time so
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while time and space are separate
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Concepts they are closely related and
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can be thought of as intertwined aspects
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of the universe
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time provides a record of the events
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that occur in space while space provides
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the stage on which those events take
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place
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according to general relativity massive
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objects like stars and planets cause
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space-time to curve leading to the
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phenomenon of gravity
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this Theory revolutionized how we think
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about gravity replacing Isaac Newton's
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concept of gravity as a force with the
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idea that massive objects simply follow
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the Curves in space-time
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Einstein's theory showed that time can
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be relative meaning that time can pass
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at different rates for two observers
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depending on their relative velocity and
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proximity to massive objects
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this idea was confirmed by experiments
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and has significant consequences for our
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understanding of the universe such as
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the possibility of time travel
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in summary Einstein's theory of general
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relativity refined our understanding of
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space time and gravity and paved the way
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for many advances in modern astrophysics
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and cosmology
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back in his days almost every astronomer
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believed that the Universe was static
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but not until American astronomer Edwin
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Hubble presented his evidence of the
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expansion of the universe
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Einstein embraced the idea
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he called his adherence to the old idea
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his greatest blunder
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Albert Einstein was supposedly elated to
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hear of Hubble's work
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Einstein's theory of relativity implied
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that the Universe must either be
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expanding or Contracting
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Einstein himself however had rejected
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this notion
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instead he favored the accepted idea
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that the Universe was stationary and had
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always existed
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Hubble was among the first to recognize
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that there are other galaxies beyond the
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boundaries of our Milky Way
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he used a technique pioneered by Heria
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to Levitt to measure distances to remote
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objects in the sky Hubble use
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spectroscopic redshift data to measure
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the speeds these objects were traveling
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and then graph their distance from Earth
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against their speed he discovered that
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the speed at which astronomical objects
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move apart is proportional to their
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distance from each other
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in other words the farther away objects
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are from Earth the faster they are
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moving away from us this became known as
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Hubble's Law Edwin Hubble observed stars
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in a hazy patch of light that at the
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time was known as The Andromeda nebula
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specifically Hubble observed variable
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Stars those that change in brightness
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he measured the period of how long a
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star took to dim and brighten
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from the period of brightening he
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calculated the star's intrinsic
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brightness
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from that he could calculate the
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distance
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that's when he realized that the stars
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in this nebula were so far away that it
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couldn't exist within our own Galaxy
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at the time many astronomers believed
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that the Andromeda nebula was a forming
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solar system within the Milky Way
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Hubble showed that this patch of light
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was really a separate Galaxy
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thanks to Hubble we know it today as the
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Andromeda Galaxy
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it is the nearest large spiral galaxy
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beyond the Milky Way
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Hubble showed there are separate
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galaxies beyond our Milky Way and the
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more distant the Galaxy the faster it
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moves away from us
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these discoveries from Hubble Einstein
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and other great scientists have greatly
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contributed to our current understanding
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of cosmology
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their observations and theories have
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been incorporated into the Lambda cold
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Dark Matter model which is currently the
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most widely accepted cosmological model
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[Music]
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Central to it all is the Big Bang
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the basics of the theory are fairly
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simple in short the Big Bang hypothesis states
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that all of the current and past matter
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in the universe came into existence at
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the same time roughly 13.8 billion years
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ago
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at this time all Mata was compacted into
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a very small ball with infinite density
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an intense heat called a singularity
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suddenly Singularity began expanding and
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the universe as we know it began
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the earliest indications of the Big Bang
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occurred as a result of deep space
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observations conducted in the early 20th
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century
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in 1912 American astronomer vesto
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slipper conducted a series of
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observations of spiral galaxies which
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were believed to be nebulae at that time
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and measured their Doppler redshift
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in almost all cases the spiral galaxies
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were observed to be moving away from our
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own
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in 1922 Russian cosmologist Alexander
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Friedman developed what is known as the
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Friedman equations which were derived
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from Einstein's equations for general
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relativity
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contrary to Einstein's advocating at the
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time with his cosmological constant
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Friedman's work showed that the Universe
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was likely in a state of expansion
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in 1924 Edwin Hubble's measurement of
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the great distance to the nearest spiral
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nebula showed that these systems were
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indeed other galaxies
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at the same time Hubble began developing
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a series of distance indicators using
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the 100-inch hooker telescope at Mount
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Wilson Observatory
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and then in 1927 George's lemaitre a
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Belgian physicist and Roman Catholic
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priest independently derived the same
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results as Friedman's equations and
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proposed at the inferred recession of
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the galaxies was due to the expansion of
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the universe
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in 1931 he took this further suggesting
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that the current expansion of the
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universe meant that the father back in
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time one went the smaller the universe
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would be
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at some point in the past he argued the
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entire mass of the universe would have
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been concentrated into a single point
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from which the very fabric of space and
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time originated
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these discoveries triggered a debate
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between physicists throughout the 1920s
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and 30s with the majority advocating
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that the Universe was in a steady state
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in this model new matter is continuously
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created as the universe expands thus
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preserving the uniformity and density of
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matter over time
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among these scientists the idea of a big
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bang seemed more theological than
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scientific and accusations of bias were
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made against lemaitre based on his
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religious background
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other theories were advocated during
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this time as well such as the mill model
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and the oscillatory universe model
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both of these theories were based on
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Einstein's theory of general relativity
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and held that the Universe follows
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infinite or indefinite self-sustaining
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Cycles
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after World War II the debate came to a
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head between proponents of the steady
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state model and proponents of The Big
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Bang Theory which was growing in
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popularity
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ironically it was whole who coined the
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phrase Big Bang during a BBC Radio
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broadcast in March 1949.
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the tide of observational evidence
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shifted towards the Big Bang Theory over
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the steady state Theory as more
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discoveries were made in 1965 the
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discovery and verification of cosmic
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microwave background radiation
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solidified the Big Bang as the
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prevailing theory of the universe's
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origin and evolution
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this was due to the big Bang's
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prediction of uniform background
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radiation resulting from high
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temperatures and densities in the
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distant past today The Big Bang Theory
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is widely accepted due to the abundance
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of empirical evidence supporting it
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precise measurements of the universe's
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expansion rate placed the Big Bang
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Singularity at approximately
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13.787 billion years ago which is
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considered the age of the universe while
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the Big Bang Theory is widely accepted
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there are still observed aspects of the
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universe that remain unexplained by its
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models
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following the initial expansion the
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universe called enabling the formation
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of subatomic particles and later atoms
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the baryon asymmetry or the unequal
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abundance of matter and antimatter that
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allowed for this is still an unresolved
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issue these primordial elements
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primarily hydrogen with some helium and
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lithium later combined due to gravity to
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form early stars and galaxies
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in 2014 scientists from the Harvard's
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Smithsonian Center for astrophysic
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studying characteristics of cosmic
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microwave background radiation detected
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evidence to support inflation Theory
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their observations are believed to
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reflect the imprint of gravitational
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waves on the universe in the first few
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moments after the big bang
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about 380 000 years after the big bang
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the universe became transparent to light
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for the next several billion years
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gravity slowed the expansion of the
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universe
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about 8 billion years after the big bang
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expansion of the universe began to
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accelerate
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cosmologists believe that an effect
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called dark energy is causing the
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universe to expand by making Mata repel
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other matter
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at present we still don't know what dark
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energy is but we'll get back to it later
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in the video
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first let's see how big the entire
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universe really is foreign
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how far can you see
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everything you can see and everything
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you could possibly see right now
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assuming your eyes could detect all
00:13:41
types of radiations around you is the
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observable universe
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in terms of visible light the farthest
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we can observe originates from the
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cosmic microwave background a Time 13.8
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billion years ago when the universe was
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dense like a heavy fog
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some neutrinos and gravitational waves
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that surround us come from even farther
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out but humans currently lack the
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technology to detect them
00:14:03
the featured image showcases the
00:14:05
observable universe on a progressively
00:14:07
smaller scale starting with the Earth
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and Sun at the center followed by our
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solar system nearby Stars nearby
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galaxies distant galaxies filaments of
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early matter and the cosmic microwave
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background
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cosmologists often assume that the
00:14:21
observable universe is simply a
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localized portion of a larger entity
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referred to as the universe where the
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same physical laws apply
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however there are various speculative
00:14:30
theories that suggest that even the
00:14:32
universe is part of a greater Multiverse
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where physical constants may vary
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different physical laws may be in effect
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higher Dimensions may exist or slightly
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different versions of the standard
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universe may occur by chance
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in the area of the universe that we can
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see there are approximately two trillion
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galaxies
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the universe is believed to be
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homogeneous and isotropic meaning that
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it looks the same in every direction
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as a result there is no preferred Center
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or Edge and no special direction that is
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more up or down than any other
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the universe simply exists as it is
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without a specific Center or Edge
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from anywhere in the observable universe
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the farthest point is 46.5 billion light
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years away of course that exceeds the
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age of the universe which is only about
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13.8 billion years so how is that
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possible
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these two numbers represent different
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things and should not be confused
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the age of the universe is the time that
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has passed into the Big Bang while the
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diameter of the observable universe is
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the maximum extent of the region we can
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observe and is determined by the
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distance that light can travel in that
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time
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simply enough due to a process we don't
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yet understand the universe is expanding
00:15:42
and the further away an object is the
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faster it recedes from The Observer
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we currently refer to the phenomenon as
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being driven by dark energy and dark
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matter which are terms we created as
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placeholders until we have an
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explanation for the process
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dark energy and dark matter are two
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mysterious and enigmatic substances that
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scientists believe make up a significant
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portion of the universe
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although they have not been directly
00:16:06
observed their existence is inferred
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from their gravitational effects on
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visible matter
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scientists estimate that dark matter
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makes up about 27 of the total mass of
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the universe
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one of the way scientists have tried to
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detect dark matter is through the use of
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particle detectors such as the Large
00:16:23
Hadron Collider
00:16:25
however despite several searches dark
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matter has yet to be directly observed
00:16:30
some scientists believe that dark matter
00:16:32
May consist of weakly interacting
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massive particles While others think it
00:16:36
could be made up of sterile neutrinos or
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axons and for Dark Energy scientists
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believe that dark energy makes up about
00:16:43
68 of the total energy of the universe
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although it is one of the most dominant
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forms of energy in the universe its
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nature is still not well understood
00:16:53
one of the ways scientists have tried to
00:16:55
understand dark energy is by studying
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its effects on the expansion of the
00:16:59
universe
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according to the standard cosmological
00:17:02
model the universe began with the big
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bang and has been expanding ever since
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however observations of supernovae in
00:17:09
distant galaxies have shown that the
00:17:11
expansion of the universe is actually
00:17:12
accelerating rather than slowing down as
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previously believed
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this acceleration is believed to be
00:17:18
caused by the presence of dark energy
00:17:21
there are several theories about the
00:17:22
nature of dark energy including the
00:17:24
cosmological constant quintessence and
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Phantom energy
00:17:28
the cosmological constant first proposed
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by Albert Einstein is the simplest
00:17:33
explanation for dark energy and assumes
00:17:35
that it is a constant energy density
00:17:36
that is uniformly distributed throughout
00:17:38
the Universe
00:17:40
quintessence is a more complex theory
00:17:42
that suggests that dark energy is a
00:17:44
dynamic field that evolves over time
00:17:47
Phantom energy is a more exotic theory
00:17:49
that suggests that dark energy has a
00:17:51
negative equation of State meaning that
00:17:53
it increases as the universe expands
00:17:55
as time progresses Dark Energy will
00:17:58
become increasingly significant while
00:17:59
all other forms of energy including dark
00:18:01
matter will become insignificant
00:18:04
despite the possibility of a
00:18:06
relationship between dark matter and
00:18:07
dark energy it remains Elusive and not
00:18:09
clearly understood by physicists with
00:18:11
our current knowledge of the natural
00:18:13
world
00:18:14
to account for Dark Matter an additional
00:18:16
component is required that can form
00:18:18
clumps through gravitational attraction
00:18:19
but does not Collide or apply pressure
00:18:22
conversely for Dark Energy a component
00:18:25
is necessary that doesn't Clump or
00:18:27
Collide but does produce pressure
00:18:29
are they related
00:18:30
we cannot say for certain until we have
00:18:34
some evidence that these two things
00:18:35
actually are related somehow we have to
00:18:37
take the conservative approach
00:18:39
Dark Matter forms and holds together the
00:18:41
largest bound structures but Dark Energy
00:18:43
pushes those individual structures away
00:18:45
from one another
00:18:47
the latter is so successful that in 100
00:18:49
billion years or so all that will be
00:18:52
left of our visible universe is the
00:18:53
local group of galaxies
00:18:55
beyond that there will only be an empty
00:18:57
expanse of nothingness with no other
00:18:59
galaxies visible for trillions upon
00:19:01
trillions of light years
00:19:07
[Music]
00:19:21
the world around us is made up of
00:19:24
countless particles ranging from the
00:19:26
atoms that make up the air we breathe to
00:19:27
the cells that make up our bodies
00:19:31
what are these particles made of and how
00:19:33
do they interact with each other
00:19:36
if we look at the body on a macroscopic
00:19:38
level we see a collection of cells that
00:19:40
work together to form tissues organs and
00:19:43
ultimately the entire organism
00:19:45
but if we zoom in closer we see that
00:19:47
each cell is made up of countless
00:19:49
particles including protons nutrients
00:19:52
and electrons
00:19:53
and if we zoom in even closer we see
00:19:56
that those protons and nutrients are
00:19:57
made up of quarks in fact the entire
00:20:00
universe can be thought of as a vast
00:20:02
collection of quarks and other subatomic
00:20:04
particles all interacting with each
00:20:06
other through the fundamental forces of
00:20:08
nature
00:20:09
this Perfection is all the more
00:20:11
remarkable when we consider the
00:20:12
universe's history from its birth in the
00:20:14
fiery explosion of the Big Bang to its
00:20:16
ongoing expansion and evolution
00:20:18
despite all the chaos and destruction
00:20:20
that has occurred in the universe the
00:20:22
fundamental laws of nature have remained
00:20:24
constant providing a stable foundation
00:20:26
for the emergence and evolution of life
00:20:29
it's difficult to look up at the night
00:20:31
sky and not be struck by the sheer
00:20:33
perfection of the universe
00:20:35
everything seems to have been designed
00:20:36
with meticulous attention to detail from
00:20:38
the countless galaxies and stars
00:20:40
stretching across the Heavens to the
00:20:41
intricate interwoven systems that govern
00:20:43
the universe's Behavior
00:20:45
and nowhere is this Perfection more
00:20:47
apparent than in the delicate balance of
00:20:49
physical constants that allow for the
00:20:51
emergence of life
00:20:52
the universe is eerily uncannily perfect
00:20:55
as a setting for creating life
00:20:57
all of the physical constants that
00:20:59
govern the universe's behavior from the
00:21:01
speed of light to the ratios of the four
00:21:03
fundamental forces seen finely tuned to
00:21:05
allow for the emergence of Life as We
00:21:07
Know It if any of these constants were
00:21:10
even slightly different the universe
00:21:11
would be inhospitable incapable of
00:21:13
supporting the complex chemical
00:21:15
reactions and biological processes that
00:21:17
make life
00:21:18
this level of precision and fine-tuning
00:21:20
has led many to wonder why is the
00:21:22
universe so perfect
00:21:24
how did all of these physical constants
00:21:26
become so perfectly calibrated to allow
00:21:28
for the emergence of life
00:21:30
is there a purpose behind the universe's
00:21:32
Perfection or is it simply a coincidence
00:21:38
[Music]
00:21:45
[Music]
00:21:48
at one time people around the world
00:21:50
believed that the Universe consisted of
00:21:52
a flat Earth surrounded by the Sun the
00:21:54
moon and the stars
00:21:56
over time ancient astronomers became
00:21:58
aware that some stars did not move like
00:22:00
the rest and began to understand that
00:22:02
some of these objects were planets
00:22:04
in time astronomers then also began to
00:22:07
understand that the Earth was indeed
00:22:09
round and came up with rationalized
00:22:10
explanations for the behavior of other
00:22:12
celestial bodies
00:22:14
and by classical Antiquity scientists
00:22:16
had formulated ideas on how the motion
00:22:18
of the planets occurred and how all the
00:22:20
Heavenly orbs fit together for about 1
00:22:23
400 years Humanity believed that the
00:22:26
Earth was at the center of it all with
00:22:28
the Sun Moon planets and stars revolving
00:22:30
around the Earth
00:22:32
which is what we refer to as the
00:22:34
geocentric model of the universe an
00:22:36
astronomer named eudox has created the
00:22:38
first model of a geocentric Universe
00:22:40
around 380 BC
00:22:42
this geocentric model of the universe
00:22:44
was the prevailing view for much of
00:22:46
human history but it was not without its
00:22:48
problems ancient astronomers noticed
00:22:51
that some of the planets seemed to move
00:22:52
backward in the sky at certain times a
00:22:55
phenomenon known as retrograde motion
00:22:57
to explain this they came up with
00:22:59
increasingly complex models involving
00:23:01
Crystal spheres and Tiny circles this
00:23:04
theory was further refined by to lemi to
00:23:07
lemi argued that the Earth was a sphere
00:23:09
in the center of the universe from the
00:23:11
simple observation that half the stars
00:23:13
were above the Horizon and half were
00:23:14
below the Horizon at any time and the
00:23:17
assumption that the stars were all at
00:23:18
some modest distance from the center of
00:23:20
the universe
00:23:21
if the Earth was substantially displaced
00:23:23
from the center this Division
00:23:24
intervisible and invisible Stars would
00:23:27
not be equal
00:23:28
but in the 16th century a Polish
00:23:30
mathematician an astronomer named
00:23:32
Nicolas Copernicus presented a radically
00:23:34
different Universe model
00:23:36
his heliocentric model placed the Sun at
00:23:38
the center of the solar system with the
00:23:40
Earth and other planets orbiting around
00:23:41
it
00:23:42
it took some time for copernicus's ideas
00:23:45
to gain widespread acceptance as they
00:23:47
challenged long-held beliefs and went
00:23:48
against the established authority of the
00:23:50
Catholic Church
00:23:52
but over time observations by Galileo
00:23:54
and others helped to confirm the
00:23:56
heliocentric model and it gradually
00:23:58
became the prevailing view in the
00:23:59
scientific community
00:24:01
the 20th century brought about massive
00:24:03
advancement in technology and our
00:24:05
ability to study the universe
00:24:07
as astronomers peered into the heavens
00:24:09
with ever larger telescopes it became
00:24:11
clear that the sun is just one of the
00:24:13
billions of stars within our Milky Way
00:24:15
galaxy
00:24:18
and the Milky Way in turn is just one of
00:24:20
potentially trillions of galaxies in the
00:24:22
observable universe
00:24:25
but the realization that we are just a
00:24:27
small part of a vast and expansive
00:24:29
Universe didn't stop there
00:24:31
with the work of scientists like Edwin
00:24:33
Hubble we learned that the universe is
00:24:35
not only vast but also expanding
00:24:37
this led to the development of The Big
00:24:39
Bang Theory which states that the
00:24:41
Universe began with a massive explosion
00:24:43
13.8 billion years ago
00:24:46
all of these discoveries have led us to
00:24:48
ask the question are we special in the
00:24:49
universe
00:24:51
the answer it seems is both yes and no
00:24:54
on one hand we are just one species on
00:24:57
one planet in a vast and ever expanding
00:24:59
universe
00:25:00
but on the other hand the conditions
00:25:02
that allowed for our existence are
00:25:04
incredibly specific and rare from the
00:25:06
tilt of the Earth's axis to the precise
00:25:08
placement of the Moon our planet and its
00:25:10
surrounding environment are perfectly
00:25:12
suited for Life as We Know It
00:25:14
sometimes you can only resort to the
00:25:16
most basic of assumptions that however
00:25:18
the universe may behave it behaved in a
00:25:20
way that allowed it to give rise to
00:25:22
intelligent observers like us
00:25:24
this line of thinking is known as the
00:25:26
anthropic principle
00:25:28
nobody doubts that the Universe exists
00:25:30
that it obeys fundamental laws and that
00:25:32
we like everything else in this universe
00:25:34
also obey those same rules
00:25:37
we arose naturally and therefore the
00:25:39
universe must have properties that at
00:25:41
least make it possible if not mandatory
00:25:42
for intelligent living observers like us
00:25:45
to arise
00:25:46
the anthropic principle came about in
00:25:48
1973 when physicist Brandon Carter made
00:25:51
the following two statements we must be
00:25:54
prepared to take into account the fact
00:25:56
that our location in the universe is
00:25:57
necessarily privileged to the extent of
00:26:00
being compatible with our existence as
00:26:01
Observers
00:26:03
the universe and hence the fundamental
00:26:05
parameters on which it depends must be
00:26:07
as to admit the creation of observers
00:26:09
within it at some stage
00:26:11
the first statement is now known as the
00:26:13
weak anthropic principle which simply
00:26:15
states that the Universe must be such
00:26:16
that we could have come into existence
00:26:18
within it
00:26:19
the second is called the strong
00:26:21
anthropic principle which states that if
00:26:23
no one arose in the universe would never
00:26:25
be here investigating it
00:26:27
however these interpretations of the
00:26:29
anthropic principle fail to recognize
00:26:31
that probability is not an objective
00:26:33
absolute but rather it's relative to a
00:26:35
set of specific conditions
00:26:37
once all the conditions are established
00:26:39
the probability of an event occurring
00:26:41
becomes either one or zero
00:26:43
therefore the existence of life does not
00:26:46
imply that the universe is perfect
00:26:48
moreover relying solely on the anthropic
00:26:51
principle to explain the Perfection of
00:26:53
the universe ignores the fundamental
00:26:54
goal of science that is to understand
00:26:56
the natural processes that shaped our
00:26:58
universe
00:27:00
the scientific inquiry aims to uncover
00:27:02
the mechanisms that led to the current
00:27:04
state of the universe not to use
00:27:05
anthropic arguments to explain its
00:27:07
properties
00:27:09
the anthropic principle is a useful
00:27:11
starting point for exploring the
00:27:12
constraints on the properties of our
00:27:14
universe still it is not a complete
00:27:17
scientific explanation in and of itself
00:27:20
but where does that leave us
00:27:24
[Music]
00:27:31
in the Medieval Era philosophers and
00:27:34
Scholars grappled with the nature of the
00:27:35
universe and the origins of life
00:27:38
one such thinker was sigura brabant a
00:27:40
13th century philosopher who authored
00:27:42
the thesis The Eternity of the world
00:27:45
cigar was born in brabant a region in
00:27:47
modern-day Belgium around the year 1240
00:27:50
and studied in Paris which was then the
00:27:52
center of the intellectual world
00:27:54
in Paris cigar was associated with the
00:27:56
radical Aristotelian movement which
00:27:58
sought to reconcile the teachings of the
00:28:00
ancient Greek philosopher with the
00:28:02
doctrine of Christianity this movement
00:28:04
was led by figures such as avros and
00:28:06
avicenna who had translated and
00:28:08
interpreted Aristotle's works and who
00:28:10
argued that philosophy could be used to
00:28:12
supplement and deepen religious faith
00:28:15
Sega was deeply influenced by these
00:28:17
thinkers and his own philosophy
00:28:18
emphasized the importance of reason and
00:28:20
the power of human intellect he argued
00:28:23
that philosophy was a necessary
00:28:25
complement to Theology and that the
00:28:26
truths of Faith could be illuminated and
00:28:28
made more understandable through the use
00:28:30
of logic and argumentation
00:28:32
in his thesis on The Eternity of the
00:28:35
world cigar challenged the traditional
00:28:36
view that the Universe had a definite
00:28:38
beginning and that it had been created
00:28:40
instead cigar argued that the Universe
00:28:43
had always existed and that it was
00:28:44
eternal and self-sufficient
00:28:46
according to Cigar there was no first
00:28:48
man and no first specimen of any
00:28:50
particular species and the physical
00:28:52
Universe was without any First beginning
00:28:55
sigga's thesis was highly controversial
00:28:57
and it sparked intense debate among
00:28:59
Scholars and theologians of his time
00:29:01
many argued that sigus ideas were
00:29:03
heretical and threatened the foundations
00:29:05
of the Christian faith While others saw
00:29:07
in them an opportunity to deepen and
00:29:09
enrich their understanding of the world
00:29:12
however sigur's idea of an eternal
00:29:14
Universe found new life in the 20th
00:29:16
century with the steady state model
00:29:18
according to the steady state model the
00:29:20
universe is perfect because it has
00:29:22
always existed in a state of balance and
00:29:24
symmetry with new matter being
00:29:25
constantly created to replace the matter
00:29:27
that is lost as the universe expands
00:29:30
this theory was developed in 1948 by
00:29:33
Fred Hoyle Hermann Bondi and Thomas gold
00:29:36
it was founded on what's now known as
00:29:38
the perfect cosmological principle which
00:29:40
hypothesized that the Universe wasn't
00:29:42
just the same on average everywhere in
00:29:44
space but also in time that no matter
00:29:47
when you looked at the Universe on
00:29:49
average you'd always see the same thing
00:29:52
this is the core tenet of the steady
00:29:54
state theory that the Universe isn't
00:29:56
just the same everywhere but also
00:29:57
everywhere the steady state universe
00:30:00
isn't just Eternal but timeless
00:30:03
according to this Theory the universe
00:30:05
has always been in a state of perfect
00:30:06
balance with just the right amount of
00:30:08
matter and energy to maintain its
00:30:10
expansion this is one of the theories
00:30:12
that can at least explain why the
00:30:14
universe is so perfect
00:30:16
but however just like other theories
00:30:18
there's a catch
00:30:20
even though the theory was so good that
00:30:22
even Einstein favored it problems with
00:30:24
the steady state model began to emerge
00:30:26
in the 1950s and 60s when astronomers
00:30:28
discovered the accelerated expansion of
00:30:30
the universe radio galaxies and quasars
00:30:33
that are only observed at High redshifts
00:30:36
however the real nail in the coffin of
00:30:38
the steady state theory was the
00:30:39
discovery of cosmic microwave background
00:30:41
radiation in 1965
00:30:45
this is a weak background radiation that
00:30:47
fills the whole of space and is the same
00:30:49
in all directions this paved way for The
00:30:52
Big Bang Theory
00:30:53
which is considered the best explanation
00:30:55
of the origin of the universe
00:30:58
which states that the Universe expanded
00:31:00
from a very hot very dense and
00:31:02
infinitesimally small Point called a
00:31:04
singularity in The Big Bang Theory this
00:31:07
radiation is a relic or Snapshot from
00:31:09
the time the universe was young and hot
00:31:10
and was predicted before it was even
00:31:12
discovered
00:31:14
however in the steady state Theory it is
00:31:16
almost impossible to explain the origin
00:31:18
of this radiation
00:31:20
the idea that the Universe expanded from
00:31:22
a single point was first presented in a
00:31:24
scientific paper by a Belgian
00:31:25
cosmologist and Catholic priest Georges
00:31:28
lemaitre in 1931. he proposed the
00:31:31
existence of a Primeval Atom where the
00:31:33
fabric of space and time originated
00:31:36
in 1927 years before he presented this
00:31:39
idea he also submitted a paper
00:31:41
discussing his derivations on Einstein's
00:31:43
equations
00:31:45
it led him to conclude that the universe
00:31:47
is expanding and that the speed of the
00:31:48
galaxies is proportional to their
00:31:50
distances
00:31:51
in 1929 Edwin Hubble presented more
00:31:54
updated and detailed data establishing
00:31:56
the proportionality between the
00:31:58
distances and the speeds of the galaxies
00:32:01
in 1964 George Gamo proposed the idea
00:32:04
that the Universe expanded and called
00:32:05
from an initial state of infinite
00:32:07
density and temperature he added that
00:32:10
all protons nutrients and electrons have
00:32:12
been present in that ocean of high
00:32:14
energy radiation
00:32:16
calculations also explained the relative
00:32:18
abundances of hydrogen and helium but
00:32:20
not the heavier elements
00:32:22
this leaves us with one vital question
00:32:25
have the laws of nature remained the
00:32:27
same since the Big Bang some 13.8
00:32:29
billion years ago
00:32:30
[Music]
00:32:36
in the 4th Century Aristotle argued that
00:32:39
one of the major goals of physics was
00:32:40
the study of change
00:32:42
if the laws of physics that we knew have
00:32:44
changed with time then we can ask for
00:32:46
the reason behind this change and call
00:32:48
that a law of physics instead
00:32:50
if that in turn appeared to change then
00:32:52
again we can ask for the reason behind
00:32:54
this change one does not expect this to
00:32:57
go on eventually it will come to a stop
00:33:00
and we have a physical theory that is
00:33:02
independent of time
00:33:04
if any of the fundamental forces of the
00:33:06
universe were to change the results
00:33:08
would be catastrophic
00:33:10
here in our modern Universe we've got
00:33:12
gravitation electromagnetism and the
00:33:14
strong and weak nuclear forces
00:33:16
if any of these forces went constant
00:33:18
it's easy to imagine how Haywire the
00:33:21
universe would get
00:33:22
if the force of gravity weren't constant
00:33:24
the consequences would be far-reaching
00:33:26
and potentially disastrous reliable
00:33:29
predictions of object motion on Earth
00:33:31
Celestial orbits within our solar system
00:33:33
flight parts of aircraft and spacecraft
00:33:35
and Cosmic phenomena such as
00:33:37
gravitational lensing and universe
00:33:39
expansion would be virtually impossible
00:33:41
to make
00:33:42
same thing goes for electromagnetic
00:33:44
force
00:33:45
if it weren't constant electrons in
00:33:47
orbit around Atomic nuclei would see
00:33:49
their orbitals and energy levels change
00:33:51
and The Binding properties between
00:33:53
electrons in different atoms would
00:33:54
become highly uncertain
00:33:56
in other words every molecule in the
00:33:58
universe if the electromagnetic force
00:34:01
changed would alter its properties in a
00:34:03
fundamental fashion
00:34:04
if this happened where entities like
00:34:06
human beings exist would be immediately
00:34:08
thrust into an unsustainable
00:34:10
configuration
00:34:11
if it occurred on Earth life would
00:34:13
immediately come to an end
00:34:15
and if the strong or weak nuclear force
00:34:17
has changed it would bring about a level
00:34:19
of catastrophe that would be Swift and
00:34:21
severe leaving little time for us to
00:34:23
even comprehend what was happening
00:34:25
dable Atomic nuclei would undergo
00:34:27
spontaneous Decay releasing a tremendous
00:34:29
amount of energy as they shifted into a
00:34:31
more stable configuration
00:34:33
bound atoms would be stripped of their
00:34:35
electrons and transformed into ionized
00:34:37
particles resulting in the creation of a
00:34:40
plasma universe in the affected region
00:34:42
the consequences of such a disruption to
00:34:45
the fundamental nuclear forces would be
00:34:47
so profound that it's impossible to
00:34:48
fully comprehend the scale of the
00:34:50
devastation that would result
00:34:52
our universe must have been born with
00:34:54
lumps but if we're different than this
00:34:55
the masses of those lumps would have
00:34:57
been very different
00:34:59
if it was much smaller there'd be no
00:35:01
structure at all
00:35:02
much larger and we could have had a
00:35:04
universe catastrophically filled with
00:35:06
black holes from a very very early time
00:35:09
to give us the universe we have required
00:35:11
an extremely fortuitous combination of
00:35:13
circumstances and lucky for us the one
00:35:16
we were given looks to be just right
00:35:18
we happen to live in a universe that
00:35:20
supports life because if we didn't we
00:35:22
wouldn't be here to wonder about it
00:35:24
but what if the fine-tuning of our
00:35:26
universe is not remarkable because there
00:35:28
are countless other universes that have
00:35:30
different physical constants and laws of
00:35:32
nature
00:35:33
foreign
00:35:40
in 1952 Irwin Schrodinger gave a lecture
00:35:43
in which he jocularly warned his
00:35:45
audience that what he was about to say
00:35:46
might seem lunatic
00:35:48
he said that when his equation seemed to
00:35:50
describe several different histories
00:35:52
these were not Alternatives but all
00:35:54
really happened simultaneously
00:35:56
this sort of Duality is called
00:35:58
superposition
00:36:00
according to David Deutsch this is the
00:36:02
earliest known reference to many worlds
00:36:04
this implies that all possible outcomes
00:36:07
of quantum measurements are physically
00:36:08
realized in some world or universe
00:36:11
imagine that the Universe we observe
00:36:13
from end to end is just a drop in the
00:36:15
cosmic ocean
00:36:16
beyond what we can see there's more
00:36:19
space more stars more galaxies and More
00:36:21
Everything perhaps billions of light
00:36:23
years farther than we'll ever be able to
00:36:25
access
00:36:26
and that as large as the unobservable
00:36:28
universe is there are again innumerably
00:36:30
more universes just like it
00:36:32
some might be larger and older some
00:36:34
smaller and younger dotted throughout an
00:36:37
even larger space time
00:36:38
as rapidly and inevitably as these
00:36:40
universes expand the space-time
00:36:42
containing them expands even more
00:36:44
quickly driving them apart from one
00:36:46
another and ensuring that no two
00:36:47
universes will ever collide
00:36:50
this is the scientific idea of a
00:36:52
Multiverse
00:36:53
but if the science we accept today is
00:36:55
correct it's not only a valid idea it's
00:36:57
an unavoidable consequence of our
00:36:59
fundamental laws
00:37:01
the idea of the Multiverse has its roots
00:37:03
in the physics required to describe the
00:37:05
universe that we see and inhabit today
00:37:07
as WE peer out into the cosmos we are
00:37:10
confronted with a seemingly infinite
00:37:11
expanse of stars galaxies and Cosmic
00:37:14
structures that stretch across vast
00:37:15
distances of space and time
00:37:18
the more we look the more we see and the
00:37:20
more questions arise if we go all the
00:37:23
way to the limits of what we can see we
00:37:25
find the very earliest stars in the
00:37:27
universe and then a region of Darkness
00:37:29
beyond that where the only light is the
00:37:31
leftover glow from The Big Bang
00:37:33
but the big bang itself occurring
00:37:35
everywhere some 13.8 billion years ago
00:37:37
wasn't the start of space and time but
00:37:39
rather the start of our observable
00:37:41
universe
00:37:42
before that there was an Epoch known as
00:37:44
Cosmic inflation where space itself
00:37:46
expanded exponentially full of energy
00:37:48
inherent to the fabric of space-time
00:37:51
in 2007 Nobel Laureate Stephen Weinberg
00:37:54
suggested that if the Multiverse existed
00:37:56
the hope of finding a rational
00:37:58
explanation for the precise values of
00:38:00
Quark masses and other constants of the
00:38:02
standard model that we observe in our
00:38:03
big bang is doomed
00:38:05
for their values would be an accident of
00:38:07
the particular part of the Multiverse in
00:38:09
which we live
00:38:10
this picture of huge universes far
00:38:13
bigger than the meager part that's
00:38:14
observable to us constantly being
00:38:16
created across this exponentially
00:38:18
inflating space is what the Multiverse
00:38:20
is all about
00:38:21
there are other universes that might not
00:38:24
favor intelligent life like us
00:38:26
that our universe is just perfect for us
00:38:29
it's important to recognize that the
00:38:31
Multiverse is not a scientific theory on
00:38:33
its own
00:38:34
it makes no predictions for any
00:38:36
observable phenomena that we can access
00:38:38
from within our own pocket of existence
00:38:41
rather the Multiverse is a theoretical
00:38:43
prediction that comes out of the laws of
00:38:45
physics as they are best understood
00:38:46
today
00:38:48
it's perhaps even an inevitable
00:38:49
consequence of those laws
00:38:51
if you have an inflationary Universe
00:38:53
governed by quantum physics this is
00:38:55
something you're pretty much destined to
00:38:57
wind up with
00:38:58
[Music]
00:39:04
in 1913 Lawrence Joseph Henderson made a
00:39:08
significant contribution to the study of
00:39:10
the universe's fine-tuning with his book
00:39:12
The Fitness of the environment
00:39:14
among the first works of its kind the
00:39:16
book delved into the critical role of
00:39:18
water and environmental conditions in
00:39:20
sustaining life
00:39:21
Henderson noted that life's existence
00:39:24
depends entirely on the Earth's specific
00:39:25
conditions particularly the abundance
00:39:27
and properties of water building on this
00:39:30
Foundation physicist Robert Dickey
00:39:32
postulated in 1961 that the universe's
00:39:35
physical forces including
00:39:36
electromagnetism and gravity must be
00:39:39
finely tuned to allow for life to thrive
00:39:42
similarly in his 1984 book The
00:39:44
intelligent Universe Fred Hoyle argued
00:39:46
that numerous non-biological phenomena
00:39:48
appeared to be essential to the
00:39:49
existence of carbon-based life forms
00:39:51
such as humans
00:39:53
whole put it the list of anthropic
00:39:55
properties apparent accidents of a
00:39:57
non-biological nature without which
00:39:59
carbon-based and hence human life could
00:40:01
not exist is large and impressive
00:40:04
to convictions about the universe's
00:40:05
fine-tuning led many to believe that the
00:40:07
Large Hadron Collider would uncover
00:40:09
evidence of physics beyond the standard
00:40:11
model such as supersymmetry however
00:40:14
despite Expectations by 2012 the
00:40:17
collider had not yielded proof of
00:40:18
supersymmetry at the energy levels it
00:40:20
was capable of probing
00:40:22
despite these competing theories there's
00:40:24
no denying the fact that our universe is
00:40:26
indeed remarkably consistent and well
00:40:28
ordered the speed of light is the same
00:40:31
in every corner of the cosmos the laws
00:40:33
of thermodynamics hold true from the
00:40:35
smallest particles to the largest
00:40:36
structures and the ratio of the strong
00:40:38
force to the electromagnetic force is
00:40:40
just right to allow for the formation of
00:40:42
stars and galaxies
00:40:44
alter the relative strengths of gravity
00:40:46
and electromagnetism a little bit stars
00:40:48
and galaxies can't form
00:40:51
different in the proton and Neutron's
00:40:53
masses to make the proton heavier and
00:40:55
you don't even get stable atoms
00:40:57
changing these numbers would probably
00:40:59
preclude any life in the universe
00:41:02
it isn't a big leap to say it looks like
00:41:04
the knobs have been twiddled as if the
00:41:06
universe was somehow fine-tuned for our
00:41:07
existence
00:41:09
but what does all of this mean for us
00:41:12
well it suggests that there's something
00:41:14
special about the universe and the way
00:41:15
that it operates
00:41:17
it points to a sense of purpose or
00:41:19
meaning that extends beyond our
00:41:21
individual lives and experiences
00:41:23
it reminds us that we are part of
00:41:25
something much larger and more intricate
00:41:27
than we could ever fully comprehend
00:41:29
so the next time you look up at the
00:41:31
night sky take a moment to Marvel at the
00:41:33
Perfection and consistency of the
00:41:35
universe let it remind you of the
00:41:37
incredible mystery and beauty of the
00:41:39
world we live in and of our place in the
00:41:41
grand scheme of things
00:41:43
but one of the biggest challenges now is
00:41:45
how can we find a theory that can link
00:41:47
up everything in the universe like a
00:41:50
magic Theory I have already made a video
00:41:52
on that
00:41:54
click the video up on your screen to
00:41:56
watch it and I'll see you there thanks
00:41:58
for watching And subscribe for more
00:42:00
videos
00:42:01
foreign

Description:

The origins of the Universe have intrigued humanity for centuries. From the Big Bang theory to modern cosmology, our knowledge about the Universe has greatly expanded. Scientists have discovered that the Universe appears to be finely tuned for life, with a vast array of physical constants and laws that are essential for the formation of stars, galaxies, and planets.

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